SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & DESIGN (SABD)Building Services ( ARC 2423 )

Project 2: Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems

Case Study Building: Curve NX

TUTOR: AR. SATEERAH

GROUP MEMBERS:

GARNETTE DAYANG ROBERT 0315491

TE LI THENG (JUSTINE) 0314198

CRYSTALLINA ALECIA KAYA ANAK ANDREW 0318742

OOI ZHI-QIAN (JANE) 0313999

ABDUL MUHUSIN MAHI 0314421

ALVIN MUNGUR 0316886

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

1.0INTRODUCTION 81.1 Abstract 8

1.2 Acknowledgements 81.3 Aim & Objectives 91.4 Introduction to the building 10

2.0FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Literature Review 25

2.2.1 Active Fire Protection System 252.2.1.1 Active Fire Protection 272.2.1.2 Water Based Systems 322.2.1.3 Non-Water Based Systems 37

2.2.2 Passive Fire Protection System 402.2.2.1 Compartmentalization 402.2.2.2 Pressurization System 422.2.2.3 Fire Evacuation 442.2.2.4 Control Room 482.2.2.5 Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) 50

2.3 Conclusion 53

3.0AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 543.1 Overview 543.2 Literature Review 553.2.1 Centralized Air Conditioning System 55

3.2.2 Components of Centralized Air Conditioning System 563.2.2.1 Air-Handling Unit 563.2.2.2 Fan Coil Unit 583.2.2.3 Cooling tower 58

3.2.3 Split Air Conditioning System 593.2.4 Component of Split Air Conditioning System – Indoor andOutdoor Units 60

3.2.4.1 Evaporator (Indoor) 60

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3.2.4.2 Air Filter (Indoor and Outdoor) 613.2.4.3 Drain Tube (Indoor and Outdoor) 613.2.4.4 Cooling fan and Blowers (Indoor and Outdoor) 623.2.4.5 Copper Tubing (Indoor) 633.2.4.6 Condenser (Outdoor) 63

3.3 Case Study 643.3.1 Introduction to the Air-Conditioning System in Curve NX 643.3.2 Air-Conditioning System in Curve NX 65

3.3.2.1 District Cooling Plant 653.3.2.2 Link Bridge 663.3.2.3 Heat Exchange (HEX) 683.3.2.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU) 703.3.2.5 Chill Water Cassette Fan Coll Unit (FCU) 73

3.3.3 Split Unit System 753.4 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineer (ASHRAE) 783.5 Licensed to Malaysian Standards MS 1331:2030 (Uniform Building by Law) 783.6 Licensed to Malaysian Standards MS 1525:2007 793.7 Conclusion 80

4.0MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 814.1 Literature Review 814.2 Components involved in mechanical ventilation system 814.3 Case Study 864.4 Exhaust Fan 864.5 Pressurize Fan Duct 874.6 Genset Room Ventilation Sensor 894.7 Escape stairs pressurizing system 90

4.7.1 A pressurization system have three main components 904.7.2 Design methodology for escape pressurizing system 904.7.3 Two types of pressure system 91

4.8 Damper 924.9 Jet fan ventilation system 94

5.0MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 985.1 Literature Review 98

5.1.1 Elevators 985.1.1.1 Introduction 985.1.1.2 Types of elevators system 99

5.1.2 Escalator 1015.1.2.1 Introduction 1015.1.2.2 Types of Arrangements 102

5.2 Case Study 1045.2.1 Elevator 104

5.2.1.1 Introduction and function 1045.2.1.2 Components of Elevator 1055.2.1.3 Operation System 110

5.2.2 Escalator 1115.2.2.1 Introduction and Function 111

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5.2.2.2 Component of escalator 1125.2.2.3 Operation System 114

5.3 Observations and Analysis 1145.3.1 Location of Elevator and Escalator 1155.3.2 Zoning Area 119

5.3.2.1 Elevator Zoning 1205.3.2.2 Escalator Zoning 120

5.3.3 Position and Interior of passenger elevator 1205.4 Uniform Building by Law 122

6.0 CONCLUSION 125

7.0 REFERENCES 126

LIST OF FIGURES

2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMFigure 2.0: Smoke DetectorsFigure 2.1: Smoke Detector PunFigure 2.2: Placement of all the active fire protection system according to the By-Laws 225.Figure 2.3: Fire Alarm Bell InstallationFigure 2.4: Horn Loud Speaker

Figure 2.5: Security of Fire Control Room

Figure 2.7: Fire Break Glass Device

Figure 2.8: Dimension of Fire Break Glass

Figure 2.10: Pendent sprinklerFigure 2.11: Upright sprinkler found in the car park of Curve NXFigure 2.12: Cry Riser located at ground floor Figure 2.13: Fire Pump Room Figure 2.14: Water storage tank located in the fire pump room Figure 2.15: External Hose Reel located outside Curve NX Figure 2.16: External Fire Hydrant located outside Curve NX

Figure 2.17: One of the hose reels in Curve NX and Diagrams of hose reels

Figure 2.18: 5 classes of Fire ExtinguisherFigure 2.19: ABC Powder extinguisher in Curve NXFigure 2.20: Steps to using an ExtinguisherFigure 2.21: One of the solenoid tripping device that holds up the fire curtain.Figure 2.22: The fire-resistant door near the emergency stairway used in Curve NXFigure 2.23: The opening of the pressurization ducts in Curve NX.Figure 2.24: The pressurization ducts near the stairway used in Curve NX.Figure 2.25: The fire dampers used in Curve NX with its automatic spring blades. Figure 2.26: One of the building plan of Curve NX showing its safety escape route.Figure 2.27: The door to the emergency staircase in Curve NX.

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Figure 2.28: One of the emergency lights located in the walkway of Curve NX.Figure 2.29: Curve NX building floor plan for the premises.Figure 2.30: The signage displayed that leads the occupants to the emergency exits of Curve NX.Figure 2.31: The KELUAR/EXIT signage above the fire door near the emergency stairway in Curve NX.Figure 2.32: The assembly point prepared for the occupants in case of emergency outside Curve NX.Figure 2.33: The CCTVs in the control room of Curve NX.Figure 2.34: The information shaft and fire emergency phone in the control room.Figure 2.35: The emergency fire phone used in Curve NX.

3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMFigure 3.1 Typical Refrigeration Cycle DiagramFigure 3.2 Centralized Air Conditioning SystemFigure 3.3 Sectional view of air-handling unit Figure 3.4 Fan coil unitFigure 3.5 Cooling TowerFigure 3.6 Split air conditioning system Figure 3.7 Split air conditioning system Figure 3.8 Evaporator inside indoor unit Figure 3.9 Cycle through evaporator Figure 3.10 Air filter inside indoor unitFigure 3.11 Drain tube

Figure 3.12 Drain tube installation

Figure 3.13 Cooling fan motor fan indoor unit

Figure 3.14 Blower fan for outdoor unit

Figure 3.15 Copper tubing for refrigerant

Figure 3.16 Condenser

Figure 3.17 Condenser found in outdoor unit

Figure 3.18 Centralized Air-conditioning system cycle in Curve NX

Figure 3.19 Rooftop View of District cooling plant from the Curve

Figure 3.20 Top view of the Curve and Curve NX

Figure 3.21 Air-Cooled vs Water-Cooled Chiller benefitsFigure 3.22 Link Bridge connecting The Curve and Curve NxFigure 3.23 Chill water supply (CHWS) and Chill water return (CHWR) piping in HEX room, Curve NXFigure 3.24 Heat Exchange pump, in HEX room, Curve NXFigure 3.25 Heat Exchanger in HEX room, Curve NX

Figure 3.26 Heat Exchange Room located at Level 2, Curve NX

Figure 3.27 Location of Heat Exchange Room in Curve NX (Second Floor Plan)

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Figure 3.28 AHU Room located on top of the roof of Curve NXFigure 3.29 Supply Duct in AHU room, Curve NXFigure 3.30 Air Handling Unit, Curve NXFigure 3.31 Return Duct in AHU room, Curve NXFigure 3.32 Air Handling Unit Diagram Figure 3.33 Location of AHU room in Curve NX (Roof Plan)Figure 3.34 Chill Water Cassette fan coil unit located at Ground Floor, Curve NXFigure 3.35 Close up of Chill Water Cassette fan coil unitFigure 3.20 Total area covered using Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit (Section B-B)Figure 3.36 Air Diffusion at 45° AngleFigure 3.37 Air Diffusion at 30° Angle

Figure 3.38 Indoor unit of air conditioning system at the curve NX buildingFigure 3.39 Split air conditioning systemFigure 3.40 Outdoor unit of air conditioning system at the curve NX buildingFigure 3.41 Outdoor unit of air conditioning system at the curve NX buildingF igure 3.42 Location of Split Air Conditioning System at the Curve NX building (LG Floor Plan)Figure 3.43 Location of Split Air Conditioning System at the Curve NX building (G Floor Plan)

4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMFigure 4.1 Exhaust fan in lift motor room Figure 4.2 Exhaust fan in Lv switch room , Curve NX Figure 4.3 Exhaust fans in car park basement, curve NX figure 4.4 Exhaust fans outside fire exit door, curve NX Figure 4.5 Pressurize Fan Duct in Basement Car Park, Curve NX.Figure 4.6 - Shutters which control the flow of outside air into the distribution ductare operated by the exhaust fan thermostat. Figure 4.8 figure 4.9 - part of a typicalventilation senserFigure 4.10 Ventilation Silencer in Genset Room, Curve NX Figure 4.11 silencer filter, Curve NXFigure 4.12 – diagrammatic analysis of a typical escape pressurizing systemFigure 4.13 - Fixed pressurization system Figure 4.14 - exhaust systemFigure 4.15 Figure 4.16 - Wiring diagram for damper unitFigure 4.17 - Damper at level 7 in Emergency Exit Door, Curve NX.Figure 4.18 Kruger jet fan placed in the car park basement, Curve NX Figure 4.19 – a typical kruger jet fan Figure 4.20 – diagramtic display of a Typical jet fan system for a car park basementFigure 4.21 – centrifugal induction fan, Curve NX

5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMFigure 5.0: show geared traction elevator componentFigure 5.1: shows gear-less traction elevator component

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Figure 5.2: shows machine room-less elevator componentFigure 5.3: shows hydraulic lift component Figure 5.4: shows one way;continuous arrangement escalatorFigure 5.5: shows one way;interrupted arrangement escalatorFigure 5.6: shows two way;parallel arrangement escalator Figure 5.7: shows two way;criss-cross arrangement escalatorFigure 5.8: shows freight elevatorFigure 5.9: shows passenger elevatorFigure 5.10: shows the motor roomFigure 5.11: shows component of hoistway Figure 5.12: shows a typical lift car frameworkFigure 5.13: shows a typical door-opener system worksFigure 5.14: shows type of lift door openings and lift landingFigure 5.15: shows stacked parallel arrangement escalator used in THE Curve NXFigure 5.16: shows ortographic drawings of stacked parallel arrangement escalatorFigure 5.17: shows component of escalatorFigure 5.18: shows elevation of escalator in a buildingFigure 5.19: Basement 2 indicating the location of the elevatorsFigure 5.20: Basement 1 indicating the location of the elevatorsFigure 5.21: Ground floor indicating the location of the elevators and escalatorFigure 5.22: Level 1 indicating the location of the elevators and escalator Figure 5.23: Level 2 indicating of the location of the elevators and escalatorFigure 5.24: Level 4 indicating of the location of the elevators and escalatorFigure 5.25: Level 5 indicating the location of the elevators and escalatorFigure 5.26: Level 6 indicating the location of the elevators and escalatorFigure 5.27Figure 5.28: shows exterior of elevator Figure 5.29: shows interior of elevatorFigure 5.30: shows lift control buttonsFigure 5.32: shows the main control room Figure 5.33: shows the main control room Figure 5.31: shows lift control buttons

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this case study and documentation is to provide a better understanding on the basic principles, process and equipment of numerous building services systems through real life projects that is also known as firsthand learning. In a group of six, we have conducted a site visit to The Curve NX, a commercial building located at Mutiara Damansara. Through this project, we had the privilege to explore the integration of numerous building services systems in the building such as mechanical transportation and ventilation system, fire protection system, and air-conditioning system. The literature review and our own analysis also allowed us to demonstrate our understanding of building services systems and familiarity on the drawing conventions and standards for different buildings services systems of The Curve NX.

1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to show our appreciation to individuals that has helped and assisted our team to complete this case study and documentation report, by including them in our report. Without their help, this report would be inadequate and insufficient. First of all, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all the lecturers that has guide us through this project. A special thanks to Ar. Sateerah for monitoring us closely through our progress from beginning to the end.

We would also like to thank the architect of The Curve NX, Dato Ar Hajeedar to allow our team

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1.3 AIM & OBJECTIVES

AIM

The aim of this project is to identify and understand relevant information related to mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning and mechanical transportation system as well as fire protection systems. The aim is to also understand how each building services functions including the connections and position of different parts equipment. Further more, we need to understand and explain the principles and systems as well as space implications and regulations related to different building services.

OBJECTIVES

This project is to introduce students to the basic principles, process and equipment of various building services systems through real life projects. It also helps to expose students to the integration of various building services system in a building and to allow students to demonstrate their understanding of building services systems.

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1.4 INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING

LocationKidZania Kuala LumpurCurve NX, No. 18 Jalan PJU7/5 Mutiara Damansara 47810 Petaling Jaya Selangor

Year of Establishment 2010

ArchitectHAJEEDAR AND ASSOCIATES SDN

Description The Curve NX, located at Mutiara Damansara is connected to the Curve. It is within walking distance from a selection of world class retail establishments namely, the Curve, IKEA Home Furnishings, IPC Shopping Centre, and Tesco Hypermarket and accessible by bridges and walkways around the building. The Curve NX is mainly build for the curve for its parking space. The main leaseholder for the Curve NX is ZIDZania, which occupies the upper two floors (level 5 and 6). In order for shoppers to shop easily, mechanical ventilation and transportation system is provided for the convenience of the shoppers inside the building. Fire protection system is also installed in the building for safety purposes and to minimize the loss and injuries of shoppers during fire.

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2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

2.1 Introduction

Fire protection includes methods to prevent fire from turning destructive; it also refers to minimizing the impact of uncontrolled fire in order to reduce the risk of death, injury and property damage. Both active and passive fire protection system is being studied here and explained in a proper manner. They are discussed and compared to the rules and regulations set by Bomba, referencing and in conformance to UBBL Fire Requirements and MS1210. Finally, recommendations and improvements are also suggested.

2.2 Literature ReviewFire protection is one of the important aspect to be concerned and stressed on by the architects and engineers during the designing and constructing process of a building. Fire incidents are common to happen in buildings such as centres and malls therefore a good protection installation is needed. The purpose of providing a good fire protection installation and fire strategy in a building, as it:- Ensures the safety of the building users in the event of fire.- Prevents tragic incidents to happen in the building.- Provides understanding of day-to-day fire safety issues that may occur in the future.

There are two types of fire protection system and they are the active fire protection system and passive fire protection system. Active Fire Protection require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work. It consist of water based system. Manual control includes the use of a fire extinguisher or a Standpipe system. Automatic control means can include a fire sprinkler system, a gaseous clean agent, or firefighting foam system. Automatic suppression systems would usually be found in large commercial kitchens or other high-risk areas.Passive Fire Protection attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors, limiting building damage and providing more time to the building occupants for emergency evacuation or to reach an area of refuge.

2.2.1 Active Fire Protection System

This system is the process of protecting a building or structure from fire with methods that use the action of moving parts. Active Fire Systems in the form of suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation. Some function automatically or manually but some procedures are required in order to activate them. Using this system has some benefits such as permitting design freedoms and encourage innovative, inclusive and sustainable architecture. According to Nulifire (2014), the overall aim of Active Fire System is to extinguish the fire by:

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- Early fire detection and building evacuation- Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire- Controlling the movement of smoke and fire- Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel

These are the several systems in the active fire protection:

1. Fire detection systems and alarm devices

- Smoke Detectors- Fire Alarm Bell - Horn Loudspeaker

2. Fire Control Room

3. Fire Intercom System

- Fire Break Glass Call Point- Manual Pull Station - Fireman Switch

4. Water-based System

- Fire Sprinkler System - Dry Riser - Pumps- Water Storage Tank - Fire Hydrant- Hose Reel System

5. Non-water based System

- Portable Fire Extinguisher - Aerosol Fire Suppression System

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2.2.1.1 Active Fire Protection

Figure 2.0: Smoke DetectorsSource: http://www.mcmua.com/sw_hhw_faq_smoke_detectors.asp

The smoke detector and alarm devices are designed to notify building occupants when a fire situation occurs. Generally they use smoke, heat or flame detectors to discover the outbreak of fire and to warn the fire brigade and the building occupants. Fire alarm system operates in two ways: automatic or manual. Operations of the automatic system are the smoke and heat detectors while the manual system is the fire break glass call point and the manual key switch. Thus, the architect’s responsibility is essential as each fire detectors and alarm systems are installed based on the building’s requirements in order to protect occupants/ life, assets and property.

Smoke Detector

Figure 2.1: Smoke Detector PunSource: http://calfire.blogspot.my/2014/07/strict-new-smoke-detector-laws-took.html

It acts as an indicator of fire. It’s a device that detects smoke and issues a signal to fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system. Smoke detectors are classified into two types, which are photoelectric, and ionization smoke detectors. It gathers information from its smoke sensing element and converts it into digital signals. To make an alarm decision, it compares the information to historical readings and time patterns. They are powered by a central fire alarm system, which is driven by building power with a battery backup.UBBL – Section 225 (1)

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Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

Figure 2.2: Placement of all the active fire protection system according to the By-Laws 225.

Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 2.3: Fire Alarm Bell InstallationSource: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Fire-alarm-bell-compatible-with-

GST_333513671.html

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The device will then be activated from the smoke detectors and heat detectors. It alerts people when smoke is present. The fire alarm bell operates using electromagnet. It produces a repetitive buzzing sound when an electric current is applied. There are two sorts of fire alarm bell: the vibrating bell and the single-stroke bell. Vibrating bell will ring constantly until the power is cut off whereas the single-stroke bell will not ring continuously unless the power is turned off and back on again.

UBBL, Section 237:

- Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Schedule to these by-laws.- All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5m heights shall be- Provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert- (Intermittent signal) be given adjoining section. - Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

Horn Loud Speaker

Figure 2.4: Horn Loud Speaker

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The horn loudspeaker acts as a fire alarm signaling device in Curve NX. They are mostly found in the basement parking of the building. It has a large diaphragm, which provides periodic pressure to a small entry port of a long horn. These horns are very efficient. They can naturally produce 10 times more sound power than a cone speaker from a given amplifier output. Thus, horns are widely used for fire alarm signaling in order to notify the occupants of the building in the presence of fire.

Fire Control Room

Figure 2.5: Security of Fire Control Room

UBBL, Section 238: Command and Control CentreEvery large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire bridge communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

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Fire Intercom System

Figure 2.7: Fire Break Glass Device

Figure 2.8: Dimension of Fire Break GlassSource: http://www.hafele.co.uk/shop/p/fire-safety-equipment/break-glass-unit/

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Fire break glass call point is a device that allows inhabitants to raise the alarm when an emergency fire incident occurs. The device has a fragile glass element, which occupants can break which will trigger the alarm system.Below are some regulations for the correct positioning of call points (The Safety Centre,2011):- Call points should be located on all final exits, all storey exits. In other words, entrances to stairwells and also consideration should be taken to locating call point units near to any high risks or special hazards.- Call points should be distributed in a building so that no one need travel any more than 45 metres to reach the nearest call point. - For high-risk areas and special hazards areas a person should have to travel no more than 25 metres to reach the nearest manual call point.- The mounting height of call points should be 1.4 metres above the floor level and call points should project by 15mm from the wall which allows to be seen from the side.

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2.2.1.2 Water Based Systems

Sprinkler

Figure 2.10: Pendent sprinkler

The type of the sprinkler commonly used in the indoor of Curve NX is the most typical pendent sprinkler and the sprinkler system used is the wet pipe sprinkler system, which is the most common type of fire sprinkler system. Sprinkler installation is a first aid system for dealing with a fire in its early stages and cannot be relied upon to deal with a large fire, which has started in, or spread from, an unprotected part of the building (Hall, 1977, p.71). Therefore, it is essential for sprinkler installation to cover the whole building and not just parts that are considered to have a high fire risk.

Figure 2.11: Upright sprinkler found in the car park of Curve NX

UBBL, Section 225: Detecting & Extinguishing Fire1. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the existence wall and shall be readily accessable to the fire authority.2. All sprinklers system shall be electricity connected to the near cut fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm where activated.

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Dry Riser

Figure 2.12: Cry Riser located at ground floor

As the name implies, dry riser does not usually contain water, however it is charged with water by the fire brigade during a fire outbreak. The fire brigade will connect the suction side of their pumps to a water main via a fire hydrant. The outlet sides of the pumps are connected to the dry riser inlet, or inlets at ground level and pumps force water from the main into the riser. A dry riser, therefore, is merely an extension of the fireman’s hose and should only be installed where prompt attention can be relied upon from the local fire brigade, or from trained fire-fighting personnel in the premises.

UBBL 1984, Section 290:1. Dry rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 meters but less than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.2. A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.3. Dry risers shall be of minimum “Class C” pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21 hours water pressure.4. Dry risers shall be nested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.5. All horizontal runs of the rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 millimeters in 3.05 meters.6. The dry riser shall be not less than 102 millimeters in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlets is 22.875 meters or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet.7. 102 millimeters diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4 millimeters dry risers shall be equipped with a four way-pumping inlet.

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Pumps

Figure 2.13: Fire Pump Room

Pumps are essential to provide sufficient water supply to each riser at all times, and if possible duplicated pumps should be provided as well. Each pump should be connected in parallel, with their suctions permanently ‘wet’ when the tank is filled (Hall, 1997, p.83).

Water Storage Tank

Figure 2.14: Water storage tank located in the fire pump room

The location of the fire water storage tank of Curve NX is in the fire pump room located at the ground floor. The water storage tanks are required to provide sufficient water for the sprinkler system and the hose reel system.

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UBBL, Section 247:1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for the firefighting system and installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these By-laws.2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with the fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.3. Storage tank for automatic sprinkler installation where full capacity is provided without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

External Fire Hydrant

Figure 2.15: External Hose Reel located outside Curve NX

UBBL, Section 225(2): Detecting & Extinguishing FireEvery building shall be served at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of the fire brigade access.

UBBL, Section 225(3): Detecting & Extinguishing FireDepending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access or fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the fire authority.

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Figure 2.16: External Fire Hydrant located outside Curve NXFire hydrant is usually a connection located above ground that provides access to water supply for firefighting purposes. If the hydrants are connected to the water mains buried under the streets, the water supplies are mostly pressurized. Each hydrant found in Curve NX has two outlets to which fire hoses can be connected. Hydrants are sized to deliver a minimum flow rate of about 250 gallons per minute in order to feed adequate water for firefighting purposes, despite most hydrants being able to supply more than that. Nonetheless, the type of fire hydrant used in Curve NX is the wet-barrel type.

Hose Reel System

Figure 2.17: One of the hose reels in Curve NX and Diagrams of hose reels

Hose reel systems are installed for the occupiers of the building to use during the early stages of fire and it involves hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. Normally, hose reel systems serves as a initial firefighting aid. When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump to come into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to

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discharge through the hose (Dyno, 2012).The fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key (Dyno, 2012).

UBBL, Section 244(c): Hydraulic Hose Reels

Hose reel shall be located at every 45 meters (depends on the building form).Besides, fire hose reel should be located at the strategic places in buildings, especially nearer to firefighting access lobbies in order to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing.

2.2.1.3 Non-Water Based Systems

Portable Fire Extinguisher

The term ‘portable fire extinguisher’ commonly covers first-aid fire fighting appliances that can be carried by hand and from which the extinguisher agent can be ejected, usually under pressure (Hall, 1997, p.88). At the early stages of fire, they are very essential for extinguishing, however, they cannot be used to deal with large fires. Portable fire extinguisher are mostly involve in buildings having sprinklers and hose reels. It is essential for the staffs of the building to be trained in being able to use the fire extinguisher. Fire extinguishers are divided into five categories based on different type of fire. According to Fire Extinguisher Malaysia (2012), the most common type of fire extinguisher used in Malaysia is ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguisher.

Figure 2.18: 5 classes of Fire ExtinguisherSource: http://www.fireextinguishermalaysia.com/Fire-Extinguisher-Types.html

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Concurring to Hall F. (1997), there are several ways to consider in selecting the right type of fire extinguisher, but the most important are as follows:

It must contain the type of extinguishing agent suitable for the fire it may be require to extinguish. It must not be dangerous to the user. It must be simple to use. It must be efficient and reliable.

Portable Fire Extinguisher

Figure 2.19: ABC Powder extinguisher in Curve NX

ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher

Suitable for mixed fire risk environments and are especially suited for flammable liquid and fire involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, methane and etc. Safe for Class A, B and C fire, ideal for home and vehicle use.

Figure 2.20: Steps to using an Extinguisher

There’s a way to teach the public to remember the simple acronym “PASS”. Each letter actually stands for a step on how to properly use as a fire extinguisher.

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1. P - Pull the safety pin usually located around the handle of the extinguisher.2. A - Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the fire.3. S - Squeeze the handle to begin to discharge the extinguisher.4. S - Sweep the extinguisher side to side while aiming at the base of the fire until it is out.

UBBL, Section 227:Portable Fire Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routs to be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operatio

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2.2.2 Passive Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection System are known as building materials that are always present and available within the building, and it is placed and located evenly within every floor of the building to be easily accessed by the occupants in the building. These materials do not rely on any operation of mechanical or electrical device in order to activate its own functions. They are used manually by the building occupants in order to take immediate action in case of any emergency situation.

2.2.2.1 Compartmentalization

The element that acts as a barrier that separates or divides the spaces in a building is called compartmentalization. It is commonly strategized in every buildings in order to prevent the rapid spread of fire from one space to another.

Fire-Resistant Wall

This type of wall is specially designed to resist the fire in order to elongate the time of fire spreading from one room to another, at the same time to allow a longer span of time for the occupants to evacuate the building safely. In Curve NX, the wall is made of concrete. This material has a lower rate of conductivity than an ordinary wall and works effectively as a fire shield in prevention of any further damages.

Fire Shutter

Fire Shutters is a type of steel compartment that is placed at areas that has higher risks and potentials on channelling fire incidents to happen. These shutters are under automatic systems and when they are activated, they will close down the areas in order to prevent the smokes or fire from spreading to another. These shutters work with the detectors such as the fire alarms and smoke detectors. When the signals are delivered to these steel dividers, the shutters will automatically shut down. To ensure maximum safety, these shutters are built with volt-free closed circuit so that they will still close down automatically even when the detectors does not function at the moment.

Fire Curtain

Fire curtains is another type of compartment that is usually placed above the entrances and genset rooms in Curve NX. The fire curtains are all rolled up with a solenoid tripping device that is connected to fire alarms and smoke detectors. This roll-up compartment functions to slow down the advances of fire by containing its smoke. It is made of fire resistant fibre glass material, but its resistance is less likely to be as efficient compared to the fire shutters and it only has fire rating of an hour. These fire-resistant curtains operates when there are signals from the detectors. The curtains will then be released from its tripping devices and roll down with their own weights and

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compartmentalize those areas to protect them from smokes when that happens.

Figure 2.20: The fire curtain that is fixed in the genset room in Curve NX.

Figure 2.21: One of the solenoid tripping device that holds up the fire curtain.

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Fire-Resistant Door

This type of door is specially designed to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between the compartments and enables paths for the occupants to evacuate safely. In Curve NX, these doors are used in the technical rooms, mechanical rooms, IT rooms, offices and fire escape zones. The doors are made of wood coated with a layer of fire-resisting paint that has a thickness of 2mm. This is allow better resistance towards the accumulation of heat and pressure in the room.The door frames are also made of fire-resistant material that is the intumescent seals that lays dormant during normal circumstances. This material has intumescent properties that allows dramatic expansion upon reaching a higher temperature in order to seal the gaps of the door. Door holds in place that prevents further spreading smokes and hot gases.

Figure 2.22: The fire-resistant door near the emergency stairway used in Curve NX

2.2.2.2 Pressurization System

Pressurization Ductwork

This type of system supply smoke and fire ventilation to protect escape routes such as the stairways and fire-fighting shafts against the ingress of smoke during fire incidents. This ventilation is called the pressurization duct. The pressurization ducts are maintained by the pressure within the escape routes being higher than that in the adjacent spaces. They contain the smoke and heat with its sufficient pressure to prevent them from entering the escape routes and other protected areas. With these ducts, the stairways and other escape zones in Curve NX are well ventilated for the occupants. In case of any fire incidents in the future, the air fans in the ducts will allow external air to enter the stairway and escape zones, providing a steady stream of fresh air in order to prevent the smoke from spreading into the areas and suffocate the victims.

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Figure 2.23: The opening of the pressurization ducts in Curve NX.

Figure 2.24: The pressurization ducts near the stairway used in Curve NX.

Fire Dampers

This PFP product is used to prevent the fire from spreading in the pressurization ducts. During a fire incident, when the dampers senses the extreme heat in the presence of fire, the damper blades will shut automatically. Therefore, the ductworks will be safe from the exposure of fire.

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Figure 2.25: The fire dampers used in Curve NX with its automatic spring blades.

2.2.2.3 Fire Evacuation

Escape RouteThe fire escape act as an evacuation system. This system also consists of fire escape route to guide the occupants to leave the building safely. Based on escape route plan, the red highlights are the indications for the emergency staircase and the yellow ones are for the safer escape pathways.

Figure 2.26: One of the building plan of Curve NX showing its safety escape route.

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Emergency Staircase

The staircase is designed to provide an easy and efficient route from floor to floor for the occupants during emergency evacuations. The design and construction of the staircase must be strategized carefully based on UBBL and fire protection needs. The staircase used in Curve NX is made of reinforced concrete which is suitable to be categorised as one of the fire-resistant elements. The stability and strength of the reinforced concrete is able to elongate the time span of the building structure during a fire incident. It is able to hold the pressure of great number of occupants during emergency escape. It acts like a fire barrier from floor to floor when exposed to extreme heat of the fire. This leads to a great prevention for the stairs from overheating that may cause the air to become dense which could lead to difficulty in breathing for the victims.

Figure 2.27: The door to the emergency staircase in Curve NX.

Emergency Light

The emergency light acts as a back-up lighting device that activates automatically when the building experiences power outage. This device is reliable during an emergency as it provides a better view of the surroundings and routes for the occupants in terms of their safety. The term ‘Emergency Light’ is actually named in general. It consist of escape lighting and standby lighting. As mentioned, the escape lighting provides a better view of the surrounding for a safer evacuation during a potential fatal situation, and these lightings can be found near every emergency exits and in the rooms. The disadvantage of this backup lighting provided would not exceed a duration of an hour at its minimum. As for standby lighting, it allows normal activities in the building to continue substantially unchanged during an emergency outbreak. This type of lighting depends more on the use and occupancy of the premises in the building. This lighting can be found along the walkways on every single floor in Curve NX.

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Figure 2.28: One of the emergency lights located in the walkway of Curve NX.

Figure 2.29: Curve NX building floor plan for the premises.

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Signage and Notice

These EXIT/KELUAR signage are mainly at the public areas such as the entrances or any gathering spots in Curve NX. The boards are placed in such a way as how the emergency pathways or escape routes are being indicated according to the floor plans of the building. This allows the occupants to escape safely and also allows an easier security system during an emergency.

Figure 2.30: The signage displayed that leads the occupants to the emergency exits of Curve NX.

Figure 2.31: The KELUAR/EXIT signage above the fire door near the emergency stairway in Curve NX.

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Assembly Point The Assembly Point is where all the occupants will gather outside of Curve NX. This ease the evacuation strategy and the condition during the happening. The occupants will stay safe together in the assembly spots.

Figure 2.32: The assembly point prepared for the occupants in case of emergency outside Curve NX.

2.2.2.4 Control Room

Emergency Exits and Security

Keeping an eye on every emergency exits and the surroundings is fairly crucial as fire incidents are one of the common cases that could happen to a building. The security on the openings and walkways in Curve NX are secure with the help of the CCTV in the control room. This also allow to ease the fire protection strategy and management during a fire emergency.

Figure 2.33: The CCTVs in the control room of Curve NX.

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Emergency Communication System

In Curve NX, there are emergency fire phones that are connected directly to the control room in case of any fire emergencies, only that it is not directly to the fire station itself. It is strategized in such a way to allow the the person in charge to first understand and determine if the condition is manageable before contacting the fire station. These fire phones are placed at the gen set rooms and fire escape landings. With this communication device, the procedure will be much more convenient and efficient for both staff and occupants in Curve NX.

Figure 2.34: The information shaft and fire emergency phone in the control room.

Figure 2.35: The emergency fire phone used in Curve NX.

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2.2.2.5 Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) Requirements Licensed to Malaysia Standards

Section 147 Construction of Separating Walls

1. Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into components within the limits of size shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall.

Section 154 Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure

1. On failure of main power, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.2. After all lifts are parked, the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation.

Section 162 Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls

1. Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. 2. Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall.3. by a fire doors having FRP of not less than half requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws but in no case less than half an hour. 4. Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half an hour. 5. Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 478:1951.

Section 163 Half hour and one hour doors1. Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below shall be deemed to meet the requirement of the specified FRP: a. Doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specification shall be deemed to satisfy with the requirements for the doors having FRP of half-hour. i. Doors may be double-swing provided they are mounted on hydraulic floor springs and clearances at floor not exceeding 4.77 millimetres and frame and meeting stiles not exceeding 3 millimetres.

Section 164 Doors closer to fire doors 1. All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulic spring operated type in the proper sequence.

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2. Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in a proper sequence. 3. Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated device shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting opening to protected corridors or protected staircase.

Section 166 Exits are accessible at all times1. Except as permitted by By-Law 16, not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits may be necessary. 2. The exits shall be so sited and the exits shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-Laws and are readily accessible at all times.

Section 168 Staircases 1. Except as provided in By-Law 194, every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases.2. Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes, the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-Laws. 3. The required width of a staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to maximum of 75 millimetres. 4. The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. 5. Doors giving access to staircases shall be positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

Section 171 Horizontal Exits1. Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. 2. Where horizontal exits are provided, protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exits widths is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.

Section 172 Emergency Exit Signs

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1. Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

Section 198 Ventilation of Staircase Enclosures 1. All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than one square metre per floor.

Section 202 Pressurised system for staircase1. All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.74 metres in height where there are no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 metres per minute through doors which are deemed to be opened.

Section 222 Fire Resistance for Walls1. Any structure, other than an external wall, enclosing a protected shaft shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire, having fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by this part. 2. Any compartment wall or separating wall shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to text by fire, have resistance for not less than minimum period required by this part.

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2.3 Conclusion

This building has fulfilled most of the regulations according to the UBBL. The fire protection systems in the building are fully equipped. All of the fire equipment and machines in Curve NX are maintained and tested regularly in order to ensure it works thus when there is a fire breakdown. Most of the fire protection devices are still well maintained and in good condition. This is to make sure that all fire protection systems can be fully activated during the event of fire. For example, the sprinkler valve is wide opening instead of closing, as this is the most common cause of failure in a sprinkler system. The fire pump rooms of Curve NX is also fully equipped and well maintained as it plays an important role in fire protection systems. Fire protection systems can be seen everywhere in Curve NX. This will enable to avoid the fire from spreading through the spaces in the building and to protect the property as well as the building occupants from getting injured. According to the mechanical engineer, the building has implemented the individual schedules, checklist for maintaining and servicing those critical systems. As a result, both active and passive fire protection system are essential in order to protect a building when there is a fire breakdown. The main purpose of fire protection system is to protect lives, assets and property. Without fire protection system, a building will not work properly.

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3.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

3.1 Overview

Air-conditioning often referred as A/C or AC is process of altering the properties of air temperature and humidity to more comfortable conditions. The aim of air conditioning is to distribute the conditioned air to occupied space as a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor quality. The cooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used.

Due to the tropical climate in Malaysia, the air movement and temperature, humidity control and air purity should carefully design in a building to achieve user’s thermal comfort. Therefore, air-conditioning system is used in the building especially multiple level storey to remove heat from the air inside the space and releasing the collected heat into the air outdoors. The purpose of this ventilation is to provide fresh air for comfort and to ensure healthy indoor air quality by diluting contaminant.

Common Component in Air-Conditioning System:

Figure 3.1 Typical Refrigeration Cycle DiagramSource: http://www.austincc.edu/hart/howacworks.php

In the diagram above, the compressor (1) compresses the refrigerant vapour and moves it towards the condenser. The heat of compression raises the temperature of the refrigerant vapour causing it to be a high pressure superheated vapour. As this refrigerant moves into the condenser (2), the condenser rejects the heat in the refrigerant, causing it to change state and condense into a high pressure, high temp liquid. 

As the refrigerant passes through the metering device (3), its temperature, pressure and state change once again. Some of the low pressure liquid refrigerant instantly boils off forming “flash gas”. As this mixture of liquid and gas pass through the evaporator (4) heat is absorbed and the remaining liquid refrigerant changes it state back into a vapour. At the outlet of the evaporator 100% of the low pressure vapour flows back through the suction line to the compressor.

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3.2 Literature Review

3.2.1 Centralized Air Conditioning System

Central air conditioning system offers large-commercial-space cooling, and often offers moderate multi-zone temperature control capability. It consists of main components such as the air-handling unit, fan coils, cooling tower, connection ducts and heater. Chilled water is generated in a chiller at one predetermined location and distributed to air-handling units (AHU) or fan coil units (FCU) located through the building spaces. The air is cooled with chilled water and is transferred through the air distribution ducts. Supply ducts and registers such as openings in the walls, floors, or ceilings covered by grills carry cooled air from the air conditioner to an occupied space. This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the occupied space; then it flows into the exhaust air fan. This cycle goes on and continuously refreshes and cools the indoor air.

Centralized systems can be categorized into three sub-systems namely: - Chilled water system - Air delivery system - Heat rejection system (condenser water system)

Figure 3.2 Centralized Air conditioning system

Source: http://betterbricks.com/articles/water-distribution

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3.2.2 Components of Centralized Air Conditioning System

3.2.2.1 Air-Handling Unit

Air-handling unit is usually associated with heating or cooling (HVAC) systems in buildings. The air handling unit is an integrated piece of equipment consisting of fans, heating and cooling coils, air-control dampers, filters and silencers. Air Handling Units are often called ‘AHU’. The function of this equipment is to collect and mix outdoor air with that returning from the building space. The air mixture is then cooled or heated. Afterwards, it is discharged into the building space through a duct system made up of 5ft diameter steel tubes. These are normally very large systems moving 2500 CFM to 10,000 CFM and higher. They are mounted on the top of the roof or in large mechanical rooms located in the building. They have an inlet damper that allows for a small amount of outside air to be drawn in through the air handler unit. The components of an air-handling unit are described below.

Heating/Cooling ElementHeating or cooling coils are made of copper since they have high conductivity properties. The coils are heated or cooled accordingly by passing hot or warm air onto them. Commercial air handlers usually consists of hot water or steam for heating coils and chilled water for cooling coils. Boilers provide the hot water or steam and chillers provide the chilled water. The heater can also make use of electric heat, gas heat, or oil heat to heat the air.

Blower/FanThe blower is used to push air through the system and ducts. It is usually a centrifugal fan which has a fan wheel that blows air perpendicularly to the intake direction. It makes use of centrifugal force to accelerate the air movement. Such blower produce greater air movement but also causes noise than axial fans. Inclined blades have higher efficiency than forward curved or radial blades. The blower controls the flow rate of air by operating at a set speed or variable speeds. Large commercial systems should consist of a number of blowers.

FilterThe main purpose of the air conditioner filter is to keep the system components clean. A good air conditioner filter can greatly increase its efficiency. It has also been found that an air conditioner filter provides many other benefits as well such as cleaner air, reduction in allergens, both of which reduce the symptoms of allergies.

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Mixing ChamberThe mixing chamber combines the specified proportions of outside air and return air into the supply air. Mixing in outside air keeps the interior air fresh by supplying oxygen. It is also useful for pre-cooling or pre-heating the outside air before it passes over the coils using the return air which is closer to the desired temperature.

Vibration InsulatorAir handler blowers, especially in large systems installation can create disturbing amount of vibration and noise that can be transmitted through the ducts. Vibration insulator are flexible sections often placed on both end of the air handler and between the fan and on the rest of the air-handling unit. The blower machine can alternatively be placed on springs to further limit vibration and hence reduce the amount of noise created. The vibration isolators dampen the vibration transmitted to the ducts.

DampersA damper is a device used to control the flow of air in a ventilation system. The control of airflow is accomplished by varying the resistance to flow created by the damper. Pressure relief dampers are used to release internal excess air pressure, they usually have adjustable open pressure, which is capable of maintaining a relatively constant pressure at various airflows and closes upon a decrease of differential pressure. Dampers are located in the mixing chamber to control the ratio of return air to outside air and the amount of exhaust air.

Heat Recovery DeviceA heat recovery device is a heat exchanger placed between the exhaust and supply air streams. It creates energy savings and increased capacity by transferring heat from the exhaust air to the supply air before it is conditioned. Some common types are cross plate heat exchanger, thermal wheel, run around coil, and heat pipe.

Source: http://www.thomaseng.com/air-handling-systems/Figure 3.3 Sectional view of air-handling unit

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3.2.2.2 Fan Coil Unit

The function of a fan-coil unit is to draw outdoor and indoor air simultaneously and mix them as they pass over the coils of chilled water and then back into the space. The fan coil unit usually uses a chilled water cassette fan which utilizes chilled water as a cooling medium. The principal advantage of installing a fan coil unit system that wholly employs water as the cooling medium is that there is no need for the regular specific checking and maintenance. Chilled water is pumped from heat exchanger room in the building through chilled water piping. It is directed into chilled water cassette fan coil unit where the fan inside the unit will blow out the colder air. Each chill water cassette fan coil unit temperature can usually be adjusted to user requirements.

3.2.2.3 Cooling tower

The cooling tower is used to dispose unwanted heat from a chiller. Water circulating inside the water loop removes heat from the condenser of the heat pumps. The cooling system comprises of collective equipment to produce and distribute chilled water. Chilled water is produced by production plants and distributed by water pipes to buildings equipped with energy transfer stations (sub-stations). The chilled water then supplies some of its cooling properties to the building’s installations.

Figure 3.4 Fan coil unitSource:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_coil_unit#/media/File:Fancoil_1.jpg

Figure 3.5 Cooling towerSource: http://www.chinasuppliers.jqw.com/sp/2012/11/27/643817/Proshow-

107436.html

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3.2.3 Split Air Conditioning System

The split air conditioning system consists of two main parts: the outdoor unit (condenser) and the indoor unit (evaporator). The outdoor unit is fitted outside the room on the ground or hung on walls by brackets and it houses components such as the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit contains the evaporator coil and the cooling fan. The indoor and outdoor units are connected by refrigerant pipe that transfers the refrigerant. Air conditioners rely on a fundamental property of gases to cool the surrounding air. As pressure on a gas decreases, the gas expands and cools; increasing pressure makes the temperature rise. You could also express these phase changes as evaporation and condensation, which is how evaporator coils and condenser coils get their names. The advantage of such system is that it is noiseless, and hence does not disturb the activities inside the space. It is also independent of any other systems, hence different thermal comfort temperatures can be achieved in different rooms at the same time; through a remote control.

Since a split system is connected through a custom designed refrigerant piping system, the engineer has a large variety of possible solutions available to meet architectural and physical requirements particularly for buildings with indoor or outdoor space constraints. The most obvious benefit of a split system unit is its quiet performance. The components of an air conditioner that makes the most noise are the compressor and the fan that cools the condenser. In a split system, the compressor and fan for the condenser are located outside of the room and thus minimizing the major sources of noise.

Figure 3.6 Split air conditioning system Figure 3.7 Split air conditioning system

Source: http://www.air-conditioner-sale.com/

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3.2.4 Component of Split Air Conditioning System – Indoor and Outdoor Units

3.2.4.1 Evaporator (Indoor)

The air conditioner is often mistakenly thought of as a machine adding cool air to a space, but it is more accurate to say that an air conditioning unit subtracts heat from indoor air and transfers it outside. This heat transfer takes place in the evaporator coils inside the indoor unit of an air conditioning system. As the coolant inside the metal coils evaporates, it acts as a heat sink for the air that moves across it from the blower. The coils that contain the coolant are usually made of copper since it conducts heat readily. To maximize surface area and provide more cooling power, the copper coils have metal fins surrounding them. Keeping the coils clean is vital to proper heat exchange. When dust and debris collect on coils, the particles cause an insulating layer that prevents warm indoor air from reaching the chilled metal inside the blower.

Source: http://www.newcombandcompany.com/2014/08/help-my-air-condhttp://ac2015.net/posts/everest-air-conditioner-a-coil-replacement/

Figure 3.8 Evaporator inside indoor unit

Figure 3.9 Cycle through evaporator

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3.2.4.2 Air Filter (Indoor and outdoor)

The main purpose of the air conditioner filter is to keep the system components such as the blower and evaporator coil clean. A good air conditioner filter can greatly increase its efficiency. It has also been found that an air conditioner filter provides many other benefits as well such as cleaner air, reduction in allergens, both of which reduce the symptoms of allergies. 

3.2.4.3 Drain Tube (Indoor to outdoor)

A drain tube is just a pipe that removes condensed water from the evaporator coils to avoid damage to interior of the indoor unit. Cleaning of the tube must be done occasionally to prevent it from being clogged. The water is drained outdoors through the drain tube connected to a main drain pipe.

Figure 3.10 Air filter inside indoor unitSource: http://truckoutlook.com/

Figure 3.11 Drain tube

Figure 3.12 Drain tube installation

Source: http://www.newcombandcompany.c om/2014/08/help-my-air-conditioners-drain-pan-is-full-of-water/

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3.2.4.4 Cooling fan and Blowers (Indoor and outdoor)

Cooling fans function as air movers. This equipment enables forced convection to occur, thus improving the heat transfer rate. In addition to that, it makes compact design of evaporator and condenser possible. Relying only on natural convection would imply very large evaporator and condenser design. Without the cooling fan, the user will have to wait a much longer time before thermal comfort is achieved.

Blowers have the exact same function as a fan. Only the construction is different. Fans are normally used at condensing units, while blowers are used for evaporation units.

Source: http://www.dijitalders.com/icerik/101/5423/array_komutunu_kullanar ak_jet_motoru_tasarimi.html#.Vk9N_HYrIgs

Figure 3.13 Cooling fan motor for indoor unit

Figure 3.14 Blower fan for outdoor unit

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3.2.4.5 Copper Tubing (Indoor)

Copper tubing is most often used for the cycle of refrigerant through the refrigerant line in HVAC systems. The tubes are joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of corrosion resistance but is very costly. Copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard or rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft again. Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split-system air conditioners.

3.2.4.6 Condenser (Outdoor)

The air conditioner's condenser apparatus is found outdoors where waste heat can dissipate to the outdoor air as the heated gas inside it returns to its liquid state under pressure. Like the interior coils, the exterior coils are heat transfer areas. In this case the heat moves in the opposite direction, going from the refrigerant coolant into the surrounding air with the help of exhaust fans. Similar to evaporator arrays, condenser arrays typically contain copper or other metals that easily transfer heat. Their vanes are built into the exterior unit to facilitate cooling. The air conditioner runs more efficiently when excess heat leaves the system quickly, so keeping the coils clean can lower the power usage and lengthen its lifespan.

Figure 3.16 Condenser Figure 3.17 Condenser found in outdoor unitSource: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2014/05/electrical-rules-and-calculations-for-

Air-Conditioning-Systems.html

Source:http://admin.copperalliance.eu/images/librariesprovider3/defaulta lbum/kup fer_innovation_video_photo-jpg-(0-01-11 -1).jpg?sfvrsn=0.42828 867861864794

Figure 3.15 Copper tubing for refrigerant

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3.3 Case Study

3.3.1 Introduction to the Air-Conditioning System in Curve NX

Curve NX operates mainly on a centralized control system for its air-conditioning system. There is a control room for the centralized air-conditioning system, where this air-conditioning system will be channelled back to a single device. They uses chill water from the district cooling plant which situated at The Curve because Curve NX does not have its own cooling tower. The district cooling plant is supplying chill water to the heat exchanger through a link bridge, then pumping chilled water to AHU (air handling unit) or FCU (fan coil unit) and lastly to the equipment that supplies cooled and refreshing air to the occupied spaces. This system goes vice versa such that it has a constant supply of fresh air and extract of contaminated air from spaces. AHU is bigger and more complex than FCU, as because it is used to ventilate the entire building whereas the latter will only be used in smaller and local spaces only. Neither AHU nor FCU is located at the car park as these areas do not require any chilled air supply.

Figure 3.18 Centralized Air-Conditioning System Cycle in Curve NX

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3.3.2 Air-Conditioning System in Curve NX

3.3.2.1 District Cooling Plant

Basically, a district cooling system (DCS) distributes cooling capacity in the form of chilled water or other medium from a central source to multiple buildings through a network of underground pipes for use in space and process cooling. The output of one cooling plant is enough to meet the cooling-energy demand of dozens of building. District cooling can be run on electricity or natural gas, and can use either regular water or seawater. Along with electricity and water, district cooling constitute a new form of energy service. It can also be measured in refrigeration ton which is equivalent to 12000 BTU's per hour. Refrigeration Ton is the unit measure for the amount of heat removed. Refrigeration Ton is defined as the heat absorbed by one ton of ice (2000 pounds) causing it to melt completely by the end of one day (24 hours). It can replace any type of air conditioning systems but primarily serving large buildings which consume large amount of electricity, just like in curve NX. Instead of using a Chiller, district cooling plant is used to save electricity bill. District cooling plant is situated at the Curve.

Figure 3.20 Top View of the Curve and Curve NXSource: https://www.google.com.my/maps/

District Cooling Plant

The Curve

Curve

Link Bridge

Figure 3.19 Rooftop View of District Cooling Plant from the Curve

Figure 3.20 Top View of the Curve and Curve NXSource: https://www.google.com.my/maps/

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3.3.2.2 Link Bridge

Curve NX is a supplementary building of The Curve, therefore it is possible for Curve NX to purchase chill water from the district cooling plant due to its substantial amount of chill water supply. The district cooling systems is then involve three key components: the production plants, the distribution network and the energy transfer stations. The chill water is delivered via a link bridge through insulated pipelines to cool the indoor air of the building within a district.

There are two methods involve either air-cooled chillers or water-cooled chillers. Air-cooled chillers employ ambient air as the condensing medium and use a fan to move the air over the coil. For a given surface and airflow, the rate capacity of an air-cooled chiller varies with the refrigerant condensing temperature, which function of entering dry-bulb temperature. However, Curve NX is using the other method which is the water-cooled chiller. Water-cooled chiller employ water as the condensing medium and use a pump to circulate the water through the condenser and out to district cooling plant that rejects the heat to the atmosphere.

Figure 3.21 Air-Cooled vs Water-Cooled Chiller benefitsSource: http://dms.hvacpartners.com/docs/1001/Public/06/TDP_796-

054_PREVIEW.pdf

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The cooling system operates in closed-circuit and includes at least two water pipes; one of which carries the chilled water to the end-user, and the other which carries it back towards the production plant. The chilled water is pumped from the district cooling plant, through the link bridge and in to the heat exchanger room which located at level 2 of Curve NX.

Figure 3.22 Link Bridge connecting The Curve and Curve NX

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3.3.2.3 Heat Exchange (HEX)

The heat exchanger is used to convert water temperature from approximately 2°C - 7°C, then transfer the chilled water from the high pressure pipeline (district cooling plant) to the lower pressure internal system (AHU or FCU). After its usage in the AHU or FCU, the warmer water returns (12°C – 18°C) to the heat exchanger for cooling again like a cycle.

The type of heat exchanger used in NX is the plate heat exchanger. The plate type heat exchanger is the most efficient type of HEX with its low cost, flexibility, easy maintenance, and high thermal transfer. The HEX is composed of multiple, thin, slightly separated plates that have very huge surface areas and small fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement normally has lower volume and cost than the shell and tube heat exchanger. The plate-type heat exchanger has now been increasingly practical due to the advances in gasket and brazing technology have made.

In HVAC applications, large heat exchangers of this type are called plate-and-frame; these heat exchangers are normally of the gasket type to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection, when used in open loops. There are many types of permanently bonded plate heat exchangers, such as dip-brazed, vacuum-brazed, and welded plate varieties, and they are often specified for closed-loop applications such as refrigeration. Plate heat exchangers also differ in the types of plates that are used, and in the configurations of those plates.

Figure 3.24 Heat Exchange pump, in HEX room, Curve NX

Figure 3.23 Chill water supply (CHWS) and Chill water return (CHWR) piping in

HEX room, Curve NX

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Figure 3.26 Heat Exchange Room located at Level 2, Curve NX

Figure 3.27 Location of Heat Exchange Room in Curve NX (Second Floor Plan)

Figure 3.25 Heat Exchanger in HEX room, Curve NX

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3.3.2.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Air handling units (AHUs), sometimes referred to as ‘air handlers’ from part of the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC) that are used to supply and circulate air around a building, or to extract stale.

Fundamentally, an AHU system can be supplied in a range of sizes, and with a variety of capabilities, but typically they comprise of a large insulated box that houses a fan, heating and/or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators and dampers. In most situations, the AHU is connected to an air distribution ductwork; alternatively, the AHU can be open to the space it occupies.

Supplied air passing through the AHU is filtered and is either heated or cooled, depending on specified duty and the ambient weather conditions. Generally, air handling units will be connected to the ductwork within the building that supplies air to and extracts air from the interior, but they can be used to supply and extract air direct to a space, or they may be located on a roof (rooftop units or RTU). (Designingbuildings.co.uk, 2015)

For heating or cooling, AHU may be connected to central plant such as boilers or chillers, receiving hot or chilled water for heat exchange with the incoming air. Alternatively, heating or cooling may be provided by electric heating elements or direct expansion refrigeration units built into the air handler.When AHU systems are used to extract stale air from the building, a controlled proportion of this air may be recirculated to avoid having to condition all supplied air. AHUs can also incorporate heat recovery mechanisms to extract heat from the air being expelled and use it to heat incoming supply air.

The below photo shows the AHU room located on the 7th floor of the complex.

Figure 3.28 AHU Room located on top of the roof of Curve NX

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Figure 3.29 Supply Duct in AHU room, Curve NX

Figure 3.30 Air Handling Unit, Curve NX Figure 3.31 Return Duct in AHU room, Curve NX

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Figure 3.32 Air Handling Unit Diagram Source: http://printablecolouringpages.co.uk/?s=air+handling+unit

Figure 3.33 Location of AHU room in Curve NX (Roof Plan)

There are 4 AHUs in the Curve NX which all located at the top floor of the building.

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3.3.2.5 Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Curve NX utilizes a commercial based Chilled water cassette fan coil unit. There is at total of 172 FCU in the building and which uses chilled water as a cooling medium. FCU consist of only a fan and a heating or cooling element, are located within the space they are serving, and are generally not connected to ductwork. They may either just recirculate internal air, in which case a separate ventilation system is required, or may introduce s proportion of ‘fresh’ air that is mixed with the recirculated air. (Designingbuildings.co.uk, 2015)

The principal advantage of installing a fan coil unit system that solely employs water as the cooling medium is that there is no need for the specific checking and maintenance demanded by the F Gas regulations pertaining to those installations that necessitate the presence of refrigerant within the building envelope. Fan coil units are more economical to install than ducted air handling units due to their simplicity. However, they might have bad acoustic qualities and can create vibrations because the fan is in the occupied space.

Fan coil units are supplied with chilled water and hot water from central boilers and chillers they are generally referred to as two pipe (either heating or cooling) or four pipe (both heating and cooling) units. Each Chill Water Cassette fan coil unit temperature can be adjusted to user requirements and adjustable louvers allows efficient distribution throughout the entire building itself.

Figure 3.20 Total area covered using Chill Water Cassette Fan Coil Unit (Section B-B)

Figure 3.34 Chill Water Cassette fan coil unit located at Ground Floor, Curve NX

Figure 3.35 Close up of Chill Water Cassette fan coil unit

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Figure 3.36 Air Diffusion at 45° Angle

Figure 3.37 Air Diffusion at 30° Angle

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3.3.3 Split Unit Systems

Split units consist of two components, an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The outdoor unit is the condenser and the compressor in which the gas refrigerant is air cooled. The outdoor unit connects to the indoor unit through copper piping and electrical wiring. The cooler refrigerant is pumped through the connection into the indoor unit. Then cool air is drawn through the evaporator coil within the indoor unit. The installed fan function is to blow and distribute the chilled air into the room.

The indoor unit mainly houses components such as the evaporator, air filter, cooling fan, copper tubing for the refrigerant and the drain tube. These components are packed into the sleek looking design of the air conditioner. Two main areas have been highlighted at the curve NX building where split air conditioning system is used.

Source: http://coolforce.com.sg/our-services-2/repair/parts-in-an-air-conditioner/

Figure 3.38 Indoor unit of air conditioning system at the curve NX building

Figure 3.39 Split air conditioning system

EvaporatorCopper Tubing

Drain TubeAir Filter

Refrigerant

CondenserCopper Tubing

Air FilterBlower Fan

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The outdoor unit of a split air conditioning system houses components such as the condenser, blower fan, air filter and copper tubing. The air conditioner's condenser apparatus is found outdoors where waste heat can dissipate to the outdoor air as the heated gas inside it returns to its liquid state under pressure. Like the interior coils, the exterior coils also transfer heat energy. Similar to evaporator arrays, the condenser contains copper because it transfers heat easily.

Figure 3.40 Outdoor unit of air conditioning system at the curve NX building

Figure 3.41 Outdoor unit of air conditioning system at the curve NX building

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Figure 3.42 Location of Split Air Conditioning System at the Curve NX building (LG Floor Plan)

Figure 3.43 Location of Split Air Conditioning System at the Curve NX building (G Floor Plan)

According to MS15258.3.1 Zones that are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hour per year should be serving by separate air distribution systems. As an-alternative-off-hour controls should be provided in accordance with 8.4.4.

8.4.4 Systems that serve zones, which can be expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year, should include isolation devices and controls to shut off the supply of cooling to each zone independently. Isolation is not required for zones expected to operate continuously.3.4 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning

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Engineers (ASHRAE)

ASHRAE – 6.3.2 Criteria.

The HVAC system must meet ALL of the following criteria:(i) The system serves a single HVAC zone.

(ii) The equipment must meet the variable flow requirements of section 6.4.3.10

(iii) Cooling (if any) shall be provided by the unitary packaged or split-system air conditioner that is either air-cooled or evaporative cooled with efficiency meeting the requirements shown in Table 6.8.1A (air-conditioners). Table 6.8.1B (heat pumps) or table 6.8.1 D (packaged terminal and room air conditioners and heat pumps) for the applicable equipment category.

(iv) The system shall have an air economizer meeting the requirements for Section 6.5.1

(v) The system shall meet the exhaust air energy recovery requirements of Sections 6.5.6.1

3.5 Licensed to Malaysian Standards MS 1331:2030 (Uniform Building by Law)

UBBL – SECTION 41. (Air-conditioning)

Part lll: Space, light and ventilation

(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these by-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Scheduled to these by-laws, the provisions of these by-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms and corridors.

3.6 Licensed to Malaysia Standards MS 1525:2007

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MS 1525: 2007

8.10 ACMV system equipmentACMV system equipment provides, in one (single package) or more (split system) factory assembled packages, means for air-circulation, air-cleaning, air-cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification/ the cooling function may be either electrically or heat operated, and the refrigerant condenser may be air, water or evaporative-cooled. Where the equipment is provided in more than one package, the separate packages should be designed by the manufacturer to be used together.

9.91 Energy management System (EMS)The Energy Management System (EMS) is a subset of the building Automation system (BAS) function. It should be considered for buildings having area greater than 4000m2 of air-conditioned space. Generally, a building automation system has three function:I) Control of equipment;II) Monitoring of equipment; andIII) Integration of equipment sub-system

9.2 Control of equipmentThe purpose of the control of equipment is to save energy. This is performed by the EMS function of the building automation system.

9.3 Monitoring of equipmentThe purpose of monitoring the equipment is to improve the efficiency of the operations by:I) Providing centralized information of the current equipment conditions;II) Providing historical information of equipment conditions;III) Providing a “management by exception” function to alert the operator of any abnormalIV) Providing analysis tools to aid the study of the equipment operations.

9.4 Integration of equipment subsystemEquipment subsystem are integrated for the purpose of improving:I) Safety/security; the example, in the event of a fire, air-handling units can be used to create II) Indoor air quality; for example, by utilizing the smoke purging the system for periodic air III) Information management; by allowing information from multiple equipment subsystemsIV) Overall system reliability; the intelligent controlling of an equipment subsystem may be equipment conditions; and a sandwich system for smoke control; purging to achieve good indoor air quality; be stored and reported in a consistent formant; and configured to provide redundancy as a standby unit for another systems without incurring additional cost.

3.7 Conclusion

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Based on our observation, the air conditioning system in Curve NX are quite different from other building, as the system are based on heat exchanger system. The architect and engineer of Curve NX seems to have meet the terms with all the existing building by-law. The use of air-conditioning system in this building is appropriate for the function of the building. It is fully utilised in order to conserve energy while providing thermal comfort to occupants.

As for my conclusion, by having a chill water air-conditioning system it has high efficiency and use a low amount of power to operate the system. The benefit of the usage on heat exchange system is easier to maintain and operate. The placement of equipment and number of units are appropriate to serve specific areas so that maximum comfort level can be sustained and achieved while the building is in operation. Moreover, the spatial and zoning arrangement of the building is superbly done as it fulfilled the aesthetic criteria while covering the pragmatic aspect. The zoning of each floor allow the ductwork to reach every corner of the building accordingly and proficiently. Other than that, the use of equipment in the building has been properly thought over and has been selected to be the most practical to serve the specific areas.

Overall, the AC system in Curve NX has achieved optimum usage and timely maintenance has been provided to up keep the building in a healthy operational cycle.

4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATIONSYSTEM

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4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Mechanical ventilation is the process of changing air in an enclosed space, ( where indoor air is withdrawn and replaced by fresh air continuously that is supplied by clean external sources ) using mechanical devices such as fans.

The main function of mechanical ventilation is to expel stale air containing water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants while drawing in outside air, presumably with lesser pollutants and water vapour. The air is then well circulated around the house as means of a safe, cooling device. The main benefits of proper mechanical ventilation are as follows:

1) It replenishes oxygen ( O2 ) content while removing carbon dioxide ( CO2 )2) It prevents heat concentration from machinery, lighting and people3) It reduces excess condensation by getting rid of moisture in the room4) It eliminates the growth of bacteria5) Contaminants such as smoke, dust, gases and body odors is diluted and removed6) Best alternative in cases of poor natural ventilation7) Reducing the accumulation of moisture, odors, bacteria, carbodioxide, smoke and other contaminants that can build up during occupied periods.8)Creating air movement which improves the comfort of occupants

4.2 COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN MECHANIAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

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Types of mechanical Ventilation

← 1- A circulation system such as a ceiling fan, which creates internal air movement, but does not introduce ‘fresh’ air.

← 2- A pressure system, in which ‘fresh’ outside air is blown into

the building by inlet fans, creating a higher internal pressure than the outside air.

← 3- A vacuum system, in which ‘stale’ internal air is extracted from the building by an exhaust fan, creating a lower pressure inside the building than the outside air.

Spot ventilation

← 1- a balanced system that uses both inlet and extract fans, maintaining the internal air pressure at a similar level to the outside air and so reducing air infiltration and draughts. a balanced ventilation system usually has two fans and two duct systems. fresh air supply and exhaust vents can be installed in every room, but a typical balanced ventilation system is designed to supply fresh air to bedrooms and living rooms where occupants spend the most time. it also exhausts air from rooms where moisture and pollutants are most often generated

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← 2- A local exhaust system that extracts local sources of heat or contaminants at their source, such as cooker hoods, fume cupboards and so on.

←In commercial developments, mechanical ventilation is typically driven by air handling units (AHU) connected to ductwork within the building that supplies air to and extracts air from the interior. Typically they comprise an insulated box that forms the housing for; filter racks or chambers, a fan (or blower), and sometimes heating elements, cooling elements, sound attenuators and dampers. In some situations, such as in swimming pools, air handling units might include dehumidification

Mechanical ventilation may be controlled by a building management system (BMS) to maximise occupant comfort and minimise energy consumption. Regular inspection and maintenance is necessary to ensure that systems are operating optimally and that occupants understand how systems are operated.

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Make-up air supply unit

Air will enter a building in an amount to equal the flow rate of exhaust air whether

or not provision is made for this replacement. However, the actual exhaust & supplyflow rate will be less than the design requirements of the plant when it is under negative air

pressure. If the building perimeter is fairly tightly constructed, thus blocking effective infiltration of outside air. A severe decrease of the exhaust flow rate will result and many other problems may occur.

Experience has shown replacement air is necessary for the following reasons:

←1) The proper operation of exhaust hoods: The lack of sufficient make up air and a negative air pressure causes an increase of the static pressure in which the exhaust fans must overcome. This causes a reduction in the “cubic feet per minute” (CFM) of air from all exhaust fans. THE RESULT: NEGATIVE AIR PRESSURE.  

←2) To eliminate high velocity cross- drafts through windows and doors: Depending on the negative pressure created, cross-drafts may be substantial. Cross-drafts not only interfere with the proper operation of exhaust hoods, but also may disperse contaminated air from one section of the building to another and can interfere with the proper operation of process equipment such as open top solvent degreasers.

←3) To ensure operation of natural draft stacks such as atmospheric burner and other combustion flues: Moderate negative pressures can result in back drafting of flues which may cause a dangerous health hazard from the release of combustion products, principally carbon monoxide, into the work area.

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TUNNEL VENTILATION SYSTEM

COMPONENTS :

Jet Fans : are installed in venous type tunnels. Jet Fans have the advantage of not only being constructed in a short time, but also of being easily installed in tunnels. KHI can design and provide reliable Jet Fans.

large axial fansIn the case of particularly long tunnels when adequate ventilation is not possible with the Jet Fans only alone, the Large Axial Fans can be used, either alone or in combination with the Jet Fans. KHI can design highly efficient, low noise, sufficiently reliable and economical

Large Axial Fans. KHI has provided various types of Large Axial Fans.

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) for Road Tunnel

ESP can remove drifting SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter) in the atmosphere of road tunnels. So that, ESP for road tunnel improves visibility in road tunnels, cleans up exhaust gas from them, and contributes environmental preservation.

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4.3 - CASE STUDY - MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM IN CURVE NX

4.4 - Exhaust Fan

Exhaust fans are used in buildings to eliminate stale, condensed, humid and contaminated air within occupied space, since it supplies the energy necessary to cause air movement. Exhaust fans are typically installed in a wall or a ceiling without duct work. The exhaust fans in our researched building, Curve NX are mainly installed in a wall, thus propeller- type axial flow fans are used due to the nature of airflow. The fans are placed where the air

circulation path is parallel to the axis of fan rotation. The rotation of the blades causes the hot air in the room to be pulled towards the fan and sort of absorbed. This hot air is released outside and in turn cooler and fresher air will start to fill the room. This flow of current will also reduce stagnation of air and is especially important and useful in rooms or areas which lack appropriate ventilation..

Position of the exhaust fan

Exhaust fans are recommended to be placed as high as possible. The closer it is to the ceiling the better. This is due to the fact that warm air rises upwards and hence if the exhaust fan is lower down it will miss a significant part of the hot air in the room and as a result it will not manage to operate as effectively. The more hot air reaches the exhaust fan the more it will be absorbed and eliminated from the room. Consequently, a fresher and cooler room will be achieved more quickly and more efficiently.

figure 4.1 - Exhaust fan in lift motor room figure 4.2- exhaust fan in Lv switch room , Curve NX

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Figure 4.3 figure 4.4

Exhaust fans in car park basement, curve NX Exhaust fans outside fire exit door, curve NX

4.5 Pressurize Fan Duct

The purpose of a pressurize fan duct is to simply introduce fresh air into the specified area required. The run and standby fans and control equipment should be housed in a separate plant room or outdoors and the inlet should be protected from smoke.

The system consists of the installation system of a fan with an electric motor mounted in an isolated compartment. The outside air is captured through a shutter that has a particle filter. The insufflating of air to the escape stair occurs through the air release pipe generated by the fan. The ductwork and Outlet Grilles, to provide distribution of air exactly where it is needed. Air is automatically released to prevent unwanted pressure build up in the adjacent spaces. This may be automatic vents, natural shafts or mechanical extract systems.

Figure 4.5 Pressurize Fan Duct in Basement Car Park, Curve NX.

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Figure 4.6 - Shutters which control the flow of outside air into the distribution ductare operated by the exhaust fan thermostat.

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4.6 genset room ventilation senser

Genset motors and radiators produce a large amount of noise pollution whilst requiring airflow for cooling. To enclose the generator for noise control and still provide sufficient airflow for cooling the genet unit and reduce noise concurrently, the application of acoustical silencers ( refer to figures 4.8 - 4.11 ) and louvers offers superior noise reduction while accommodating the specified CFM for motor and radiator cooling of the generator.

By housing generators in an enclosed space, this creates a challenge from ensuring the engines are well ventilated in order for them to run efficiently. The ventilation silencers serve the purpose of ensuring the correct level of ventilation is achieved, whilst minimizing the effect of noise in areas adjacent to the plant room. Moreover, it is also able to provide a suitable level of filtration, ensuring the air entering the combustion chamber is as pure as possible.

Figure 4.8 figure 4.9 - part of a typicalventilation senser

Figure 4.10 figure 4.11Ventilation Silencer in Genset Room, Curve NX, silencer filter, Curve NX

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4.7 ESCAPE STAIRS PRESSURIZING SYSTEM

The escape stair pressurization system is a type of mechanical ventilation system, where it maintains Positive pressure in critical state areas to prevent smoke from entering the stairs.

Figure 4.12 – diagrammatic analysis of a typical escape pressurizing system

4.7.1 - A pressurization system have three main components:( refer to figure 4.12 )

(I) Air inlet area – air is injected into the area that is protected

(II) Pressure Relief/damper– to prevent overpressure in the building when doors are closed

(III) Air Release – smoke is released from the adjoining fire area

In commercial buildings pressurization is normally carried through up to the final

door to the accommodation, with air release provided from the accommodation. Stairs and lobbies are usually pressurized with air release from the corridor. This system is expected to run in the event of fire outbreak and so it must be triggered on by the same system that starts the automated fire alarm system and fire fighting system. It must also be powered by a dedicated power source that operates the fire fighting system as general power system shuts down in the event of fire. (Odusina & Odusina, 2014)

4.7.2 - DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR ESCAPE PRESSURIZING SYSTEM

1. Assess the usage and layout of the building, the area to be pressurized and the class of system required.2. Assess the leakage paths (through doors, lifts, vents). 3. Calculate the required volume flow rates.4. Calculate the area of pressure relief dampers.5. Calculate the area of air release ventilation.

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4.7.3 - TWO TYPES OF PRESSURE SYSTEM:

1) Figure 4.13 - Fixed pressurization system 2) figure 4.14 - exhaust system

SOURCE : https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141119183548-23740981-pressurisation-system-for-fire-escape-route

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4.8 - damper

A damper is a device used to control the flow of air in a ventilation system. The control of airflow is significantly accomplished by varying the resistance to flow created by the damper similarly to how a valve acts in a water system. Pressure relief dampers are used to release internal excess air pressure in the closed-door condition from the stairs area. They usually have

1) adjustable open pressure, which is capable of maintaining a relatively constant pressure at various airflows and closes upon a decrease of differential pressure.

2) This should be ducted to discharge directly to the atmosphere independent of the wind direction. Damper are set to a start opening of 50 Pa pressure differentials.

Figure 4.15 figure 4.16 - Wiring diagram for damper unit

A damper may be used to cut off central air conditioning (heating or cooling) to an unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-room temperature and climate control. Its operation can be manual or automatic. Manual dampers are turned by a handle on the outside of a duct. Automatic dampers are used to

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regulate airflow constantly and are operated by electric or pneumatic motors, in turn controlled by a thermostat or building automation system.

Figure 4.17 - Damper at level 7 in Emergency Exit Door, Curve NX.

ASHREA – 6.2.3.4 Ventilation System Controls (2) Damper Control All outdoor air intake and exhaust system shall be equipped with motorized dampers that will automatically shut when the systems or spaces served are not in use. Ventilation outdoor air and exhaust relief dampers shall be capable of automatically shutting off during building warm up, cool down and setback. When ventilation reduce energy cost or when ventilation must be supplied to meet code requirements

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4.9 – jet fan ventilation system

In an enclosed car park basement or the level above, a proper ventilation system is required to help the firefighting operations. This system also helps to prevent carbon monoxide build up during emergency situations like fire outrage where the jet fans propels the smoke out of the car park area. The jet fan ventilation system is also known as the impulse ventilation system. It is based on a number of small, strategically located high velocity jet fans mounted directly beneath the ceiling. On detecting a fire emergency signal, the Extraction System is automatically switched from day-to-day mode/vent into fire mode.

Jet Thrust Fan units and main extract fans are run to full design speed reaching full speed and maximum thrust in just a matter of seconds. In case of a fire emergency, the system’s primary task is to limit smoke propagation inside the car park and direct to the closest extract points, where the contaminated air is then removed from the building. Smoke is extracted by the main extract fans, whilst smoke control is maintained by the extracts systems.

Figure 4.18 Kruger jet fan placed in the figure 4.19 – a typical kruger jet fan car park basement, Curve NX

ASHRAE – 6.4.3.4 Ventilation System Controls Enclosed Parking Garage Ventilation, Enclosed parking garage ventilation system shall

automatically detect contaminant levels and stage fans or module fan airflow 50% of levels of design capacity provided acceptable contaminant level are maintained

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Figure 4.20 – diagramtic display of a Typical jet fan system for a car park basementSource : http://www.jigsawfire.com/carparks.html

Velocity profile of a jet fan

source: https://www.quora.com/What-type-of-air-ventilation-system-is-used-for-basement-car-parks-in-malls

An axial flow fan mounted within an inlet and outlet cylindrical silencer, tested as a complete unit, jet fans can provide up to 50N of thrust. Suitable for most small to medium sized car parks Induction fan A centrifugal fan with an air inlet positioned beneath the body of the fan and discharging through a reduced size opening, induction fans can provide up to 100N of thrust. Careful coordination is required if a sprinkler system is used. Suitable for medium to large car parks, benefit can be achieved from the greater coverage area. Attenuation is not provided on an indution fan.

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figure 4.21 – centrifugal induction fan, Curve NX

UBBL – SECTION 41.

Part III Space, Light and Ventilation Mechanical ventilation and Air-conditioning.

(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the airconditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning

(3) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Scheduled to these by-laws, the provisions of these by-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms and corridors.

(4) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these by-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

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ASHRAE – 6.3.2 Criteria.

The HVAC system must meet ALL of the following criteria:

a. The system serves a single HVAC zone.

b. The equipment must meet the variable flow requirements of section 6.4.3.10

c. Cooling (if any) shall be provided by the unitary packaged or split-system air conditioner that is either air-cooled or evaporative cooled with efficiency meeting the requirements shown in Table 6.8.1A (air-conditioners). Table 6.8.1B (heat pumps) or table 6.8.1 D (packaged terminal and room air conditioners and heat pumps) for the applicable equipment category.

d. The system shall have an air economizer meeting the requirements for Section 6.5.1

e. The system shall meet the exhaust air energy recovery requirements of Sections 6.5.6.1

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5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Mechanical transportation systems is an integral part of modern buildings that is used to move goods and people both vertically and horizontally. The common types of transportation systems found in buildings are lifts/elevators, escalators and travolators.

5.1.1 ELEVATORS

5.1.1.2 INTRODUCTION

Elevators are known as lifts in commonwealth countries. Ever since it has been invented. Elevators has became the lifeblood for everyone when it comes to transporting people up and down between floors in high rise buildings, or even commercial buildings. Elevators are generally ran by electrical motors that drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, a pump hydraulic fluid to rain a cylindrical piston like a jack.

An elevator specification must include: Elevator type, rated load and speed Maximum travel Number of landings and openings Type of control and supervisory system Details of cars and shaft doors Signal equipment Characteristics of power supply Finishes

Ideal performance of an elevator installation will provide: Minimum waiting time at any floor level Comfortable accelaration Rapid transportation Smooth and rapid breaking Accurate, automatic leveling at landings Rapid loading and unloading at all stops Quick, quiet operation of doors Travel direction indication Comfortable lightning Reliable emergency and security equipment

Location of liftPositioning of lift should be at locations which provide easy means of access for all building users for instance the central entrance lobby of offices, hotels, apartments, etc.Grouping of lifts is essential for user convenience.

Factors to determine the number of lifts Population of the building

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Type of building occupancy Numbers of floors and height Initial Cost Maintenance Cost

5.1.1.2 TYPES OF ELEVATOR SYSTEM

There are a few different types of elevators in a building:A) Traction Elevators B) Hydraulic Elevators

A) TRACTION ELEVATORSTraction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient. Traction elevators have 3 main types which are:

Geared Traction ElevatorsThey have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 152m per minute.

Figure 5.0: show geared traction elevator component Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevators-types-

and-classification-part.html

Gear-less Traction ElevatorsThey have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speed ups to 610m per minute.

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Figure 5.1: shows gear-less traction elevator componentSource:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevators-

types-and-classification-part.html

Machine Room-less ElevatorsThey are typically traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft. Machine-room-less elevators are becoming more common; however, many maintenance departments do not like them due to the hassle of working on a ladder as opposed to within a room.

Figure 5.2: shows machine room-less elevator component

Source:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevators-types-and-classification-part.html

B) HYDRAULIC ELEVATORSHydraulic elevator systems use hydraulic principle means that it moves by the action of steel plunger lift which is installed under the car. A piston at the bottom of the elevator pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. It is only suitable for low rise buildings (2-8 stories) The machine room is located at the lowest level adjacent to the

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elevator shaft. Hydraulic elevator is suitable for good lifting, lifts for hospital, and old folk’s home.

Figure 5.3: shows hydraulic lift componentSource:http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-

equipment/elevator.htm

The advantages of Hydraulic Lifts Operation is simple as it has lower maintenance cost The load imposed is lower compared to electric traction lift, hence it

reduces structural cost Brake, ropes, pulleys, driving sheaves or winding gear are not necessary No counterweight Extremely accurate floor leveling can be achieved Acceleration and travel is very smooth

5.1.2 ESCALATOR

5.1.2.1 INTRODUCTION

An escalator is a conveyor transport designed for moving people quickly and efficiently between floors of a building. An escalator requires no waiting time and it is reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during peak hours. For instance, during lunch hour when most of the staffs are going down to the cafeteria at the lower ground floor, the escalator can be reversed so that more people are able to descend at the same time. An escalator can normally be found in a local department store, exhibition hall, air terminal and railway station, where there are high density of human traffic on a daily basis.

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5.1.2.2 TYPES OF ARRANGEMENTS

There are a few types of arrangement of escalators in a buildings, such as:A) One way trafficB) Two way traffic

A) ONE WAY TRAFFIC ContinuosThis arrangement is used mainly in major department stores, public buildings and public transport buildings where transport times between several levels should levels should be kept to a minimum. The advantage of this arrangement is that the direction of the escalators can be adjusted to suit the traffic flow. However, the disadvantage of this arrangement is that it requires more space as compared to the other one way traffic arrangement, which is the interrupted arrangement.

Figure 5.4: shows one way;continuous arrangement escalatorSource: http://syney-elevator.en.made-in-china.com/custom-detail

InterruptedThis arrangement is widely used in shopping complexes, or a large department store. For this arrangement, it might seemed inconvenient for the user, but it is actually for the benefit of the owner of the department store or building. This is because the escalators are arranged in such a way that the users or customers are forced to walk through strategically places merchandise displays in the building.

Figure 5.5: shows one way;interrupted arrangement escalatorSource: http://syney-elevator.en.made-in-china.com/custom-detail

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TWO WAY TRAFFIC ParallelThis arrangement is mostly used in department stores and public transportation buildings that have heavy density of users and heavy traffic flow. Also this parallel arrangement can be adjusted or reversed to suit the traffic flow during peak hours.

Figure 5.6: shows two way;parallel arrangement escalatorSource: http://syney-elevator.en.made-in-china.com/custom-detail

Criss-CrossThis arrangement is one of the most widely used in department stores and shopping complexes. This is because ot allows users to travel quickly to the upper or lower floors without any waiting time. Another advantage for this arrangement is that the store owner can open up the view onto the shops at the upper floor to stimulate customer interest in the goods that are on display.

Figure 5.7: shows two way;criss-cross arrangement escalator

Source: http://syney-elevator.en.made-in-china.com/custom-detail

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5.2 CASE STUDY

5.2.1 ELEVATOR

5.2.1.1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTION

The type of elevator that is found in THE Curve NX is passenger elevator and freight elevator. THE Curve NX building contains four passenger elevators and one freight elevator.

Freight Elevator

Figure 5.8: shows freight elevator

Passenger Elevator

Figure 5.9: shows passenger elevator

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5.2.1.2 COMPONENTS OF ELEVATOR

There are five components of an elevator : Control System Electric Motor Hoistway Lift Car

CONTROL SYSTEMElevator control system is the system responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening and delay, leveling and hall lantern signals. It accepts inputs such as button signals and produces outputs which are elevator cars moving, doors opening, etc. The aim of the elevator control system are:

To bring the lift car to the correct floor To minimize travel time To maximize passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride To accelerate, decelerate and travel within safe speed limits

ELECTRIC MOTORElectric motor is always placed in a motor room which is usually sited at the top of the lift shaft containing winding gear, traction sheave, control panel, over-speed governor and other components. This is to minimize the length of rope and optimize the efficiency. The electric motor is responsible for moving an elevator cab up and down between floors. As this elevator system uses as roped mechanism, the elevator engine is connected to a sheave which the ropes are looped around. The controller interacts with the elevator engine by sending it a signal that specifies at which speed and in what direction the engine should be going in.

Noise from motors and winding gear must be contained with adequate insulation and absorbent bedding for machinery. An overhead universal beam for raising and lowering equipment and parts during maintenance is essential. Adequate daylighting and supplementary artificial light is required. Fan is used to ventilate to remove excess heat from electric plant.

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Figure 5.10: shows the motor roomSource: http://www.dayshare.org/arkam_slideshare/transportation-systems-in-

buildings

HOISTWAYHoistway is the space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overhead machinery space floor or grating or at the underside of the roof where the hoistway does not penetrate the roof. A simple definition for the hoistway is the shaft that encompasses the elevator car. Generally the Hoistway serving all floors of the building but in high-rise buildings hoistways may be banked with specific hoistways serving only the lower floors and ther serving only middle or upper floors while traveling in a blind hoistway until reaching the floor that it serves. A blind hoistway has no doors on the floors that it does not serve.

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Hoistway component consist of:

Figure 5.11: shows component of hoistway

Source:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-control-system.html

A) Guide rails for both the car and counterweight Mounted on both sides of the lift shaft which is attached to the wheel of

the car A safety device to hold the lift from crashing down if the rope breaks.

B) Counterweight Load borne by the generator is balanced by the counterweight Connected with a wire rope of the elevator car Function of counterweight : - To grip the lift car

- Reduce the power of generator- Reduce the brake to stop car lifts

C) Buffer To absorb the impact of the lift car when it falls Placed in a room called the lift pit which is located below the lowest

landing level

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LIFT CARLift car is the vehicle that travels between the different elevator stops carrying passengers and goods. It is a steel frame that is welded or bolted in construction which proved a cradle or supported in which the car can sit. It has sufficient strength to withstand the stress applied to it when the car has accelerated. The main parts of the lift frame include a crosshead, uprights and bottom channels.

There is also a platform in the lift car, which is an isolation frame that is attached to separate passenger compartment from the vibrations. It is supported by rubber pads that are compressed under load, so it provides info on the load in the car, whether it is overweight or not.

The lift car would not have functioned properly without the door operator, as it opens and closes the door in a smooth manner so that passengers can travel from one floor to another in a comfortable and relaxed manner. This is because the opening and closing time of the lift have a significant effect on the lift efficiency and cycle time.

For a comfortable journey, door safety devices is compulsory to detect passengers’ movement in and out of the lift.

Figure 5.12: shows a typical lift car frameworkSource: http://www.dayshare.org/arkam_slideshare/transportation-systems-in-

buildings

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LIFT DOOR AND LIFT LANDINGLift car is equipped with its own door to prevent people from falling down an open shaft. The choice of a car and hoistway door affects the speed and quality of elevator service. Doors for passenger elevators are power-operared and synchronized with the leveling controls so that the doors are fully open by the time a car comes to complete stop at a landing.

There are two components of lift doors : Fitted to the lift car Fitted to the landing

Figure 5.13: shows a typical door-opener system worksSource:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/

elevator-control-system.html

Doors on the cars are operated by an electric motor, which is hooked up to the elevator computer. The electric motor turns a wheel, which is attached to a long metal arm. The metal arm is linked to another arm, which is attached to the door. The door can slide back and forth on a metal rail. When the motor turns the wheel, it rotates the first metal arm, which pulls the second metal arm and the attached door to the left. The door is made of two panels that close in on each other when the door opens and extend out when the door closes. The computer turns the motor to open the doors when the car arrives at a floor and close the doors before the car starts moving again. Many elevators have a motion sensor system that keeps the doors from closing if somebody is between them.

The car doors have a clutch mechanism that unlocks the outer doors at each floor and pulls them open. This way, the outer doors will only open if there is a car at that floor (or if they are forced open). This keeps the outer doors from opening up into an empty elevator shaft.

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Figure 5.14: shows type of lift door openings and lift landingSource: http://www.dayshare.org/arkam_slideshare/transportation-systems-in-

buildings

Landing doors must be incombustible, preferably of sheet steel construction over a light steel framework of about 30mm overall thickness. They usually slide sideways although vertical movement is used for some industrial applications.

5.2.1.3 OPERATION SYSTEM

OperatorIn prestige buildings and hotels for the benefit of special guests AutomaticResponse to one call from either lift car or landing. No further calls are accepted until the car is at rest. It is only suited to light occupancy and low rise buildings up to five floors.

Down Collective A call button is located at each landing entrance and a set of buttons in the car corresponds to each floor. Landing calls are stored and answered in sequence as the lift cat descends. In upward direction, passengers are distributed in floor sequence by selection within the car. Directional (up and down) CollectiveTwo call buttons are provided at each intermediate landing, one for up and the other one for down. The lowest and the highest landings only require one button. A full set of destination buttons are provided in the car. Landing callers simply press the direction button and the call is stored. On a downward journey, the lift stops at all floors where downward callers are waiting or where passengers want to go out. Likewise upward, operating in sequence in response to stored calls.

Group Collective

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Applied where groups or banks of lifts occur in large buildings, using an interconnected collective stored control system. This permits the closest lift traveling in the desired direction to respond, rather than passengers waiting for one specific lift or having to press every lift’s button.

Programmed controlThis is an improvement of the group collective system, incorporating time-controlled functions, where deman is known to be particularly high on some floors at certain times. The lift cars can be programmed to be available at the ground floor during arrival times and at upper floors during departure times. This lends itself to routines found in office blocks, where regular hours are worked.

5.2.2 ESCALATOR

5.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNTION

The type of escalator in the case study building is known as the Parallel escalators, with stacked arrangement. It is only available from the ground floor to the 5th floor only. The stacked parallel escalators use exposed truss and drive elements. Combine with transparent balustrade to add considerable visual interest to the installation.

Figure 5.15: shows stacked parallel arrangement escalator used in THE

Curve NX

STACKED PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT This escalator design requires more floor space than the crisscross arrangement. Thus, it used less often. The principal advantage of parallel arrangement is its impressive appearance. The stacked arrangement must be used with caution due to inconvenience to the rider of an enforced long walk-around to continue the trip. This arrangement is found most often in mass purchased type facilities and in malls.

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Figure 5.16: shows ortographic drawings of stacked parallel arrangement escalatorSource:http://www.dayshare.org/arkam_slideshare/transportation-systems-in-

buildings

5.2.2.2 Component of escalator

Figure 5.17: shows component of escalatorSource:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-

components-part-two.htmlThe Escalator consists of the following components: Landing platformThese two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors that drie the stairs. The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets.

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Floor plate:It provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow access to the machinery below. TrussThe truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track.

Steps:The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or steel The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. These are basically moving platform on which escalator passengers ride.

TracksThe track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop. There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called the step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the combplate. This right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling a staircase. HandrailThe handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. It is constructed of four distinct sections. At the center of the handrail is a “slider”, also known as a glider ply which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile. BalustradeThe side of an escalator extending above the steps, which includes Skirt Guard, Interior Panel, Deck Board and Moving handrails. Deck boardThese are used for preventing clothing from getting caught

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5.2.2.3 OPERATION SYSTEM

Escalators are often powered by constant-speed alternating current motors (AC Motors) and move approximately 0.3m to 0.6m per second. The typical inclination of an escalator to the horizontal level is around 30 degrees. It has a standard rise of about 18m. Modern escalators have a single piece aluminum or stainless steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuos loop

Figure 5.18: shows elevation of escalator in a buildingSource:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-

components-part-two.html

For the width of the steps in an escalator, it must be chosen and designed wisely so that it is not excessively wide nor narrow. The steps has to have a balanced ratio between the spaces required and the transport capacity, and also between travel comfort and cost.

5.3 OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

THE CURVE NX building contains four passenger elevators and one freight elevator. Hence, in total, the entire building consist of only five lifts which can be link from the lowest level, which is Basement 2 all the way up to the highest floor, which is on the rooftop. The position of elevators on each floor is located at the same area based on the shown plan. However, the placement of the escalators only exists from the ground floor to level 5 only.

The travel speed of the elevator is 1m/s. The load capacity per lift is up to 20 people per car. Besides, the elevator brand used in the building is known as Fujitec. These Fujitec elevators use Permanent Magnet Gearless (PMGL) machine that is designed, engineered and manufactured at global facilities. The Fujitec elevator reduces overall energy consumption and offers flexible installation. The elevators used in the building are traction machines driven by AC or DC electric motors. During emergency, lifts will also automatically move to the ground floor for passengers to exit.

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ElevatorA - Passenger Lift B - Passenger Lift C- Freight LiftEscalator

Figure 5.19: Basement 2 indicating the location of the elevators

Figure 5.20: Basement 1 indicating the location of the elevators

C

BA

C

BA

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Figure 5.21: Ground floor indicating the location of the elevators and escalator

Figure 5.22: Level 1 indicating the location of the elevators and escalator

C

BA

C

BA

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Figure 5.23: Level 2 indicating of the location of the elevators and escalator

Figure 5.24: Level 4 indicating of the location of the elevators and escalator

C

BA

C

BA

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Figure 5.25: Level 5 indicating the location of the elevators and escalator

Figure 5.26: Level 6 indicating the location of the elevators and escalator

C

BA

C

BA

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5.3.2 ZONING AREA

Figure 5.27

Main Entrance

Back Entrance (loading area)

Escalator

Elevator

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5.3.2.1 ELEVATOR ZONING

Based on our observation, the human flow of circulation and the hierarchy of the interior space of THE Curve NX does have an influence to the location of elevators and escalators. The placement of Freight Elevator at the back of the building that prohibits visitors to enter whereas the placement of Passenger Elevator is at the front of the building, near to the main entrance which is visible to the visitors as they enter the main entrance. Hence, this enables the visitors to find elevators easily.

5.3.2.2 ESCALATOR ZONING

Escalators are constantly moving and generally part of a horizontal and vertical trip. Therefore, they must be placed in the main line of traffic or in the area served, often with a dominating presence. This allows user to locate the escalators, move easily and comfortably towards the escalator.

5.3.3 POSITION AND INTERIOR OF PASSENGER ELEVATOR

Based on the floor plan, it is observed that the passenger elevators are placed side by side to cater for more people, hence allowing a more smooth flow of circulation without congesting the space when visitor are ascending or descending the building.

Figure 5.28: shows exterior of elevator

The elevator consists of guardrails that wrap around the interior perimeter of the wall for support and safety reasons. It was noticed that the ceiling of the lift is made out of perforated metal sheet and opaque glass to allow subtle penetration

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of artificial lighting into the space The ceiling is designed as so to help hide the services or fixtures of the electrical and lightning system within the lift car.

Figure 5.29: shows interior of elevator

The figure 5.3.3d and figure 5.3.3e shows the lift control buttons that are placed on the left hand side of the wall next to the interior side of the automatic sliding door. The control buttons indicate the floors the lift is able to access to, the opening and closing buttons as well as the emergency lock on the lift control panel. Besides, the top part of the left wall above the control button panel shows the indication of the maximum load capacity that can be withstand by the elevator, which is 1365 kg or 20 persons per car, and the brand of the elevator, known as Fujitec as well as the certified code given under the Malaysia license of Uniform Building by law. All these indications and buttons are the main requirement needed for every lift.

Figure 5.30: shows lift control buttons Figure 5.31: shows lift control buttons

Below figure 5.3.3f and figure 5.3.3g are images of the main control room, also known as the LV Room that controls the electricity of all the electrical services in the Curve NX building including the mechanical transportation services

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Figure 5.32: shows the main control room Figure 5.33: shows the main control room

5.4 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (Licensed to Malaysia Standards Ms 1331:2003)

5.4.1 Lift

1. Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less then 1800mm.

2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated load.

3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less then 600 mm long at 1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel.

4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to all the sub-clauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be turned through 180° inside the lift.

5.4.2 Lift Door

Installation should provide the following: i. The lift doors should be power operated

ii. A clear opening of not less than 1000 mm should be provided.

iii. Sensor devices should be provided to ensure that the lift car and landing doors would not close while the opening is not obstructed, subject to the nudging

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provisions which operate if the door should not be less than 5 seconds and the closing speed should not exceed 0.25 m/s.

5.4.3 Lift Controls

Should comply with the following: i. Controls should be clearly indicated and easily operated in accordance with Clause 27 of MS 1184-2002.

ii. Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the car-operating panel. The width or diameter of the buttons should not be less than 20 mm.

iii. Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control buttons in lift cars and lobbies should not be higher than 1400 mm above finished floor level. The hearing impaired can use an alarm button and not the emergency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided, and preferably of a design, which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those trapped inside.

iv. All buttons should be designed such that the visually impaired can identify them by touch. Buttons, which are not designed as such are best modified by fixing embossed or braille numbers or letters next to the lift buttons.

5.4.4 Lift Indicators

Should be provided in accordance with the following: i. ‘Lift coming’ indicators should be provided at each landing.

ii. Indicators should be provided at each lift lobby to show the position and direction of motion of the lift car. Alternatively, an audible indicator should be provided indicate in advance the arrival of the lift car and its direction of travel.

iii. An indicator inside the car should signal clearly the direction of travel and the floor at which the lift car is situated.

iv. Embossed braille numbering indicating each floor level should be provided beside the outside call button.

5.4.5 Handrails

Handrails should be: a) Fixed not les than 840 mm or more than 900 mm from finished floor level, extended in the case of ramp or stairway by 300 mm.

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b) Fixed securely with its ends turned away or turned downwards for not less than 100 mm.

ii. Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the car-operating panel. The width or diameter of the buttons should not be less than 20 mm.

iii. Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control buttons in lift cars and lobbies should not be higher than 1400 mm above finished floor level. The hearing impaired can use an alarm button and not the emergency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided, and preferably of a design, which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those trapped inside.

iv. All buttons should be designed such that the visually impaired can identify them by touch. Buttons, which are not designed as such are best modified by fixing embossed or braille numbers or letters next to the lift buttons.

5.4.6 Lift Pit

i. Pits must be fire-resistive as should be the partitions between elevator pits.

ii. Permanent provisions must be made to prevent accumulation of water in the pit. Pits should be waterproofed and/or sealed.

iii. Drains and pumps must comply to the plumbing code and steps should be taken to prevent water, gas and odors from entering the pit.

Also, according to UBBL Clause 153, a smoke detector is to provide at the lift lobby. The lift lobby should be large enough to accommodate traffic that moves in two directions. Referring UBBL Clause 124, a lift shall be provided for a non-residential building, which exceeds 4 storeys and above or below the main entrance. It is also essential for a building with less than 4 storeys to provide an elevator for the elderly and disabled. Minimum walking distance to the lift should not exceed 45 m and the lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal travel distance. `

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6.0 Conclusion

As a general conclusion, we have chosen The Curve NX building for our case study because it provides both proficient and satisfactory service systems for us to carry out the project properly. We were able to successfully identify all the required services component installed in the building by doing a thorough study on all the services systems.

Throughout this whole project, we as a team learnt that the importance of understanding how the building services component function and how to translate our understandings into clarification and diagrammatic form. Working in a group also helps each other to remember and recognize work that everyone is doing. With the help from various sources such as books and etc, we understand and explain more of the different systems of the building with the implication of the uniform building by-laws (UBBL).

In conclusion, we have insight now on how a functional building works in providing the optimal safety and comfort to the occupants inside the building. Team work of research and experience was amazing as well. We would also like to extend our gratitude towards Ar Sateerah for her guidance throughout this project. Thank You.

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7.0References

2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMBuildings.com, (2015). The Basics of Passive Fire Protection. [online] Available

at: http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-passive-fire-protection-.aspx [Accessed 22 Nov. 2015].

Coltinfo.co.uk, (2015). Pressurisation system - Colt International UK. [online] Available at: http://www.coltinfo.co.uk/pressurisation-system-smoke-fire-ventilation.html [Accessed 22 Nov. 2015].

Google Books, (2015). Fire from First Principles. [online] Available at: https://books.google.com.my/books?id=uNWPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=passive+compartmentation&source=bl&ots=r9tFHMOuDZ&sig=JR_yEBJs3mKIXeIj4aA_fCge-n8&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=passive%20compartmentation&f=false [Accessed 22 Nov. 2015].

Google Books, (2015). Fire Protection. [online] Available at: https://books.google.com.my/books?id=R8ahgLlUTLEC&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=pressurization+ductworks&source=bl&ots=MpA1O8BvxA&sig=FIYrxNBtsRIDC1eMvLCwT41ZWnc&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=pressurization%20ductworks&f=false [Accessed 22 Nov. 2015].

Mitie.com, (2015). Fire Compartmentation | Mitie - Fire Compartmentation - Fire Rated Compartmentation. [online] Available at: http://www.mitie.com/services/specialist-services/passive-fire-protection/fire-containment-services/fire-rated-compartmentation [Accessed 22 Nov. 2015].

Cuthbert, S. (2015). What is Fire Protection? - Definition from Safeopedia.Retrieved from http://www.safeopedia.com/definition/193/fire-protection. Retrieved on 22 Nov. 2015.

Fire Extinguisher Malaysia. (2012). Fire Extinguisher Malaysia - FireExtinguisher Types. Retrieved from http://www.fireextinguishermalaysia.com/Fire-Extinguisher-Types.html. Retrieved on 22 Nov. 2015.

Savel’ev, P. S. (2010). Fire Prevention definition of Fire Prevention in the FreeOnline Encyclopedia. Retrieved fromhttp://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Fire+Prevention. Retrieved on 22 Nov. 2015.

Wise Geek. (2015). What Is Active Fire Protection? Retrieved fromhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-active-fire-protection.htm, Retrieved on 22 Nov. 2015.

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3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM(2015). Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://dms.hvacpartners.com/docs/1001/Public/06/TDP_796-054_PREVIEW.pdf

(2015). Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://www.systemair.com/Documents/Downloads/Leaflets%20and%20Catalogues/English/NB_AHU.pdf

Ashrae.org,. (2015). Top Ten Things About Air Conditioning | ashrae.org. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/free-resources/top-ten-things-about-air-conditioning

Empower.ae,. (2015). What is district cooling?. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://www.empower.ae/php/what-is-district-cooling.php?id=1

Growershouse.com,. (2015). Mini Split Air Conditioner (AC) Reviews & Overview for Indoor Grow Rooms / Growers House Review Lab. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://growershouse.com/blog/mini-split-air-conditioner-ac-reviews-overview-for-indoor-grow-rooms/

Ref-wiki.com,. (2015). Fan coil units: Coil heaters. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://www.ref-wiki.com/technical-information/159-air-conditioning/31342-fan-coil-units.html

Slideshare.net,. (2015). Hvac presentation for beginers. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/guestf11b52/hvac-presentation-for-beginers

Wikipedia,. (2015). Air conditioning. Retrieved 20 November 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning

Bhatia, A. Centralized Vs Decentralized Air Conditioning Systems. Retrieved 15 November 2015, from http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf

Eex.gov.au, (2012). Technology Background – Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning | eex.gov.au Energy Efficiency Exchange. Retrieved 16 November 2015, from http://eex.gov.au/technologies/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning/technology-background-heating-ventiliation-and-air-conditioning/

Ashrae.org, (2015). Top Ten Things About Air Conditioning | ashrae.org. Retrieved 16 November 2015, from https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/free-resources/top-ten-things-about-air conditioning

Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems | IAQ Design Tools for

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Schools | US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 18 November 2015, from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/hvac.html

4.0MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

Rudd, Armin; , Building Science Press, 2011 Revision.http://buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/info-611-balanced-ventilation-systems

Information Sheet 620: “Supplemental Humidity Control” www.buildingscience.comhttp://buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/info-611-balanced-ventilation-systems

ADEWALE ODUSINA, ( 2014 ) PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM FOR FIRE ESCAPE ROUTEShttps://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141119183548-23740981-pressurisation-system-for-fire-escape-route

Yadhav Shri Kumaran, 2015https://www.quora.com/What-type-of-air-ventilation-system-is-used-for-basement-car-parks-in-malls

http://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation

5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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