Figure 12.4d

Principle of Original Lateral Continuity

strata (layers) extend laterally until theythin to nothing (pinch out) at the edgeof the depositional basin

Figure 12.4 f

Principle of Inclusions

any piece of a rock that has becomeincluded in another rock must be olderthan the host rock

Figure 12.4g

Principle of Baked Contactsigneous rocks “bakes” the surrounding rocksand must be younger than the rocks it bakes

Figure 10.4 Lab Manual

Disconformity – sometimes hard to recognize

Figure 10.4 Lab Manual

Angular Unconformity – obvious time break

Figure 12.8a

Siccar Point, Scotland

Figure 10.4 Lab Manual

Nonconformity

Figure 8.5 lab manual

Figure 8.4 lab manual

Figure 8-6

Figure 12.5

Age of Igneous Rocks can be used to bracket theage of sedimentary rocks and deformation

Earliest fossils

First shelled organisms

First fishFirst land plants

First amphibiansFirst Reptiles

Coal forming swampsFormation of Pangea

Extinction event

First mammals, birds, and dinosaurs

Extinction of dinosaurs

Ice Ages