Mr. Rey BelenMr. Rey Belen

PAREF Southridge Afternoon PAREF Southridge Afternoon SchoolSchool

Mr. Rey BelenMr. Rey Belen

PAREF Southridge Afternoon PAREF Southridge Afternoon SchoolSchool

Asuka Period: 300-Asuka Period: 300-710710

Asuka Period: 300-Asuka Period: 300-710710

“Great Kings” era“Great Kings” era

Began promoting the Began promoting the adoption of Chinese adoption of Chinese culture:culture:

Confucianism.Confucianism. Language (Language (kanjikanji characters).characters). Buddhist sects.Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture.Chinese art & architecture. Government structure.Government structure.

Began promoting the Began promoting the adoption of Chinese adoption of Chinese culture:culture:

Confucianism.Confucianism. Language (Language (kanjikanji characters).characters). Buddhist sects.Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture.Chinese art & architecture. Government structure.Government structure.

• Kanji ( 漢字 ?) are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana ( ひらがな , 平仮名 ), katakana ( カタカナ , 片仮名 ), Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet (also known as Rōmaji).

• The Japanese term kanji ( 漢字 ) literally means "Han characters".

Prince Shotoku: Prince Shotoku: 573-621573-621Prince Shotoku: Prince Shotoku: 573-621573-621 Adopted Chinese culture and Confucianism.

Buddhist sects allowed to develop.

Created a new government structure:

17 Article Constitution in 604.

• Promulgated in 604 by Prince Shotoku, it is considered the first Japanese written law. Based on Buddhism and Confucianism, it recommends state officials to work in harmony for a good of the nation. Though called "constitution", the naming is fortuitous and it has no relationship with the constitution of a modern nation.

Heian Period: 794-Heian Period: 794-11561156

Heian Period: 794-Heian Period: 794-11561156CharacteristicsCharacteristics::

Growth of large landed estates.Growth of large landed estates. Arts & literature of China Arts & literature of China flourished. flourished. Elaborate court life [highly refined] Elaborate court life [highly refined]

ETIQUETTE. ETIQUETTE. Personal diaries Personal diaries

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon by Sei Shonagon [10c][10c]

Great novelGreat novel The Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji by by Lady Lady MurasakiMurasaki Shikibu Shikibu [1000 pgs.+] [1000 pgs.+]

Moving away from Chinese models inMoving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. religion, the arts, and government.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics:: Growth of large landed estates.Growth of large landed estates. Arts & literature of China Arts & literature of China flourished. flourished. Elaborate court life [highly refined] Elaborate court life [highly refined]

ETIQUETTE. ETIQUETTE. Personal diaries Personal diaries

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon by Sei Shonagon [10c][10c]

Great novelGreat novel The Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji by by Lady Lady MurasakiMurasaki Shikibu Shikibu [1000 pgs.+] [1000 pgs.+]

Moving away from Chinese models inMoving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. religion, the arts, and government.

Heian Period:Heian Period:Cultural BorrowingCultural Borrowing

Heian Period:Heian Period:Cultural BorrowingCultural Borrowing

1.1.Chinese writing.Chinese writing.

2.2.Chinese artistic styles.Chinese artistic styles.

3.3.Buddhism [in the form Buddhism [in the form of of ZEN].ZEN].

4.4.BUT, not the Chinese BUT, not the Chinese civil civil service system! service system!

1.1.Chinese writing.Chinese writing.

2.2.Chinese artistic styles.Chinese artistic styles.

3.3.Buddhism [in the form Buddhism [in the form of of ZEN].ZEN].

4.4.BUT, not the Chinese BUT, not the Chinese civil civil service system! service system!

Heian Court DressHeian Court DressHeian Court DressHeian Court Dress

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

• The Pillow Book ( Makura no Sōshi) is a book of observations and musings recorded by Sei Shōnagon during her time as court lady to Empress Sadako during the 990s and early 1000s in Heian Japan.

• More generally, a pillow book is a collection of notebooks or notes which have been collated to show a period of someone or something's life.

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji ( (first novel)first novel)Tale of GenjiTale of Genji ( (first novel)first novel)

• The work recounts the life of a son of a Japanese emperor, known to readers as Hikaru Genji, or "Shining Genji". Neither appellation is his actual name: Genji is simply another way to read the Chinese characters or the real-life Minamoto clan, to which Genji was made to belong.

• For political reasons, Genji is relegated to commoner status (by being given the surname Minamoto) and begins a career as an imperial officer. The tale concentrates on Genji's romantic life and describes the customs of the aristocratic society of the time.

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji Scroll Scroll(first novel)(first novel)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji Scroll Scroll(first novel)(first novel)

Lady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki Shikibu

She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

• Kana are the syllabic Japanese scripts, as opposed to the logographic Chinese characters known in Japan as kanji (Japanese: 漢字 ) and the Roman alphabet known as rōmaji.

• There are three kana scripts: modern cursive hiragana ( ひらがな ), modern angular katakana ( カタカナ ), and the old syllabic use of kanji known as man'yōgana that was ancestral to both.

Minamoto YoritomoMinamoto YoritomoMinamoto YoritomoMinamoto Yoritomo

Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333

• In Japanese it was known as bakufu which literally means "tent office", and originally meant "house of the general", and later also suggested a private government.

• Bakufu could also mean "tent government" and was the way the government was run under a shogun.

• The tent symbolized the field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary.

• The shogun's officials were as a collective as the bakufu, and were those who carried out the actual duties of administration while the Imperial court retained only nominal authority.

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

The emperor The emperor reigned, but reigned, but

did not always did not always rule!rule!

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Japan:Japan:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Japan:Japan: Shogun

Daimyo Daimyo

Samurai Samurai Samurai

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Shoen

Land - Shoen

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

Code of Code of BushidoBushidoCode of Code of BushidoBushido

* Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

* Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

Seppuku: Seppuku: Ritual SuicideRitual Suicide

Seppuku: Seppuku: Ritual SuicideRitual Suicide

Kaishaku – his “seconds”

Kaishaku – his “seconds”

It is honorable to die in this way.

It is honorable to die in this way.

• Seppuku ("stomach-cutting") is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment.

• Seppuku was originally reserved only for samurai. Part of the samurai honor code, seppuku was used voluntarily by samurai to die with honor rather than fall into the hands of their enemies, as a form of capital punishment for samurai who have committed serious offenses, and for reasons that shamed them.

• Seppuku is performed by plunging a sword into the abdomen and moving the sword left to right in a slicing motion.

Full Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai Attire

Samurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai Sword

Early Mounted Early Mounted Samurai WarriorsSamurai WarriorsEarly Mounted Early Mounted

Samurai WarriorsSamurai Warriors

Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense

Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense

A COTTON BREECH CLOUTA COTTON BREECH CLOUT that extended up over the chest was the basic undergarment of a samurai’s costume

A SHORT SLEEVED KIMONOA SHORT SLEEVED KIMONO, or “armor robe,” was tied snugly at the waist with a special knot (lower right)

BILLOWING BILLOWING PANTALOONSPANTALOONS,,worn over the armor robe, fitted loosely in the legs to allow freedom of movement

STURDY STURDY SHINGUARDSSHINGUARDS of cloth or leather were reinforced with strips of iron to give protection from the front

AN EXQUISITE AN EXQUISITE BROCADEBROCADE, richly worked with a design of peonies, was one of the extravagant materials used in an armor robe that may have been made for a 14th Century imperial prince

Samurai ChargingSamurai ChargingSamurai ChargingSamurai Charging

Modern-Day “Samurai Modern-Day “Samurai Warriors”Warriors”

Modern-Day “Samurai Modern-Day “Samurai Warriors”Warriors”

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

King

Lord Lord

Knight Knight Knight

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Fief

Land - Fief

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

Code of Code of ChivalryChivalryCode of Code of ChivalryChivalry

* Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

* Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

European knightEuropean knight Samurai WarriorSamurai Warrior

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

Knight’s ArmorKnight’s Armor Samurai ArmorSamurai Armor

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism

A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China.

It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.

Mongol“Invasio

ns”of Japan

Mongol“Invasio

ns”of Japan

4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them.

4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them.

Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573

Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573

► Shoguns fought for power.

Laws are unclear.

Less efficient than the Kamakura.

Armies of samurai protected the country.

C

A

S

T

L

E

S

C

A

S

T

L

E

S

Osaka CastleOsaka Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Warwick Castle, EnglandWarwick Castle, England

R

O

E

N

S

R

O

E

N

S

The Age of the Warring States:

(1467 - 1568)

The Age of the Warring States:

(1467 - 1568) Castles built on hills in different provinces.

Power shifts from above to below.

Europeans arrive in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity.

Christianity & foreign trade flourish.

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

Catholic Jesuits in Catholic Jesuits in JapanJapan

Catholic Jesuits in Catholic Jesuits in JapanJapan

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions.

Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan.

Tries to invade Korea, but fails.

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616)

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616) Appointed shogun Appointed shogun

by by the Emperor. the Emperor.

Four-class system Four-class system laid down with laid down with marriage marriage restrictedrestricted to members of the to members of the same class! same class!

Warriors.Warriors.

Farmers.Farmers.

Artisans.Artisans.

Merchants.Merchants.

Tokugawa Shogunate Period

Tokugawa Shogunate Period Japan closed off to all trade

[except to the Dutch and Chinese]. The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor.

Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. Domestic trade flourishes. Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. Merchant class becomes rich! New art forms haiku poetry, kabuki theater.