MHI FM' 105-5Copy 3

WAR DEPARTMENT ·

FIELD MANUAL

UMPIRE MANUAL

April 23, 1942

FM 105-5

FIELD MANUAL

UMPIRE MANUAL

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1942

WAR DEPARTMENT,WASHINGTON, April 23, 1942.

FM 105-5, Umpire Manual, is published for the informationand guidance of all concerned.

[A. G. 062.11 (3-27-42).1

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:

G. C. MARSHALL,Chief of Staff.

OFFICIAL:

J. A. ULIO,Major General,

The Adjutant General.DISTRIBUTION:

D(10); R(2).(For explanation of symbols see FM 21-6.)

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. General. Paragraph PageApplication -___- -_ _-____ -___ 1 1Character of maneuvers -____-__ 2 1Director________-_____________- - 3 1Need of umpiring_ ____--____.___ 4 2Status of umpires -____ _ -_- -___ 5 2Relations between troops and

umpires --_________________- ___ 6 2Organization of umpires--_______ 7 2Identification_ -__-_____- --____ 8 3Control flags-_________________- 9 4

CHAPTER 2. System of umpiring.SLECTIoN I. General.

Basis of umpiring _______- __ 10 5Decisions ____.-- _____ - -- __ 11 5Successive decisions __-_-_- _ 12 7

II. Fire power.Infantry fire power ______.-__ 13 7Determination of infantry

fire power _____________-_ 14 8Effect of artillery on fire

power ______________-_____ 15 10Effect of tanks on fire power_ 16 10Effect of aviation on fire

power ----------__________ 17 10III. Losses.

General ---_______ _ _-. -- _ 18 11Infantry_ -.------------ ____ 19 12Field Arfillery- _- __ _---____ 20 13Horse cavalry -____________ 21 14Vehicles _____-____-- -______ 22 14Antitank guns__________.____ 23 16Fire duels _____________-____ 24 17Airplanes__________________ -25 18

IV. Delays.Obstacles --_____-____----__ 26 20Air attacks against bridges___ 27 24Other delays and neutraliza-

tion_______--------------- 28 25V. Marking artillery fire.

General ___________________ 29 25Code coordinates ________- __ 30 26Procedure ______________.- -_ 31 26Records ________________--__ 32 29

VI. Miscellaneous.Chemicals_ -. _----- -__- -__-- 33 32Blank ammunition ____- ____ 34 32Counterbattery intelligence__ 35 32Motor-vehicle lights --______ 36 32Prisoners and captured vehi-

cles -- _______-___________ 37 33Artificial casualties_____-___- 38 33

III

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 3. Umpire personnel and duties. Paragraph PageSECTION I. Personnel.

Director headquarters___ .-- - 39 35Umpires ___._-- ------------ 40 36

II. Duties of umpires.General _------------------ 41 37Infantry rifle or parachute

battalion umpire .------ - 42 38Field artillery battalion um-

pire---------------------- 43 38Company (troop) umpire __. 44 39Tank umpire -------_------. 45 41Antiaircraft umpire __- _ _--- 46 42Signal umpire ----_---_.__ -. 47 43Fire umpire ___-__---------- 48 44

CHAPTER 4. Umpire training.General __---__- _---------- 49 46Program of umpire training__ 50 46Applicatory problems ___- -- 51 47Field maneuvers _-----.-- 52 48

Iv

FM 105-5

FIELD MANUAL

UMPIRE MANUAL

(This manual supersedes Umpire Manual (mimeographed), Feb-ruary 1941.)

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

* 1. APPLICATION.-This manual is applicable specifically tofield maneuvers (two-sided). It may be used in field exer-cises (one-sided), command post exercises, and various otherforms of applicatory training so far as appropriate. It per-tains only to ground umpiring. Air umpiring is covered inFM 105-6.

* 2. CHARACTER OF MANEUVERs.-Maneuvers should be-a. Free.-Each force should act as it chooses, subject only

to field orders received, to terrain restrictions, and actions bythe opposing force. Prohibited areas and other terrain re-strictions should be published to both forces alike before amaneuver, preferably by overprinted map or overlay. A par-ticular tract may be used either actually or not at all; it maynot be used by assumption or constructively.

b. Continuous.-An armistice or rest period during a ma-neuver-for example, at night-lessens realism and trainingvalue and will not be permitted.

c. Brief.-While a maneuver should continue until thetactical action is developed fully, it will be found, usually, thatthe useful and profitable period of maneuvers of a division orsmaller unit is limited to about 48 hours. Maneuvers oflarger forces may require twice that period or even more.

* 3. DIRECTOR.-The director plans and conducts the marneuver. Although he participates in the operations of neitherof the opposing forces, he acts as the superior commander ofboth forces for the purpose of presenting the situation, initi-ating and terminating the maneuver, and giving such instruc-tions as may be necessary. He conducts the critique.

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4-7 FIELD MANUAL

e 4. NEED OF UMPIRING.-Actual combat involves movement,fire, and physical contact of the opposing forces (shock ac-tion). Movement can and should be real, approaching serv-ice conditions closely. Fire must be simulated, or with blankammunition, and its effect determined and indicated byumpires. Hand-to-hand combat also cannot be real, andopposing troops are stopped short of physical contact. Thus,except for movement, it is necessary that tactical progress bedetermined and indicated by umpires, based on the strength,position, and fire power of the opposing units involved.

* 5. STATUS OF UMPIRES.-Although umpires are assigned tounits of the opposing forces, they are in no sense a part ofsuch units. The entire group of umpires is superimposed onthe maneuver as a whole. Umpires are neutral in attitudeand actions. Their effort is to promote realism by everyproper procedure. Their decisions express and interprettactical facts.

* 6. RELATIONS BETWEEN TROOPS AND UMPIRES.---a. Troopsmust understand and conform to procedure established formaneuvers, and accept decisions by umpires without argu-ment. However, troops may call on umpires for decisionswhen needed and for clarification of decisions already made.

b. Umpires must avoid interfering with troops, and mustnot reveal the position of troops by exposing themselves un-necessarily. In general, unit umpires should conform to re-strictions imposed on troops of the unit to which they areassigned.

* 7. ORGANIZATION OF UMPIRES.--a. Umpires are directly underthe director. For large maneuvers, assistant directors arenecessary for the administration, assignment, and supervisionof umpires and their transportation and equipment.

b. Umpires are of three classes:(1) Unit umpires, assigned to troop units with duties as

described in paragraphs 41-48.(2) Fire umpires, who mark artillery fires on the ground

(pars. 29, 43c, and 48).(3) Bridge umpires, assigned specially to important bridges

which are subject to air attack, in order to assure effectiveumpiring (par. 27).

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UMPIRE MANUAL 8

* 8. IDENTIFICATION.-a. Personnel and motor vehicles.--(1)Neutrals.Director and higher Personnel Motor vehicles

commanders a n dstaffs and all umpirepersonnel_________ - - White shoulder

loop_________ Green flag.Observers _______--- __ Green shoulder

loop_________ Green flag.(2) Participants.

Blue force---____----_--- Blue shoulder Blue placard orloop. sticker in

front and rear.Red force _---------_ __Red shoulder Red placard or

loop. sticker infront and rear.

Correspondent _____.-___ Green brassard Blue (Red) plac-with white let- ard or stickerter C. in front and

rear.Photographer __-__- _____ Green brassard Blue (Red) plac-

with white let- ard or stickerter P. in front and

rear.b. Armored vehicles.-(1)Armored vehicles (par. 22a) in

action will carry colored cloth wrapped conspicuously aboutthe body of the vehicle-not flown as a flag-as follows:

Blue force __________*________---__ Blue cloth.Red force---____________ _. ___ - -_ Red cloth.

This identification is inapplicable to unarmored vehicles ofan armored unit.

(2) If a vehicle is ruled out of action by an umpire, or iscaptured, the cloth will be removed from view.

c. Airplanes.Blue force: 5-foot white band around fuselage midway be-

tween cockpit and tail.Red force: 5-foot international orange band around each

wing, center of band one-third of way in fromwing tips.

d. Supply vehicles.-No vehicle whatever of the opposingforces is authorized to carry the green flag, except ambulancesevacuating actual casualties or returning therefrom.

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9 FIELD MANUAL

* 9. OONTROL FLAGS.--a. When opposing units are in contact,and at other times when appropriate, control flags will beused as follows:

Flag Displayed by Meaning

White-----. Unit umpire_ All troops of the unit halt in placewhile the flag is displayed (pars.11a and 44h).

Blue -__--__ Unit umpire_ Opposing infantry (horse cavalry)may advance toward the unitwhere the flag is displayed, be-cause they have fire superiority.If they do so, the weaker troopsmust withdraw correspondingly.

Red '----__ Unit umpire_ Opposing infantry (horse cavalry)may not advance toward theunit where the flag is displayed,because they have not fire su-periority.

Red with Fire umpire Artilley fire is falling within 100white or field ar- yards of the flag.center. tillery bat-

talion um-pire.

Orange____ Gun crew-... Effective (par. 22) antitank gun isfiring from the flag.

b. The following sizes are suitable:White, blue, and red: Foot troops-flag 4 by 4 feet; staff

8 feet.Mounted troops and armored ve-

hicles-flag 2 by 2 feet; staff 5feet.

Red with white center: Flag 2 by 2 feet; staff 5 feet.Orange: Flag 3 by 3 feet; staff 5 feet.

Inapplicable to armored elements except the red flag after dark(par. 45e).

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UMPIRE MANUAL 10-11

CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM OF UMPIRINGParagraphs

SECTION I. General ______________________________.-- - - -- _ 10-12II. Fire power_ _________-____________-____ _-____ 13-17

III. Losses ---------- _---_----------------_--------- 18-25IV. Delays________-- ___-_--------------------- ___ 26-28

V. Marking artillery fire _________-___-________-__- 29-32VI. Miscellaneous _____--- __-----___ ___--_._______ 33-38

SECTION I

GENERAL

* 10. BASIS OF UMPIRINC.--1. The outcome of combat is es-sentially the sum of the outcomes of many encounters betweensmall units of the opposing forces. It follows that realism inmaneuvers can be obtained only by painstaking umpiring atall points of contact.

b. Umpiring is based on a studied and reasonably accuratedetermination of three controlling factors:

(1) Fire power of the infantry, including the effect on itof artillery, tanks, and aviation (pars. 13-17).

(2) Losses of personnel and essential equipment, sincethey affect infantry fire power either directly or indirectly(pars. 18-25).

(3) Delays, which affect movement and ultimately firepower in some degree (pars. 26-28).

c. The great mass of umpires should be with or amongsmall units which are or will be in contact with the opposingforces. Umpires at the headquarters of the director or oflarge units should be held to a minimum (pars. 39 and 40).

* 11. DEcISIoNS.-When opposing forces approach contact-and occasionally under other conditions-a decision by um-pires is required, in order that there may be tactical realism.The procedure is as follows:

a. Umpires with opposing units display white flags, haltingtheir units pending a decision (par. 9a). Other unit umpiresin the same locality also display white flags, in order not todistort the tactical situation unnaturally.

5453638 °--42-2

11 FIELD MANUAL

b. The umpires concerned then assemble promptly and con-fer as to the situation of their units.

c. One of the following decisions should result:(1) One force may advance, and the other must withdraw

correspondingly. The white flags are replaced by red flagsalong the front of the stronger force, and by blue flags alongthe front of the weaker force.

(2) Neither force may advance. The white flags are re-placed by red flags along the fronts of both forces (par. 44h).

d. In case the umpires of one force disagree with those ofthe opposing force, a compromise must be reached promptly,in order that the maneuver may progress. In case anyumpire displays an inflexible and unreasonable attitude, heshould be reported to director headquarters as soon as pos-sible by other umpires who are familiar with the facts.

e. In case an artillery fire is reported which falls in an areawhere white flags are being displayed, it will be marked andumpires will credit it in determining relative fire power (par.15a). Except for determining relative fire power, however,the artillery fire will be considered as commencing when thewhite flags are replaced by colored flags.

/. If effective umpiring and sound decisions become im-practicable on account of darkness, fog, close terrain, or otherconditions, red flags should be displayed along the front ofboth forces. Such action is in no sense an armistice, butmerely restricts movement in the degree necessary to preventconfusion (par. 44i).

g. With respect to air attacks, ground umpires--(1) Assess losses of airplanes due to antiaircraft fire (par.

25), except those due to concentrated caliber .30 fire (FM105-6). They report such losses direct to the airplane pilot,the air formation commander, the air umpire, or directorheadquarters.

(2) Determine ground effects due to air action, except at-tacks against airdromes. Such decisions must be made andcommunicated to the units concerned as promptly as pos-sible, in order to impress troops with the effect of aviation.

h. Air umpires and airdrome umpires (FM 105-6) make thefollowing decisions:

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UMPIRE MANUAL 11-13

(1) Admissibility and validity of information, includingphotographs obtained by reconnaissance and observationteams.

(2) Losses of own airplanes and balloons in air fighting andin attacks on airdromes.

(3) Effects of air attacks on own airdromes.(4) Losses of airplanes flying low over concentrated caliber

.30 fire.

* 12. SuccEssIvE DECISIONS.-a. In general, a decision resultsin some change of dispositions by one or both forces, in whichcase white flags must be displayed again and a new decisionmade. In other words, the combat phase of a maneuver con-sists of intermittent actions marked by blue and red flags,separated by the display of white flags and the ensuingdecisions.

b. The interruption of action, in order to permit decisions,delays the maneuver. Such delays, however, counteract thenatural tendency of maneuvers to progress more rapidly thanactual combat. Moreover, it is only by frequent and consid-ered decisions, based on facts at points of contact, that amaneuver can afford correct and useful training commensu-rate with the effort and expense involved.

SECTION II

FIRE POWER

* 13. INFANTRY FIRE POWER.--a. An infantry element or anyelement acting as infantry should be permitted to advanceonly when it has decisive superiority of fire as compared withthe elements immediately opposing it. This superiority nevershould be less than 2 to 1, and generally should be 3 or 4 to 1.If the defender has good cover and field of fire, or if the at-tacker has little cover, there should be no hesitation in requir-ing a superiority of 5 to 1, or even more.

b. The tendency is to favor the attacker, permitting himto advance with only a small fire superiority, whereas warexperience has shown conclusively that a determined de-fender, well placed, can delay or even stop a greatly superiorforce.

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13-14 FIELD MANUAL

c. The machine gun is especially effective in defense, andevery effort must be made to ascertain and weigh fairly thosewhich are effective in a given situation. Machine guns shouldbe supplied abundantly with blank ammunition, and mustfire sufficiently to reveal their presence to opposing troops andto umpires (par. 34b).

d. The situation may be such that a sound decision can bereached only by dividing the action into parts which are dis-tinct so far as fire power is concerned. For example, onecompany may attack another company frontally, which is oneaction and need not be divided. The fire power is about thesame for both forces, and the decision is a stalemate. But,if the attacking company employs one platoon frontally andtwo platoons to envelop, the situation is quite different andmust be divided into two actions. The frontal attack isstopped, but the enveloping attack quite possibly may be de-cisively superior in fire power and should be permitted toadvance. Thus the attacking company may be successfulby virtue of its maneuver.

e. Credit should be allowed for weapons which are author-ized but not yet issued, provided that trained crews are inproper positions and simulate action so far as possible. It isdesirable to improvise dummy weapons.

* 14. DETERMINATION OF INFANTRY FIRE POWER.-a. Mani-festly umpires cannot follow and evaluate the fire of infantryweapons individually. Nevertheless it is essential to deter-mine the collective fire effect of infantry units in a form whichpermits comparison. The adopted system is based on the as-sumption that all weapons in action are employed with fulleffectiveness under the attendant conditions. Differences infire effect then are due principally to numbers and relativeeffect of weapons in action and to range. It is practicableordinarily to determine these factors with an accuracy suffi-cient for the purpose.

b. The number of weapons can be tallied readily by com-pany umpires, and includes only those weapons whose fireis effective in the situation being decided. Weapons in sup-port and reserve and those firing in another situation areexcluded.

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UMPIRE MANUAL 14

e. The relative effect of the several weapons cannot beevaluated precisely, but is indicated sufficiently accurately bythe following factors:

0-100 100-200 0-300 0-500 500- 1,500 1,500-yards yards yards yards yards yards yards

Rifle, caliber .30, allmodels- -------------- -------- 1 0. 5.......

Carbine -------- -- -- - --- 1........ .......Automatic rifle 3 1.65...... ......Submachine gun ----- 3 1.5 -Light machine gun ..-.. .. - . .......... 6 6 3 ---Heavy machine gun ---- __ -.-.-. 10 10 560-mm mortar - - - - 6 6 ............81-mm mortar - - - - 15 15 15 15

I Including caliber .50 when used against personnel.

d. Infantry fire power is determined for each rifle com-pany or smaller separate unit in action. Fire power of heavyweapons is added to that of the rifle unit supported. Thetotal, modified for artillery, tank, and airplane effect (pars. 15,16, 17) and for losses (pars. 18, 19), is the basis of a decisionaccording to paragraph 11c above.

e. The following example shows how a company umpiremight determine the fire power of his company in a particularsituation (computations are based on T/O 7-17 and 7-18, Oct.1, 1940):

4 rifle squads in action; others in support; squads at fullstrength of 12 rifles _____________---__-------------- 48

2 automatic rifle squads in action, each of 2 automaticrifles- _____________-___________________- - - 12

2 light machine guns in action -_________-___---------- 123 60-mm mortars in action-_______________------------ 184 heavy machine guns supporting the company, 2 of them

at 800 yards and 2 at 1,200 yards____------------------ 302 81-mm mortars in action _____________-------------- 30

Total_--_ ______------------------------------- 150

L. The fire power of other rifle units is determined as forInfantry.

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15-17 FIELD MANUAL

* 15. EFFECT OF ARTILLERY ON FIRE POWER.-a. When an

infantry element actually is under artillery fire (par. 29), itsfire power will be taken as reduced by one-half so long as theartillery fire continues (par. 1e). Thus, in the exampleabove, if one rifle platoon of two rifle squads and one auto-matic rifle squad in action were under artillery fire, the firepower of the company would be reduced by 15.

b. When artillery in position is taken under well-placedfire by the opposing artillery-counterbattery fire-such fireneutralizes the artillery subjected to it. The duration ofneutralization of each battery is 5 minutes per battery-minute of counterbattery fire against it. Thus counterbatteryfire assists the Infantry by interrupting artillery fire againstsuch Infantry.

* 16. EFFECT OF TANKS ON FIRE POWER-a. Tanks in actionwill be taken as neutralizing Infantry within 100 yards of anytank. The fire power of such Infantry against opposingInfantry is zero while the tanks are present.

b. The effect of tanks on artillery fire power is in divertingthe artillery from support of the Infantry to antitank defense.Such effect is included automatically in the supporting fireswhich are reported for marking (par. 29).

* 17. EFFECT OF AVIATION ON FIRE POWER.--a. Air attacks

against ground targets require indication of the target fromthe air, in order that the ground umpire may identify it.Dropped messages, visual signals, or air-ground radio may beused. Visual signals include paper bags of flour of not morethan 1/4 pound, flakes of paper, sprays of lime water or otherinert liquids, flares and other pyrotechnics, and airplanelanding lights.

b. Deployed Infantry and artillery in position will be takenas neutralized by attack by low-flying airplanes as follows:1 airplane against a company or battery or less; 3 airplanesagainst a battalion; and 9 airplanes against a regiment.During the attack, the fire power of the Infantry againstopposing Infantry is zero, and the artillery fire is interrupted.

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UMPIRE MANUAL 18

SECTION III

LOSSES

* 18. GENERAL.-a. Losses considered in umpiring are confinedto those which have a material effect on realistic progressof maneuvers (par. 10b), as follows: casualties of rifle units;destruction or capture of field artillery and antiaircraft pieces,antitank guns, and vehicles; destruction of airplanes.

b. It is essential that the personnel losses of rifle companiesand troops of Infantry and horse cavalry be assessed andrecorded, since such losses affect fire power and thus influ-ence the progress of a maneuver. Units may be weakenedby accumulating losses during a maneuver so as to affect thefinal outcome decisively.

c. Losses are assessed by the umpire with the company, notby umpires with opposing units. The umpire keeps a runningrecord of losses, and informs the company commander ofthem from time to time. If a company umpire is not presentwhen elements of his company are subjected to artillery fire,the fire umpire will send written information to the companyumpire as to the number of the company personnel andbattery-minutes of fire involved.

d. Personnel losses are listed below in percent of thestrength involved. Ordinarily umpires must convert suchproportions into numbers according to the strength of theelement concerned. The total numerical loss at any time,however, must be reconverted to percent in determining firepower. Example: The actual initial strength of a rifle com-pany is 200. Losses are assessed for separate, successiveactions as follows: Entire company, 2 percent; 1 platoon, 1percent; 2 platoons, 3 percent. The corresponding numericallosses are 4, 1/2, and 3-total 8, which is 4 percent of 200.Thereafter, any computed fire power, such as that of para-graph 14e, is reduced by 4 percent or 6, on the assumption thatlosses of fire power other than for rifles are in the same pro-portion as for rifles.

e. Assessed casualties do not leave their companies actually;in fact, they are recorded quantitatively, not individually.They are distinct from artificial casualties (par. 38).

f. Assessed casualties will be considered as not replacedduring the maneuver.

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18-19 FIELD MANUAL

g. The losses to be assessed as a result of fire and otheractions by the opposing force necessarily are a matter ofjudgment in some respects. The relative strength of theopposing forces is an especially important factor. For ex-ample, a rifle company attacking a squad might be ex-pected to sustain comparatively few casualties; but if thecompany attacked another company, its losses undoubtedlywould be heavy.

h. The data in paragraphs 19-25 are to be taken as aguide in weighing the various aspects of each case. It isto be emphasized that the usual tendency of umpires isto assess losses which are grossly excessive in the light ofwar experience.

* 19. INFANTRY.--. War experience indicates that an infan-try regiment may sustain extreme casualties as great as 15percent during 1 day of severe combat. While losses of aparticular portion of the regiment might exceed this pro-portion, the figure affords a useful check on the total cas-ualties assessed by company umpires.

b. Company umpires should penalize improper formationsand undue exposure by increased losses. Doubling the usuallosses is a severe penalty in this connection.

c. The average losses sustained by Infantry are indicatedas follows::Fire by opposing Infantry ___________ 1-3 percent per hour.

When two infantry units of substantially equal strengthoppose each other under the same conditions, the cas-ualties may be taken as 2 percent per hour. For ex-ample, a company of 200 men would lose 4 men perhour of active combat. If a unit attacks a strongposition, or if it encounters especially heavy fire, therate may be 3 percent per hour. If a unit is on thedefensive, well protected, or if it attacks a markedlyinferior force, the loss may be only 1 percent per hour.

Personnel in trucks or erect in theopen within an artillery concentra-tion 200 yards in diameter -_____ 2 percent per battery

per minute.

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UMPIRE MANUAL 19-20

Personnel prone within an artilleryconcentration 200 yards in diam-eter __-_______- ________________- 1 percent per battery

per minute.Infantry overrun by tanks:

Elements within 100 yards of anytank and not entrenched -_-__ 3 percent per tank per

attack.Entrenched --------------------- 1 percent per tank per

attack.Infantry attacked by mounted horse

cavalry--elements actually struck_ 2 percent per attack.Infantry in column attacked by an

appropriate number 1 of low-flyingairplanes:

With surprise ___________-____ 10 percent per attack.Without surprise ______-_-__- _ 2 percent per attack.

Infantry deployed or in bivouac at-tacked by an appropriate number 'of low-flying airplanes:

With surprise -_______________ 3 percent per attack.Without surprise -__________-- 1 percent per attack.

* 20. FIELD ARTILLERY.---a. War experience indicates thatcasualties of artillery personnel are small and insufficient tointerrupt firing or affect progress of the Infantry materially.Hence, in a maneuver there is no need of assessing casualtiesof Field Artillery.

b. When a battery in position is attacked by either foot ormounted troops, decision as to capture or destruction of thebattery is based on relative fire power (par. 14) in directionsother than those of the artillery pieces. No advance is per-missible against cannon fire at short range.

c. See paragraph 15b in connection with neutralization ofartillery by counterbattery fire.

d. Artillery employed as antitank guns will be subject tothe provisions of paragraph 23.

11 airplane against a company or less; 3 airplanes against abattalion; and 9 airplanes against a regiment. If the number ismaterially smaller or larger, the effect is assessed correspondingly.

45638°--42- -3 13

20-22 FIELD MANUAL

e. Destroyed and captured artillery (par. 37) will be ruledout of action for the duration of the maneuver, or for suchlesser period as may be fixed beforehand by the director.

* 21. HORSE CAVALRY.-a. Personnel losses of horse cavalryfighting mounted vary largely with speed, formation, andcover, and are indicated as follows:Mounted cavalry attacking deployed

Infantry_____________-------------- 5 percent per attack.Mounted cavalry attacking infantry in

column ___--- ______-______-______- 3 percent per attack.Mounted cavalry attacking artillery in

position ____-_____________--___---. 2 percent per attack.Mounted cavalry attacking artillery in

column ___-_____----_------------- 2 percent per attack.Mounted cavalry which passes through

a battery concentration___---____--- 2 percent per case.Mounted cavalry attacked by an ap-

propriate number of low-flying air-planes_--------------------------- Same as Infantry

(par. 19).

b. Personnel losses of horse cavalry fighting dismountedare the same as Infantry (par. 19).

c. It is unnecessary to assess horse losses, since personnellosses bring about the desired realism.

* 22. VEHICLES.-a. Armored vehicles include all that are ar-mored, regardless of type and use, such as tanks, personneland gun carriers, and scout cars. Unarmored vehicles includeall others, except motorcycles.

b. In maneuvers, the following means are taken as effectiveagainst both armored and unarmored vehicles: antitank gunsor artillery employed against tanks, mines, grenades, air-planes, and tanks.

c. (1) The following weapons are taken as effective againstarmored vehicles:

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UMPIRE MANUAL 22

Maximum effective range (yards)against-

Weapon IScout cars or

personnel Light tanks tankscarriers

Caliber .50 machine gun ...- .......... 500 Ineffective Ineffective37-mm gun 2 -.------------------------ 1, 000 1,000 50075-mm gun or howitzer or larger 3 -_____ 1, 000 1,000 1, 000

I On ground or stationary vehicle.2 May be assumed when authorized by Tables of Basic Allowances, even though

armed actaally with caliber .50 machine gun.3 Regardless of weapon, a range of over 1,000 yards is taken as ineffective, on account

3f the small probability of hitting and the difficulty of umpiring.

(2) Against unarmored vehicles, the effective weapons arethe same as in (1) above and the effective ranges actuallyare greater than against armored vehicles. However, onaccount of the great number of unarmored vehicles and theirlesser importance, as well as for other reasons, losses willbe assessed only at ranges less than 500 yards.

d. Practice mines only will be taken as effective. Suchmines, either issued or improvised, must be equipped so asto give off smoke or other visible indication when struck.No effect may be assessed for dummy mines, although thereis no objection to using them for deception. Mines may notbe assumed.

e. Antitank grenades-both hand and rifle-will be repre-sented by small sacks of flour or similar material thrownby hand. They are effective against all unarmored vehiclesand against all light tanks. They are effective againstmedium tanks if the grenade strikes the tank any place otherthan the turret. To be given credit for effect, flour sacksmust be thrown from a concealed or covered position or oneblind to fire from the vehicle at the time.

i. Losses sustained by vehicles are indicated as follows:(1) Vehicles passing through a battery concentration-

percent of vehicles destroyed: armored, 2; unarmored, 3.(2) Vehicles within a battery concentration-percent of

vehicles destroyed per minute: armored, 4; unarmored, 6.

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22-23 FIELD MANUAL

(3) Moving vehicles under fire by stationary effectiveweapons (c above) using direct laying:

(a) Charging a gun to overrun it-2 vehicles per gunfiring if fire is opened at not less than 400 yards; 1 vehicleif fire is opened at not less than 150 yards.

(b) Moving other than toward the gun-1 vehicle per gunper minute of firing at range of 500-1000 yards; and 1vehicle per gun per half-minute of firing at range less than500 yards.

(4) For fire against stationary armed vehicles, see para-graph 24.

(5) Vehicles attacked by low-flying bombers in formationappropriate for the purpose-vehicles per airplane perattack:

With surprise: armored, 1; unarmored, 2.Without surprise: armored, 1/; unarmored, 1/3.

g. Vehicles lost will be ruled out of action for the durationof the maneuver, or for such lesser period as may be fixedbeforehand by the director.

h. Losses will not be assessed against ambulances andkitchen, ration, and mail trucks (par. 37c, I).

i. Cargoes of vehicles ruled out of action may be trans-ferred to other vehicles if available.

j. For captured vehicles, see paragraph 37.

* 23. ANTITANK Gurs.--a. Antitank guns are those whichare effective against tanks, as listed in paragraph 22c.

b. Antitank guns in position may be-(1) Captured or destroyed as a result of attack by either

foot or mounted troops (par. 20b).(2) Neutralized by counterbattery fire (par. 15b), as de-

scribed in paragraph 29.(3) Neutralized by observed fire of either ground or sta-

tionary vehicular mortars, directed on a visible gun andindicated by an umpire. The duration of the effect is thatof the fire itself.

(4) Overrun and destroyed by charging tanks or othervehicles unless the vehicles are destroyed beforehand by fire(par. 22f).

(5) Destroyed by stationary effective weapons (par. 22c),using direct laying under conditions described in para-graph 24.

16

UMPIRE MANUAL 23-24

c. Guns lost or captured (par. 37) will be ruled out ofaction for the duration of the maneuver, or for such lesserperiod as may be fixed beforehand by the director.

U 24. FIRE DUELS.-a. A fire duel with effective weapons (par.22c) between tanks, other vehicles, and/or ground guns isdifficult to umpire. Nevertheless painstaking umpiring isessential, since such duels may have a profound effect on theprogress of a maneuver.

b. Since the weapons engaged are effective against armor,the outcome of a duel depends on who opens fire first, thenumber of weapons involved, and the size of target presented.

c. While the effective range is as great as 1,000 yards insome cases, it is impracticable to umpire a fire duel at morethan 500 yards. Hence losses will be assessed only whenand if the opponents are within this distance of each other.

d. Guns of a moving vehicle are taken as ineffective againstanother vehicle or a ground gun.

e. Guns and vehicles actually firing in a fire duel willbe scored as follows:

Each effective (par. 22c) stationary gun:(1) Ground gun behind natural or artificial cover'---- 2(2) Vehicle gun behind natural or artificial cover so

as to present a target of substantially the same sizeas a ground gun_______-- __------------------- ------- 2

(3) Ground or vehicle gun unprotected by natural orartificial cover________________----------------- 1

f. (1) When a gun opens fire, it must display an orangeflag (par. 9), and must be kept laid accurately on its target.Otherwise its fire will be given no credit. If the opposinggun (vehicle) opens fire at the same time, the gun havingthe lesser score will be ruled destroyed. If the scores arethe same, the gun having the lesser cover will be ruled de-stroyed. However, if the weaker gun withdraws under coverwithin 30 seconds after hostile fire is opened, it will not bedestroyed.

(2) If the opposing guns do not open fire at the same time,the score of the later one will be reduced by the ratio of the

Concealment is not cover necessarily.

17

24-25 FIELD MANUAL

delay in seconds to 30 seconds, and the decision made as in(1) above.

Example: A thoroughly covered ground gun opens fireagainst a tank which is only partially covered. The tankreplies 15 seconds later. The tank has two effective guns.

Solution: The score of the ground gun clearly is 2, since itis covered well and opens fire first. Each tank gun is scored,say, 1.5 for lack of complete cover, or 3 for both guns. Thetank opens fire 15 seconds late, the ratio of 15 to 30 being0.5. Thus the score of the tank is 0.5 of 3 or 1.5. Unless thetank withdraws under cover within 30 seconds after theground gun opens fire, the tank is ruled destroyed.

g. If the number of guns and/or vehicles engaged in thefire duel is so considerable as to render the foregoing methodimpracticable, the following more collective method is used:Determine the total score of each side as nearly as practicableaccording to the foregoing procedure, including only thoseelements which remain in action 30 seconds or more. Ruleall or a portion of the weaker side destroyed, according tofactors such as terrain, tactical employment, and durationof the action. Assess losses of the stronger side in the inverseratio of the scores. Example: Blue score, 40; Red score, 30-20 of Red ruled destroyed; 3/4 of 20, or 15, of Blue.

h. Tanks maneuvering against tanks-losses in the inverseratio of participating tanks of two opposing forces. A mediumtank is taken as the equivalent of two light tanks. Example:Blue, 10 medium and 10 light tanks; Red, 20 light tanks-losses in the ratio of 2 Blue to 3 Red (see par. 45).

* 25. AIRPLANES.---a. Losses of airplanes are assessed byground or air umpires as indicated in paragraph 11g and h.Losses due to antiaircraft fire are assessed as indicated below.

18

UMPIRE MANUAL 25

b. 3-inch or 90-mm antiaircraft artillery.-The followingtable showing number of airplanes shot down by one battery(4 guns)1 will be used as a guide:

Fuze range ------------------- 0-18 Over 18

Altitude, feet 2' .-.--- __------- 1,050-16,500 Over 16,500 Over 1,050

Type of target 3 ....- . ......... S F S F S F

Timne in action:4

0-10 seconds .......- . 0 M2 0 0 0 010-20 seconds ..- - 0 A 0 020-30 seconds .-- 1 ½ 3- - O ½

I For pursuit planes, reduce losses by one-half. At night the indicated losses areapplicable only during the period while the target is illuminated.

2 No losses are assessed for altitudes below 1,050 feet.3 S-single plane; F-formation of planes.4 Credit is allowed only during the period, not exceeding 30 seconds, that accurate

firing data, within the fuze range limits of the director, are applied to the guns.' It is desirable, when practicable, that all antiaircraft fire be represented by pyro-

technic signal, visible to pilots.

c. 37-mm artiaircraft gun.-The loss is one-half airplanefor each platoon (two guns) firing for 20 seconds within aslant range of 2,500 yards and an altitude of 4,000 feet. Lossesare not assessed for altitudes greater than 4,000 feet.

d. Caliber .50 antiaircraft machine guns.-The loss isone-third airplane for each platoon (four guns) firing for20 seconds within a slant range of 1,000 yards and an altitudeof 2,000 feet. Losses are not assessed for altitudes greaterthan 2,000 feet.

e. To determine the combined loss when the airplane orairplanes are engaged by two or more batteries (platoons),take two-thirds of the sum of the assessed losses for indi-vidual batteries (platoons) (par. 46). Fractional losses willbe taken to the nearest one-third and the airplane consid-ered 'as either undamaged or destroyed, according to lot.Example: Loss of 2/% airplane. Mark two slips of paper,one destroy and one undamaged. The one drawn is thedecision.

19

25-26 FIELD MANUAL

f. Umpires should apply judgment in assessing losses.Continuous fire need not be maintained during the entireperiod that airplanes remain within the field of fire.Accuracy, rather than volume, of fire should be the criterion(par. 46).

g. When ground-air umpire radio communication is avail-able, air losses assessed by antiaircraft unit umpires shouldbe communicated instantly to air umpires, in order that thepenalties may be made effective at the time. This methodstimulates the interest of both air and antiaircraft units,and promotes realism. Lacking such radio communication,losses will be transmitted through director headquarters orby such other means as may be available.

SECTION IV

DELAYS

1 26. OBSTACLES.-a. Demolitions and other obstacles havethe primary purpose of delaying the opposing force. How-ever, once executed, obstacles affect both of the opposingforces alike. The work will be either actual or simulated indetail, under the supervision of unit umpires, so as to confinethe number and effect of obstacles approximately to realities.Operations will be executed actually, so far as practicable,and the remainder estimated as to time and personnel.During simulated operations, mat6riel must actually be onhand and that used checked and tallied.

b. A simulated obstacle must be guarded in order toenforce compliance by all troops with the conditions at-tached to the obstacle by the umpire. The guard will besupplied by the unit executing the obstacle. The guardwill have the authority of umpire personnel, and will wearproper identification.

c. Upon completion of a simulated obstacle, the umpirewill supply the guard with a statement on the accompanyingform. If no umpire is present during the work, a companyofficer will supply the statement, which will be checked andauthenticated by an umpire as soon as practicable. How-ever, the statement is valid without umpire authentication.The time of detonation of a demolition prepared previouslymay be entered by the guard if no umpire is present at thetime.

20

UMPIRE MANUAL 26

d. It is permissible to go around an obstacle, provided themovement is actual. Assumed or constructive movementswill not be permitted, even with appropriate delays.

e. If an obstacle is defended by troops and is attacked byopposing troops, the action will be decided in the samemanner as other actions between troops. The conditionsattached to reducing the obstacle itself will be effective onlyafter completion of the troop action.

f. In order that air observers may distinguish bridgeswhich have been demolished by simulation, such bridges willbe marked at both ends by large white markers, such as abed sheet. Responsibility for marking will rest with theground unit which executes the demolition (see also par. 27).

g. Guards at obstacles must remain on duty constantlyuntil relieved by an umpire, or until the termination of themaneuver phase. Sufficient class C or other rations shouldbe left with guards. Vehicles carrying green flags will not beused to carry food to guards.

h. When opposing troops have reduced an obstacle, guardswill be relieved by an umpire, and then will be processed asprisoners (par. 37).

i. Under no circumstances will an umpire with a unitdelayed by an obstacle modify in any way the provisions ofthe certification of obstacle in possession of a guard.

453638°--42--4 21

26 FIELD MANUAL

(See reverse side for additional instructions)CERTIFICATION OF OBSTACLE

UMPIRE OR COMPANY OFFICER CERTIFICATE(To be executed by company officer when umpire is not present)

1. Type and nature of obstacle: (As: bridge demolition; bridgedamaged by bombs; road crater)

2. Method used: (Brief description of work done, as:destroyed abutments by tampedcharges, etc.)

3. Personnel used: (As: 1 squad, 2 hours)4. Equipment used: (As: 1 earth auger, 1 hour, 1 squad

demolition set)5. Material or explosive used: (As: for abutments, 6 charges 200

pounds each; steel, 10 charges 15pounds each)

6. Date and hour started __- _.___-..___.___._. Completed (to bedetermined by umpire if present) _-____________.

7. Date and hour bombed .-------------------Signed

Company officer Unit umpire(line out one)

UMPIRE CERTIFICATE1. I have inspected the obstacle described above, and find that it

willwill not create an effective military obstacle.

2. Date and hour executed -_ .._____________. (If no umpire ispresent at time of execution this may be completed by seniorof the executing party and be official. An umpire will verifyany such work executed by his unit as soon as practicable.)

3. A careful estimate has been made. The following will be requiredto restore traffic at this point:

a. Engineer personnel and time required: ____________ _____-.- . ................ (Give two alternatives: Forexample: one platoon 6 hours or one company 31/2 hours.Last alternative based on maximum number of menwho can be effectively employed on Job. Time is takenfrom time of arrival of men and material on the site.)

b. Material: (As Judged necessary by engineer umpires of unitreducing obstacle.)

c. Equipment: (Reduce time given in a above by 1/3 for suit-able labor-saving equipment; suitability determined byengineer umpire of unit reducing obstacle.)

Umpire

UnitUMPIRE CERTIFICATE

Obstacle reduced at AM Date.....___ _____________PM,

Umpire

22 Unit

UMPIRE MANUAL 26

CERTIFICATION OF OBSTACLEGUARDS

Authority: Same as umpires.Number: Unit executing simulated obstacle leaves at least two

guards at each obstacle.Equipment: White shoulder loops. White control flags at least 2 by

2 feet; Flashlight. Watch. Pencil. In case of bridge,two white ground panels at least 5 by 5 feet. Foodand water for remainder of maneuver. Personalequipment. This paper.

Actions: Remove Blue (Red) identification and substitute Whiteas soon as obstacle is completed.

If a demolition, fill in time of firing if no umpire ispresent,

If a bridge, place white panel on ground near end ofbridge.

Use white control flag to stop all traffic, both friendlyand hostile, before it reaches obstacle. Show thispaper to explain conditions of obstacle. Permitpassage of Army vehicles with green flags only.

Allow civilian traffic to proceed.One sentinel to be on guard at all times, day and night.In case any vehicles or troops fail to stop as ordered,

report them by name, vehicle number, or unit to anyumpire or to your commanding officer when you arerelieved.

When opposing troops have repaired obstacle, haveumpire sign this paper and relieve you.

Then report to nearest troops for processing as pris-oners, which will return you to your unit.

UMPIRES

Actions: Require operations to be actual whenever practicable.Pill in data on reverse side, and give to guard atobstacle.

Check that material to execute or reduce simulatedobstacles if at site when operations are carried out.

Visit as soon as possible all detachments of your com-pany sent on obstacle work, so as to complete thecertification.

No umpire may modify conditions as to repair of anobstacle imposed by umpire present during its exe-cution.

SPECIAL NOTES

Green flags will not be used on vehicles in order to carry food toguards of obstacles.

It is permissible to go around an obstacle, provided that the move-ment is actual.

If an obstacle is defended by troops and is attacked by opposingtroops, the action will be decided in the same manner as otheractions between troops. Conditions as to reducing the obstaclewill be effective only after completion of the troop action.

23

27 FIELD MANUAL

* 27. AIR ATTACKS AGAINST BRIDGES.-a. Bridges frequentlyare important targets of bombardment aviation, and the re-sulting delay exercises a profound influence on the progress ofa maneuver. Such attacks ordinarily are planned, so thatdirector headquarters can and should be notified in advance,in order that bridge umpires may be present.

b. Bridge umpires should be accompanied by personnel forguarding bridges if closed to traffic, and be equipped with air-ground vehicular radio for communication with air umpires.Umpires of antiaircraft units defending bridges may be usedas bridge umpires if instructed properly.

c. When radio communication is available, the air umpirewill report from the air the number of hits and weight ofbomb used. The bridge umpire then will fix the delay andthe conditions as to repair. If radio communication is notavailable, the number of hits must be determined beforehandand communicated to the bridge umpires through directorheadquarters or other available means.

d. Bridge umpires should be informed by antiaircraft um-pires of the number of airplanes shot down by antiaircraftfire prior to the time bombs were released (par. 25). Thebridge umpire then reduces the number of hits reported by theair umpire accordingly.

e. Delays to be assessed for one hit are indicated generallyas follows, but should be varied according to the conditionsin each case:

(1) Steel truss and concrete bridges of substantial con-struction:

Bomb 100 pounds-no effect assessed.Bomb 300 to 600 pounds-delay of 2 hours after arrival

of men and material-platoon of engineers and twotruckloads of timber.

Bomb 1,000 to 2,000 pounds-delay of 3 hours afterarrival of men and material-platoon of engineersand three truckloads of timber.

(2) Wooden highway and railroad bridges:

Bomb 100 pounds or heavier-same as bomb 300 to 600pounds in (1) above.

24

UMPIRE MANUAL 27-29

(3) Ponton bridge:

Bomb 100 pounds or heavier-1 hour after additionalmaterial for one-third of bridge is at the site.

f. For more than one hit, increase appropriately the delay,and men and material required.

g. Bridge umpires use the procedure described in paragraph26.

* 28. OTHER DELAYS AND NEUTRALIZATION.-Delays and neu-tralization due to causes other than obstacles are indicatedas follows:

a. Road, bridge, or other defile interdicted by artillery ormortar fire-delay for duration of fire.

b. Ponton bridge under construction attacked by artilleryor mortar fire, or by small arms fire at less than 1,000 yards--delay in construction for duration of fire.

c. Column attacked by tanks:(1) Foot troops-delay 15 minutes.(2) Vehicles (other than tanks), mounted and mixed

column-delay 30 minutes.d. Column, other than tanks, attacked by Cavalry or by

armored elements, other than tanks-delay for duration ofattack,

e. Troops attacked by an appropriate number (par. 17)of low-flying airplanes:

For troops only, in column--delay of 15 minutes.Vehicles, mounted or mixed column-delay of 30

minutes.f. Troop movements within 100 yards of where an artillery

concentration is being marked-delay for the duration of theconcentration.

SECTION V

MARKING ARTILLERY FIRE

* 29. GENERAL.-a. Every effort will be made to mark onthe ground the point of fall and duration of all artilleryfire which is reasonably concentrated, except counterbatteryfire (b below). For this purpose, each artillery battalion urnpire and each fire umpire is furnished a vehicular voice radio.

b. The artillery battalion umpire broadcasts the 'coordi-

25

29-31 FIELD MANUAL

nates of the center of each battery target and the durationof the fire. The report is received by all artillery battalionumpires and all fire umpires within hearing. Except whenthe target is artillery, the fire is marked by either the artil-lery battalion umpire or the fire umpire nearest the target.When the target is opposing artillery, the artillery battalionumpire concerned suspends the fire of batteries which areneutralized.

c. A target other than artillery is marked by a flag (par. 9)placed at the center of the fire of each battery, and thefire is taken as effective within 100 yards of the flag inall directions. It is desirable, when practicable, to supple-ment the flag by a lime bomb or other sound or pyrotechnicsignal, so as to attract attention to the flag initially.

d. If a battalion of two or three batteries fires simul-taneously on the same target, a flag is used for each battery.The flags are separated by about 100 yards.

e. No attempt is made to mark the fire of a battery unlesssuch fire is confined to an area 200 by 200 yards or less, andlasts at least 1 minute.

N 30. CODE COORDINATES.-Maps or photomaps, scale 1/20,000,ordinarily are used in marking fires. A code coordinate sys-tem is employed for brevity as indicated in figures 1 and 2.As a standard procedure in lettering the grid of any map, thegrid intersection inside the border of the map and nearestthe lower left corner is C for the X coordinate and O for theY coordinate. Examples of code designations of points aregiven in the figures.

* 31. PROCEDURE.-a. Speed and accuracy in marking artilleryfires depend on simple and uniform procedure, thorough train-ing of personnel, and strict radio discipline.

b. A single frequency is used for all fire marking radio sets.Broadcasts during a maneuver are limited to-

Artillery fires.Monitor control.Emergency calls for ambulances.Requests for replacement or repair of fire-marking

equipment.Other matters approved by the director.

26

UMPIRE MANUAL 31

B C D E F GA8V5 - W

VV

UU

TT

SS

RR

0

P

0

i N9D E F G H

n3N9 I

G7P7

FIGURE 1.

Care must be used to avoid broadcasts that can be used im-properly by the opposing forces (par. 41b).

c. In broadcasting a fire, the message is limited to-(1) Number of the sending set.(2) Name of the map quadrangle containing the target.(3) Serial number of the map sheet containing the target.(4) Blue, or Red, referring to the sending side.(5) Code coordinates of the target.(6) Nature of the target if fire is observed.(7) Duration of fire in minutes.(8) Number of batteries firing.

27

31 FIELD MANUAL

(9) Hour of firing if a prepared fire (e below).d. A fire is broadcast and then repeated once. The form is

as follows:(1) Observed fire of 5 minutes' duration, using three bat-

teries: 85 Boyce 17 Red Cast 2 Prep 4 Machine Guns 53Repeat 85 Boyce 17 Red Cast 2 Prep 4 Machine Guns 53.Explanation: 85, number of sending set; Boyce, name of mapquadrangle; 17, number of map sheet; Cast 2 Prep 4, co-ordinates of target; Machine Guns, nature of target, givenonly when fire is observed on target; 5, duration of fire inminutes: 3, number of batteries firing.

(2) Same fire as (1) above, except unobserved: 85 Boyce17 Red Cast 2 Prep 4 Red 53 Repeat 85 Boyce 17 Red Cast 2

C D E F G H

U U

T T

R - R

P P

N - NB C D F G H

F 808FIGTmRE 2.

28

UMPIRE MANUAL 31-32

Prep 4 Red 53. Red, between Prep 4 and 53, is merely toseparate numbers.

e. Scheduled fires may be broadcast beforehand, usuallyduring quiet periods at night, if it is reasonably certain thatfires will be executed properly at the times specified. Theform for broadcasting such fires is the same as described in dabove, except that the message is concluded with Prep, fol-lowed by the hour the fire is to be delivered, for example,Prep 5: 20A.

f. The broadcast of a fire is received by all fire umpires andbattalion umpires within hearing. It is acknowledged by theone closest to the target, for example: Roger 66. Roger in-dicates received, and 66 is the number of the umpire who willmark the fire.

g. In the case of observed fires, the marker goes to thepoint designated by the coordinates, but places the flag at thenearest target which is of the same nature as that broadcast,regardless of coordinates. If the target is moving Infantry,it may be necessary to depart considerably from the coordi-nates, due to lag of marking and movement of the target.

h. When a fire mission is not acknowledged, the sendermay repeat the broadcast at any time after 10 seconds, pro-vided the net is free of other sending.

N 32. RECORDS.-Radio operators with artillery battalion um-pires and fire umpires will keep radio and target logs on theaccompanying form, and turn them in to director head-quarters at the conclusion of the maneuver. Negative reportswill be submitted in case no fires are broadcast nor marked.

29

32 FIELD MANUAL

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aOzj~g 1.4

3

UMPIRE MANUAL 32

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i i i i i i i i3 1 n .

33-36 FIELD MANUAL

SECTION VI

MISCELLANEOUS

* 33. CHEMICALS.-a. In connection with decisions involvingfire power and losses, it is impracticable to make distinctionsas between high explosive and chemical ammunition. Artil-lery fire is weighed in general terms, regardless of calibers andtypes of ammunition. Similarly the effect of attack by low-flying airplanes is the same, regardless of whether machineguns, bombs, or chemicals are used.

b. Visibility will be actual-both day and night. The useof smoke will not be simulated.

N 34. BLANK AvMMIUNITION.-a. The use of blank ammunition atmaneuvers promotes realism and facilitates decisions. Alsoit is helpful in accustoming young soldiers to the sounds ofbattle.

b. Caliber .30 blank ammunition, if available, will be usedfreely for ground fire, especially with machine guns (par.13c). Blank ammunition will not be fired toward personnelat less than 20 yards.

c. No blank ammunition will be fired against airplanes,since the supply is inadequate for the purpose.

* 35. COUNTERBATTERY INTELLIGENCE.-Absence of actual fir-

ing by artillery affects counterbattery intelligence adversely.The following procedures will be used when practicable:

a. Each artillery firing battery will fire four lime bombswith each concentration, one at a safe distance in front ofeach piece. The smoke is visible to the opposing observation,and the blast marks are visible in air photographs. Blastmarks may not be removed nor covered during the firing ofthe concentration.

b. Field artillery observation battalions will set off chargesof TNT near friendly batteries for the benefit of opposingobservation units. An officer of the observation battalion willbe responsible for safety.

[] 36. MOTOR-vnncLE LIGHTS.-a. Whether, when, and wherelights of motor vehicles will be used at night is a commanddecision. Operations without lights usually are practicable,

32

UMPIRE MANUAL 36-38

subject to appropriate arrangements with local civil author-ities, and add much to the realism of maneuvers.

b. Umpires and observers will conform to restrictions im-posed upon troops (par. 6b).

* 37. PRISONERS AND CAPTURED VEHICLES.--a. Opposing forcesshould not come into physical contact (par. 4). Hence, ifumpiring is effective, there should be few prisoners ordinarily.

b. However, units or individuals may be cut off by maneuver,and the action may be such that in reality they would beeither captured or destroyed. In this case, umpires shouldpermit prisoners to be taken and handled as such. Prisonerswill be processed after interrogation to an enclosure estab-lished by the capturing side (FM 100-10).

c. Except as noted in d, e, and f below, vehicles, includingthose carrying class I supplies, are subject to capture. Theyare processed as are prisoners of war.

d. Captured artillery pieces and antitank guns, with primemovers if any, and armored vehicles will be handled as thoughdestroyed (pars. 20, 22, and 23). Personnel of such elementswill remain with their equipment, but umpires will place anddispose them so as to preclude their further and unauthorizedparticipation in the maneuver. Such measures will includesilencing captured radio.

e. Evacuation and surgical hospitals, clearing stations, col-lecting stations, aid stations, and ambulances which may becaptured by either side will be returned to parent units byumpires without delay.

f. Depots, supply points, railheads, truckheads, distributingpoints, dumps, and kitchens which may be captured by eitherside will be made inactive by the umpires for 6 hours.

g. Prisoners and captured vehicles will be exchanged dailyunder supervision of the director.

h. Cargoes of vehicles processed with prisoners will remainwith the vehicles. Transfer to other vehicles is prohibited.

i. Animals will not be subject to capture.

* 38. ARTIFICIAL CASUALTIES.-a. Artificial casualties will beprovided for the training of medical personnel by tagging asuitable number of men in each unit engaged actively. Suchcasualties will be assessed periodically during each day of

33

38 FIELD MANUAL

combat and tagged on the spot by unit umpires, using tagsfurnished by medical umpires. It is of no consequence thatthe number of casualties correspond with the number assessedas losses by unit umpires.

b. Artificial casualties will not be evacuated ordinarilybeyond the division clearing stations. As soon as they areprocessed there, they should be returned to collecting stationspromptly by means of ambulances.

c. Actual casualties will not be tagged as artificial casu-alties.

34

UMPIRE MANUAL 39

CHAPTER 3

UMPIRE PERSONNEL AND DUTIES

ParagraphsSE noN I. Personnel ------------------------___ 39-40

II. Duties of umpires ------------- ------------ 41-48

SECTION I

PERSONNEL

* 39. DIRECTOR HEADQUARTERS.-a. Ordinarily it should bepracticable to operate the director's headquarters (par. 3)with not more than the tabular staff of the tactical unitwhich he commands. If additional personnel is required, itshould be obtained, so far as practicable, from sources otherthan participating troop units.

b. Umpires at headquarters of large units should be un-necessary. Reports of operations can and should be madethrough normal tactical channels to director headquartersas required. Additional details can be obtained readily byliaison officers sent out periodically from director head-quarters.

c. A reserve pool of unit, fire, and bridge umpires atdirector or subordinate headquarters may be advisable, inolder to meet abnormal, temporary, and unforeseen needs andto provide reliefs if necessary.

d. Observers and correspondents (par. 8) are received, sup-plied, and directed by director headquarters. Paragraph 6bis applicable to them as well as to umpires.

e. Commanders are authorized to use green flags and whiteshoulder loops (par. 8) for motor couriers, in sending im-portant and urgent reports or other dispatches to directorheadquarters, when such action necessitates a passage ofopposing lines. This authority will be exercised only in thecase of dispatches which cannot be handled by wire, radio,or TWX, or which are so urgent that they cannot be heldproperly for dispatch by scheduled messenger service, motor,or airplane. Such motor couriers will be enlisted men only

35.

39-40 FIELD MANUAL

and will be dispatched by the most direct routes between thetwo headquarters.

* 40. UMPIRES.---a. The following personnel is suitable andadequate ordinarily:

Umpire assignment Officers Enlisted men I Transportation X

Infantry battalion .- S5NCO's;I ch; 7 fo4 l Umpire- -ltruck.Field artillery battalion 1 l rad; 1 ch; I fo .------ Umpire-- truck. &Field artillery supervisor -- 61 1 NCO; 1 rad; 1 ch .l Umpire-1 truck. aEngineer lettered company 1 1 NCO; Io f ----------- Unit.Engineerpontoncompany. 1 1 NCO; I fo ---------- Unit.Horse cavalry rifle troop-.- 2 1 NCO; 2 fo --------- Unit.

7

Mechanized cavalry troop_. 4 4 NCO's; 4 fo - ....... Unit.Antiaircraft battalion 1 . NCO; I fo s ..- . ..... Unit.

8

Antiaircraft firing battery __ 1 NCO; I fo ----------- Unit.Antitank platoon - or'l NCO -- - Unit.Armored element 9 . .. .or 1 NCO O-- Unit.Artillery fire s10 -..... .. 1 1 INCO; 1 rad; 2 ch; 2 Umpire-2 trucks.'

fo.Division .. 11 4 ch I -Unit.Parachute battalion is 13 5 NCO's; 13 ------- Unit.Air 14 1 ..... . .. ..... Unit.'5

I Abbreviations: NCO-noncommissioned officer; rad-radio operator; ch-chauf-feur; fo-flag orderly.

2 Umpire-supplied by director headquarters; unit-supplied by unit to which theumpire is assigned.

3 1 battalion; 1 each rifle company; I supernumerary.4 1 battalion; 2 each rifle company.5 1 vehicular radio.6 For each division and higher headquarters.7 Mounts.s Additional personnel and transportat ion required if provided with vehicular radio

for air-ground communication.o Single vehicle or small unit.10 1 per infantry regiment (par. 48).

1 QM, 1 Ord, 1 Med, 1 Sig.12 1 additional lineman for signal umpire.1I 1 chief umpire, 3 company umpires, 9 platoon umpires.14 Minimum of 1 each per squadron, group, airdrome, and major headquarters.15 1 airplane for each air umpire. Umpires may fly as passengers in multiplace

airulanes.

b. In certain cases, supervising umpires are necessary andadvisable (pars. 45-48).

36

UMPIRE MANUAL 40-41

c. Umpire personnel is supplied by the director, preferablyfrom sources other than participating troop units. It isessential that umpires be assigned to units other than theirown.

d. Umpire personnel is quartered and rationed with eitherdirector headquarters or troop units, as is convenient.

e. Director headquarters supplies or makes arrangementsfor subordinate units to provide flags and other umpireequipment as needed, except maps, and transportation asindicated in a above. Umpires are furnished maps by unitsto which they are assigned.

SECTION II

DUTIES OF UMPIRES

* 41. GENERAL.-a. An umpire as such has neither commandnor instructional functions (par. 5).

b. An umpire should avoid disclosing to troops informa-tion obtained through umpire activities and which the troopsshould seek with their own means. He should conform torestrictions concerning lights, cover, camouflage, and thelike (pars. 6b, 31b).

c. Umpires restrain movement of troops in the degree nec-essary to prevent physical contact of opposing forces andpermit proper decisions, but they do not order movement.So far as umpires are concerned, movement is either per-mitted or not permitted; but if permitted, it is not obli-gatory. Movement is either ordered by commanders orforced by the enemy (par. 4).

d. Umpires will familiarize themselves with terrain re-strictions. While compliance with such restrictions is aresponsibility of command, umpires will assist in this con-nection by timely advice. In case a restriction actually isviolated, the unit umpire concerned will report the circum-stances to the director as soon as possible.

e. Contact occurring between opposing forces beyond thelimits of the maneuver area will be treated by umpires as ameeting in a defile.

f. Violations of the provisions of this manual or ordersfor the conduct of a particular maneuver will be reported

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41-43 FIELD MANUAL

by umpires to director headquarters through the ordinarycommand channels, except that serious infractions which arelikely to affect the outcome of the maneuver will be reporteddirectly by the most rapid means of communication available.

g. All umpires will follow the state of ammunition supplyand cause fire to be suspended when the supply is exhausted.

h. The play of ammunition supply and resupply will nerealistic. No assumptions as to quantities, types, and trans-portation will be made.

* 42. INFANTRY RIFLE OR PARACHUTE BATTALION UMPIRE.-a.

The senior umpire assigned to an infantry rifle or parachutebattalion is in charge of all umpire personnel and equipmentwith the battalion.

b. He disposes the umpires so as best to meet anticipateddevelopments and equalize the burden of umpiring. Ordi-narily it is advisable that there be an umpire with each riflecompany.

c. He may remain with the battalion commander as ageneral procedure, but supervises the company umpires andparticipates in umpiring during active periods.

A 43. FIELD ARTILLERY BATTALION UMPIRE.-a. An artillerybattalion umpire reports the fire of each battery (pars.29b, e), if it is of 1 or more minutes' duration.

b. He reminds the battalion commander that, when bat-teries fire on their own initiative, such fires must be reportedto the battalion commander; otherwise, the fires will not bemarked.

c. He acts as a fire umpire (pars. 7b, 29, and 48) for tar-gets in his area.

d. When a battery is subjected to correctly placed counter-battery fire, he suspends its fire (par. 15b).

e. So far as practicable, he notes whether fires are de-livered properly. In case the fires do not simulate serviceconditions in all essential details or are not well preparedtechnically, he will omit broadcasting them. The followingindications will be taken as a guide:

(1) Observed fires.-Broadcast if target is under observa-tion by an air or ground observer and a reasonable adjust-ment, where necessary, is made.

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UMPIRE MANUAL 43-44

(2) Transfers of fire.-Broadcast if at least three of thefollowing questions can be answered in the affirmative. Donot broadcast if three or more answers are negative. Hasthe check point been located accurately, preferably by twoindependent means? Can the observer see and identify thecheck point? Is fire delivered within 3 hours of registra-tion? Have batteries been laid by common and accuratemeans if data from registration of one battery are used byanother battery? Is vertical control employed?

(3) Metro or map data.-Broadcast if at least two of thefollowing questions can be answered in the affirmative. Donot broadcast if more than two answers are in the negative.Is the metro message used less than 4 hours old? Has direc-tion been obtained by survey into hostile area or by previousregistration on known point? Has scale of photomap beendetermined by survey, preferably in direction of fire? Isvertical control employed?

f. In order to insure that ammunition supply (par. 41g) isplayed with realism and that expenditures are in proportionto the effect credited by umpires, he informs the battalioncommander, after each fire is broadcast, how much ammuni-tion should be charged as expended, on the following basis:

(1) For observed fires.-At the maximum rate of fire pre-scribed for short bursts. This rate for various calibers fol-lows:

Rate per gun orCaliber howitzer per minute75-mm _____________________________--____ 6105-mm _______________-_______-_____-______ 4155-mm _________- -____ - ___-_-__ __-__- 38-inch or 240-mm -_____- -____ -_____--______ 1/2

(2) For transfers of fire.-Double the amount for observedfires.

(3) For metro or map data.-Triple the amount for ob-served fires.

* 44. COMPANY (TROOP) UMPIRE.-a. Decisions reached bycompany umpires of opposing units in contact determine theprogress of a maneuver. If decisions are sound, the maneu-ver will be realistic and successful. If decisions are ill-con-

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44 FIELD MANUAL

sidered and unsound, situations and outcomes will be falseand lessons derived erroneous.

b. A company umpire posts himself so as best to observethe action of the company: Ordinarily he is with the leadingelement of the company, whether it be a patrol or a combatformation. He remains habitually with the company, exceptwhen conferring with other umpires in reaching a decision,during which period the company should be halted by whiteflags.

e. His basic method of control is by flags (par. 11). Heavoids giving oral instructions in connection with his deci-sions, for they do not reach all elements. However, certainexplanations may be necessary occasionally.

d. Whenever the situation as it affects his unit becomesobscure to him in any way-due to either own or opposingforce-he causes white flags to be displayed at once, haltingthe action. Similarly, when white flags are displayed withthe opposing unit, he displays them with his unit. Thedisplay of white flags necessarily is a frequent and indis-pensable requisite of sound and informed umpiring.

e. The following arm signals are convenient for use byumpires in communicating with their flag orderlies:

(1) Both arms extended vertically upward-white flags.(2) One arm extended horizontally toward either one

force or the other-action resumed. One force may advancein the direction indicated; the other force must withdrawcorrespondingly. Red flags with the advancing force; blueflags with the withdrawing force.

(3) Both arms extended laterally in opposite directions-action resumed, but neither force may advance. Red flagsalong both fronts.

f. Flags must be placed so as to be visible to the troops.Opposing lines of blue and red-or red and red-flags shouldbe separated sufficiently to avoid confusion as to the forcefor which they are intended.

g. Blue and red control flags are used when opposing forces(except armored elements, pars. 9 and 45e) approach physi-cal contact. They are discontinued when physical contactno longer is likely. However, the handling of flags must notbe permitted to reveal a withdrawal.

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UMPIRE MANUAL 44-45

h. Umpires should impress upon company commandersthat all elements of the company halt in place and ceasefiring when white flags are displayed in front of the company.When red flags are displayed with the unit opposing thecompany, the company may not advance toward such flags,but is free to maneuver around them or change its disposi-tions otherwise. During contact, if troops see no flags intheir front, they do not advance but seek a vantage pointfrom which flags can be seen. An advance may be madeonly against blue flags.

i. The procedure indicated above is applicable in generalto night operations. Company umpires should be well for-ward, in order to anticipate contact and make decisionspromptly. During contact, it may be necessary to illuminatecontrol flags by flashlights, supplemented on occasions byoral decisions to units immediately involved. When nightoperations reach a stage where umpiring is ineffective, um-pires on their own initiative will stop the action by displayingred flags with both sides (par. 11f.) Such provisions will notapply to minor actions such as patrolling, where it is prac-ticable for umpires to accompany the opposing elementsclosely. Rotation of umpires for night duty is advisable, inorder to permit rest and sleep.

j. If contact is made and there is but one umpire present,he will ascertain the situation of both forces, make a decision,and communicate it in the most practicable manner. If noumpire is present, the troops will be halted short of physicalcontact by their commanders, each of whom will send foran umpire.

* 45. TANK UMPIRE.-a. Umpires for tanks and other armoredvehicles (par. 22a) must be provided in numbers such thatevery contact with the opposing force, even if by a singlevehicle, will be umpired.

b. A tank umpire accompanies the leading vehicle of aformation.

c. He assesses losses of armored vehicles, and of opposingpersonnel and antitank guns when umpires assigned toopposing units are not present.

d. If opposing armored elements meet, they will be per-mitted to maneuver freely until the intentions of the com-

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45-46 FIELD MANUAL

manders are disclosed and the results of fire and movementare apparent. Both forces then are halted by white flags,and decisions made in accordance with paragraph 24g and h.

e. Armored elements obey the white control flag, regard-less of whether displayed by their own or another umpire.They disregard blue and red flags, except after dark as pro-vided in paragraph 11/f. They are free to move unless anduntil halted by the white flag. After being halted, they arefree to move again when the white flag disappears, unlessruled out of action.

f. It is advisable usually to have supervising tank umpiresto instruct and supervise unit umpires. One for each column,combat team, or regiment is appropriate.

1 46. ANTIAIRCRAFT UMPIRE.--. A battery umpire determinesand reports airplane losses resulting from fire of the batteryto which assigned (par. 25). Also he assesses losses to anti-aircraft weapons of the battery when employed as antitankweapons (par. 23). He keeps the battery commanderinformed of airplane losses accredited to the battery.

b. A supervising umpire supervises and coordinates batteryumpires. A supervising umpire should be assigned to eachantiaircraft defense established by two or more batteries.If a regularly detailed supervising umpire is not available forthis purpose, the senior battery umpire of the batteries estab-lishing the defense should serve as such.

c. If other batteries are defending the same objective, thebattery umpire reports airplane losses by telephone, or otheravailable means, to the senior supervising umpire. If hisbattery is providing a separate defense of an objective, hereports airplane losses directly to the air umpire or to directorheadquarters by the most rapid means of signal communica-tion available.

d. As soon as practicable after receipt of battery umpirereports, the supervising umpire will determine the total lossesto be assessed as a result of antiaircraft artillery fire of allbatteries which engaged the target (par. 25f) and will trans-mit a consolidated report to director headquarters or to theair umpire by the most rapid means of communicationavailable.

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UMPIRE MANUAL 47

* 47. SIGNAL UMPIRE.---. At any time during maneuvers aforce may use tactically all commercial communication facil-ities, as well as those of its own construction, in territoryunder its own or friendly control. Use of commercial facilitiesis limited to service obtained by agreement with the operatingcompany. Under no circumstances will military personnel in-terfere with functioning of commercial installations.

b. Arrangements must be made by the signal director withcommercial communication companies prior to maneuversso that employees concerned may be familiar with actioncontemplated by signal umpires. Signal umpires are fur-nished identification, the nature of which is known by theoperating companies.

c. Communication by participants between territory heldby one side and that held by the opposing side is prohibited.

d. When a force advances into territory which has beenoccupied by or is accessible to the enemy, it will be assumedthat no communication facilities are available in that terri-tory. The use of such facilities is prohibited unless signalconstruction troops are present, equipped to construct thetype of facility to be used, and the required time for construc-tion is expended (par. 232, FMl 101-10).

e. No open wire or cable Will be interrupted except by direc-tion of a signal umpire.

f. Commercial telephone and telegraph service may beinterrupted by the signal umpire informing the head officialof the telephone or telegraph office that no calls or messageschargeable to the pertinent army account will be honoredprior to a specified time. This will include traffic designatedas "Flash," "Blitz," or similar terms. Signal umpires willcheck with commercial exchanges and telegraph offices to seethat service is not given to the enemy.

g. Each signal umpire should be provided with the follow-ing: Line route map of all military open-wire circuits in themaneuver area; a map showing all commercial telephoneexchanges in the area and the circuits connecting the ex-changes; a list of commercial telegraph offices in themaneuver area; a suitable maneuver area map; an identifica-tion card; one EE-8 telephone with leads suitable for con-necting to open copper wire, or a handset in lieu of the

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47-48 FIELD MANUAL

telephone; one set of climbers and safety belt; a supply ofinsulated, flexible wire and connecting clips or clamps whichwill be used to short-circuit and ground open-wire circuits;several ground rods; one tool equipment TE-33; a supply ofmarking tags; watch; pencil and paper.

h. Field wire lines of one force may be interrupted by theopposing force by legitimate tactical operations. Such wirewill not be damaged. If removed, it will be cared for by thetroops removing it in the same manner as their own fieldwire. No signal equipment other than wire and vehicularradio equipment may be captured or molested.

i. When a command post or other signal installation isattacked, signal service will be discontinued for the periodprescribed for other activities of the installation. If actionis taken to reestablish the command post or other installa-tion at a new location, signal equipment other than thattheoretically damaged in the attack will be utilized. Restric-tion on the use of equipment at the old installation is removedas soon as the new one is in operation.

j. No attempt will be made to assess damage to wire linescaused by artillery fire.

k. Circuits to director headquarters will be marked. Theywill not be interrupted, tapped, or molested.

1. Code books and cards for which accountability existsmay be destroyed when necessary to prevent capture by theenemy. Constructive or theoretical destruction will not berecognized. The certificates of two witnesses that destruc-tion was necessary will be presented as supporting evidencein cases requiring survey.

m. Signal umpires will maintain records of all action takenand will make such reports as may be required by the ma-neuver director.

* 48. FIRE UMPIRE.-a. Realistic participation by Field Ar-tillery in maneuvers depends greatly on correct and rapidmarking of fires.

b. Fire umpires are provided on the minimum basis ofone per infantry regiment participating in a maneuver (par.40). Artillery battalion umpires also mark fires within theirareas (par. 43).

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UMPIRE MANUAL 48

c. A fire umpire receives broadcasts of artillery fires (par.31), and acknowledges and marks those within his area.

d. Fire umpires may assess losses (pars. 19-24) or delays(par. 28) caused by artillery fire if no other umpire is present.

e. In large maneuvers, certain umpires usually will beneeded in addition to unit umpires, as follows:

(1) Supervisors.-- for each division, army corps, and armyto instruct, supervise, and administer artillery unit and fireumpires.

(2) Monitors are assigned by the supervisor to control theradio net and assure proper radio discipline. Long-rangeradio communication desirably should be maintained be-tween director headquarters and the senior monitor of eachopposing force.

I. Director headquarters arranges for the necessary main-tenance of the transportation and equipment of fire umpires.All participating units are required to supply fuel and emer-gency repairs to fire umpires as needed. All fire markingpersonnel will carry two class C rations habitually.

g. In addition to individual equipment, fire marking equip-ment is required as follows:

White shoulder loop-1 per individual.Green flag and staff-1 per vehicle.Red flag with white center and staff-3 per flag orderly.Flashlight-1 per vehicle and 1 per flag orderly.Watch-1 per vehicle and 1 per flag orderly.Cowbell-1 per individual.Pencil and notebook-1 per officer, noncommissioned

officer, and radio operator.Radio spare parts-as indicated by experience.Fuel containers-as appropriate.Time bombs or other pyrotechnics-as available and

needed.

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49-50 FIELD MANUAL

CHAPTER 4

UMPIRE TRAINING

* 49. GENERAL.-a. Maneuvers are the highest form of trooptraining in peace. No matter how highly trained the troopsmay be, maneuvers can be successful only when umpiredeffectively, and umpiring will be effective only so far asumpires are trained.

b. Every troop unit should maintain a certain quota oftrained umpire personnel, which may be used in rotation atmaneuvers without interfering unduly with unit training.

E 50. PROGRAM OF UMPIRE TRAINING.---a. One week of well-directed instruction is sufficient to prepare umpires to par-ticipate in small maneuvers. Large maneuvers preferablyshould be umpired-in key positions at least-by officers whohave had experience in small maneuvers. Artillery firemarking umpire personnel present a special case and re-quire additional instruction. Four to six weeks should sufficefor them.

b. The following program is suitable for officers who havelittle or no umpire training. It should be modified appro-priately for those with umpiring experience.

Subject Nature Hours

Preliminary instruction:Methods, principles, and general procedure .- Conference_ 2Fire power-principles and illustrative problems - Conference._ 4Losses-principles and illustrative problems s-------- Conference._ 2Delays-principles and illustrative problems --------- Conference_ 1Control flags-procedure .-..... Conference_ 1Control flags-field demonstration. .....-..-- Practical-.- 1%

.- 11jAction of the arms, with particulsr reference to umpiring

problems:Infantry ..-..-... . ........ Conference_ 1Field Artillery -..... .... ........ Conference_.Engineers ...-...... .......... Conference_Armored elements . ..........-.-.... Conference..Horse cavalry .- ........ Conference_Aviation .- .-.-......------ - - -.-.... -- Conference__Antiaircraft elements ... ...... Conference_Antitank elements .-..... ....... ..... Conference_

- 4H

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UMPIRE MANUAL 51

Subject Nature Hours

Applicatory problems:Fire power -.... . .................... .Test --- 3Losses -- -.----------------------------.--------- - Test ------- 2Delays .-..... .............................. Test ----- 1Procedure .-..... 'r. Test -------- 2

Field maneuvers-battalion against battalion: - 8Advance to contact; reconnaissance; security; meeting Practical -.-- 4

engagement.Attack and defense; horse and mechanized Cavalry in Practical 4

reconnaissance and counterattack.Attack and defense; armored vehicles in reconnaissance Practical ... 4

and attack.Pursuit and withdrawal -......... .. Practical .... 4

- 16Group instruction by arms_ .................................--- 4

- 4

'I'otal -44

U 51. APPLICATORY PROBLEMS.-a. Such problems are simplythose which arise in field maneuvers, solved in the classroomwhere they can be discussed and clarified. One or a fewmaneuvers yield an abundance of problems for the instruc-tion contemplated here.

b. Problems in procedure are exemplified by questions suchas the following:

(1) An antitank gun sees an armored vehicle at 400 yards,moving toward the gun, but the vehicle carries neither bluenor red cloth. Should the gun fire against the vehicle?Why? (Par. 8b(2).)

(2) You as company umpire display the white control flag.Shortly afterward you note a support platoon of the companymoving toward the flank of the company. What action doyou take? (Par. 44h.)

(3) You as company umpire display red control flags alongthe front of your company. There are red flags oppositeyour company also. What movement, if any, may your com-pany make? (Par. 44h.)

(4) You as company umpire are displaying red controlflags. Your company sees no flags at all in its front. Maythe company advance? (Par. 44h.)

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51-52 FIELD MANUAL

(5) You as company umpire are displaying no controlflags, and your company sees no flags at all in its front.May the company advance? (Par. 44h.)

(6) A caliber .30 machine gun fires against a hostile tank.Should an orange flag be displayed? If so, by whom? (Pars.9a, 22b.)

(7) Twelve riflemen and two automatic rifles are deployedand firing on a front of 40 yards. A red flag with whitecenter is placed 10 yards in rear of the right of the line.What is the fire power of the squad within a range of 500yards? At 800 yards? (Pars. 14c, d, 15a.)

(8) An artillery fire flag is placed so that it is partiallyeffective on the company of which you are umpire. Whoassesses the losses of your company, you or the fire umpire?(Par. 18c.)

(9) The company of which you are umpire is advancingtoward the enemy in approach formation. It meets fire atabout 500 yards. What is your position with respect to yourcompany at this time? Have you any control flags displayed?What do you do, if anything, when the hostile fire is opened?(Pars. 4, 18b, 44g.)

(10) The company of which you are umpire is marchingon a road, well to the rear of a large column. Combat avia-tion attacks the column some distance ahead of you, andapproaches your company. The company immediately takesa dispersed formation on both sides of the road, and opensfire against the airplanes as they approach. What percent-age of losses do you assess? (Par. 19c.)

*I 52. FIELD MANEUVERS.-Small field maneuvers afford thedirector a means of verifying practically the fitness of hisumpires. Two battalions or a similar force is as useful forthe purpose as a larger one. A critique after each maneuveror at the end of each day is essential in order to correctfaults thoroughly. Maneuvers should be varied, so that um-pires will acquire confidence in their ability to handle allsituations likely to be encountered.

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