Fig. 4-1

Chapter 4overview

Genetic recombination: mixing of genes during gametogenesis that produces gametes with combinations of genes that are different fromthe combinations received from parents.

• Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes (Anaphase I). Genes on non- homologous chromosomes (unlinked genes) assort independently.

Fig. 4-6

Fig. 4-7

Using a testcrossto distinguish gamete genotypes

Fig. 4-8

50% = independent assortment(genes are not linked)

Genetic recombination: mixing of genes during gametogenesis that produces gametes with combinations of genes that are different fromthe combinations received from parents.

• Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes (Anaphase I). Genes on non- homologous chromosomes (unlinked genes) assort independently.

• Crossing over (recombination among linked genes)

Fig. 4-2

cis linked: both dominant alleles on the same homolog

trans linked: dominant alleles on different homologs

Fig. 4-3

Crossing over

• Physical exchanges among non-sister chromatids; visualized cytologically as chiasmata

• Typically, several crossing over events occur within each tetrad in each meiosis (chiasmata physically hold homologous chromosome together and assure proper segregation at Anaphase I)

p. 115

Fig. 4-4

Crossing over occurs at the four-strand stage(pre-meiotic G2 or very early prophase I)

Fig. 4-5

Crossing over can involve 2, 3, or 4 chromatids in a single meiosis

Crossing over

• Physical exchanges among non-sister chromatids; visualized cytologically as chiasmata

• Typically, several crossing over events occur within each tetrad in each meiosis (chiasmata physically hold homologous chromosome together and assure proper segregation at Anaphase I)

• The sites at which crossing over occur are random

• The likelihood that a crossover occurs between any two particular sites (genes) is a function of the physical distance between those two sites

Fig. 4-9

Crossing over usually affects a minority of chromatids in a collection of meioses – recombinants are typically a

minority of products

Fig. 4-10

<50% = linked genes

A.H. Sturtevant (1911-3): frequency of crossing over between two genes is a function of their distance apart on the chromosome; created the first genetic map

number of recombinants

Recombination frequency = total number of progeny

One map unit = one centimorgan = 1% recombinants

Fig. 4-11

Rationales:• Crossover events are random• Greater separation, greater likelihood that crossover will occur• Map distance should be sum of smaller intervals

• Construct entire chromosome maps by mapping intervals• Linear map correlates with linear chromosome

Markers used in trihybrid testcross in Drosophila

v = vermilion eyes (red eyes; v+ are red-brown)

cv = crossveinless (cv+ wings have crossveins)

ct = cut wing (ct+ wings have regular margins)

Data from three-point testcross

v+/ v cv+/ cv ct+/ ct X v / v cv / cv ct / ct (trihybrid) (tester)

Progeny phenotypes

v cv+ ct+ 580v+ cv ct 592v cv ct+ 45v+ cv+ ct 40v cv ct 89v+ cv+ ct+ 94v cv+ ct 3v+ cv ct+ 5

1448

Steps in solving three-point testcross problem

1. Anticipate and identify eight types of products (23)

2. Identify pairs of reciprocal products

Data from three-point testcross

v+/ v cv+/ cv ct+/ ct X v / v cv / cv ct / ct (trihybrid) (tester)

Progeny phenotypes

v cv+ ct+ 580v+ cv ct 592v cv ct+ 45v+ cv+ ct 40v cv ct 89v+ cv+ ct+ 94v cv+ ct 3v+ cv ct+ 5

1448

Steps in solving three-point testcross problem

1. Anticipate and identify eight types of products (23)

2. Identify pairs of reciprocal products

3. Identify parental types as the most frequent pair of products

4. Identify double crossover products as least frequent pair of products

Data from three-point testcross

v+/ v cv+/ cv ct+/ ct X v / v cv / cv ct / ct (trihybrid) (tester)

Progeny phenotypes

v cv+ ct+ 580v+ cv ct 592v cv ct+ 45v+ cv+ ct 40v cv ct 89v+ cv+ ct+ 94v cv+ ct 3v+ cv ct+ 5

1448

Parental types - nco

dco

sco

sco

Steps in solving three-point testcross problem

1. Anticipate and identify eight types of products (23)

2. Identify pairs of reciprocal products

3. Identify parental types as the most frequent pair of products

4. Identify double crossover products as least frequent pair of products

5. Compare the parental and double crossover products to deduce the order of the three gene loci

Fig. 4-12

In dco products, the central marker is displacedrelative to the parental types

Fig. 4-13

Steps in solving three-point testcross problem

1. Anticipate and identify eight types of products (23)

2. Identify pairs of reciprocal products

3. Identify parental types as the most frequent pair of products

4. Identify double crossover products as least frequent pair of products

5. Compare the parental and double crossover products to deduce the order of the three gene loci

6. Compute map distances by breaking down the results for each interval

85 + 8 1448

(0.064)

183 + 8 1448

(0.132)

RF =

Fig. 4-12

85 + 8 1448

(0.064)

183 + 8 1448

(0.132)

RF =

13.2 m.u. 6.4 m.u.

Fig. 4-12

v ct cv

Interference: crossing over in one region interferes with simultaneous crossing over in adjacent regions

Expected frequency of dco = product of frequency crossovers in two regions

0.132 X 0.064 = 0.0084

0.084 X 1448 = 12 expected (if two sco are independent events)

Interference: crossing over in one region interferes with simultaneous crossing over in adjacent regions

Expected frequency of dco = product of frequency crossovers in two regions

0.132 X 0.064 = 0.0084

0.084 X 1448 = 12 expected (if two sco are independent events)

Coefficient of coincidence = observed dco / expected dco

8 / 12 = 0.667

Interference = 1 – coefficient of coincidence

1 – 0.667 = 0.333

Fig. 4-14

Tomato karyotype (n=12)

Fig. 4-14

Tomato linkage map(1952)

p. 136

Typical phenotypic ratios for a variety of crosses(complete allele dominance)