Fig. 7-CO, p. 184

Fig. 7-1, p. 186

Fig. 7-1, p. 186

Condensation

Precipitation 111,000

Precipitation 385,000Transpiration

and GlaciersEvaporation 425,000

GroundwaterOcean

Runoff 40,000Lakes

Evaporation 71,000

Fig. 7-2, p. 187

Fig. 7-2, p. 187

Salt

Table 7-1, p. 188

Fig. 7-3, p. 189

Fig. 7-3, p. 189

One kilogram of seawater

Water 965.6 g

Most abundant ions producing salinity

Other components (salinity) 34.4 g

Sodium (Na+) 10.556 g

Chloride (Cl–) 18.980 g

Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.272 gBicarbonate (HCO3

−) 0.140 gOtherCalcium (Ca2+) 0.400 g

Potassium (K+) 0.380 g

Sulfate (SO42−) 2.649 g

Table 7-2, p. 189

Fig. 7-4a, p. 190

Fig. 7-4a, p. 190

SO2 (Sulfur dioxide)CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

Cl− (chloride)SO4

2− (sulfate)

HCl (Hydrochloric acid)

Sulfur Volcano

H2S (Hydrogen sulfide)

Sea spray (ions)

Adsorption and

precipitation River discharge (ions)Ca2+ (calcium)

K+ (potassium) Ca2+ (calcium)Dissolution SO4

2− (sulfate)

UpliftMg2+ (magnesium)SO4

2− (sulfate) Bottom sediments

Ridge system

Na+ (sodium)

HCO3− (bicarbonate)

Biological processes

Chemical reactions

Fig. 7-4b, p. 190

Fig. 7-5, p. 191

Fig. 7-6, p. 192

Table 7-3, p. 192

Box 7-1, p. 193

Table 7-4, p. 194

Fig. 7-7, p. 194

Fig. 7-7, p. 194

20 20

OXYGEN NITROGEN

15 15

Seawater

10 10

5 Seawater 5

0 0C

on

cen

trat

ion

of

dis

solv

ed g

as a

t 1

atm

osp

her

e (m

illi

lite

rs p

er l

iter

)0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25

Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)Co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f d

isso

lved

gas

at

1 at

mo

sph

ere

(mil

lili

ters

per

lit

er)

Fig. 7-8, p. 195

Fig. 7-8, p. 195

0 0

1,0004,000

2,000 O2 CO2

8,000

Dep

th (

m)

Dep

th (

ft)

3,000

12,000

4,0001 2 3 4 5 6 O2

44 46 48 50 52 CO2

Concentration of dissolved gas in milliliters per liter (ml/l)

Fig. 7-9, p. 196

Fig. 7-9, p. 196

Acidic

Neutral

Basic

pH scale

Fig. 7-10, p. 197

Fig. 7-10, p. 197

ATMOSPHERE

CO2 (dissolved)

H2O H2CO3CO2 (gas)

+ Carbonic acid

H+ HCO3– bicarbonate ion

PhotosynthesisRespiration

OH–

H+ + CO32− carbonate ion

Precipitation Solution

OCEAN BOTTOM CaCO3 Carbonate sediments or shells

CO2

O2 (dissolved)

Fig. 7-11, p. 198

Fig. 7-11, p. 198

100%

HCO3–

(bicarbonate ion)

H2CO3 (carbonic

acid)CO3

2− (carbonate ion)50%

Average pH of seawater

Normal pH range of seawater

Rel

ativ

e ab

un

dan

ce o

f ca

rbo

nic

ac

id,

bic

arb

on

ate

ion

, an

d

carb

on

ate

ion

in

sea

wat

er

0%4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

pH5

Fig. 7-12, p. 198

Fig. 7-12, p. 198

8.0 average ocean pH

pH7.0 7.5 8.5 9.0

0

Upper sunlit layer2,000

1,000 Bottom of photo-synthetic zone

4,000

6,0002,000

8,000

3,000 10,000

Dep

th (

m)

12,000 Dep

th (

ft)

4,000CCD 14,000

5,000 16,000

18,000

6,000

8.0