Fig. 15.8

46
Fig. 15.8 Disappearance of the Aral Sea, during the period from 1973 to 2000. Largely due to diversion of water from the rivers feeding the sea for irrigation. AOSC 200 LESSON 13

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Disappearance of the Aral Sea, during the period from 1973 to 2000. Largely due to diversion of water from the rivers feeding the sea for irrigation. AOSC 200 LESSON 13. Fig. 15.8. Human Influences on Climate. Greenhouse effect Feedbacks Northward movement of the jet streams - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Fig. 15.8

Page 1: Fig. 15.8

Fig. 15.8

Disappearance of the Aral Sea, during the period from 1973 to 2000.

Largely due to diversion of water from the rivers feeding the sea for irrigation.

AOSC 200LESSON 13

Page 2: Fig. 15.8

Human Influences on Climate

• Greenhouse effect

• Feedbacks

• Northward movement of the jet streams

• Changing Land Surfaces

• Heat Islands

• Consequences of Greenhouse Effect

Page 3: Fig. 15.8

Simple Greenhouse Model

. befraction Let this

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Page 4: Fig. 15.8

Greenhouse Effect

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4

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Page 5: Fig. 15.8

Greenhouse Effect

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Page 6: Fig. 15.8

Greenhouse Effect

feedback. -

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outgoing theoffraction a absorbs atmosphere theIf

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Page 7: Fig. 15.8

Positive Feedback

Page 8: Fig. 15.8

Negative Feedback

Page 9: Fig. 15.8

CLIMATE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

• POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACKS

• WATER VAPOR - POSITIVE

• CLOUDS - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE - MAINLY NEGATIVE

Page 10: Fig. 15.8

Fig. 7-27, p. 191

Positions of the jet streams

Page 11: Fig. 15.8

Jet Streams on March 11, 1990Sub-tropical = Blue, Polar = Red

Page 12: Fig. 15.8

Fig. 8-30, p. 231

Relation between jet stream and high and low pressure systems

Page 13: Fig. 15.8

% DAYS WHEN JETSREAM WITHIN 150 MILES OF BALTIMORE

Page 14: Fig. 15.8

Frontal Movement and Climate Change

• Increasing evidence that the Polar and Sub-tropical jet streams in the Northern Hemisphere are moving northward.

• This implies that the weather patterns associated with the jets (fronts) are also moving northward

• As the sub-tropical jet moves northward so do the high pressure systems associated with this jet.

• Expect drier summers• Could increase in greenhouse forcing in the

tropics lead to a stronger Hadley cell circulation, and hence to a movement of the jet?

Page 15: Fig. 15.8

Fig. 15.8

Disappearance of the Aral Sea, during the period from 1973 to 2000.

Largely due to diversion of water from the rivers feeding the sea for irrigation.

Page 16: Fig. 15.8

Aral Sea

• Government of the Soviet Union diverted waters feeding this inland lake to provide water for the growing of cotton.

• Aral Sea began shrinking rapidly

• Climate has also changed in the region

• Asian ‘Dust Bowl’

• Increased salinity destroyed fishing industry

Page 17: Fig. 15.8

Fig. 15.9

Roadways and buildings reduce evapor-transpiration and absorb more solar radiation than the surrounding rural regions.

Page 18: Fig. 15.8

Washington DC Heat Island

Page 19: Fig. 15.8
Page 20: Fig. 15.8

THE CLIMATE OF CITIES

• URBAN HEAT ISLAND• TEMPERATURES ARE GENERALLY HIGHER THAN

IN RURAL AREAS, CREATING AN 'ISLAND' OF WARMER AIR.

• CITIES ARE GENERALLY CLOUDIER, FOGGIER, WARMER, WETTER

• WHY?• ROCK-LIKE MATERIALS OF CITY HAVE HIGH

THERMAL CAPACITY• IMPERVIOUS SURFACES REMOVE PRECIPITATION

QUICKLY• LARGE SOURCES OF HEAT• ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION TRAPS RADIATION• TALL BUILDINGS ALTER THE AIR FLOW• INCREASED PRECIPITATION• THERMALLY INDUCED UPWARD MOTIONS

Page 21: Fig. 15.8

Fig. 15-1, p. 442

Page 22: Fig. 15.8
Page 23: Fig. 15.8
Page 24: Fig. 15.8

CONSEQUENCES OF GREENHOUSE WARMING

• .WATER RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE - CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION PATTERNS - LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON

• .SEA LEVEL RISE - .MELTING OF GLACIERS PLUS THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF THE OCEANS - HAS RISEN 10-25 CM OVER PAST CENTURY

• .NEW WEATHER PATTERNS - HIGHER FREQUENCY AND GREATER INTENSITY OF HURRICANES BECAUSE OF WARMER SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES.

• SHIFTS IN PATHS OF CYCLONIC STORMS - PRECIPITATION PATTERNS.

• .SHIFTS OF OCCURRENCES OF TORNADOES. • .MORE INTENSE HEAT WAVES AND DROUGHTS IN

SOME REGIONS AND LESS IN OTHERS.

Page 25: Fig. 15.8

Air Pollution

William Shakespeare 1564-1616, from his play ‘Hamlet’

Page 26: Fig. 15.8

Air Pollution

Page 27: Fig. 15.8

Air Pollution

Page 28: Fig. 15.8

History of Air Pollution• Air pollution is not a new problem• In England, wood for burning became scarce, and the

populace resorted to burning coal which had a high sulfur content. The by-products were soot (carbon particles) and sulfur dioxide.

• John Evelyn in 1661 wrote about the notorious London pea-soup fog. These occur in the fall when the Thames is warm but the ground is cold. The natural fog this produces is enhanced by the extra soot particles, and the sulfur dioxide reacts in the water droplets to produce sulfuric acid.

Page 29: Fig. 15.8

London Killer Smog

Page 30: Fig. 15.8

SMOG

• Word coined by Dr. Harold Des Veaux, a London physician in 1903.

• SMOKE + FOG = SMOG

• He meant London smog – sulfurous fumes from coal burning + large water droplets formed around smoke particles (soot)

• 1952 – Killer smog – 4000 deaths. Another episode in 1956 led to 1000 deaths.

• Similar events have also occurred in the US.

• Large industrial cities such as St.Louis and Pittsburg also suffered from ‘London’ smog, as the use of coal increased.

Page 31: Fig. 15.8

PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

• In 1940 vegetable crop damage began to be seen in the Los Angeles basin. Pine trees began to lose their needles.

• Haagen-Smit and colleagues at the University of California, Riverside studied this effect using smog chambers - large plastic tents into which pollutants could be injected and their reactions investigated.

• They showed that the effect was due to ozone in the atmosphere.

• The ozone was produced by a series of reactions involving the oxides of nitrogen and organic compounds (e.g. gasoline), both of which are emitted by automobiles.

• It is this form of smog that gives the pollution seen in the Baltimore/Washington corridor.

Page 32: Fig. 15.8

Sources and Types of Air Pollutants

• can be grouped into two categories: primary and secondary.

• Primary pollutants are emitted directly from identifiable sources. They pollute the air immediately upon being emitted.

• Secondary pollutants are produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants.

• Sources. Two types of sources are identified fixed sources and mobile sources.

Page 33: Fig. 15.8
Page 34: Fig. 15.8
Page 35: Fig. 15.8

N2

O2

Ar

O3

Inert gasesCO2

H2

←SO2, NO2,CFC’s, etc

PM

COCH4

N2O

Composition of the Earth’s Troposphere

Page 36: Fig. 15.8

Denver, Colorado on a clear day

Page 37: Fig. 15.8

Denver, Colorado when particulate matter reduced visibility

Page 38: Fig. 15.8

Fine Particles or Particulate Matter (PM)

• PM is made up of suspended particles of either solid or liquid pollutants.

• PM is grouped by size: under 10 microns is called PM10, under 2.5 microns is called PM2.5.

• PM causes increased mortality and morbidity.

• Examples of PM include diesel soot, acids, dust, sulfates, nitrates, and organics.

Page 39: Fig. 15.8

Photochemical SMOG

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Page 40: Fig. 15.8

SMOG Chemistry

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DIOXIDE; NITROGEN

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Page 41: Fig. 15.8

Schematic of ozone production from a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Page 42: Fig. 15.8

SMOG

• NEEDS

• Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides

• Strong sunlight to start reactions

• Warm temperatures to maintain reactions – the higher the temperature the faster the rate.

• Peak ozone will be when temperature is highest – in the afternoon.

Page 43: Fig. 15.8

Daily Ozone Cycle

Sunrise Sunset

Time of day

Ozone Concentration

Ozone productionfollows a dailycycle with maximumconcentrations typically observedin the late afternoon.

This cycle is a signature of the dynamic processes of atmospheric air pollution

Page 44: Fig. 15.8

Highly Polluted Areas

In highly polluted areas the concentration of nitric

oxide can be large. In this case nitric oxide can react

with ozone :

NOO3 NO2 O2

This reaction removes ozone and short circuits the ozone

formation chain of reactions.

In highly polluted areas the ozone concentration

falls off as the level of nitric oxide increases.

Page 45: Fig. 15.8

Ozone vs NOx for Non Methane HydroCarbon level of =0.6 ppmc

Page 46: Fig. 15.8

High Pollution days• The figure illustrates one of the problems in the

abatement of pollution. The ozone concentration is used as the standard, and yet one can reduce the nitrogen oxides by a significant fraction and see no change, or even an increase in the ozone level.

• Most of the pollution is emitted in the cities, which typically puts the atmosphere at the right of the figure. As the pollutants move away from the city center their concentration gets smaller, and the atmosphere is moved toward the left, and the ozone increases.

• Hence the suburbs can see more ozone than the cities.


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