Slide 1

Fertilization Sperm reaches secondary oocyte and the acrosome helps the sperm to penetrate oocyte cell membrane _

Slide 2

Fertilization Once sperm within oocyte nucleus of the sperm head swells forms _ Female meiosis completes only after the sperm enters the egg. Nuclei unite, chromosomes mingle. Zygote is oocyte and sperm, has 46 chromosomes.

Slide 3

Morula Travel time to uterus: solid ball of about 16 cells called the _____________________. Remains ________________________ in the uterine cavity for three days.

Slide 4

Blastocyst Structure becomes _ Implants in the uterus by _

Slide 5

Organization Blastocysts organizes into gives rise to the _ Outer cells become embryonic portion of _ Embryo until _ Fetus until _

Slide 6

Placenta Placenta develops attaches the embryo to uterine wall exchanges _ wastes between maternal blood and embryonic blood. Placenta also _

Slide 7

Hormone changes In non pregnant female, the corpus luteum degenerates uterine lining sloughs off In pregnant female, need to _

Slide 8

HCG HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin. prevents _ HCG and some of the embryonic cells continues to _ inhibits _

Slide 9

HCG HCG secretion is high for ____________________________ and then declines. Corpus luteum ________________________________, but is most important in the first few months before the _

Slide 10

More hormones Placental lactogen stimulates __________________________________ and prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion. hormone from _ Inhibits the ________________________________ in the myometrium, ___________________________________ until birth. ______________________________________ of the symphysis pubis and SI joints aids passage of fetus through birth canal.

Slide 11

More hormones Increased secretion of _______________________________ and of parathyroid hormone Aldosterone from adrenal cortex promotes renal _ . PTH helps to maintain high concentrations of calcium.

Slide 12

Parturition Pregnancy continues for about ____________________________ and ends with ______________________ or birth.

Slide 13

Hormonal changes with birth no longer preventing uterine contractions __________________________ stimulate ______________________ to contract.

Slide 14

Labor Contractions start at the ________________________________ and travel downward, forcing the contents toward the cervix. Labor contractions force the fetal head against the cervix elicits a reflex _

Slide 15

Dilation of cervix Dilation of cervix stimulates increased release of oxytocin more contractions.

Slide 16

Involution After the birth, the _ expelled by the remaining uterine contractions, stimulated by _

Slide 17

Involution For _________________________ the uterus undergoes _ which is the _ For several weeks will pass a _ then a _ until the ______________________________ and returns to a non-pregnant state.

Slide 18

Mammary glands Mammary glands: ______________________________ specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy. composed irregularly shaped lobes Each lobe contains _______________________________________ that leads to the nipple and opens to the outside.

Slide 19

More hormones (breast) During pregnancy, placental estrogen and progesterone stimulate mammary development. Estrogen: Progesterone

Slide 20

More hormones (breast) Prolactin, released in _________________ and present throughout pregnancy. Prolactin causes _

Slide 21

Milk production and secretion The _____________________________________. No longer will inhibit prolactin. Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete large quantities of milk not until two or three days following birth Until then, there is _

Slide 22

Milk ejection Milk must be _ When the breast is _ release of _ causes the muscles to contract and eject the milk.

Slide 23

Milk production Prolactin is released as long as milk is removed from the breasts. If milk not removed regularly, prolactin is inhibited

Slide 24

Birth Control: the ______________________________ of the number of offspring produced and _ Contraception: method designed to _____________________________ of an egg following intercourse or _

Slide 25

Withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation Natural family planning. Requires _ More effective when coupled with _ Wake up in the morning, without getting out of bed, take temperature. Body temp rises degree following ovulation. Dips just a bit before

Slide 26

Cervical mucus Cervical mucus will become When the mucus is stretchy, it _____________________ through which the sperm can travel to reach the egg

Slide 27

Mechanical barriers Condom _ Female condom: inserted into the vagina. Blocks semen from reaching the cervix. __________________________: Cup shaped structure with a flexible ring forming the rim. inserted into the vaginal canal and _ Prevent entry of sperm into cervix. Must be properly fitted. Best used with a _

Slide 28

Mechanical barriers ________________________: smaller than diaphragm. Inserted before intercourse. Have been made from _

Slide 29

Chemical barriers Includes _ Will create an environment that is unfavorable for sperm cells. Have ______________________________. Most effective when coupled with the barrier methods.

Slide 30

Contraceptives Oral contraceptives: contains _ Disrupts the gonadotropin secretion and ________________________________________ that would normally trigger ovulation interfere with _ May cause nausea, water retention, increased pigmentation of skin, breast tenderness. Also liver damage, and some controversy surrounding breast cancer.

Slide 31

IUD Intrauterine devices: physician places IUD within _ IUD may be expelled, produce pain, excessive bleeding. May _

Slide 32

Vaginal Ring releases a continuous _ The ring is inserted into the vagina _ A new ring is used with each cycle.

Slide 33

Vaginal Ring Disadvantages increased _ vaginal _ cannot use a diaphragm or cervical cap for a backup method of birth control

Slide 34

Patches place a thin plastic _________________________________ of the buttocks, stomach, upper outer arm, or upper torso once a week for _ releases combined hormones that protect against pregnancy for one month

Slide 35

Patches Disadvantages ______________________ at the site of application for wearers of contact lenses, a change in vision or the inability to wear the lenses may not be as effective for women who weigh more than 198 pounds

Slide 36

Surgical methods Physician removes a small _______________________________ near the epididymis and _ May result in pain for a week or so. Sperm cannot leave the epididymis, and are therefore _ Tubal ligation: __________________________________________ so that sperm cells cannot reach an egg cell.