Fig. 46-1
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Fig. 46-1
Chapter 46
Animal Reproduction
Fig. 46-2
Fig. 46-3
Asexual reproduction
Female
Sexual reproduction
Female
Generation 1
Male
Generation 2
Generation 3
Generation 4
Fig. 46-4a
Both are females; Parthenogenic
Fig. 46-4b
Ova
ry
size
Ho
rmo
ne
leve
lB
ehav
ior
Estradiol
Ovulation Ovulation
Progesterone
Time
Female Male-like
Female Male-like
The sexual behavior the cycle of ovulation
Fig. 46-5
Eggs
Fertilization
Fig. 46-6
Giant water bugs: parental protection; few offsprings
Fig. 46-7
Accessorygland
EjaculatoryductTestis
Vas deferens
Seminalvesicle
Penis
Ovary
Oviduct
Spermatheca
Vagina
Accessorygland
(a) Male honeybee (drone) (b) Female honeybee (queen)
Fig. 46-8
Genitalpore
(Digestive tract)
Male organs:
Seminalvesicle
Sperm duct(vas deferens)
Vas efferens
Testis
Female organs:
UterusYolk gland
Yolk duct
Oviduct
Ovary
Seminalreceptacle
(Excretory pore)
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
A hermaphrodite 雌雄同體
Fig. 46-9
RESULTS
Control;not
remated
Remated towild-type
males
Remated to“no-sperm”
males
Remated to“no-ejaculate”
males
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
fem
ale
sla
ck
ing
sp
erm
in s
pe
rmat
he
ca
30
20
10
0
Why is sperm usage biased when female fruit flies mate twice?
Fig. 46-10a
(Rectum)
Cervix
Vagina
Vaginal opening
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
Urethra
ClitorisShaftGlansPrepuce
Labia minora
Labia majora
Fig. 46-10b
OvariesOviduct
FolliclesCorpus luteum
Uterine wallUterus
Cervix
Endometrium
Vagina
Fig. 46-11b
Seminal vesicle
(Rectum)
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Vas deferens EpididymisTestisScrotum
(Urinarybladder)
(Urinaryduct)
(Pubic bone)
Erectiletissue
Urethra
Glans
Prepuce
Penis
Spermatogenesis
Fig. 46-12b
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubuleSertoli cellnucleus
Testis
Cross sectionof seminiferoustubule
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids(two stages)
SpermLumen ofseminiferous tubule
Fig. 46-12cPrimordial germ cell in embryo
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonialstem cell
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis II
Earlyspermatid
Differentiation (Sertolicells provide nutrients)
Sperm
2n
2n
2n
n n
n n n n
n n n n
Fig. 46-12e
Ovary
In embryo
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I
Firstpolarbody
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody
Fertilized egg
Primaryoocytewithinfollicle
Growingfollicle
Mature follicle
Rupturedfollicle
Ovulatedsecondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
2n
2n
nn
n
n
Oogenesis
Fig. 46-12f
Ovary
Primaryoocytewithinfollicle
Rupturedfollicle
Growingfollicle
Mature follicle
Ovulatedsecondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
Fig. 46-12g
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Firstpolarbody
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody
Fertilized egg
2n
2n
nn
n
n
In embryo
Hormone control of the testes
Fig. 46-14aControl by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of
estradiol and progesterone
Stimulated by high levelsof estradiol
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
Pituitary gonadotropinsin blood
LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulatefollicle to grow
LH surge triggersovulation
Ovarian cycle
Growing follicle Maturingfollicle
Corpusluteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
(a)
(b)
(c)
Da
ys
0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28| | | | | | | |
–
–
+
Fig. 46-14b
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causesLH surge
Estradiol level very low
Estradiol Progesterone
Ovulation Progesterone and estra-diol promote thickeningof endometrium
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
0 5 10 14 20 25 28| | | | | | | |
Da
ys
15
Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase
(d)
(e)
Endometriosis
Estrous cycle
Fig. 46-16
Placenta
Uterus
Umbilical cord
Chorionic villus,containing fetalcapillaries
Maternal bloodpools
Maternalarteries
Maternalveins
Maternalportionof placenta
Fetal arterioleFetal venuleUmbilical cord
Fetalportion ofplacenta(chorion)
Umbilicalarteries
Umbilicalvein
Fig. 46-17
(a) 5 weeks (b) 14 weeks (c) 20 weeks
Fig. 46-17a
(a) 5 weeks
Fig. 46-17b
(b) 14 weeks
Fig. 46-17c
(c) 20 weeks
Fig. 46-18
Estradiol Oxytocin
fromovaries
Induces oxytocinreceptors on uterus
from fetusand mother’sposterior pituitary
Stimulates uterusto contract
Stimulates placenta to make
Prostaglandins
Stimulate morecontractions
of uterus
Po
siti
ve
fee
db
ac
k
+
+
Fig. 46-19-4
3
2
1 Dilation of the cervix
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix
Expulsion: delivery of the infant
Uterus
Placenta(detaching)
Umbilicalcord
Delivery of the placenta
Fig. 46-20Male Female
Method Event Event Method
Production ofsperm
Production ofprimary oocytes
Vasectomy Combination birth controlpill (or injection, patch, orvaginal ring)Sperm transport
down maleduct system
Oocytedevelopmentand ovulation
Abstinence
Condom
Coitusinterruptus(very highfailure rate)
Abstinence
Spermdepositedin vagina
Capture of theoocyte by the
oviduct
Tubal ligation
Female condom
Spermmovement
throughfemale
reproductivetract
Transportof oocyte in
oviduct
Spermicides;diaphragm;cervical cap;progestin alone(as minipill,implant,or injection)
Meeting of sperm and oocytein oviduct
Union of sperm and eggMorning-afterpill; intrauterinedevice (IUD)
Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium
1. Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis; describe three major differences between them
2. Explain how the uterine and ovarian cycles are synchronized and describe the functions of the hormones involved
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