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![Page 1: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fertilizing Interior Forests:Fertilizing Interior Forests:the scientific basisthe scientific basis(and some informed speculation)(and some informed speculation)
Rob BrockleyRob BrockleyB.C. Ministry of Forests and RangeB.C. Ministry of Forests and Range
Kalamalka Forestry CentreKalamalka Forestry CentreVernon, BCVernon, BC
![Page 2: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why fertilize?
![Page 3: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why fertilize?
Every tree to be harvested in the next 40-60 years is in the ground today
![Page 5: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why fertilize?
Every tree to be harvested in the next 40-60 years is in the ground today
Forest fertilization is a proven silvicultural treatment for accelerating the operability of established stands without sacrificing harvest volume
![Page 6: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Why fertilize?
Every tree to be harvested in the next 40-60 years is in the ground today
Forest fertilization is a proven silvicultural treatment for accelerating the operability of established stands without sacrificing harvest volume
Fertilization can be used strategically to impact the amount and timing of future harvest
![Page 7: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How fertilization mitigates MPB mortalityConceptual
Har
vest
vol
ume
Are
a
age class distribution
years from now 2500
MPB mortality area
![Page 8: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How fertilization mitigates MPB mortalityConceptual
Are
a
age class distribution
years from now 2500
MPB mortality area
Fertilizing 30- to 70-year-old stands (blue) can increase harvest volumes 20–40 years from now
Har
vest
vol
ume
![Page 9: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How fertilization mitigates MPB mortalityConceptual
Har
vest
vol
ume
Are
a
age class distribution
years from now 2500
MPB mortality area
Fertilizing 30- to 70-year-old stands (blue) can increase harvest volumes 20–40 years from now
Fertilizing 15- to 30-year-old stands (yellow) can increase harvest volumes 40–70 years from now
![Page 10: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine
![Page 11: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials
![Page 12: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials ~ 50 area-based trials
![Page 13: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Relative 6-year BA response following N fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=46)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 14: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Relative 6-year BA response following N fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=46)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 15: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Relative 6-year BA response following N fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=46)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 16: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Relative 6-year BA response following N fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=46)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 17: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Relative 6-year BA response following N fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=46)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 18: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
BA response following N and N+S fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=26)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative 6-year BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
N
N+S
![Page 19: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
BA response following N and N+S fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=26)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative 6-year BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
N
N+S
![Page 20: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
BA response following N and N+S fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=26)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative 6-year BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
N
N+S
![Page 21: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
BA response following N and N+S fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=26)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative 6-year BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
N
N+S
![Page 22: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
BA response following N and N+S fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=26)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative 6-year BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
N
N+S
![Page 23: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
BA response following N and N+S fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=26)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative 6-year BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
N
N+S
![Page 24: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BA response following N and N+S fertilizationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=26)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Relative 6-year BA response (control=100)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
N
N+S
![Page 25: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 6-year volume response of lodgepole pine in north-central B.C. EP 886.01 (n=8)
13%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control N N+S
Treatment
Vol
ume
incr
emen
t
(m3/h
a)
![Page 26: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 6-year volume response of lodgepole pine in north-central B.C. EP 886.01 (n=8)
37%
13%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control N N+S
Treatment
Vol
ume
incr
emen
t
(m3/h
a)
![Page 27: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 6-year volume response of lodgepole pine in south-central B.C. EP 886.01 (n=7)
23%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control N N+S
Treatment
Vol
ume
incr
emen
t
(m3/h
a)
![Page 28: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 6-year volume response of lodgepole pine in south-central B.C. EP 886.01 (n=7)
23% 27%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control N N+S
Treatment
Vol
ume
incr
emen
t
(m3/h
a)
![Page 29: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
6-year relative BA response vs. initial foliar N
100
150
200
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Pre-fertilization foliar N (%)
6-ye
ar r
elat
ive
BA
res
pons
e (c
ontr
ol=
100)
R2 = 0.49
![Page 30: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
6-year relative BA response vs. initial foliar SO4
80
130
180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Pre-fertilization foliar sulphate-S (ppm)
6-ye
ar r
elat
ive
BA
res
pons
e (c
ontr
ol=
100)
R2 = 0.55
![Page 31: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Lodgepole pine foliar boron concentrationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=58)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Foliar boron (ppm)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 32: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lodgepole pine foliar boron concentrationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=58)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Foliar boron (ppm)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 33: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Lodgepole pine foliar boron concentrationRelative cumulative frequency distribution (n=58)
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Foliar boron (ppm)
Rel
ativ
e cu
mul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncy
![Page 34: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Effects of N and B fertilization on foliar B concentrationEP 886.05
0
10
20
30
40
0 1 6 12
Years after fertilization
Fol
iar
boro
n (p
pm) Control 200N
critical value
![Page 36: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Effects of N and B fertilization on foliar B concentrationEP 886.05
0
10
20
30
40
0 1 6 12
Years after fertilization
Fol
iar
boro
n (p
pm) Control 200N 200N+3B
critical value
![Page 37: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials ~ 50 area-based trials
Douglas-fir
![Page 38: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials ~ 50 area-based trials
Douglas-fir 5 screening trials
![Page 39: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials ~ 50 area-based trials
Douglas-fir 5 screening trials 6 area-based trials
![Page 40: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials ~ 50 area-based trials
Douglas-fir 5 screening trials 6 area-based trials
Interior spruce
![Page 41: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials ~ 50 area-based trials
Douglas-fir 5 screening trials 6 area-based trials
Interior spruce 14 screening trials
![Page 42: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fertilization research in the BC interior
Lodgepole pine ~ 70 screening trials ~ 50 area-based trials
Douglas-fir 5 screening trials 6 area-based trials
Interior spruce 14 screening trials 12 area-based trials
![Page 43: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Douglas-fir fertilization research
![Page 44: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Douglas-fir fertilization research
5 screening trials (SBS, ICH)
![Page 45: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year needle mass of Douglas-firEP 886.08 (n=5)
90
100
110
120
130
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Rel
ativ
e ne
edle
mas
s(c
ontr
ol=
100)
+ complete - complete
![Page 46: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year needle mass of Douglas-firEP 886.08 (n=5)
90
100
110
120
130
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Rel
ativ
e ne
edle
mas
s(c
ontr
ol=
100)
+ complete - complete
![Page 47: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year foliar N/S ratio in Douglas-firEP 886.08 (n=5)
0
10
20
30
40
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
+ complete - complete
critical level
![Page 48: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year foliar N/S ratio in Douglas-firEP 886.08 (n=5)
0
10
20
30
40
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
+ complete - complete
critical level
![Page 49: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Douglas-fir fertilization research
5 screening trials (SBS, ICH)
6 area-based trials (ICH)
![Page 50: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Douglas-fir fertilization research
5 screening trials (SBS, ICH)
6 area-based trials (ICH) 19-34 years
![Page 51: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Douglas-fir fertilization research
5 screening trials (SBS, ICH)
6 area-based trials (ICH) 19-34 years SI 24-29 m @ 50 years
![Page 52: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of Douglas-firEP 886.01 (n=5)
20%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 53: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of Douglas-firEP 886.01 (n=5)
23%20%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 54: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Foliar N/S ratio by treatment and yearEP 886.01 (Douglas-fir; n=5)
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3
Years after fertilization
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
Control N N+Scritical level
![Page 55: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Foliar N/S ratio by treatment and yearEP 886.01 (Douglas-fir; n=5)
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3
Years after fertilization
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
Control N N+Scritical level
![Page 56: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of Douglas-firEP 886.01 Inst. #25
34%34%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 57: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of Douglas-firEP 886.01 Inst. #28
12%9%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 58: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume incrementby initial foliar N class
10 m3
9%24 m3
30%
15 m3
14%25 m3
31%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
< 1.15% > 1.15%
Vol
ume
incr
emen
t
(m
3/h
a)
Control N N+S
![Page 59: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Other relevant studies
![Page 60: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Site and stand characteristics of the Inland NW Douglas-fir fertilizer installations (n=94)Moore et al. (1991)
Characteristic Mean Min. Max.
Site index (m @ 50 yr) 21 12.5 30
Age (yr) 65 27 100
Quadratic mean dbh (cm) 26.2 15.5 42.4
Trees/ha 660 254 1774
Total volume (m3/ha) 259 52 582
![Page 61: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Effects of fertilization on relative 6-year volume response of Douglas-fir Inland Northwest (Moore et al. 1991)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
N. Idaho Central Wash. NE Wash.
Region
Vol
ume
resp
onse
(%
)
![Page 62: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Effect of N fertilization on 6-year gross volume increment of Douglas-fir in the Inland NWMoore et al. (1991)
13%25%
16%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
N. Idaho Centr. Wash. NE Wash.
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 63: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
6-year net basal area response following N fertilizationby N application rate and foliar K status (from Mika and Moore 1990)
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
BA
res
pons
e (
m2/h
a)
225N 450N
Poor Good
Foliar K status
![Page 64: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
6-year net basal area response following N fertilizationby N application rate and foliar K status (from Mika and Moore 1990)
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
BA
res
pons
e (
m2/h
a)
225N 450N
Poor Good
Foliar K status
![Page 65: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
6-year net volume response following N fertilizationby foliar K status (from Brockley 2006)
-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
Vol
ume
resp
onse
(m
3/h
a) N N+S
Poor (n=1) Good (n=5)
Foliar K status
![Page 66: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Root tip phenolic:sugar concentration ratios in Douglas-fir seedlings supplied with different amounts of N and K(from Shaw et al. 1998)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Low K High K
Phe
nol/s
ugar
rat
io
Low N High N
![Page 67: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Interior spruce fertilization research
![Page 68: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Effects of broadcast burning on foliar N status of white spruce plantations in the B.C. interiorCurran and Ballard (1990)
N nutrient status Burned Unburned Total
Moderate to severedeficiency
8 0 8
Mild to no deficiency 3 5 8
Total 11 5 16
![Page 70: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Interior spruce fertilization research
14 screening trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
![Page 71: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year needle mass of interior spruce (n=10)Swift and Brockley (1994)
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Rel
ativ
e ne
edle
mas
s(c
ontr
ol=
100)
+ complete - complete
![Page 72: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year needle mass of interior spruce (n=10)Swift and Brockley (1994)
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Rel
ativ
e ne
edle
mas
s(c
ontr
ol=
100)
+ complete - complete
![Page 73: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year foliar N/S ratio in interior spruce (n=10)Swift and Brockley (1994)
05
10
15202530
3540
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
+ complete - complete
critical level
![Page 74: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Effects of individual and combined applications of N and “complete mix” fertilizer on 1st year foliar N/S ratio in interior spruce (n=10)Swift and Brockley (1994)
05
10
15202530
3540
0 100 200
N application rate (kg/ha)
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
+ complete - complete
critical level
![Page 75: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Effect of fertilization on 3-year height increment of young Engelmann spruce in the ESSFdc
(Brockley 1992)
82%84%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Control N N+complete
Treatment
Hei
ght
incr
emen
t (m
/tre
e)
Year 3
Year 2
Year 1
![Page 76: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Interior spruce fertilization research
14 screening trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
9 area-based “conventional” trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
![Page 78: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Interior spruce fertilization research
14 screening trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
9 area-based “conventional” trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
19 to 30 years
![Page 79: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Interior spruce fertilization research
14 screening trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
9 area-based “conventional” trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
19 to 30 years SI 18-24 m @ 50 years
![Page 80: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of interior spruceEP 886.01 (n=5)
12%15%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 81: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Foliar N/S ratio by treatment and yearEP 886.01 (spruce; n=5)
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3
Years after fertilization
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
Control N N+Scritical level
![Page 82: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Foliar N/S ratio by treatment and yearEP 886.01 (spruce; n=5)
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3
Years after fertilization
Fol
iar
N/S
rat
io
Control N N+Scritical level
![Page 83: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of interior spruceEP 886.01 Inst. #27 (ESSFwc4, SI 18)
58%53%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 84: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of interior spruceEP 886.01 Inst. #29 (ICHmc2, SI 18)
28%35%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 85: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of interior spruceEP 886.01 Inst. #21 (ICHmm, SI 23)
6%10%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 86: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of interior spruceEP 886.01 Inst. #22 (ICHwk1, SI 24)
0%4%
020406080
100120140160180
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 87: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume increment of interior spruceEP 886.01 Inst. #20 (SBSmc2, SI 19)
8%5%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Control N N+S
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 88: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Foliar B concentration by treatment and yearEP 886.01 Inst. #20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3
Years after fertilization
Fol
iar
B (
%)
Control N N+S
critical level
![Page 89: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Effect of N and N+S fertilization on 9-year stand volume incrementby initial foliar N class
8m3
7%
22 m3
40%
2 m3
2%
20 m3
37%
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
< 1.1% > 1.2%
Vol
ume
incr
emen
t
(m
3/h
a)
Control N N+S
![Page 90: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Interior spruce fertilization research
14 screening trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
9 area-based “conventional” trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF) 19 to 34 years SI 24-29 m @ 50 years
3 area-based “maximum productivity” trials (SBS)
![Page 91: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Interior spruce fertilization research
14 screening trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF)
9 area-based “conventional” trials (SBS, ICH, ESSF) 19 to 34 years SI 24-29 m @ 50 years
3 area-based “maximum productivity” trials (SBS) 9 to 13 years
![Page 92: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Effects of “single” vs. “repeated” fertilization
Age
Tot
al v
olum
e (m
3/h
a)
Single fertilization
Unfertilized
Fertilize
![Page 93: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Effects of “single” vs. “repeated” fertilization
Age
Tot
al v
olum
e (m
3/h
a)
Single fertilization
Unfertilized
Multiple fertilization
Fertilize
![Page 94: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Treatments
Control
N+B
N+S+B
“Complete blend”
Optimum Nutrition 1 (1.3%N)
Optimum Nutrition 2 (1.6%N)
every 6 years
![Page 95: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Control Fall 2001
ON2 Fall 2001
![Page 96: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
EP 886.13 Inst. #3 (Crow Creek)Spruce (SBSmc2)
![Page 97: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
ON1
EP 886.13 Inst. #3 (Crow Creek)Spruce (SBSmc2)
![Page 98: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
ON1
ON2
EP 886.13 Inst. #3 (Crow Creek)Spruce (SBSmc2)
![Page 99: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
EP 886.13 Inst. #5 (Lodi Lake)
Spruce (SBSwk1)
![Page 100: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
ON1
EP 886.13 Inst. #5 (Lodi Lake)
Spruce (SBSwk1)
![Page 101: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
ON1
ON2
EP 886.13 Inst. #5 (Lodi Lake)
Spruce (SBSwk1)
![Page 102: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
EP 886.13 Inst. #1 (Sheridan Creek)
Lodgepole pine (SBSdw2)
![Page 103: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
ON1
EP 886.13 Inst. #1 (Sheridan Creek)
Lodgepole pine (SBSdw2)
![Page 104: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 3 6 9
Years following establishment
Sta
ndin
g vo
lum
e (m
3/h
a)
Control
NSB
ON1
ON2
EP 886.13 Inst. #1 (Sheridan Creek)
Lodgepole pine (SBSdw2)
![Page 105: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Other relevant studies
![Page 106: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Effect of N fertilization on 5-year stand volume increment of white spruce in Alberta (n=3)Krause et al. (1982)
35%
19%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control 100N 200N
Treatment
Sta
nd v
olum
e in
crem
ent
(m3/h
a)
![Page 107: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Effect of N and N+K fertilization on 10-year stand volume increment of 35-year-old white spruceGagnon et al. (1976)
56%
5%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Control N N+K
Treatment
Mer
ch.
volu
me
incr
emen
t
(m3/h
a)
![Page 108: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Effect of repeated fertilization on 5-year tree BA increment of 70-year-old white sprucevan Cleve and Zasada (1976)
54%
0
10
20
30
40
Thin Thin + Fert
Treatment
Tre
e B
A in
crem
ent
(cm
2)
![Page 109: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Norway spruce fertilization response (m3/ha)Northern Sweden (from Pettersson 2001)
Stand age (years)
Site Class 40 60 80 100
Fertilizer response (m3/ha)
Poor -- 12 13 13
Medium 15 16 16 15
Good 14 15 14 13
![Page 110: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Effects of fertilization on the white pine weevil
![Page 111: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Pissodes strobi
![Page 112: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
White pine weevil damage by treatmentEP 886.13 Installation #5 (Lodi Lake) vanAkker et al. (2005)
Fertilization treatment
% t
ree
s a
tta
ck
ed
(1
99
7-2
00
2)
15
25
35
45
55
65
control NB NSB complete ON1 ON2
±1.96*SE of mean
± SE of mean
Mean
aa
ab
b
a
b
![Page 113: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Effect of repeated fertilization on 9-year height increment of young interior spruce EP 886.13 Inst. #5 (Lodi Lake)
35%28%24%
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control NSB ON1 ON2
Treatment
Hei
ght
incr
emen
t (m
/tre
e)
7- to 9-year
4- to 6-year
1- to 3-year
![Page 114: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
White pine weevil damage by treatmentEP 886.13 Installation #9 (Hand Lake) L. vanAkker et al. (2005)
Fertilization treatment
% t
ree
s a
tta
ck
ed
(1
99
9-2
00
3)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
control NB NSB complete ON1 ON2
±1.96*SE of mean± SE of meanMean
aab
bc
abc
ab
c
![Page 115: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Summary
![Page 116: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Summary
Douglas-fir
![Page 117: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Summary
Douglas-fir
stands in the ICH generally respond well to N fertilization
![Page 118: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Summary
Douglas-fir stands in the ICH generally respond well to N fertilization
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.15%)
![Page 119: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Summary
Douglas-fir stands in the ICH generally respond well to N fertilization
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.15%)
no apparent relationship between growth response and SI
![Page 120: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Summary
Douglas-fir stands in the ICH generally respond well to N fertilization
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.15%)
no apparent relationship between growth response and SI
little evidence of improved growth when S is combined with N in fertilizer prescriptions
![Page 121: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Summary
Douglas-fir stands in the ICH generally respond well to N fertilization
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.15%)
no apparent relationship between growth response and SI
little evidence of improved growth when S is combined with N in fertilizer prescriptions
additional area-based trials are needed in other BEC zones (SBS) and in older stands (> 40 years)
![Page 122: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Summary
Douglas-fir stands in the ICH generally respond well to N fertilization
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.15%)
no apparent relationship between growth response and SI
little evidence of improved growth when S is combined with N in fertilizer prescriptions
additional area-based trials are needed in other BEC zones (SBS) and in older stands (> 40 years)
effects of repeated fertilization need to be documented
![Page 123: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce
![Page 124: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce
fertilization response is more variable and, on average, smaller than D-fir
![Page 125: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce fertilization response is more variable and, on average, smaller than D-fir
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30-40% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.1%) and SI < 20
![Page 126: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce fertilization response is more variable and, on average, smaller than D-fir
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30-40% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.1%) and SI < 20
smallest growth responses are associated with highest SI (> 23)
![Page 127: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce fertilization response is more variable and, on average, smaller than D-fir
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30-40% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.1%) and SI < 20
smallest growth responses are associated with highest SI (> 23)
little evidence of improved growth when S is combined with N in fertilizer prescriptions
![Page 128: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce fertilization response is more variable and, on average, smaller than D-fir
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30-40% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.1%) and SI < 20
smallest growth responses are associated with highest SI (> 23)
little evidence of improved growth when S is combined with N in fertilizer prescriptions
B deficiencies (< 10 ppm) may limit growth response to N and NS fertilization on some SBS sites
![Page 129: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce fertilization response is more variable and, on average, smaller than D-fir
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30-40% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.1%) and SI < 20
smallest growth responses are associated with highest SI (> 23)
little evidence of improved growth when S is combined with N in fertilizer prescriptions
B deficiencies (< 10 ppm) may limit growth response to N and NS fertilization on some SBS sites
planted spruce is apparently very well suited to “high input” silviculture
![Page 130: Fertilizing Interior Forests: the scientific basis (and some informed speculation) Rob Brockley B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Kalamalka Forestry Centre.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eab5503460f94bb0fc3/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Summary
Interior spruce fertilization response is more variable and, on average, smaller than D-fir
best responses (20-25 m3/ha or 30-40% over 9 years) are associated with low foliar N (< 1.1%) and SI < 20
smallest growth responses are associated with highest SI (> 23)
little evidence of improved growth when S is combined with N in fertilizer prescriptions
B deficiencies (< 10 ppm) may limit growth response to N and NS fertilization on some SBS sites
planted spruce is apparently very well suited to “high input” silviculture
additional area-based trials are needed on N deficient sites in several BEC zones (ICH, ESSF, SBS) and in older stands (> 40 years)