Fiber Optic Applications for the Wind & Solar Energy Markets

On Behalf of the NEFC:

Fiber Optic Applications for the Wind & Solar

Energy Markets

Presented By:

Craig Bowden

March 20, 2012

Agenda

• Introduction to Renewable Energies

• Description of Wind Energy Projects

o Fiber Optic Applications in Wind Energy

o Emerging Applications in Wind Energy

• Description of Solar Energy Projects

o Fiber Optic Applications in Solar Energy

• Description of the Energy Grid and Transmission of Power

o Fiber Optic Applications in Energy Transmission

• The future of Renewable Energy

• Comments

Introduction

The use of fiber optic technology is prevalent in the Renewable Energy marketplace for various reasons, with

many more applications on the horizon.

FiberNext has been operating in the renewable energy sector for almost 7 years, focused primarily on the proper

implementation of fiber optic technology in the Wind Energy segment. This has, in turn, led to opportunities for our

organization in the Solar Energy market, whereas there are some Developers that have interests in both market segments.

There are also environmental and functional similarities that exist between Wind and Solar-based energy projects.

What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as: sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished by the earth. According

to the US Energy Information Administration, unlike fossil fuels (which are exhaustible) renewable energy sources regenerate naturally and can be sustained indefinitely.

Currently, about 16% of the Global energy output comes from

renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass and 3% from hydroelectricity. Newer renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels)

account for another 3% and are growing very rapidly.

US Energy Consumption (by Type, 2010*)

*Source: US Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov/

= .88% of total

= .08% of total

Wind Energy

Industry Organizations: AWEA

AWEA is a national trade association representing wind power project developers, equipment suppliers, services

providers, manufacturers, power utilities, researchers, and others involved in the wind industry - one of the world's

fastest growing energy industries. In addition, AWEA represents hundreds of wind energy advocates from around

the world and has over 2,400 members.

Many statistics in this presentation can be found at: http://awea.org/

Understanding Wind Energy

The Global wind power market is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of

238,000 megawatts (MW) as of the end of 2011, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.

The U.S. wind industry installed 6,810 MW during 2011 (a

31% increase from 2010 total installations). These projects were installed across 30 states in the U.S., using twenty-

three different turbine manufacturers.

Source: The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)

The U.S. Wind Energy Market

*Source: The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) http://awea.org/learnabout/industry_stats/index.cfm

The new installation rate in the U.S. grew 31% from 2010 to 2011 and now

totals a cumulative 46,919 MW.

MW

Understanding Wind Energy Projects

Based on the wind energy market growth illustrated here, it’s no wonder that electrical and telecommunications industry manufacturers, sales organizations, contractors, engineering firms and others are getting more involved with wind power.

The U.S. market for Wind Power is still youthful (relative to the global market) and offers plenty of long-term growth.

There are also detailed initiatives within the U.S. Department of Energy and trade organizations to provide 20% of the U.S.

energy needs by use of wind power by the year 2030.

For more information visit: http://www.20percentwind.org/

Wind Power projects can be very complicated however. They often encounter many hurdles and are prone to public

opposition. In many cases, projects can take several years for a Developer to: determine the proper wind conditions, make

land-use arrangements with property holders, perform environmental impact studies, hold political forums with the

town & state officials, rally approval from local residents, develop power purchase agreements with buyers, guarantee preparedness of the electrical grid (to transport the energy),

order the turbines, ship massive materials & equipment to the site and perform difficult civil and heavy construction all before commissioning the site. It’s a very slow process.


Wind energy projects are comprised of several key elements:

• Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Building(s) • Electrical Substation(s) • Meteorological Tower(s)

• Wind Turbine Generators (WTG)

Each of these elements is interconnected with an assortment of Electrical & Communications Cabling (e.g. Fiber Optics). Wind farm sites can span hundreds of square miles, making

fiber (and it’s electromagnetic immunity) ideal for communications over the long distances.



In typical wind power projects, the following elements must be interconnected with fiber optic cabling or wireless networks. In some

cases this can also be done with copper cable using high voltage isolation or Broadband over power line (BPL)).

Operations & Maintenance

Building

Utility Substation

Developer Substation

WTG 1 MET

Tower WTG 2 WTG 3 WTG 4

Telecom Provider

Fiber Optic Cabling

The Scale of Wind Turbines

They can be pretty tall, so it’s

a good thing they have FAA lights on them!

Wind turbine components*: 1- Foundation 2- Transformer 3- Tower Base 4- Access Ladder (or Elevator) 5- Wind Orientation (Yaw) 6- Nacelle 7- Generator 8- Anemometer 9- Electric or Mechanical Brake 10- Gearbox 11- Rotor Blade 12- Blade Pitch Controller 13- Rotor Hub *Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_design

Understanding Wind Turbines

Up Tower Area

(Nacelle)

Down Tower Area


Wind power sites are commonly built on ridge-lines in mountainous terrain or in a grid-like patterns on open fields

and agricultural lands.


Wind farms range in size from 2-3 turbines for a small municipality or college campus, up through hundreds of turbines for a utility scale project. They can cover a few

square miles, up through hundreds of square miles of land mass. Today’s modern turbines generate between 1.0MW to 6MW or more per unit. Therefore the total power output of a

wind farm can also vary from 2MW to over 500MW.


Operations Building

Wind Turbines

In order to interconnect wind turbine generators (WTGs) on such projects, fiber cable is placed (usually underground) to establish network connections. Within each WTG, there are multiple devices that need to be monitored or addressed via

remote command and control from the O&M Building.


Fiber Optic Cables

The most common configuration for the fiber deployment is called a “collapsed backbone”, where certain fibers are used for the primary connection and others are used as a backup

connection for redundancy because it’s often too cost prohibitive to install physically redundant cable paths.


12 Strand Fiber Optic Cable Fibers 3/4

These interconnecting fiber optic cables share information between the up and down tower areas of the local turbine,

exchange information between towers in the same “loop” and also feed information to and from the O&M Building.


Fiber Optic Cables

Switches

Sample Data Flow


The towers are all interconnected with a series of network switches, with high speed fail-over redundancy.

Courtesy of Moxa www.moxa.com

An abridged list* of international wind turbine manufacturers includes:

Each of these manufacturer’s control systems rely fiber optic connections for varied reasons. Some include provisions for

these fiber optic connections, where others do not. The primary function of network connections is SCADA.

*Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wind_turbine_manufacturers


• Enercon • Clipper • Mitsubishi • Nordex • Sinovel

• GE • Siemens • Gamesa • Suzlon • Vestas


SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) refers to industrial command & control systems wherein computers monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes. These often include power generation that may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes. These processes may include water treatment, wastewater treatment, oil and gas pipelines and electrical power generation and/or transmission.

The SCADA controlled and monitored devices observe conditions on the local turbine such as:

Most of these elements are monitored through the WTG manufacturers embedded sub-systems, which consolidate at a

SCADA device within the WTG base (called the “down tower”). The fiber would connect to this down tower device.


• Stress/Vibrations • Load Cells/Failure Points • Device Wear • Door Access • Electrical Output

• Oil/Gear Fluid Levels • Wind Heading/Bearing • Wind Speeds • Gear Box Status • Environmental Conditions

Understanding Wind Turbines The primary fiber connections occur in the down tower area

(as opposed to the nacelle area, up-tower).

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Examples of fiber connectivity in down tower cabinets from various turbine manufacturers:

Gamesa Suzlon GE

FiberNext Din-Rail Mount Modules in WTG

Fiber Modules

Switch

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Meteorological (MET) Towers

Accurate wind data is essential information for project developers, turbine manufacturers, utilities and energy traders. Met towers are also

used at the early stages of a wind development project to gather wind

data continually, over a 1 year period at 40 and 60 meter heights (or greater). MET tower data loggers can be fitted

with web server software and an internet connection for remote

downloading of the meteorological information stored at the site and fiber

is the ideal medium.

MET Tower Infrastructure Example

Fiber Panel

Patch Cord Runs Through Liquid-Tite Tubing to Data Logger

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MET Tower Infrastructure Example

Data Logger Cabinet

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Operations & Maintenance Buildings

The O&M Building is the main service building on a wind farm site. Technicians works out of such a building, along with a small administrative team. Local “command and control” of

the site is managed here and corporate network connections (for remote visibility) culminate here from the local ILEC.

Operations & Maintenance Buildings Technicians at the wind farm site monitor the health and

welfare of their local turbine assets and power generation via the SCADA monitors at the O&M Building. All network

connections from the WTGS and MET towers must connect herein. Remote access is managed through T1/MPLS Lines.

Local Tech National Operations Center

O&M Building SCADA Room

Most O&M Buildings have a core networking room, which is often referred to as the SCADA

room. This is where all ILEC, Utility and local cabling

connections from the wind farm culminate. These rooms

must be secure to comply with The North American Electric

Reliability Corporation (NERC) and critical infrastructure

protection requirements set by the U.S. Department of Energy.

For More Information Visit: http://www.nerc.com/index.php

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O&M Building SCADA Room Buildout

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Developer’s Substation

As noted earlier, the total power output of a modern wind farm can vary from 2MW to over 500MW. The developer

must coordinate with the local utility to receive the power. The power first passes through the developer’s substation.

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There are several key elements that must be interconnected within the developer’s substation or “switch-yard”. The

diagram below depicts the common connections.


Control House

Utility Substation (via transmission line)

Breaker 1

Transformer 1

O&M Building

Breaker 2 Breaker 3 Transformer 2

Fiber Optic Cabling

Within the Substation

Outside the Substation


Each of these devices within the switch yard must be monitored for potential failure and must also communicate quickly in the event of failure to avoid potential damage within the electrical

network or worse, such as starting a rolling blackout.

Control House Transformer

FiberNext Photo FiberNext Photo

Developer’s Substation Control House Control houses utilize high voltage digital protective relays and grid automation control devices from companies like ZIV USA and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL), which must be

interconnected with fiber optic cabling. This is another area of a wind park that must be NERC/CIP security compliant.

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Communications Cabinet In Control House

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Breaker Cabinet Fusion Splicing

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Fiber Optic Cable Plant Construction The installation of fiber optic cable systems on wind farms can be complex and include aspects of aerial pole line OPGW, ADSS

or strand-and-lash, as well as underground duct, conduit or directly buried cable. The sites are usually in remote areas and

require heavy equipment, with technicians working under extreme environmental conditions.

FiberNext Photo

Fiber Optic Cable Plant Construction Common threats to workers on a wind farm construction or

renovation site include:

Cable Vault Fusion Splicing in Van

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Fusion Splicing in Van

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WTG Fusion Splicing in Tent

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-22 Degrees F

WTG Fusion Splicing in Tent

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Underground Splice Box

Splice Case

Slack Coil

Handhole

Handhole Cover

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Aerial Fiber Installation

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Pole Mount Cable Storage Rack w/ Splice Case

ADSS Cable

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Emerging Fiber Optic Applications In Wind Farms

Emerging Fiber Optic Applications in Wind

There are a host of emerging applications and technologies driving the need for further embedded fiber optic systems in the wind energy market. Many of these are geared towards:

The following slides summarize some new advancements and emerging technologies to support these objectives.

• More efficient utilization of wind • Structural integrity of WTG’s • Mechanical failure forecasting • Failure forecasting of electrical cables • Command and control improvements • Site security (CIP compliance) improvements • Environmental impact control

Emerging


Look ahead laser-based wind sensors. The best way to obtain

an accurate measurement of incoming wind and optimally

control the turbine is to measure the wind ahead of the rotor. The most practical way to measure this is to use a device

that can be mounted on the turbine that measures the wind

speed and direction forward from the WTG.


Blade Wear Monitoring Systems: Structural wear to the fiberglass blades can be monitored with

these in-blade fiber optic sensing strands, used to

predict repair needs. The fibers measure deflection of the blades under load and identify developing stress fractures in the

material so they can be repaired before a critical

failure occurs.


Source: MOOG http://www.moog.com/markets/energy/wind-turbines/

Blade & Rotor Sensing Systems dynamically

adjust the pitch of each blade in real time. Larger rotor diameters

make turbines more susceptible to

variations in wind speed and intensity

across the swept area, resulting in increased loading on the turbine blades, main-shaft and

other structural elements.


Strain Monitors are commonly used on new installations to measure and report stresses applied to the concrete base or rock

anchors that form the foundation of land-based wind turbines. These various systems use devices such as load cell washers placed on the rock anchor bolts or fiber optic cables installed in or around the concrete bases that record data and look for failure patterns.

Photo: http://www.res-americas.com/


Thermal Sensing Systems are being used more frequently to monitor the buildup of thermal energy in electrical systems in advance of an arc flash event or discharge between phases in an electrical system. Distributed Temperature Sensing Systems (DTS) are one example of optoelectronic devices which measure temperature between phase

cables using fiber optic cables functioning as linear sensors.

Thermal Image of Substation DTS on Power Cables in Tray


Avian Radar These systems provide

advanced radar data that offers developers, wind farm owner/operators and

environmental consultants with bird and bat survey, mortality

risk assessment, monitoring and risk mitigation for wind energy

projects. This data must be captured in real time over a

fiber network whereas, in some instances, the radar systems are

used to curtail the towers during migratory periods.

Developments in commercial Ethernet devices are also making their way into common use within wind farms. They include:

• Voice-over-IP (VoIP) telephony systems

• Card access control

• Gate entry access control

• Intelligent Physical Layer Management

Systems

• Networked fire alarm systems


Of particular interest to wind developers is security systems to help them monitor the overall site and down tower access. These systems range from basic to “feature rich” and typically include a

mixture of video, audio and motion or thermal detection.


FiberNext Photo FiberNext Photo


Undoubtedly there will be more opportunities to incorporate fiber optics in the wind and utility market moving forward.

Fiber optic cables are ideal for their electromagnetic immunity, long reach communications and sensing capabilities.

These advancements will be driven by progressive wind farm developers, wind turbine manufacturers, systems integrators

with an eye for future proofing these installations and by ongoing federal, state and local agencies looking to improve

security, reliability and wildlife conservation in the areas where these projects are installed.

Solar Energy

Industry Organizations: SEIA

Established in 1974, the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) is the national trade association of the U.S. solar

energy industry. Through advocacy and education, SEIA is working to build a strong solar industry to power America.

As the voice of the industry, SEIA works with its 1,100 member companies to make solar a mainstream and

significant energy source by expanding markets, removing market barriers, strengthening the industry and educating

the public on the benefits of solar energy. http://seia.org/

The U.S. Solar Energy Market

At the end of 2011 the Global photovoltaic (PV) capacity was 67,000 MW. PV power stations are popular across Europe

(specifically Germany and Italy) and the United States.

Solar energy is the fastest growing energy source in the U.S. The U.S. solar market grew to a $6 billion industry in 2010, up

67% from $3.6 billion in 2009. As a result of growing awareness about reliable, off-the-shelf solar technology,

concerns about rising costs of conventional energy, and new state and federal incentives, deployment of solar energy has

exploded since 2005. Solar electric capacity installations reached 956 MW in 2010, more than double the installations

from 2009. This trend is expected to continue.

Source: Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) http://www.seia.org/cs/research/industry_data

The U.S. Solar Energy Market

*Source: Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) http://www.seia.org/cs/research/industry_data

The U.S. solar market grew to a $6 billion industry in 2010, up 67% from $3.6 billion in 2009.

CSP = Concentrating Solar Power PV = Photovoltaic

*Source: SEIA US Solar Industry Year in Review 2010

Federal Subsidy: Wind vs. Solar Grants/Tax Credits

Although more Federal Tax Credits (by volume) went toward Solar projects in 2010, the value of the credits were lower,

because Solar Energy is used more discretely than Wind Power (e.g. rooftop panels, pole mount panels and smaller projects).

Understanding Solar Energy Projects

Based on the solar energy market growth presented here, it’s no wonder that electrical system manufacturers, sales

organizations, contractors, engineering firms and others are looking to get involved with solar power.

Unlike wind power however, Solar offers a wide(r) variety of

retail solutions designed for residential use. This is a lucrative, growing business opportunity for residential contractors to get involved with, installing panels on single-family homes, condos and apartment complexes (see graph on the following slide).

For more information visit:

http://www.seia.org/galleries/pdf/SMI-Q1-2011-ES.pdf


U.S. PV Installations by Market Segment, 2010-Q1 2011

Source: SEIA http://www.seia.org/galleries/pdf/SMI-Q1-2011-ES.pdf


Solar is so widely used in residential and commercial applications (MDU’s, college campuses, etc.) where the need for fiber is

minimal compared to Solar and Wind projects of Utility scale.

Residential Community Clatsop Community College, Towler Hall

The map below shows the quality of U.S. solar resources compared to the two leading countries in solar energy, Germany and Spain.



The mechanical aspects of utility scale solar projects are much the same as their wind project counterparts including the

interconnection of industrial switches over large areas of harsh environments for the primary purposes of collecting SCADA.

SunPower solar panels deployed at Xcel Energy’s Greater Sandhill Solar Farm in Mosco, Colorado

BrightSource Energy’s 250MW solar plant in the Mojave Desert, Southern California

Energy Transmission

The U.S. Energy Grid

Progress has been made in energy grid reinforcement since 2005 and substantial investment in generation, transmission, and

distribution is expected over the next two decades. Demand for electricity in the U.S. has grown by 25% since 1990. Public and

government opposition and difficulty in the permitting processes are restricting much needed modernization. The transmission

and distribution system has become congested because growth in electricity demand and investment in new generation facilities

have not been matched by investment in new transmission facilities. Projected electric utility investment needs could be as high as $1.5 trillion by 2030. The Report Card issued by the ASCE

on the Condition of the U.S. Energy Grid: D+

Source: The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/fact-sheet/energy

Enhancements to electrical transmission systems are required in all electricity growth scenarios. Power transmission upgrades are needed to:

• Relieve congestion in existing system

• Improve system reliability for all customers

• Increase access to lower-cost energy

• Access new and remote generation resources

Wind usually requires more transmission backbone than some other generation options because the best wind patterns are often in remote locations. Photo courtesy: NREL

http://www.nrel.gov/

The U.S. Energy Grid

The U.S. Energy Grid October 2010, CNN Reported that non-disaster U.S. power outages were up 124 percent since early '90s, that U.S. electricity reliability

was low compared to some other nations.

Smart Grid To the Rescue?

“Smart Grid” generally refers to a class of technology being used to bring electrical utility delivery systems into the 21st century, using

computer-based remote control and automation. These systems are made possible by use of fiber optics. They are beginning to be used on electrical transmission, from the power plants and wind farms all

the way to the consumers in homes and businesses. They offer many benefits to utilities and consumers alike, but the biggest

improvements lie in energy efficiency on the electrical grid itself.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid

Fiber-Controlled Smart Grid Hits Close to Home

January 26, 2012: The Vermont Electric Power Company (VELCO) and IBM have announced they will build a fiber-optic network

based on Carrier Ethernet that will lay the foundation for a state-wide smart grid. The communications and control network will span

more than 1000 miles and connect transmission substations to Vermont’s distribution utilities.

The new network will relay information to VELCO about usage,

voltage, existing or potential outages, and equipment performance. The use of fiber optics and Carrier Ethernet systems will ensure

communications reliability and security as well as enable VELCO to improve power quality and avoid power outages or resolve them

more quickly, the partners say.

Source: Lightwave Magazine; January 2012 http://www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/2012/01/fiber-based-smart-grid-target-of-ibm-velco-collaboration-138122793.html

Fiber Optics: The Backbone of the Smart Grid

IEEE recently announced the formation of three working groups to develop technology standards that will assure improved

performance and compatibility of key fiber-optic components for use in Smart Grid applications worldwide.

IEEE P1591.1 – Proposed Standard for Testing and Performance of Hardware for Optical Ground Wire (OPGW). IEEE P1591.2 – Proposed Standard for Testing and Performance of Hardware for All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Fiber Optic Cable. IEEE P1591.3 – Proposed Standard for Qualifying Hardware for Helically-Applied Fiber Optic Cable Systems (WRAP Cable).

This underscores the importance of Fiber Optics as being the principle transmission media for use in Smart Grid deployments.

Source: IEEE Standards Association http://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/smart_grid.html

Conclusion

Many new technologies are being considered to tap into unexploited renewable energy sources such as Tidal Surge

Turbines (below). This is yet another source of clean energy that is being explored with beta sites across the globe. As with any new technology, there is a lot of research to be done on the impact to the environment and making the power delivery

cost-effective and efficient to the user. Stay tuned!

New Renewable Markets

Renewable Energy accounted for 14.3 percent of the domestically produced electricity in the U.S. in the first six

months of 2011*. This is up from 8% in 2010 and represents a significant leap in implementation and acceptance in the U.S.

In the first quarter of 2011, Renewable Energy production in the United States surpassed nuclear production in overall quantity

and percentage – a major milestone. Also, the percentage of natural gas [use] is growing slowly, while coal is declining.**

The Future of Renewable Energy in the U.S.

*Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States **Source: Forbes http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericagies/2011/07/07/renewable-energy-production-surpasses-nuclear-in-u-s-2/

The development of renewable energy and energy efficiency marks "a new era of energy exploration" in the U.S.,

according to President Barack Obama. In a joint address to the Congress on February 24, 2009, Obama called for

doubling renewable energy within the next three years. In his 2012 State of the Union address, the President restated his commitment to renewable energy and mentioned the

long-standing commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012.

We’ll all have to wait and see how the coming elections and

public opinion will effect federal subsidy of Renewable Energy projects over the next few years.

The Future of Renewable Energy in the U.S.

About the Speaker

Craig Bowden is a partner at FiberNext, LLC along with Ryan Irving (former President-elect of the NEFC). Craig is a registered CFOS/CFOI (Certified Fiber Optic Specialist & Instructor) with the Fiber Optic Association, an accomplished FOA Master Instructor, a BICSI sanctioned fiber optic trainer and a former adjunct instructor with the NH Community Technical College System. In addition to these accreditations, Craig also sits on the NH Technical College System Advisory Board, is an current New England Fiber Optic Council member, an active BICSI member and is a participating member of the Maine Technical User’s Group. Craig has written several white papers and technical articles, currently holds certifications with various industry manufacturers, is OSHA certified in confined space, vertical lifts, tower climbing and is CPR/Emergency First Aid Certified. FiberNext, LLC is a versatile, turnkey solutions provider for any company working with fiber optics across the United States. FiberNext provides a wide variety of both technical services, custom manufactured products and materials distribution to meet their client’s needs. Technical services include hands-on fiber optic training programs , fiber optic network engineering & design, field installation services, sub-contracting support, wind farm network design services and GIS/GPS network mapping. Product offerings include custom fiber assemblies and a full complement of both passive & active fiber optic networking products, tools, fusion splicing hardware, test equipment and much more. www.fibernext.com

Prepared & Presented on behalf of the NEFC by:

Craig Bowden FiberNext LLC 41 Locke Rd.

Concord, NH 03301 Tel: 603-226-2400

Email: [email protected] www.fibernext.com

The New England Fiberoptic Council is committed to the promotion of the regional fiberoptic industry and the dissemination of

information about fiber optics. The NEFC is an organization of individual members and corporate sponsors engaged in the research,

education, manufacturing, or application of fiberoptic products, or who are professionally involved with the fiberoptics industry.

Its primary mission is to serve the common interests of the fiberoptics community through membership interaction. This includes increasing

awareness of optical technologies and applications and creating a cohesive group of professionals who can gain from each other’s

knowledge and business expertise. http://www.nefc.com/

Thank You for Participating!

Fiber Optic Applications for the Wind & Solar Energy Markets

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