December 1st, 2011

Last declension.

Feminine nouns with the exception of Dies (day) which is masculine.

Declines like other nouns; Find the stem by taking the genitive; then add appropriate endings.

Case Res, Rei – “Thing” (Fem.)

Dies, Diei –”Day” (Masc.)

Nom Res Dies

Gen Rei Diei

Dat Rei Diei

Acc Rem Diem

Abl Re Die

Nom Res Dies

Gen Rerum Dierum

Dat Rebus Diebus

Acc Res Dies

Abl Rebus Diebus

The place where an event occurred is usually indicated by an ablative with a preposition (i.e. in = “in, on.” or sub = “under.”).

In magna casa vivunt = “They live in a large house.”

Cf. Wheelock, pp. 142-3 for summary of uses of the ablative case.

Participles = Verbal Adjectives (i.e. adjectives with a verbal character).

i.e. The barking dog frightened the children.

Latin has four participles: The present active, the future active, the perfect passive, the future passive (aka-the gerundive).

Present Active and Future Passive formed on the present stem.

Present Active = Present Stem + “-ns, -ntis.”

Future Passive = Present Stem + “-ndus, -nda, -ndum.”

Future Active and Perfect Passive formed on the Participial Stem (i.e. 4th Principal Part).

Future Active = Participial Stem + “-urus, -ura, -urum.”

Perfect Passive = Participial Stem + “-us, -a, -um.”

Tense Active Passive

Present: Agens, Agentis ______________

Perfect: _____________ Actus, Acta, Actum

Future: Acturus, Actura, Acturum

Agendus, Agenda, Agendum

Because participles are verbal adjectives they have a gender, number, and case and so decline.

Future Active, Perfect Passive, and Future Passive all decline like Magnus, Magna, Magnum.

Present Active declines like third declension nouns (i.e. Potens, Potentis).

Cf. Wheelock, pp. 148-9.

As adjectives participles must agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case (i.e. Divitiae viro amato dabatur – “Riches were given to the beloved man.”).

Can stand on their own in place of a noun (i.e. as a noun – substantive). (i.e. Divitiae amato dabatur – “Riches were given to the beloved man.”).

As verbs participles can take direct objects and other verbal constructions.

i.e. Patrem in casa videntes, puella et puer ad eum cucurrerent – “Seeing their father in the house, the boy and girl ran up to him.”

Tense of participles are always relative to the main verb (i.e. refer to actions done at a point in time relative to the action of the main verb).

Cf. Wheelock, p. 149.

A trick process; context is crucial.

Present Active = “-ing” (i.e. laudans = praising).

Future Active = “about to -, going to -.” (i.e. Laudaturus = About to praise, going to praise).

Perfect Passive = “-ed, having been –ed.” (i.e. Laudatus = Praised, Having been praised).

Future Passive = “about to be –ed, going to be –ed.” (i.e. Laudandus = About to be praised, going to be praised.).

Pay close attention to context and the tense of the participle relative to the main verb.

Often best rendered in English as a relative clause.

Commonly rendered in: A temporal sense (i.e Laudata…. = When she had been praised); A causal sense (i.e. Laudata….=Since she had been praised); A concessive sense (i.e. Laudata….=“Although she had been praised).

Context the only effective guide.

Cf. Wheelock, pp. 150.