Figs01 2nd Edition
-
Upload
grsandhya6 -
Category
Documents
-
view
251 -
download
0
Transcript of Figs01 2nd Edition
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
1/29
R. Ludwig and G. BogdanovRF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications
2nd edition
Figures for Chapter 1
Figure 1-1 Block diagram of a generic RF system.
DAC
OSC.
PA
ADC LNA
D i g i t a l
C i r c u
i t r y
Analog-to-DigitalConverter
Digital-to-AnalogConverter
Local Oscillator
TransmitterPower Amplifier
Receiver LowNoise Amplifier
Switch
Low-PassFilter
BandpassFilter
Antenna
Mixed Signal
Circuits
Analog Circuits
Mixer
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
2/29
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
3/29
Figure 1-2(b) Printed circuit board layout of the power amplifier.
BFG425
B F G 2 1
RF in RF out
Input MatchingNetwork
First StageTransistor
Interstage MatchingNetwork
OutputMatchingNetwork
DC Bias Network
Second StageTransistor
Dual Transistor IC
0.5 inch
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
4/29
Figure 1-3 Electromagnetic wave propagation in free space. The electric and mag-netic fields are shown at a fixed instance in time as a function of space ( are unitvectors in x - and y -direction).
x
y
z
H = H y y
E = E x x
x ,^
y ^
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
5/29
.Table 1-1 Frequency bands and their applications
Frequency Band Frequency Typical Application
VHF (Very High Frequency) 88 108 MHz FM broadcasting
UHF (Ultrahigh Frequency) 824 894 MHz810 956 MHz
CDMA mobile phone serviceGSM mobile phone service
UHF (Ultrahigh Frequency) 2,400 MHz WLAN
SHF (Superhigh Frequency) 5,000 5,850 MHz Unlicensed NationalInformation Infrastructure
SHF (Superhigh Frequency) 6,425 6,523 MHz Cable Television Relay
SHF (Superhigh Frequency) 3,700 4,200 MHz Geostationary fixed satellite
serviceX Band 8 12.5 GHz Marine and airborne radar
Ku Band 12.5 18 GHz Remote sensing radar
K Band 18 26.5 GHz Radar
Ka Band 26.5 40 GHz Remote sensing radar
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
6/29
.
Figure 1-4 Skin depth behavior of copper aluminumgold and typical solder
104 105 106 107 108 1090
0.5
1
1.5
2
f , Hz
, m m
Solder
Al
Au
Cu
Cu 64.5 106
S/m,= Al 40.0 10
6 S/m,= Au 48.5 10
6 S/m,=
solder 6.38 106
S/m.=
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
7/29
Figure 1-5(a) Schematic cross-sectional AC current density representation
normalized to DC current density.
2a
Current Flow
| J z| /J z 0
r a a
Low currentdensity
High currentdensity
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
8/29
Figure 1-5(b) Frequency behavior of normalized AC current density for a copperwire of radius a = 1 mm.
r , mm
0
0.20.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1 kHz
10 kHz
100 kHz
1 MHz 10 MHz
100 MHz
1 GHz
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
| J z |
/ J
z 0
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
9/29
Figure 1-6 The exact theoretical per-unit-length resistance as a function offrequency for round wires of varying materials and radii. The dashed lines representthe DC and skin depth based resistance approximations.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
102
101
100
101
f , Hz
R ,
/ m
Cu, 0.1 mm
Cu, 1 mmAl, 1 mm
Solder, 1 mm
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
10/29
Figure 1-7 One- and quarter-watt thin-film chip resistors in comparison with aconventional quarter-watt resistor.
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
11/29
Figure 1-8 Electric equivalent circuit representation of a high frequency resistor.
R L L
C a
C b
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
12/29
Figure 1-9 Electric equivalent circuit representation of a wire-wound resistor at high frequency.
R
C 1
L1
C 2
L2 L2
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
13/29
Figure 1-10 Absolute impedance value of a 2000 - thin-film resistor asa function of frequency.
104 105 106 107 108 109 1010100
101
102
103
104
f , Hz
| Z |
,
Ideal resistance
Capacitive effect
Inductive effect
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
14/29
Figure 1-11 Electric equivalent circuit of a capacitor at high frequency.
L
Re
C
Rs
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
15/29
Figure 1-12 Absolute value of the capacitor impedance as a func-tion of frequency.
106 107 108 109 1010102
101
100
101
102
103
104
f , Hz
| Z | ,
Real capacitor
Ideal capacitor
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
16/29
Figure 1-13 Actual construction of a surface-mounted ceramic multilayer capacitor.
Electrodes
Ceramic material
Terminations
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
17/29
Figure 1-14 Distributed capacitance and series resistance in the inductor coil.
Rd Rd
C d C d
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
18/29
Figure 1-15 Equivalent circuit of the high-frequency inductor.
L Rs
C s
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
19/29
Figure 1-16 Inductor dimensions of an air-core coil.
l
2a 2 r
d
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
20/29
Figure 1-17 Frequency response of the impedance of an RFC.
107 108 109 1010100
101
102
103
104
105
f , Hz
| Z | ,
Real inductor
Ideal
inductor
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
21/29
Table 1-2 Standard sizes of chip resistors
Geometry Size Code Length L, mils Width W , mils
0402 40 20
0603 60 300805 80 50
1206 120 60
1812 120 180 L W
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
22/29
Figure 1-18 Cross-sectional view of a typical chip resistor.
Protective coatResistive layer
Marking
Ceramic substrateInner electrodesEnd contact
End contact
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
23/29
Figure 1-19 Cross section of a typical single-plate capacitor connected to theboard.
Circuit traces
Chip capacitor Ribbon lead or wire
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
24/29
Figure 1-20 Clusters of single-plate capacitors sharing a common dielectricmaterial.
Dual capacitor Quadrupole capacitor
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
25/29
Figure 1-21 Typical size of an RF wire-wound air-core inductor (courtesy of Coil-craft, Inc.).
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
26/29
Figure 1-22 Flat coil configuration. An air bridge is made by using either a wire or aconductive ribbon.
Air bridge
Terminal Terminal
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
27/29
Figure 1-23 Construction of a three-dimensional LTCC/HTCC module made out ofindividual layers of ceramic tape that are collated, stacked, and fired (courtesy ofLamina Ceramics Inc.).
BuriedResistor
BuriedCapacitor
Vias
MetalCore
Metalizationon
Ceramic
Surface-mountedactive devices
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
28/29
Figure 1-24 Impedance and quality factor behavior of a real, non-magnetic core in-ductor as measured by the HP 4192A LCR meter.
103
102
101
100
101
102
Q
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 101 102 103 104 105 106 107100
101
102
103
104
105
f , Hz f , Hz
| Z | ,
Resistancedominates
Inductive behavior
Self resonance
Capacitivebehavior
-
8/10/2019 Figs01 2nd Edition
29/29
Figure 1-25 LCR meter with a plastic core torroidal inductor con-nected to the test fixture and a measurement taken at 100 kHz .