Figure 14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010 Data source: World Development...
15
14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010 Data source: World Development Indicators online; GDP per capita in constant 2000 US $; size of bubble in panel b is proportional to population size in 1980; information for 143 countries depicted, 131 with 1980-2010 information plus 12 countries above 10 million people in 1980 with different time frame (as long as possible); together these countries account for 96 percent of the world population in 1980. a.Initialincom e and econom ic grow th,1980-2010 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 G D P percapita in 1980 (log scale) annualgrow th,1980-2010 (% ) A frican countries Othercountries
-
Upload
wendy-taylor -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Figure 14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010 Data source: World Development...
Figure 14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010
Data source: World Development Indicators online; GDP per capita in constant 2000 US $; size of bubble in panel b is proportional to population size in 1980; information for 143 countries depicted, 131 with 1980-2010 information plus 12 countries above 10 million people in 1980 with different time frame (as long as possible); together these countries account for 96 percent of the world population in 1980.
a. Initial income and economic growth, 1980-2010
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per capita in 1980 (log scale)
annu
al g
row
th,
1980
-201
0 (%
)
African countries
Other countries
Figure 14.1 Income levels, growth rates and population, 1980–2010
Data source: World Development Indicators online; GDP per capita in constant 2000 US $; size of bubble in panel b is proportional to population size in 1980; information for 143 countries depicted, 131 with 1980-2010 information plus 12 countries above 10 million people in 1980 with different time frame (as long as possible); together these countries account for 96 percent of the world population in 1980.
b. Initial income, population, and economic growth, 1980-2010
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
GDP per capita in 1980 (log scale)
annu
al g
row
th,
1980
-201
0 (%
)
African countries
Other countries
China
India
Figure 14.2 Total factor productivity index; 1989 = 100, 1989-2011
Total Factor Productivity index; 1989 = 100, 1989-2011
123
112
166
105
80
110
140
170
1989 1995 2001 2007 2013year
TF
P in
dex China
Japan
USA
Germany
Source: author’s calculations based on Conference Board Total Economy Database
5
20
10
0
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
-5
15Advanced degree
Bachelor’s degree
Some college
High school
high schoolLess than
Source: based on Haskel et al. (2012); cumulative percentage changes relative to 1991 in mean real money earnings for working adults (aged 25 and above) by educational cohort in terms of the highest level of education attained (adjusted for price inflation and smoothed to three-year averages)
Figure 14.3 Changes in US real income; working adults, by education, 1991-2010
Figure 14.4 Worker’s remittances received; per cent of GDP, 2010
Worker's remittances received (% of GDP) and per cent rank, 2010
0
10
20
30
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Chile Uruguay ChinaBelgium
Tajikistan
average
Haiti
Philippines
Jamaica
Morocco
Lesotho
Kyrgyz Rep
UkraineIndia
rank
rem
ittan
ces
Source: based on data from World Development Indicators online; worker’s remittances and compensation of employees received (% of GDP), based on 155 countries
Figure 14.5 Labour reallocation between Home and Foreign
Ohome Oforeign
B
C
VMPLforeignVMPLhome
A
LFLH
wH0
wH1
wF0
wF1
E0E1Ohome Oforeign
B
C
VMPLforeignVMPLhome
A
LFLH
wH0
wH1
wF0
wF1
E0E1
Figure 14.6 Number of poor people in the developing world, 1981-2008
a. Number of poor people in developing world; headcount index, million
1,281
1,9062,453
2,901
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1980 1990 2000 2010
$1.25 per day
$2 per day
b. Number of poor people in developing world; headcount index, % of population
22.8
52.9
43.6
70.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1980 1990 2000 2010
$1.25 per day
$2 per day
Source: author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators online; the developing world consists of developing countries in EAP, ECA, LAC, MENA, SSA, and SA, see the main text.
Figure 14.7 Poverty headcount ratio at $ 1.25 a day (PPP), % of population, 1981-2008
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP), % of population
0
20
40
60
80
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
EAP
SSA
SA
LAC
MENAECA
Developing world total
Source: author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators online; see the main text for regional abbreviations EAP, ECA, LAC, MENA, SSA, and SA
$50 $500 $5,000 $50,000
20,000
60,000
40,000
0
Income level; constant 2000 international $, log scale
poverty line
World
EA
SSA
SA
OECD
densitya. 1970
Figure 14.8 Global income distribution, 1970 and 2006
Source: based on Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin (2009); the poverty line corresponds to $312 a year, or $1 a day in 2006 prices; see the main text for abbreviations; note: not all regions are identified in the figures
$50 $500 $5,000 $50,000
40,000
120,000
80,000
0
Income level; constant 2000 international $, log scale
poverty line
World
EA
SSA
SA OECD
densityb. 2006
Figure 14.8 Global income distribution, 1970 and 2006
Source: based on Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin (2009); the poverty line corresponds to $312 a year, or $1 a day in 2006 prices; see the main text for abbreviations; note: not all regions are identified in the figures
Note for publisher: make sure the scales line up correctly horizontally for panels a and b
cumulative population
cum
ulat
ive
inco
me
00
1
1
diagonal
Lorenz curve
A
B
Gini coefficient = A/(A+B)
Figure 14.9 The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient
Figure 14.10 Income inequality; Gini coefficient, selected countries, 1981-2010
Gini coefficients for selected countries; per cent 1981-2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
minimum
maximum
China
India
Brazil
Nigeria
South Africa
Russia
Source: author’s calculations based on World Development Indicators online; minimum is 19.4 for Czech Republic in 1988; maximum is 74.3 for Namibia in 1993
Figure 14.11 Global income inequality; Gini coefficient, 1970-2006
Global income inequality; Gini coefficient, 1970-2006
0.612
0.679
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: based on data from Pinkovskiy and Sala-i-Martin (2009); note: scale does not start at zero
Figure 14.12 Income inequality decomposition; across and within countries, 1970-2000
a. Global income inequality; mean logarithmic deviation, 1970-2000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
19
70
19
73
19
76
19
79
19
82
19
85
19
88
19
91
19
94
19
97
20
00
across countries
within countries
b. Global income inequality; Theil index, 1970-2000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
across countries
within countries
Source: based on data from Sala-i-Martin (2006).
Figure 14.13 Development and income inequality, some historical examples
0 642 8 10 12 14
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Sweden, 1920-1961
USA, 1840-1960
Japan, 1955-1983
Spain, 1860-1975
Income per capita (PPP, thousands)
Coefficient of variation of regional income
Source: based on World Bank (2009).
