Field- And GIS-Based Measurements of Coastal Change for the Southeast Chukchi Sea, Alaska
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Field- And GIS-Based Measurements of Coastal Change for the Southeast Chukchi Sea, Alaska
William F. Manley INSTAAR, University of ColoradoDiane M. Sanzone Arctic I&M Program, National Park ServiceJames W. Jordan Dept. of Environmental Studies, Antioch University New EnglandOwen K. Mason GeoArch AlaskaEric G. Parrish INSTAAR, University of ColoradoLeanne R. Lestak INSTAAR, University of Colorado
AGU Presentation -- December 14, 2006
See also: instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/ARCN/
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Coastal Erosion
Rapid, observable change to the environment
Multiple impacts on a variety of habitats
Fragile coast is a sensitive indicator of “stressors”:
direct human disturbance climate change:
• longer ice-free season• increased permafrost melting• change in frequency and intensity of storms• sea level rise
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Goals
Field measurements as test of GIS approach
Preliminary GIS results
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Study Area
C h u k c h i
S e a
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Coastal Monitoring Stations• 27 sites• first established 1987-1994• revisited in 2006• measured on “bluff top”
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Field Methods
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Remote Sensing & GIS Approach
High-resolution base imagery• 2003 orthophoto mosaic
Imagery and data useful for other concerns
Historic aerial photographs• orthorectified photos for ca. 1980• orthorectified photos for ca. 1950
Comparison of different “time slices” allows us to detect and measure change
2003
ca. 1980
ca. 1950
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• from NOAA & NPS 1:24,000 natural color photos
• mosaic created by Aero-Metric
• 0.6 m resolution
• accuracy: 1.2 m (RMSE)
• 112 tiles, 98 GB: lots of imagery!
• highest res. in Alaska for this large of an area
• available to the public early 2007
• valuable for other types of research
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60 framesColor IR1.0 m res.
• 57 frames• Color IR• 1:64,000• 1.0 m resolution• 1.5 m accuracy (RMSE)
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130 framesBlack & White1.0 m res.
• 108 frames• Black and White• 1:43,000• 1.0 m resolution• 2.0 m accuracy (RMSE)
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Mainland bluff Beach ridge complex
Barrier island or spit
Shoreline Reference Feature (SRF): “bluff top” (wave-cut scarp)
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2003
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1949
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1985
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2003
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1949
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1985
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2003
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baseline
Baseline
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Transects
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Transects
51.4 m÷ 36 yr =1.4 m/yr
1949
1985
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“Early” Period ca. 1950 – ca. 1980
m/yr
1949
1985
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“Late” Period ca. 1980 – 2003
m/yr
2003
1985
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accr
etio
n
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GIS Errorsca. 1950 ca. 1980 2003
Orthorectification 2.0 1.5 NA
Digitizing 3 4 3
Total (SRSS) 3.6 4.3 3.0
Shoreline Position (m)
“Early” “Late” “Long Term”
ca. 1950 – ca. 1980
ca. 1980 - 2003
ca. 1950 - 2003
Position (m) 5.6 5.2 4.7
Rate (m/yr) ± 0.20 ± 0.23 ± 0.09
Coastal Change
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1:1
r2 = 0.80n = 21
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1:1
meandifference:0.12 m/yr
r2 = 0.80n = 21
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GIS Errorsca. 1950 ca. 1980 2003
Orthorectification 2 1.5 NA
Digitizing 3 4 3
Total (SRSS) 3.6 4.3 3.0
Shoreline Position (m)
“Early” “Late” “Long Term”
ca. 1950 – ca. 1980
ca. 1980 - 2003
ca. 1950 - 2003
Position (m) 5.6 5.2 4.7
Rate (m/yr) ± 0.20 ± 0.23 ± 0.09
Coastal Change
Rate (m/yr) ± 0.12Field Test (mean difference)
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• spatial variability• “early” erosion
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• accretion
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• station eroded• “late” erosion
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xy plot
“Early” Period ca. 1950 – ca. 1980
Avg ± SD
ca. 1950 – ca. 1980 0.0 ± 1.1ca. 1980 – 2003 -0.5 ± 0.6
Avg ± SD
ca. 1950 – ca. 1980 -0.6 ± 0.4ca. 1980 – 2003 -0.2 ± 0.3
CAKR (n = 1628)
BELA (n = 1146)
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xy plot
“Late” Period ca. 1980 – 2003
Avg ± SD
ca. 1950 – ca. 1980 0.0 ± 1.1
ca. 1980 – 2003 -0.5 ± 0.6
Avg ± SD
ca. 1950 – ca. 1980 -0.6 ± 0.4
ca. 1980 – 2003 -0.2 ± 0.3
CAKR (n = 1628)
BELA (n = 1146)
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xy plot
Is coastal erosion increasing with Arctic warming?
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• acceptably low errors• comprehensive spatial analysis
Conclusions
Field:• more precise• measurements more often
GIS:
Is global warming responsible?:
• storm climatology important• high spatial and temporal resolution needed