Field Operations Guide -...

Field Operations GuideUSAR Technician

US2-fg

2

Status of this documentThis document is issued by the New Zealand Fire Service (NZFS) pursuant to:

• Fire Service Act 1975 s27A – Operational Instructions • Gazette Notice 84/2004 – Operational Instructions.

What this means:

This document has the status of an Operational Instruction.

It is written to comply with:

• other Operational Instructions

• other Training material

• New Zealand Fire Service policies• Fire Service Act 1975• Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 and other

relevant legislation• New Zealand Qualifications Authority requirements

The document, its content and specified processes are not to be altered except through Training processes.

Recommendations for change:

Training encourages and welcomes feedback on all its products and

processes to ensure currency and continuous improvement.

Recommendations for changes to this material should be sent to Training.

Please use the Feedback/Suggestions form on FireNet.

Document title: USAR Cat 2 Field Operations Guide Version 2: January 2014

© New Zealand Fire Service – Training

If you wish to copy or reproduce any of the material in this document,

please contact:

New Zealand Fire Service

Director Training

PO Box 2133

Wellington 6140

3

ContentsPersonal preparedness checklist 6

Personal protective equipment 7

USAR Initial action strategies 8

USAR signals (INSARAG) 8

CIMS structure 9

Phases of a collapse rescue plan 9

Command briefing (SMEACQ) 10

Rescue worksite 11

Collapse hazard zone 11

Geographical ID 12

Sectoring ID - sides 12

Sectoring ID – quadrants 13

Building identification of floors 13

INSARAG search assessment marking 14

INSARAG victim identification marking 15

Shoring 16Wedges 16

Brace details 17

Dimensions and nailing 17

Gusset details 18

Dimensions and nailing 18

Laced post shores 20

Working loads and post sizes 20

Minimum and maximum dimensions 21

Heights and bracing 22

Construction details 23

T-Shores (spot shores) 24

Maximum Dimensions 24

Double-T shores 26

Maximum dimensions and loading 26


4

Vertical shores 28


Window/door shores 30

Built-in-place method 30

Pre-built method 31

Raker shores 32

Detail 32

Marking and cutting raker angles 33

Raker angle cuts 35

Calculating shoring lengths of posts and raker posts 35

Raker lengths for 30, 45, 60 shores 36

Raker lengths (point to point) 37

Bottom plate cleat positions 38

Cleat lengths for 30O, 60O, 90O raker shores 39

Raker bracing and anchoring 40

Raker anchoring and soft ground foot 41

Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry 42

Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry 43

Raker anchoring and backing material for wood 44

Raker shore connections 45

Wall plate to bottom plate, wall plate to raker 45

Bottom plate to raker, brace connections 46

Raker splicing, and bracing 47

Bracing for multiple shores 48

Flying Raker 49

Construction detail 49

U-Channel Base 50

Construction detail 50

Raker Shores Detail – trough 51

Raker shore detail 52

Horizontal shores 53

Detail 53

5

Sloped floor shore 54

Bracing details (both types) 54

Sloped friction shore 55

Perpendicular to slope method (Anchor) 56

Perpendicular to slope method (solid foot) 56

Cutting station 57

Lifting and Moving 58Calculations for weight/area/thickness of concrete 58

Formula 59

Weights of common building materials 59

Cribbing 60

Load transfer points (100 x 100 timber) 61

Sloping crib construction 62

Cribbing terminology 63

Lifting words of command 64

Cribbing considerations 65

Oxy-petrol cutter 66

DVI TGB coding 67

Response personnel - code of ethics 68

Sensitive issues to consider: 69

6

Personal preparedness checklistAs soon as a taskforce member has received their activation order they should assemble the following personal items (recommended). This is in addition to the uniform worn at the time of deployment.

• sufficient prescription medication to last 2 weeks. Include over the counter allergy, cold/flu and vitamins

• sunscreen

• small bottle of Vicks

• spare pair of prescription glasses

• sunglasses

• 6 pairs of underwear

• 6 pairs of socks

• 4 T-shirts

• 2 pairs trousers

• jersey/sweatshirt

• baseball cap

• 2 pairs shorts

• 1 pair track pants or jeans

• 1 pair joggers or similar footwear

• toiletry kit including soap, toothpaste and hygiene items

• jandals for showering

• first aid kit (surgical gloves x 2, band aids, alcohol wipes, small bandage, wound dressing, splinter probe)

• ear plugs & eye masks for sleeping

• book and/or playing cards.

A strict limit on personal gear applies.

7

Personal protective equipmentA typical list of personal safety equipment to be used during a USAR incident:

• knife, fork, spoon

• plate & cup

• burner

• billy cup

• whistle

• adjustable crescent

• 8” multi-tool

• waterproof pad

• helmet

• safety glasses

• leather gloves x 2

• latex gloves x 2

• respirator

• elbow pads

• knee packs

• stretcher/sleeping bag

• beanies

• helmet torch

• pencil lights

• chino graph pencil & permanent marker

• wet weather gear

• thermals

• overalls

• earmuffs.

8

USAR Initial action strategies

• size up scene

• implement cims

• set up communications quickly

• send SITREP to base/dispatch

• request specialist assistance

• R-E-P-E-A-T

• constantly gather information

• limit supervisory staff in logistics

• use an inventory control system

• determine the length of the incident

• plan ahead - logistics, personnel and

• welfare

USAR signals (INSARAG)Evacuate

Resume Operations

Cease Operations - Quiet

1 long blast

3 short blasts

1 long blast + 1 short blast

9

CIMS structure

Incident Controller

Information

Liaison

Safety

Planning &Intelligence

LogisticsOperations

USAR Teams

Phases of a collapse rescue plan

EPE

AT

Elimination of utilities

Primary surface search

Exploration of voids

Access by selected debris removal

Terminate by general debris removal

ReconnaissanceR

10

Command briefing (SMEACQ)

S Situation (introduction, terrain & risk)M MissionE ExecutionA Administration & logisticsC Command & communicationsQ Questions

Note: This is not an internationally approved coding system, however it is in use by many specialist rescue teams in New Zealand.

Light stick colour codesGreen Personnel and general lightingRed Hazard/danger Blue Patient locationYellow Rope monitoring (or as needed)Green + Red Team Leader

Helmet Colour CodesTaskforce Leader/Operations Officer White

Squad Leaders Red

Technicians Yellow

Medical Green

Structural Engineers Blue

Logistics Orange

Medical Specialists Green and red cross

11

Rescue worksite

1. Identified by a single cordon, flagging or rope.(Example below)

DANGER - DO NOT CROSS

2. This is the control access point for the worksite

3. People allowed in this area:

4. team/task force members

a. military personnelb. police officersc. volunteersd. logistics personnel

Collapse hazard zone1. Identified by an “X” crossed cordon

flagging or rope (example below).

DANGER - DO NOT CROSSDANGER - DO NOT CROSS

2. The control access point to the immediate collapse site.

3. Could be affected by an after shock.

4. Only task force members directly involved in the rescue are permitted entry.

12

Sectoring ID - sides

SIDE THREE

SIDETWO

SIDE FOUR

SIDE ONETOP & BOTTOM

700 Block Alpha Street

Geographical ID

Sm

ith

Str

eet

Jam

es S

tree

t

900 902 904 906

901 903 905 907

Brown Street

NOTE: Primary geographical ID shall be the existing street name and building number. Attempt to re-establish existing numbering system. Front of structures to be clearly marked using international orange spray paint. The boundary frontage of individual structures should be indicated using barrier tape or spray paint.

13

Sectoring ID – quadrants

EQuadrant Quadrant

B C

A D

700 Block Alpha Street

Quadrant Quadrant

E

Building identification of floors

Establish a floor numbering system.

1. The street level is level one (L1), the next level up is level two (L2).

2. Below grade levels start at basement (B1 etc.). This is true whether floors are parking structures or occupancies.

Fourth level = Floor 3Third level = Floor 2Second level = Floor 1First level = Ground floor

1st Basement level = Basement 12nd Basement level = Basement 2

14

INSARAG search assessment marking

HAZARD INFORMATION

Go or No Go (G/N)

# LIVE VICTIMS

REMOVED

# DEAD REMOVED

TeamTime/Date of StartTime/Date of End

PERSONS UNACCOUNTED FOR LOCATION OF OTHER VICTIMS

NOTE: A circle is drawn around the above box then the building/structure has been completely searched.

Use international orange spray paint.

Mark 1 metre by 1 metre - at structure entrance. On some surfaces, e.g., grass, it will be necessary to record the information first, then draw the box around the information

15

INSARAG victim identification marking

V Potential Victim Location Number and status unknown

V Confirmed Victim(s) LocationL - 1 Arrow denotes confirmation

D - 2 L & D indicate live or dead victims

V Victims (All) Extricated Circle indicates all located victims extricated,

including dead.

V Only Dead Below A line through indicates only dead victims left below.

V Dead Victims Removed Circle around crossed out V indicates location only.

Dead & bodies have now been removed.

L - 2D - 3

16

ShoringWedges

Wedges must have:- full contact with post and an equivalent area directly under post- cut sides facing each other

300 mm

450 mm

50 mm

100 mm

100 x 50 mm

100 x 100 mm

Approx. 75 mm

Min.25 mm

100 x 50 mm wedges

Min.25 mm

Max. 150 mm

100 x 100 mm wedges

17

Brace detailsDimensions and nailing

100 x 50 mm brace 3 nails per

connection

150 x 50 mm brace 5 nails per

connection

5 nails 3 nails

300 mm

Try for as much overlap of braces and posts as possible

18

Triangular gusset for door and window shores

Gusset details Dimensions and nailing

All gussets are cut from 19 mm plywood

8 nails

300 x 300 mm

5 nails

Full-gusset

5 nails

8 nails

19

Half-gusset joining post to

top-plate – flush

Gusset detailsDimensions and nailing (continued)

5 nails

Nailing of full width gusset for double -T

shores

14 nails

Half-gusset joining post to top-plate

5 nails

5 nails

20

Laced Post (Safe Haven) Working Loads100 x 100 mm posts x 4.8 m high 14,500 kg150 x 150 mm posts x 6 m high 36,200 kg100 mm x 100 mm postsall braces 100 mm x 50 mm150 mm x 150 mm postsall braces 150 mm x 50 mm

Laced post shoresWorking loads and post sizes

21

Laced post shoresMinimum and maximum dimensions

Maximum height 100 X 100 mmMax 4.8 m

150 X 150 mmMax 6 m

Minimum width All900 mm

Maximum 4 x post-post widthMaximum width 100 X 100 mm

1200 mm150 X 150 mm1500 mm

Maximum slope All5% = 50 mm in 1m

22

Less than 1.8 m high

No horizontal brace

1.8 m to 3.6 m high

1 horizontal brace

3.6 m to 6 m high

2 horizontal braces required

Laced post shoresHeights and bracing

23

Laced post shores Construction details

50 mmMAX

1 m

Slope details

150 X 50 mm bracing

5 nails at each connection

100 X 50 mm bracing

3 nails at each connection

Either half-gussets on each side

or one gusset

and one brace

24

T-Shores (spot shores)Maximum Dimensions

Caution Temporary shore only!

The capacity is determined mostly by stability - loads must be balanced around the post.

Maximum load 1,350 kg

Maximum height100 X 100 mm

MAX 3.3 m

Maximum top/bottom plate width

900 mm

25

T-Shores (spot shores)

Maximum dimensions

Half-gussetseach side

Full-gussetseach side

150 X 300 mmwedges

(preferably)

26

Double-T shoresMaximum dimensions and loading

Maximum loading 100 X 100 mm postsHeight Load2.1 m 7,250 kg3 m 4,500 kg

3.6 m 3,150 kg

Max. 900 mm

Max. 3.6 m

Max. 600 mm

Min. 450 mm

Same as Top plate - or slightly wider

Mid-heightbrace

when over 1.8 m high

27

Double-T shoresConstruction details

300 mm 8 nails

19 mm plywood

14 nails into

top-plate

Wedges100 X 50 mm (preferably)

Half-gussets5 nails into

post and bottom plate

5 nails into post

28

Vertical shores Construction details

Vertical shores can have multiple posts – design depends on requirements.

PostsHorizontal braces

when posts higher than 100 X 100 mm 2.4 m150 X 150 mm 3.6 m

Connections secured on both sides, using half-gussets

and/or diagonal braces.

29

Vertical shoresConstruction details

Horizontal braces 19 mm plywood 150 mm+ wide

under diagonal braces or 150 x 50 mm placed over

the diagonal braces

100 X 50 mmcleats to fill space

between posts and 150 X 50 mm horizontal braces

30

Window/door shoresBuilt-in-place method

X-bracesused

when they won’t block

access

100 X 50 mm wedges to lock top-plate

in place triangular gussets or

100 x 50 mm cleats

100 X 50 mmwedges to lock

bottom-platein place

short cleats hold wedges

in place

100 X 50 mmwedges

under posts

31

Window/door shores

Pre-built method

Triangular gussets on one side of all

corners

Shims and wedges lock

the shore in place

Built to ‘square’ to fit within

racked openings and secure with shims

and wedges

32

Cleats to resist force applied through raker

Braces when the diagonal is longer than 3 m

Wedges tighten shore against wall

once installed

Raker shoresDetail

Horizontal load - single 45o raker

1,100 kg

Maximum dimensions

Practical maximumdetermined by diagonal needing bracing to keep any section from being longer than 3 m

33

Marking and cutting raker angles1. Select a piece of timber long enough

for the point to point raker.

2. Draw a line across one end of the timber to the degree that you are using, e.g. 45°.

3. On the long point side, using an offcut of cleat timber (e.g. 100 x 50), place the edge face (50 mm) side on the raker and next to the line you have drawn.

4. Slide the cleat offcut towards the long point until the other side (outside) is even with the long point side of the raker.

5. Mark across the end of the cleat offcut from the 45o mark to the outside of the raker - this should now be square off the 45o and approximately 50 mm long.

6. Measure from the long point side of the raker square into where the two lines intersect.

30° = 25 mm square off long point side45° = 35 mm square off long point side60° = 45 mm square off long point side

7. ........ remember this measurement!!

8. Cut these two lines to form one end of the raker.

100 x 50 mm offcut

35 mm

45º

2 cuttinglines

34

9. Measure from the long point that you have just cut to the other end, the point to point measurement determined earlier. Mark a square line across the raker at this point.

10. From the same long point side as the other end, mark in square the measurement that you remembered from the other end. Mark this on the square point to point line - this is the long point of your two cuts.

11. Now mark your 45o angle on the raker with it going through where the two lines meet

NB: Make sure angle is in the opposite direction to the other end, e.g., long points away from each other.

12. Now do step 3-5 with your cleat offcut at this end and cut.

100 x 100 mm RAKER

45º35mm

100 x 50 mm offcut

point to point measurement

Note: 45 Raker - Both ends are the same 30° + 60° Rakers - Both have 30° angle at one end and 60° angle at the other.

Marking and cutting raker angles (cont...)

35

Raker angle cuts

57 mm

173 mm

Raker cuts top end Raker cuts bottom end

100 mm Timber

45˚

100 mm

45˚

100 mm

30˚ 60˚

NOTE: for 150 mm timber:60 degrees = 86 mm45 degrees = 150 mm30 degrees = 260 mm

Calculating shoring lengths of posts and raker posts

This applies to all posts and horizontal struts.1. Measure vertical height to be shored.2. Subtract the depth of top plate.3. Subtract the depth of bottom plate.4. Subtract the gap needed for the

wedges you are using:

e.g., 100 x 50 mm subtract 50 mm

100 x 100 mm subtract 100 mm

5. Cut vertical post to this length.

Rule of thumb: if its 3 m or close, BRACE IT!

36

1. Measure from the ground to the point where you want the top side of the raker to meet the wall (the pressure point).

2. Go to the nearest 100 mm. This can be up to 600 mm below where you need the pressure.

3. Subtract the depth of the bottom plate you are using.

4. Using the raker lengths triangles multiply the new pressure point length by the raker length per metre for the degree shore you are using.

Raker lengths for 30, 45, 60 shores

Bottom plate

Wal

l pla

te

Raker 2.0 m1.0 m 1.0 m 1.155 m1.414 m 1.0 m

1.73 m 1.0 m 0.570 m

100

100

100

Point to point of cut raker

refer to raker lengthchart columns

A, B, C

Bottom plate2.394 m (C)

4.2

m (A

)4.

3 m

Wal

l Pla

te

RAKER

4.851M (B

)

30° 60°45°

37

Raker lengths (point to point)

• Measure the height in metres from the ground to where you want the raker to support the wall/pressure point – e.g., 4.4 m.

• Subtract the thickness of the bottom plate your using - e.g.,100 mm bottom plate 4.4 m – 0.1 m = 4.3 m.

• Go to the wall Plate Rise column and select the height of 4.3 m or the closest height below 4.3 m e.g., 4.2 m.

• From the 4.2 m wall plate rise row go across to the desired Degrees Raker column. This is the raker length, long point to long point: e.g., 60 degrees = 4.851 m.

Wall PlateRise

30 ºRaker

45 ºRaker

60 ºRaker

0.9 m 1.800 m 1.272 m 1.039 m

1.2 m 2.400 m 1.696 m 1.388 m

1.5 m 3.000 m 2.121 m 1.732 m

1.8 m 3.600 m 2.545 m 2.079 m

2.1 m 4.200 m 2.969 m 2.425 m

2.4 m 4.800 m 3.392 m 2.772 m

2.7 m 5.400 m 3.817 m 3.118 m

3.0 m 6.000 m 4.242 m 3.465 m

3.3 m 6.600 m 4.666 m 3.811 m

3.6 m 7.200 m 5.090 m 4.158 m

3.9 m 7.800 m 5.514 m 4.504 m

4.2 m 8.400 m 5.938 m 4.851 m

4.5 m 9.000 m 6.363 m 5.197 m

4.8 m 9.600 m 6.787 m 5.544 m

5.1 m 10.200 m 7.211 m 5.890 m

5.4 m 10.800 m 7.635 m 6.237 m

5.7 m 11.400 m 8.059 m 6.583 m

6.0 m 12.00 m 8.484 m 6.930 m

38

Bottom plate cleat positions

• Using the same Wall Plate Rise row of 4.2 m go across to the desired Degrees Bottom Cleat column: e.g., 60 degrees = 2.394 m.

• Add 100 mm (0.1 m) for 100 mm x 100 mm wedges: e.g., 2.394 + 0.1 = 2.494 m. This is the measurement from the end of the bottom plate to the cleat if the bottom plate is butted into the back of the wall plate.

• When measuring from over the wall plate, add on the thickness of the wall plate being used. E.g. 100 mm wall plate @ 2.494 m + 0.1 m = 2.594 m

NB: Cleat position on wall plate is the measurement selected on the Wall Plate Rise, plus the thickness of the bottom plate. E.g., 4.2 m + 0.1 = 4.3 m.

Wall PlateRise

30 ºBottom Cleat

45 ºBottom Cleat

60 ºBottom Cleat

0.9 m 1.557 m 0.9 m 0.513 m

1.2 m 2.076 m 1.2 m 0.684 m

1.5 m 2.595 m 1.5 m 0.855 m

1.8 m 3.114 m 1.8 m 1.026 m

2.1 m 3.633 m 2.1 m 1.197 m

2.4 m 4.152 m 2.4 m 1.368 m

2.7 m 4.571 m 2.7 m 1.539 m

3.0 m 5.190 m 3.0 m 1.710 m

3.3 m 5.709 m 3.3 m 1.881 m

3.6 m 6.228 m 3.6 m 2.052 m

3.9 m 6.747 m 3.9 m 2.223 m

4.2 m 7.266 m 4.2 m 2.394 m

4.5 m 7.785 m 4.5 m 2.565 m

4.8 m 8.304 m 4.8 m 2.738 m

5.1 m 8.823 m 5.1 m 2.907 m

5.4 m 9.342 m 5.4 m 3.078 m

5.7 m 9.851 m 5.7 m 3.249 m

6.0 m 10.360 m 6.0 m 3.420 m

39

600 mm

600 mm

45O

600 mm

750 mm

30O

600 mm

750 mm

60O

Cleat lengths for 30O, 60O, 90O raker shores

600 mm

14 nails

750 mm

20 nails

40

Raker bracing and anchoring

Max. raker lengthwithout bracing:

Rule of thumb: 3 metres

Add braces when the raker diagonal is longer than 3 m.

Mid-pointbrace

Anchors – bottom and wall plates:At least 2 anchors: 25 mm+ diameter rebar or concrete anchors embedded at least 100 mm into wall/ground.

41

Raker anchoring and soft ground foot

3 X 150 X 50 X 450 mmnailed to bottom

plate under raker tospread load

150 mm

450 mm

Wedges

Anchor pickets2 into paving

4 into soil

2 picketsthrough

bottom plateinto paving

Wedges

Pickets25 mm dia. rebar

1200 mm long

Foot under raker contact point

42

Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry

Fixed to concrete surface with 5 concrete nails each side –

nails 75 mm+

150 x 50 mm – or wider (300 X 50 mm)

under the bottom and wall plates as required.

43

Raker anchoring and backing material for concrete and masonry

Min. 2 pins12 mm+ dia.100 mm into

concrete/ masonry

Backing material spreads load and can be used to anchor wall plate

19 mm+ plywoodnailed to wall plate – spreads load – especially useful

on URM buildings.Usually full or half

sheets

Fixed to wall with 5 concrete nails

each side – nails 75 mm+

44

19 mm+ plywoodnailed to wall plate –

spreads load –

Fixed to wall with 8 nails into wall studs

nails 90 mm+ each side.

Raker anchoring and backing material for wood

Backing material can be used to anchor wall plate

Full or half sheets, usually centred on the

raker contact point.

45

Wall plate

Bottomplate

Full gusset

8 nails

5 nails

Wall plate

Raker

Full Gusset

8 nails5 nails

Raker shore connections

Wall plate to bottom plate, wall plate to raker

46

Bottomplate

Full gusset

8 nails


Bottom plate to raker, brace connections

Wedges

Nail gussets to the raker first, then nail to the bottom plate after tightening the wedges.

5 nails

150 mm x 50 mmbraces

Raker

5 nails

47


Raker splicing, and bracing

Splice

5 nails connecting each brace

to raker

Ideally, splices, horizontal braces and diagonal braces should meet close together.

Braces between rakers

150 X 50 mm

Diagonal braces

19 mm plywood or

100 X 50 mm,900 mm long

16 nails, 8 into each part of the raker

48


Bracing for multiple shores

X or V-brace at least every 12 m (on-centres) to provide resistance to racking.

Braces 150 X 50 mm.

12 m or less

Maximum2.4 m

Horizontal braces

Mid-point braces if rakers are longer than

3 m for100 X 100 mm

X-braces

V (or X) braces

49

Flying Raker Construction detail

All standard details are the same for this flying raker as for other raker shores.

Bottom braces150 X 50 mmone each side

U-Channel base

Backing material as for other rakers

50

U-Channel Base Construction detail

Wedges

100 X 50 X 450 mm

450 mm

3 X 150 X 50 mmX 450 mm

300 X 300 mm gussets

5 nails through gussets

into base

51

Raker Shores Detail – trough

3 X150 X 50

X 450 mm

Top view

100 X 50 X 450 mm5 nails into base

Wedges

150 X 50 X 900 mm

100 X 50 X 900 mm

7 nails through sides

into base

2 nails though

sides into cleat

Raker

52

Raker shore detail

Split brace150 X 50 mm on each side connecting wall

plate to raker

Details and components for these shores the same unless otherwise specified

Mid-point brace150 X 50 mmon each side

Split brace rakers can shore over obstacles at the base of a wall.

Anchoring to suit ground conditions

53

Horizontal shores Detail

Diagonal braces150 x 50 mm

Wedges100 x 50 mm

100 x 100 mm wedges used as cleats to

support wedges and horizontal

struts

100 x 50 mm cleats support

horizontal struts

5 nails at all connections

54

Sloped floor shore Bracing details (both types)

X-bracing2.4 m (centres)

Lacing-bracing1.5 m (centres)

55

Sloped friction shore

Tops of posts cut to match angle of top plate

Post connections secured with a

half-gusset on one side and a diagonal brace on the other

50 mm 1 mMax. slope50 mm in one metre

Top plate

Wedges under posts

X-bracing 150 x 50 mm

56

Perpendicular to slope method (Anchor)

Perpendicular to slope method (solid foot)

Gravity Load

Gravity Load

Slope needs to be resisted by rubble and ground

100 x 100mm PostsAT 1.2M maximum centres


OR:

Wedges Cleat

Gravity Load

Gravity Load

Slope needs to be resisted by rubble and ground

100 x 100 shores

300 x 300 gusset

100 x 50 x 450mm cleat

Wedges

3 x 150 x 50 x 450mm

Detail of the U channelDetail of the U channel: Section View



POSTS

57

Area to secureand cut widerpieces of timber

150 mm 50 mm 100 mm 90 mm

100 x 50 mm guides

900 mmmark

750 mmmark

600 mmmark

450 mmmark

300 mmmark

Cut timber FromThis end

Feed timber into jig from this endLength guides

Cutting station

Cutting station made from 1/2 sheet of 19 mm plywood (1200 mm x 1200 mm)

58

Calculations for weight/area/thickness of concrete

75 mm

100 mm

150 mm

200 mm1 m

Thickness @ 1 m2 Weight75 mm 190 kg

100 mm 250 kg150 mm 375 kg200 mm 500 kg

1000 mm (1 m) 2500 kg

1 m

1 m

1 m3

Lifting and Moving

59

Formula

The formulae below are used to calculate the m3 of:

Solid objects = L x W x H

Pipe = 3 x diameter x L x thickness

Weights of common building materialsReinforced concrete = 2500 kg/m3 Masonry = 2000 kg/m3

Wood = 680 kg/m3 Steel = 8200 kg/m3

Concrete = 50 kg/m2 /25 mm or masonry rubble Earth = 1700 kg (1.7 tonne)/m3

• Concrete floors = 440-732 kg/m2

• Lightweight concrete is about 80%

• Steel systems with concrete fill slabs = 244-300 kg/m2

• Wood floor = 50-122 kg/m2

• Add 50-73 kg/m2 for wood/metal interior walls.

Each floor• Add 50 kg/m2 or more each floor or furniture etc, more for

storage.

• Add 50 kg/m2 or more for rescuers.

• Add 24 kg/m2 for light, ducts, ceiling, etc.

Capacity of Undamaged, Existing Construction• One undamaged wood or steel-framed floor will support one

damaged floor.

• It normally takes two undamaged concrete floors to support one damaged floor.

• The thickness of rubble/debris on damaged floor must also be taken into account.

60

Cribbing

2 x 2 box cribbing 3 x 3 box cribbing

Solid platform with 2 bearers

Solid platform with 3 bearers

Triangular Parallelogram

61

Load transfer points (100 x 100 timber)For 100 x 100 timber 2500 kg each contact point marked with an “X”

For 150 x 150 each load transfer point = 6000 kg

NB: Using 3 x 3 members/layer will double the capacity of the crib due to more than double the contact points.

3:1 Height Ratio

1.5:1 Height Ratio

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

1:1 Height Ratio

2500kg each contact

2500kg each contact

2500kg each contact

62

Sloping crib constructionCentre of loadshould be containedwithin cribbing

Force in cribbing will bevertical but there will besome horizontal force dueto slope and during aftershocksshould they occur.Some slipping of cribbing piecesmay occur

Gravity load Bearing ForceBearing Force

Cribbing may haveto be tightened upwith shims

63

Cribbing terminologyCribbing Construction of a stable platform

using wooden blocks

Wedges Two shims used together to tension a shore

Shim One half of a wedge used to fill in or change direction

Transfer Points The point, area or surface to which cribbing materials make contact with one another to support the object or material being shored

Box Crib Open type used where large surfaces are to be supported from a stable base and only limited amounts of timber are available

Cross Tie Crib Closed cribbing excellent for use in extensive shoring and cribbing operations due to its high load bearing capacity

Snug To tighten up wedges

Sheathing Ply sheeting used to tie cribbing

64

Lifting words of command

Take up the slack Make taut lines, chains, straps or pulleys about to be used

Prepare to lift Get ready to use human or mechanical lifting devices

Lift As stated, until objective wholly or partly achieved. May be followed by various commands

Still Issued by O.I.C. or safety officer in emergency to prevent an accident happening. All crew to stop work immediately, remain still and await further commands

Rest Issued by O.I.C. or safety officer to halt a process and draw attention to a mistake or other problem that needs rectifying

Enough Given when lifting, pulling, hauling objective has been met or apparatus needs resetting

Transfer the load Given when load is being transferred from one support mechanism to another

Set wedges Place wedges in position so as to support load of object to be shored or cribbed up

65

Cribbing considerations

• Always crib from a safe area, giving yourself a safe position to work from.

• Use another piece of timber or cribbing to slide the required piece of cribbing into place.

• Hands and feet are not to be placed under objects while being cribbed or lifted.

• The cribbing rule of thumb is “pack as you jack”.

• When raising and cribbing a heavy object, never raise one side of the object higher than half the height of the opposing cribbing block height.

• Mechanical equipment is not to be used for prolonged period, or as a permanent crib.

• When cutting timber, all safety precautions must be observed.

• Ensure direct transfer of weight is through the load transfer points.

• When using the open type method, do not pyramid the cribs.

• Do not stack the cribbing blocks more than two high in the same direction.

• 100 x 100 mm cribbing will support 2500 kg for each solid point of contact.

• Cribbing should not be higher than three times the base width, unless being sheathed in ply.

66

Oxy-petrol cutter

To light the torch

1. Purge oxygen line by depressing cutting lever for at least 5 seconds.

2. Open the pre-heat oxygen first.

3. Then open the petrol until you see a light mist. (You should never see dripping gasoline while operating the torch.)

4. Purge the oxygen line again.

5. The torch is now ready to be lit.

Flame adjustment

Adjust the flame by opening or closing the torch fuel valve. Watch the steel react to the flame as the mixture changes. When the steel reacts with the brightest orange and red colour, adjustment is optimum. The final flame should be 4-5 mm long.

Shutting down the torch

1. Close the torch petrol valve first.

2. Then close the torch pre-heat oxygen valve.

3. Ensure the petrol tank filler cap is closed.

4. Close the petrol tank shut-off valve.

5. Leave the tank, torch and hose connected for storage. If fuel lines must be disconnected, quick disconnects can be used so that the fuel line does not need to be bled each time the torch is used.

67

DVI TGB coding

Team#/ Grid location#/Body or Body part#

T - the team who found it

G - grid section location

B - body or body part

68

Response personnel - code of ethics

The conduct of deployed response team members is of high concern to the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG), the affected and assisting countries, and local officials affected by the disaster.

You will be perceived by all concerned as a representative of a well organised, highly trained professional group of specialists who have been assembled to provide help and support to communities who are in desperate need of assistance.

Any violation of principals or adverse acts by individuals will be looked upon as unprofessional and will reflect poorly on the entire Team’s performance and home country. All the good work you may have performed will soon be forgotten.

At no time during a mission, should a free lancer take advantage of any situation/opportunity that arises.

At the conclusion of the mission, you must ensure that your performance has been positive and you will be remembered for the outstanding way you conducted yourself both socially and in the work environment.

Team members will reinforce the Code of Ethics during all planning sessions, meetings and briefings and will be responsible for monitoring compliance.

Violations will be documented and appropriate follow-up taken.

69

Sensitive issues to consider:

• Cultural awareness (race, religion etc)• Local customs (food etc)• Language• Different local apparel• Different work values• Value of life• Local law enforcement practices• Use of different medications• Use of alcohol and illegal drugs• Local policy on weapons• Local living conditions • Handling of sensitive information• Use of canines• Care of handling patients and or / deceased• Respect for the dead and the grief being experienced

by family members• Gender restrictions• Dress codes or standards• Recreation restrictions• Local communication restrictions

and accepted use• Defacing of public structures

(applying a structural marking system to a religious or significant building)

• The taking of souvenirs (photographs and artifacts or building components)

• Local driving habits / customs• Straying into restricted areas• Obeying local moral / religious standards• Use of gratuities to promote co-operations (this should

be reviewed by the Senior Officer for appropriateness)• Consideration for other response teams

that are on site.

Field Operations Guide -...

Documents

Transcript of Field Operations Guide -...