Fernando López-Alves - Modernization Theory Revisited: Latin America, Europe, and the U.S. in the...

8/3/2019 Fernando Lpez-Alves - Modernization Theory Revisited: Latin America, Europe, and the U.S. in the 19th and early

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anuario colombiano de historia social y de la cultura * vol. 38, n. 1 - 2011 * issn 0120-2456 * bogot - colombia * pgs. 243-279

Mza Ty Rv:

La Amca, up,a h .s. h Nh

a aly wh uy

Una revsn de la teora de la modernzacn:

Amrca Latna, Europa, y los Estados Undos

en el sglo xix y prncpos del xx

ernndo e-es*Uv Cf

S B, E U

* [email protected]

Acul x.

Rcpc: 17 cmb 2010. Apbac: 16 b 2011.


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F e r n a n d o l p e z - a l V e s

d e p a r ta m e n t o d e h i s t o r i a * F a c u l ta d d e c i e n c i a s h u m a n a s * u n i V e r s i d a d n a c i o n a l d e c o l o m b i a

[244]

abstract

T mza, glbalza, a pcy hav ag acla l La Amca: h g ha b a p, xpl,

a ually wak. h h, mza a glbalzaa a c ga lwh; h g, h vw, ha mly aju a p h xal uc. A b, hama m h plcal u h c cu a, m h m, uuccully. Whl h vy g mpcal vc haupp h vw, h ay agu ha h h m cc.La Amca ha b a va a a mz w gh,pcally cug-g g h a-a a m

ccpualza h aal cmmuy. Tu, h ay ugg ha hg ha mly aju mza a glbalza. Rah,h pap mak a ca a pa h g l a a mza a mpa cbu h cla h m W.

Key Wods: up, glbalza, La Amca, mza, a-

a, U a.

resumen

Las teoras de la modernizacin, globalizacin y dependencia han asignado unpapel claro a Amrica Latina: la regin se ve como dependiente, explotada e

institucionalmente dbil. En dichas teoras, la modernizacin y la globalizacin

se miran como uerzas generadas desde uera de la regin. As, Amrica

Latina solamente ha tratado de ajustarse y responder a esas inuencias

externas. Cuando ms ha imitado algunas instituciones polticas de los pases

centrales y, en la mayora de los casos, con poco xito. Si bien existe evidencia

emprica para sustentar aquellas perspectivas, este artculo argumenta

que ellas necesitan ser revisadas. Amrica Latina ha sido innovadora y

modernizadora en sus propios trminos, especialmente en el crucial tema

de la construccin del Estado-nacin y en su conceptualizacin moderna de

la comunidad nacional. Por tanto, el artculo sugiere que la regin no se ha

limitado a ajustarse a la modernizacin y a la globalizacin. Por el contrario,

en estas pginas se insiste en la reinterpretacin del papel de la regin como

modernizadora y en su importante contribucin al Occidente moderno.

Plbs clve:Amrica Latina, Estado-nacin, Estados Unidos, Europa,

globalizacin, modernizacin.


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m o d e r n i z a t i o n t h e o r y r e V i s i t e d : l a t i n a m e r i c a , e u r o p e , a n d t h e u . s . . . .

[245][245]

a n u a r i o c o l o m b i a n o d e h i s t o r i a s o c i a l y d e l a c u l t u r a * V o l . 3 8 , n . 1 * 2 0 1 1 * i s s n 0 1 2 0 - 2 4 5 6

m odernitio n, did ter um h la 1960, ()a pcal k hp. mb wh a all h pa vlu- hy a all upm huma . T mza

vlu pc cal a mal gcac. cqucmay b ghg. Ay gal ha paly ca plcalpw, a h c may alway b u wly wll.1 Ap wa cu g 1960 xpa capal vlpm, m c pphy. Lk may h mza h h m, h hugh my a h pa W uc, m Nh Amca aW up h h wl.

Wha my ma? val ca w l: h vlp-

m a ual avac c, h bakw paa cm,h pa wag lab, ubaza, h pac cmc vlpm,h capacy cu ga avg, a h mgc mp a mcac m ul. cu ga m ;vlpg cu aju. Wa h pa accua? LaAmca hw ha . mpa ual vlpm ac-a wh my w al pa h pcu bu w gv ahgh a au: h la bw a a a ( cuc ha-a cagy), a h m chaacc aal y.

A w hall , h la La Amca ma a l cbu my.

Wk culu, g, a y ha challg vl-pm a mza, bu u hkg abu h pa mya glbalza ha ubaally chag. c h ghh aaly h cuy, lau ha pc a caualy ha g ma ualz a m vlp c h pph. T am hab clam cvlza, ah uzzy m aca wh h xpa- h m W. ca b agu ha alay h 15 h cuyFa a ablla, h ahlc pah mach, wa cvlz h.2 Tu, vlpm, my, a cvlza hav b ccva pag m W up a Nh Amca h , m

1. Dav Ap, Te Politics o Modernization (hcag: T Uvy hcagP, 1965) 1.

2. F ga gh h chaacza h by h Kg a cqu, Hugh Tma, Rivers o gold: the Rise o the Spanish Empire;

rom Columbus to Magellan (Nw Yk: Ram Hu, 2004).


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[246]

mz la mz, m ual l ual, m u-p culu ha cuag puhp, chlgcal vaa cmc achvm, h ha a, hu, lagg bh.

T up-La Amca cc, ug a a h cly,bcam h ma p vaabl h La Amca vl-pm a my. A ha b amply cum, clalm mah g p, b-, a vulabl. wa Max lauha ma h m acal agum m h ppcv. LaAmca wa a a bypuc up a, b w, pa, wh cac capal vlpm a accumula. T gwa a hav h h upa ual m puc. la

uggl k plac h cx pac ualm. Wh u-al vlu pak , La Amca my wa ucuallyhamp m h a. ual Max uch a Magu Pu Pugg Aga clam , gag a whl by chlahp.3Whl h maal ba h ual l h w a h l wlf m, haca, a encomiendas chaacz h w hcmc ucu a la puc cul ll b call ual.pa wa ual; cl hul al b.4 T cclu allw llm gal galy a g h whl culual a ual

va h pclal cx.Agum abu glbalza a, may pc, mla l

agum abu mza.5 Amaya , ac, ha cbh cvy abu glbalza a way ha mc baabu my:

() h wh ak a upba vw glbalza a ma-vlu cbu W cvlza h wl () h gavlpm happ up: cam h Raac, h hlghm a h ual Rvlu, a ha la a mav

3. J al Magu, Siete ensayos de interpretacin de la realidad peruana(Lma: al Amaua, 1952); Rl Pugg, De la Colonia a la Revolucin(Bu A: Pa, 1949).

4. F a vy g cqu h agum, Mlca Pa,Antes de Mayo(Bu A: c Fcha, 1970).

5. F a cu La Amca a a glbalz ah ha a a pavac h cmpay wl, Fa Lpz-Alv a DaJh, Globalization and Uncertainty in Latin America (L: McMlla,

2007). uc a chap 1.


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[247][247]


ca lvg aa h W. A w h ga achv-m h W a pag h Wl () Fm h ppppcv W mac mm a a cua

W mpalm h vl h pc () T clba vau W , a lg () g () culu ca a ul h ca wh h W. 6

T vw, a al p u, a, cu, lm pcchcal p a pac. g back cu, af w glbalza a wk. Dma w m a W, m ha, a a h Ml a, up. wa ly a

h lvh cuy ha h cu paagm mg. Up ul w cu b val. La Amca, hwv, uc mpa c-ca m mg, l caualy, a cx.

My p ha bh mza a glbalza h, -gal h pa, La Amca ha b a acg aajug c gag lwh. L, lbal, a c-vav alk hav cc vwg h g a h la a mmpa ch aga glbalza. ha b a ha h ggwa ac h g h la mpa ba, ghg

glbalza bh m abv a blw. Whl h clam a cm-plly wg, hy a mplc. Ty, amg h hg, hav plalyg h cbu La Amca my a h xpa wha lau ha uually call h m W

Wha wa ha pacula cbu?1) A alav upa a Nh Amca ual ml

gag h cc bw the state a the nation. T a La Amca mak h a y, ah ha hh way u. T pacula cc ha b, my m, mlyvlk. A bac a h glc ha, h m pa, lau h ma h a-a La Amca a lwh hacu h a bu g h nation pa h qua.

2) T mplma, m h a-a bulg, hm one state-one nation mula. La Amca a-a mgm a ml ha aach a in-the-makinga a in-the-makinga. h w, a bul ubcb , a h m,

6. Amaya , Hw Jug Glbalm, Te American Prospect13.1 (2002).


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[248]

a ppula m : one nation to each state, and one state to eachnation. Ta , ulk h upa a Aa xpc, ach a waupp ul v a ah ha v may. A, llwg

h m aalm up, La Amca blv ha achvg a hul b p by w a.

3) A vav ccp h aal cmmuy ha u mmb by g a p a uca uu a hm mpa ac h ccpualza h a. T ucu wha m lau a bulg a aalm ha a a bg ac amg mmb h a: h mpac h pa, cmm hy, a a.

A w hall , La Amca, h a-a wa ucu uh gul publcam, whch wa quckly ap by m hg. up, h ml bcam ma ly a Wl Wa .A wa ly by h m-wh cuy ha w a a maml al Aa a Aca, a a m whch pclal auggl ga f hc, bal val, a lgu -c a m uyg v h a a h a. Whhh wa a b ual chc La Amca, whhmy b ha h plcal a cal aagm, my

cc h. wa ly mak h ca ha La Amca ca w my, a ha h ca b h pacula ml ha a a publca ul ha h g vlp.

h h ay, wll ucccly mak h ca La Amcaa a mz ah ha a a m cp my. wll by, , fg a b cmpaav vvw a-bulg LaAmca, up, a h U a. c, wll y ummalycu h pacula cbu La Amca a w a glbalpc a-makg ha pa h ghh, h a alywh cuy.

Modenty nd the Nton

My clu m ha cmc vlpm. al hca ual mula aagm ha ca b a amp m g h glbal ym ah. ualzaa m cmc acal ucu ca b b a cuagbu hy ca b ally xp. u ca. Tu, h ucual

paax La Amca, p u lg ag by pcy h


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[249][249]


lk a a Fal: m u (pa, u, pay y-m, a-a) lg u a uc wh f g aumy bu l vlp cx.7

Vy mpaly, my al abu h ca a vlu maga. h ga, La Amca p h pcalc h p-clal wh f mag pw cc h glbal a h lcal m, a wh b hkg l fmag my. T mag my w gly ccwh a abu h aal cmmuy, wh a ba a whahul u vual a ppl u h am a, a wh -mula a hw ca b bw gvm a cz.

Wha wa h ha m au 1810 h aly 1900, amgh hg, ccpualza h a a uu, bh a al, bcam cucal blck h cuc h a-a.

Dcug my cc a-bulg maha ap a ucc Nh Amca ppcv.8 -, La Amca my clu ubal vw a culu amuch a acm, vlc, a ualm.9 aal hgaphy haccly h mpac h pbl p ha ac h wl pw a pc. m hm w cucv yg

ma h up h U a. T ul wa a mxu -l, gu, a g uc: Hpaamca m a mma ycup l ml plc hpa-cll, az mval gualaa.M a glaa y a Faca, cuy gm plc vaba avluc () Y m a a U, l c ca l qu l mv-m mcc y publca haba a ju c u mvm

7. Fa Hqu a a z Fal, Dependency and Development

in Latin America (Bkly: Uvy ala P, 1979).8. m hav . Dp h lma ucc vw hy hav

hl mak a l cbu. ac, Fac-XavGua, Modernidad e independencias: ensayos sobre las revoluciones hispnicas(Ma: Map, 1992).

9. F a agum abu h mpac ubal vw a h clu hm u h La Amca a, Flca Mall,Dcg h Pachm h La Amca Na a: Pu, Mxc,a hl mpaav Ppcv, Studies in the Formation o the NationState in Latin America, . Jam Dukly (L: u La

Amca u / Uvy L, 2002) 13-54.


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[250]

macpa.10 T chc a h mxu whag, wa h h h cuy m h g ha ca w v my. Alm h g p publca ul a lwly bu

uly accp pay cmp a lc, cl h m NhAmca ml ha ay h, bu xacly cal. T wh , lk Vzula, a h all Jua Vc Gmz hl vlv lcal plc a a m m g h a. Mxc a hMxca vlu pv a wll-kw xcp ha cm h ul.

a mak ap a m lgmacy ha f mha up a h U a. Na w ccv a bul a hp-clal ca culu, glbal uc, m lbal hk-

g, a clal backgu pc, ac, a ga.mag a ccpualza h a w bu cpab a pc all h pc a h magay gu, hca mmga cmmu. Whl m lau ag ha ubal h a uvv a h mag cal p-m by h a, cal ccpualza a magg h amuch h ubal wa al cpa. al xclu wa ampbu al; h , h xclu hl mpg m hmagay my a h a up h cal

h aal cmmuy pm by h a.

Eope nd Ltn Amec

A cmpaav vvw La Amca a up upp h ha h g ma w cbu h xpa m-y a h W, ah ha bg a m ma uccmg m lwh. Aa, h Ml a, a up, a, h aal h w, p lg a ch h. Lgb h mzg xh cuy, hy cu pa h u-pa lacap. M hm lv, cu, u h ulg ham a, .g., mp, pca, kgm. A hal lly ah agu may m, h av h m wl mak a hwa h mgc mall a. uch a ul v wa. T ne state-one nation mula, hwv, ma m hxcp ha h ul a lg m. La Amca ap h ml

10. J Lu Rm, Situaciones e ideologas en Amrica Latina (Mll:

al Uva Aqua, 2001) 107.


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[251][251]


hly a pc a ablh pmc a whl gb up lkw. upa u my La Amca. A a a a Nh Amca w cc, h g

ma a mx babam a publcam. Y, lk a m hp vw cmpaav plcal aaly a bag m hl vlp g h wl, La Amca p much mha ha. p ah ml my.

u, h w a w, by upa aa, wak.11 uch wak,hwv, mak h aga l m. T cuagm pam a h cuc aal y, ac, appaa p p h aga h w publca a. N qu ha

p-m a (lk h lzabha a, ac) bhav mlaly m a a umb cu. F ac, hy ma g - cla pac lg.12 c h la vh cuyupa a all ma a h pal culca gpam a aalm, wagg pac wa ah. 13 A gh, m mhg mla h cuy LaAmca. A cl lk, hwv, c mhg qualavly f.

P-m a pz h ca cu abu haal chaac h chaacc h a up whch hy

w ul. agly, La Amca a mak k h mavy uly. a La Amca al hw cuaggpam, bu a h am m hy w abu achvg cu -gag h culual a phycal chaacc h aal cmmuy.T vlpm h a-a paalll a mpha pama aalm. al wk a p-clal a magg h aal cmmuy. A h w a ly v muchm hughly mplm h m a- a mula.

up, l, p-m a g a cul aallyul v may a. T a w may .

11. Fa Lpz-Alv, State Formation and Democracy in Latin America(Duham: Duk Uvy P, 2000); a wll a mla agum Mgul Agl , Blood and Debt: War and the Nation State in LatinAmerica (Pylvaa: T Pylvaa Uvy P, 2002).

12. P Mal, Te English National Character: Te History o an Idea romEdmund Burke to ony Blair(Nw Hav: Yal Uvy P, 2006) 14-15.

13. Pam a aalm a bacally u a h wha

u aga wha g.


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[252]

Indo-European

Germanic

Northern

Icelandic

Faroese

Norwegian

Swedish

Danish

Western

German

Dutch

Frisian

English

Uralic

Finno-Permian

Finish, Karelian, Veps, Mordvinic and Mari

Lapp

Estonian

Romanic

Western

French and Wallon

Romansh

Catalan and Franco-Provenal

Castilian, Astur-Leonese and Aragonese

Portuguese and Galician

Eastern

Italian, Sardinian and Mongasque

Romanian, Moldovan and Aromanian

Slavic

Eastern

Russian

Ukranian

Belarusian

Western

Polish

Kashubian, Silesian

Sorbian

Czech

Slovak

Southern

SlovenianSerbo-Croatian

Bulgarian and Macedonian

Celtic

Irish and Scothisch

Welsh

Manx

Breton

Baltic

Lithuanian

Latvian and Latgalian

Iranian

Persian, Ossetic, Kurdish, Tat

Other Indo-European

Greek

Albanian

Armenian

Celtic

Irish and Scothisch

Welsh

Manx

Breton

Baltic

Lithuanian

Latvian and Latgalian

Iranian

Persian, Ossetic, Kurdish, Tat

Other Indo-European

Greek

Albanian

Armenian

Semitic

Maltese

Basque

Caucasian

Georgian, Avar,

Abkhaz, Ingush,

Chechen, etc.

Ugric

Khanty and Mansi

Hungarian

Altaic

Turkic

Turkish, Gagauz, Azerbaijani, Tatar,

Bashkir, Nogai, Turkmen, etc.

Mongolic

Kalmyk

figur 1.Locton nd chcte o deent ethnctes nd ntonltes n Eope n 1900.

Pey Cstned, Lby Mp Collecton, Unvesty o Texs, Astn. Avlble n

http://www.lb.texs.ed/mps/mp_stes/hst_stes.html


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[253][253]


T a bw h a a xg a wa havy h a. Ta , w a w abl ul v may a. Na- w bu by ha hc, culu, cmm h, a

ggaphcal lca. Am, axa ym, a buaucac bua. Na pmz g plcal a cal ac ha w abl uvv amalgama mp a lag a. h c-uy up, z wa pa h a nation. wa agu hamall a ha much ga by mgg bgg . g amb h cu by whch h mg cul ak plac. Mulhca mulacal a bcam, h, uavabl. T a/aha bcm, by c, aally hgu. up, v a ch

aal (gu 1), ha chc bu m mulaal a.hw, wul vlv wha wa pcv a a hpl malla ml, ha , a c by a Lhuaa, Ml-ava, Baqu, c. Lag a abua ppula pvh clu h ucc a lag a g Na acually cmp may mall a u h ama wll-bul a.

La Amca, h g a ml wa al ppula. Y a- mak l wak u, a hu, a u a whmulhc a acal fc cul b av lma algh

m b a m vabl ml. Fm h ap, a acm a pjuc, h uvval gu a gg a. Ta may a lvg u a wa pcv a a cp cc. Ty aw gh hmgy ah ha hgy. h magay my, cc amg a wa h uc muchvl a ugh b av. , m, wa up my lma a algh. T a w bvu: may cmp-a lk a g aal lg a h m mpa cau wa.14 , wak La Amca a a h up al wacau by cc amg a a ugh av .

Tu, h m pa, La Amca a w abl blck NavAmca a m havg plcal pa h w a., wh f g ucc, hy av h a-may a ua a all c. h ha, Lbalm h cmba Rpublca ul wh h one state-one nation mula;

14. , ac, Te New York imes [Nw Yk] 11 Jul. 1895: a Te New York

imes [Nw Yk] 17 Aug. 1902: 1.


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[254]

h wa ak uly. h h, my pcp acha w a, ach a w a m m cv wak a, uch a h publc La Amca. p a

m maagabl ym: whch w ul cul calz pwa cuc lgmacy by lyg up ma aal y.mlaly wha ccu up, hwv, a p all h kllg,lavy, a lma Nav Amca, La Amca mulhca mulacal Na cul b cmplly av. Wh h (vylav) xcp a w la c lm (Aga, Uuguay,a Rca) wh c w ppula by a majy upa, h h g ha accmma lag umb ppl pg

f culu, ac, a hc.L Ac c agu ha a bcam g wh pgf c pw p by f aal a culu:A a whch cmp ay f ac cm l; aa whch lab ualz, abb xpl hm, y wvaly; a a wh clu hm u h ch ba l-gvm.15 H agum ak La Amca. lylwly h La Amca a a ackwlg vy. Wh h wh cuy , pcv a mhg ha

b ga a lag a g aal culu. T xplah plc ha a g m h uc h uc aphycal pc u gup (Aca Amca, guppula) by magalza a xma. W kw ha mmga- plcy wa u puy h ppula a wll. A ha b amplycum, h Aga, Uuguaya, Puva, a Bazla aaggvly cuag mmga h ac. A may p vlpm- lmba h am. ca agu ha allh w aca wh h mp a m ml a makg. A m lacap a-a mg h -g. M hm u plc am a cag h a.

Fgu 2 pcu h vy aly (1830) a umb a-a La Amca, m hm alay publc. A w h w a all mg h pcu, whch p p-clal La Amcagh a pc. A ha b a, h plcal map ha

15. Qu ma Dahbu a Mchl hay, Te Nationalism Reader(NwJy: Huma P, 1995) 117.


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[255][255]


xpc ly a w ala h p ay. lal pwhag, h pcu qu mla ha h wh cuy.

Brazil

Argentina

Chile

Uruguay

Brithis PossesionsFalkland IslandsGuyanaTrinidad & Tobago

Paraguay

Bolivia

Peru

Gran Colombia

Suriname Dutch

French Guiana

South America

1830

figura 2.Soth Amec n 1830. Pey Cstned, Lby Mp Collecton, Unvesty o Texs,Astn. Avlble n http://www.lb.texs.ed/mps/mp_stes/hst_stes.html

T, up a La Amca ca b a p vy fa y cmplmay pc a-a ma a my,bh blgg h W. up wa ly m m m cmc vlpm, pa calza auhy, gaza buaucac, ucaal ym, a h vlpm cc achlgy. La Amca p a m, y f xpc m h mgc a-a a a al m cjuc whglbalza, a h vlpm pl ha, m cach, accph ha h a cul ca h chaacc a uyg a.


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[256]

N h La Amca publc uly hugh puc-g upa ml ul. up wa m, am, mag,aaz, ccz, a may m pa. A h am m, h x-

a l awa ha cul ally b cp. T .s. fuul xampl m cc plc mmga, agculualvlpm, cual amm, c. Bu by ally ulyc ha h U a cul b puc w uh h.W hul g h ha, h y La Amca publc,m up ju p my: al mb ma-chcal ul, clalm, a achac u. Rgag h Ua, m La Amca a mak vw h F Rpublc a

a ml wh mag; P Fau am Aga hab c a a wll-kw xampl ama h .s. ml a bulg. Y, a w hall , h U a wa al pcva f a publca xpc m ha La Amca, wh mpha lgu cmmuaa valu, la ga plc, a c cmmual law h m h u, a a Fal ym ha am-h cuy m cul puc f LaAmca g.

e Incopoton o the Msseson Both Sdes o the Atlntc

Bh h l a Nw Wl c h ak accmmagh ma plc a cag y. c h ghh cuyh a ha l a gvm cuc wa g, pa, kp h ma a bay. Bu h h ma ha b -ga. h la 1920 ga y Ga agu ha my ma hppl blv ha wa vg: h ay, h al ha b chag a aly, ly lgla () bu h ha vy vual() my m, ay wh alz h cuu ua hma, ca ua hg wha ay bgg happ h wl.16 hgu w c lk h La Amcaa wa al h ca h U a, Auala, a aaa hcuc aal y wa c al, m h , whh apa h ma. a ma wa hap by pu

16. J ga y Ga, Te Revolt o the Masses (Nw Yk: .. N &

mpay, 1932) 23.


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[257][257]


accmma h ma a publca ml pw calza.T ha avaag a avaag.

upa a, ba lg ablh a, m l

va ha h w publc. Rul La Amca, avacuum ablh glu a ha wul h w publc,appa va. T ul wa ha hy mx a umb clal pacc wh lbal publca u gvm aa umb g uc, bh m u (m h aalym) a m h a (mmga). Y h m -va a ch m pbl yp gm ma m lmg La Amca ha up. upa a, g a p-

g wll-ablh a ha gl ul, plcal u,a aal h cul pa gl a h a hu pm a w aag pbl ml gvm. v a la ah h cuy h u machy, mp, clalm, ah m aal acac ul ma a pbly a aaly (Fac, Aua, Gmay, aly, c). A h 1850, lbal acal c w ppula llcual a plcal hkga wll, a may up a ha h av h ma plc wul bg abu a wl calm cmmum abl

um h au qu. La Amca, paccally h pp wa u. h qu

m mcacy, publca ul, machy, calm, mpalm,h g ha bu aw: m lbal publc. Mxc cuba , a mla cv ca b u ac h g. Ay, aga, hly a pc m cu ap publcaul a cual gm. a way, Fac Fukuyama agum h hy cul apply h. M ulg l c hapublca ul a m pacpay plcal ym wa h lyavalabl alav. cu p-clal a machcal ac mg La Amca. Bu, ulk h up, hy ph pw ablh machcal gm. Rah, m h ch w ulg l clam xc pw h am chag aw, ah ha h am p-m m ul. m machcal a mpal ul, h uly x habl gupc. Bu wh Gal a Ma agu ha phap h b hg h w mgg pl wa cu a La Amca yal a

(a pp bwg m up) a hu lc a ca mp


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[258]

a a upm ul, h ppal pvk u jc.17 N upgly, a pclal cx, upa w c a up ac a hap a ca Dyay, a a uc yal lgmacy m uly

uaccpabl. A h ambly pu , v a a yalhu wa m backwa a aga my.

Ah apc h pc cpa h ma ha-a ha fa up m La Amca a whchp La Amca my wa h yp cpa. bh h h Alac, l a h mgg ml cla haa umb cc abu h ac h ppulac a a ac hpc c-makg. up, may blv ha h mb wa ak-

g v h plc h m.

18

Dug h aly 1900 h am lgpa hugh La Amca. mlaly h cu ua, up,a h m, wa blv ha h gh h cw a h map a u ha upa culu.19 mwha mlaly, h w publc La Amca, l l bg by guppl, Aca, a h uba a ual p. Pgv a lbal bh h Alac aw fly: h ma p hglu am plaa a paa g l-maa pg. Tu, uba cw m ymblz, a h am m,

h m agu maa m l a a uc pma pa.

T cw w p Aga, Uuguay, hl, Pu, Mxc,a lmba. h g a a whl, wak a ac ma mblw. T ak a l plcal pa, gulla-yp gup, a - gal la cul ha h a. up, h haw a pwul. Tu, La Amca ma cmg m l-

17. Vy lkly, ha wa a Ma bcau h gal wa pmpublca ul v ay h k gvm. H ppal l hg h av.

18. F a al cu c acm a Naal calm, Gg M, Te Nationalization o the Masses: Political Symbolism and MassMovements in Germany rom the Napoleonic Wars through the Tird Reich (NwYk: Hwa Fg, 1975) 4-6.

19. M k, Rites o Spring: Te Great War and the Birth o the ModernAge (B: Hugh M mpay, 1989) 66-69; Paul Jh,Modernimes: Te World rom the wentieths to the Nineties (Nw Yk: Hap

Pal, 1983).


17/37


[259][259]


cal caull a h lw cla, a wll a h vlvg pac bwh cal pw a bllu c w cpa h u- h a a h ccpualza h a.20 Ulk up,

h chaacz h ma h m publca a m hbgg. T, h ual vhcl cpa (gmach a lag a up, wak publc La Amca)paa h w wl.

m g La Amca lk h Rv Pla, wh guppula w l umu, p w wak h bywa, placm, gc. lmba, w a mla ua may way. Ulk up, l ha ca a w blgg.

hgu c wh haba ma ply v algacal, hc, a cla l, a wh lag cg mmgakp h allgac g aal, l ca m aal y bul lgmacy. H, up al xpcmhg f, bcau a hu mmga ma g h c, bu bcau much mall h umb.

up a La Amca ha a mla ccpualza h a- ha h a wa ccv a pg a hachy. La Amca, hzal camaa, a pcally by Bc

A, wa haly a pa h magg h aal cmmuy.T a wa gg b au a cla- . bh La Amcaa Nh Amca, ac ma a ulv u m h bg-g. up, hcy, lg, a ac al p bacl ga a a. bh up a La Amca, h m-al aachm ha u ppl h a p up ac,hcy, au, a cla. up f m La Amca hc, c La Amca h wh w ach by ac ahcy cu h majy h ppula m h g.

A ha b mak, ah vy mpa fc whh upa c wa ha by h 1890 a by, La Amca a- w, h m pa, g ugh wag wa ghb.T, h a w cb, pcv, a mag - way m h whch upa h. A up,may mmb h ulg l Bazl, Aga, Pu, Vzula

20. F a m xpa cu h pc, Lpz-Alv, State Formation,

uc a cclu.


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[260]

Mxc v m k clal xpa. h w y aal h pcp upa, h wul hav lva h au h a. pacc, hwv, La Amca a ma uabl

xpa by wa a cqu.21Bh up a La Amca aalm wa pcv a a gw-

g pblm. Bcau Aga a Uuguay, ac, m ubawll w g -ga cl, h w publcaa pcv h upug upa aalm a cly afcgh uba ma. Ty w abu ala mmga wh wa ma ala ah ha apg h Ag Uuguaya a-al, paa wh wa ma paa, Plh wh wa

ma Plh, a Ml a mmga wh kp allgac ya, Ama, uky. h La Amca cu wh lubaza w mmga ppula, h ma backwaNav Amca, h ual p, a p paa wh, by h h cuy ha a mga h capal c, al paw a a h y h ulg cal. Ty w pcv, a Pu, Blva, Mxc, cua, a challg h qua a- gvm. up w ca mla ca: aly, ac, backwa paa m h uh wh j h m

avac Nh pvk a c a vlu.22 Y, up,wh m a plac a aal am ully vlp, cul mcmably abb p vy a c ha La Amca.

Li Ai Modiy

c h m-h cuy, a gav mag h g waall bh h upa a La Amca maga. T m-ag, ba m ha ac, plac La Amca a away m m-y. cuy a wa w maj cc. Mxc, a plca l la qu a a la Rpblca uca ha p xpaa(...) c l px xpula a l pal a paa amaa -va l cam Vacuz y la capal () aua l cmc

21. F a cmpaav agum h wak h a La Amca, , Blood and Debt; a Lpz-Alv, State Formation.

22. Ja Bck, Nationalism and Culture: Gabriele DAnnunzio and Italy afer

the Risorgimento (Nw Yk: P Lag , 1994).


19/37


[261][261]


y hac ca m la p pblca y la ly 1824 ()23 Whlbay Mxc ha b c b h m wpa al, h h g h ual p a lal paa al

ma h way, a hy cul, bay cap auhy a pxpla; h pc lg ul h bgg h 20h uy.Ba lmba, a ha b cum, bcam a gal pa h plcal lacap.24

1865, h h h c, h pah ul M-v al p ha cha a cuy g h Rv Plaa by. c h ua (h ul agu) (...) h cuhav b a wa a hav jy ly b pac (all whch) pvk

all h cal cla mu a apahy, a all c h c-my, cmmcal aga.25 T ul wa al. h, hwv,blam h backwa La Amca pcly h hag hcuy h p. Lkg a Paaguay h la 1890, ac,a Nh Amca p cclu ha ly g uc mh upa cu ah ha pa cul mak a fc:Whav maal avac h cuy may mak h uu, wll bmaly u g wh a aply cwg . T ubquu gl-m m h h aly alay p lavly lag umb,

a h pg Gma bcmg alv h g pau hR Alpa () T Paaguaya a l bg wh a mpla aly uppl. Y pah culu, ac, m b v mamagg ha gu a a valu: m cmpaavlya Paaguay, a h majy h ba Guaranes a b u h Ag, wh h vl chaacc h xh cuy paaa h cmp.26

23. L by Maqua al la Baca, 1841, c J Lu Rm,Latinoamrica: las ciudades y las ideas (Mll: al Uva Aqua, 1999) 215.

24. Gzal chz a Dy M, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos (elcaso de la violencia en Colombia) (Bg: l ca, 1983).

25. M Rlac x, Ma, Lgaj 2706, a 1854-1865.aa la lgac pala Aga al ula pal Lba.N x m clacac. Pa u lgaj ula Dcc Au Plc, ag 1864.

26. Te New York imes [Nw Yk] 21 Jul. 1890: 2.


20/37



[262]

vppula publc buaucac w, may bv, ahmc pblm h w publc. 1891, lkg a Aga hm cmc baza, a Bh jual c h gav

cquc havg lag a publc c: () g glac a h umb mply aach h Naal Gvm() ala a wag a 30% h aal vu () ag u h ac v ha h pvc, wh h xcp R,ca hp m h labl u h ym amaw c () Bu Ay () h vu 1882 wa $12.805.336() whch 49% w pay ala a wag.27

Wha uch mag h ha my ly abu bu

m m al abu cha, wa, cc, ul plc, a lawl-. Ty al m h ual a culual vly h wc. Lack ma, h g uc Agl-Amcalau a h ua La Amca llcual wh h back-wa h cu, ha gg h pcu. N m hgly aump ha h clal a gavly ch capacy h g achv hgh lvl vlpm a caljuc. Local Histories, Global Designs, Wal Mgl ha agu hah m mpa a h glc l wh hcal Agl/Fch

lau.28 wul a ha mza, wl-ym, pcy,a aal la h hav ma a hug cbu hc a wll. T c h g m aal ca my a vlpm cu b cuagg, v ay.Y h ma ha h g cul ca a my w ha a W my gal. Dug h wav glbalza, cca 1870-1920, a cucal m h glbal pla mza a lbalm, g La Amca pavant-garde my.

Nio d F

Na bulg La Amca f a cc h xg(a hug) avalabl lau aal y, h a-a, a

27. Te imes [L] 26 Jul. 26 1891: 1.28. Wal D. Mgl, Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern

Knowledges, and Border Tinking(Pc: Pc Uvy P, 2000).


21/37


[263][263]


h a.29 T lau ha mphaz hy a pa cllcv x-pc a h bg lm ha ca a blgg a hucuc wha Max Wb a a cmmuy m. La

Amca, hwv, hy wa wak, h pa cval, a m uy al. a, a abu huture o the nation m p-v a pmg way ca y. Ulk wha happ up,h a cul b lly cuc up a glu pa. T l-lga a publc gu, clug plca, uggl ca ucha pa. T ul wa a ha ba abu h cvc hacgh gu, pah, Pugu a clal pa La Amca. Ah, w a m m pmg. A y, h w l l

whlly ag a h chaacc h w a. hg wacla: ac h g pah a gu culu w hugh pv h ua h m a. Fug ahbcam alm a mpa a h .s. a y h g valy hapaa hm a h alm pma a wa h hcuy ma cul bul aal y xcluvly up hhul.

Bc A w ha by h m-h cuy a ml h p a-a wa avalabl pag a ha h

ml wa ca La Amca.30 T cc. Y h ml clum ha a pa hy a a. T ccpualzaa cuc h ac ha qua, the nation, caa qually mpa g: a magy h uu h a.

29. m ly m: h amu 1189 lcu by Ra, Wha a Na?, Becoming National, . Gf ly a Ral Gg uy(Nw Yk: x Uvy P, 1996) 41-55; Lah Gl, Nationalism:Five Roads to Modernity (ambg: Hava Uvy P, 1992); c

Hbbawam, vg a, Te Invention o radition, c Hbbawma c Rag (ambg: ambg Uvy P, 1983) 1-14;Jh Luckac, Democracy and Populism: Fear and Hatred(Nw Hav:Yal Uvy P, 2005); Kh, Ha, T Nau Naalm, TeAmerican Political Science Review 33.6 (1939): 1001-1021; Bc R. A,Imagined Communities: Reections on the Origin and Spread o Nationalism(L: V, 1983): a Under Tree Flags: Anarchism and Anti-ColonialImagination (L: V, 2005); Mal; Yal am, T gma Naalm, World Politics 47.3 (1992): 421-423, a h Liberal Nationalism(Pc: Pc Uvy P, 1993).

30. A, Imagined Communities 81.


22/37



[264]

a, llcual, h ucaal ym, a plca pm m-ag uu cuag y a blgg.

Ac h g, ul alk abu a proyecto nacional a proyec-

to de nacion; mplc h a wa pcula abu uu. A Jamc ha clam, a a, amg h hg, pla, a h vlvpcc mpaly, m, a pac.31 H p wll ak:cal gg a ym pw bu uually clu mag wha h uu cy wul lk lk. T a h wl apacula way (a a a) cag a v ha bvuly clu h uu.La Amca publca a xc h v qu gly.32 Tyv h uu h aal cmmuy f way accg

cx. Ty cc, hwv, h ap ml caup lbal lgy: h cmba publcam wh h one state/one nation mula.33

pc wa, cu, a plcal v a ca b quawh a-bulg wh h acual xc a a. Ta k alg m. Mxc ha pvk h ch ba abu h m-g a bulg. m hav agu ha a pc ly hl alk abu the nation whl h ppula c kw ll abu mag xc.34 h, uch a Flca, ugg ha p-

c pv h ppuy h ulg h a nation; ha x bu ly a mbyc ag h clal p. LzMy, h pa, ha clam ha ul h 1870 h wa h a a Mxc; h paalll mla agum ma abu Ag-a, Uuguay, lmba, Pu, a Blva. Ala Kgh ha guh

31. Jam . c, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the HumanCondition Have Failed(Nw Hav: Yal Uvy P, 1998).

32. A pp wha h lau ha agu, auhaa a hav

b h ly ha h a makg l. Lw gl Bauma A klv, Stalinism as a Way o Lie: A Narrative in Documents (NwHav: Yal Uvy P, 2001): a Jfy Bk, Tank You ComradeStalin! Soviet Public Culture rom Revolution to Cold War(Pc: PcUvy P, 2001).

33. T ml wll b hly blw wh cug h aa-a a a ymbl my.

34. c Va Yug, T Raw a h k: l a Ppula lgy Mxc, 1800-1821, Te Middle Period in Latin America: Values and Attitudesin the Seventeenth-Nineteenth Centuries, . Mak zuchma (Bul: Ly

R, 1989).


23/37


[265][265]


bw culual aalm, h ha, a a bulg, h h, a agum ha, f w, ha al b ma abuAga a Uuguay. mhy Aa ha bauully capu h ba

Mxc.35 gca ha ca al mla ba gag h

cc bw a a a lwh h g. Aa gh uggg ha h a p a ual cmp. Mayh a al gh ay ha aalm plcal, lgcal, aculual. Y h ccpualza a h a fm aalm a g by u. T a, x, b mhw ccpualz, , a, mag. A

maga, ccpualza. cpualzg h a clu ly ymblm abu h pa bu al h uu. um, h La Amca nation-state wa, a lag x, c-

uc up h m ha h uu h aal cmmuy pa h h a. Wha h ma a a aalycalcagy? ca ak may m. ca a, pma, lgu m a , h m pa, h . S. ca al clupaqu ppc, amg h a m bgg, a w kwm Ac Gc. ca al b ba up h pcal qual

ppl, a ha b a gla Fac.36 ca c x-m cc h pal a gv a (huma cmmuy) achv ppy. La Amca cbu mhg f. Lkh .s., h g ap Falm a a bac plcal gaza.Ulk h .s., hwv, l a gvm av h p-ucm mag h w uu ah ha y a.37

Dy u 1) lgu m h w publc haha b b avag by cula a lgu uggl; 2) pah;3) cc a pa ha l wa , a, pcally, 4) mag. D qu a cmpm a uu-ally bul up kw a. h g, l u cmpmhag a a vy cval .

35. mhy . Aa, Forging Mexico: 1821-1835 (Lcl: Uvy Nbaka P, 1989) 5-25.

36. Mal.37. T w xcp; ac, Paaguay u J. Gapa Faca a

Vzula u . a a J. Vc Gmz, alhugh h ca

Vzula, Falm wa a pc ba m h bgg.


24/37



[266]

Dpv a m y, h uu h a -clu a havy ucay. T cuuv bcau w culaum ha a abu h uu hul b u guaa ably

a cuag mmbhp h a. Ucay m cu-ag h pp. h a a a cmmuy hzallay, a Bc A , ucay wul mh mplybcau mmb wul b m p hlp ach h a qual pa h cmmuy a cllaba h cmm g. Bu h a La Amca wa ccv hachcally, ah ha a a cmmuy qual.38 Tu, whl m l ma ha h uu lk bgh,ucay wa al ga h vy h a. Fm

h ap gvm, h g w wa ha hy c-aly hav ak h blam wh hg w wg. A awa g by whch auh chag h aal mak,h uc pwul cu, a aal pu hmu h a.

hcy, culu, a laguag a kw ac ha hav cbu y. h g hgy La Amca h accul hav bcm h glu cuc y. Tuture o thenation, hwv, pv a pbl lu h l: all ac, cul-

u, a hc clug mmga cul l mlaly abuh pm a uu ha cul b ppu. T pblm ha la h a ac wa mak h uma h ccp h a pbl, a cvc h wh blg h uhc a h p gal ha h a wul mbac hm.T wa a ay ak.

, may ca, h uu h a pc h vualappaac uwa hc. T a k a lag l hcavg h l uu h a, a, h, hwakg h u gup. h lk h h way whlcal lahl abl ymacally magalz lm-a hm , a Pu a Aga, h a um mlay

38. lau Lmz, Naalm a a Paccal ym: Bc ATy Naalm m h Vaag P pah Amca, Te OtherMirror: Grand Teory through the Lens o Latin America, .Mgul gl a Fa Lpz-Alv (Pc: Pc Uvy P,

2001) 329-359.


25/37


[267][267]


campag wak gu cmmu a lma pbl al-av ccp h a. a wh cuy Mxc, ca cmpag cag uch a mestizo,39 y

bl a vay culu a hc ha wul p hMxca Na. m ca, h La Amca a mgg h h cuy av h al a m upa/Wh acuagg mcga a/ h mpg mmga m h ac (lmba, Pu, Aga, Uuguay, hl, Blva). Tu,h a k up l h cuc a a, a, whhc w upp u a uyg y. A mpha huu h a a a uyg ac, ah ha a a ca

a glu pa, m m appalg a uul achv h gal.Ah publca xpm, h U a, al plac a g m-pha h uu h a bh achv uy a h wa. Y a f way ha fa Nh Amcamy m ha La Amca.

Two Pths to Moden Nton:

Ltn Amec nd the Unted Sttes

1776, Tma Pa xul: W hav u pw bg h

wl v aga. A h Fch Rvlu, h blv ha Fac, ,ha a a w a h whl humay. H blv h ha gvm bg, a w hav lv a h bgg m.40 Hglpa bu h U a Amca by ayg ha wa a wlhcal phm a ha p (...) h la h uuwh, h ag ha l b u, h bu h Wl Hy hallval l.41 T cuy l wa pca up h ha hAmca a p a uu p pbl a hp. a - way, h m ccpualza h a, a m by uu ha by pa, wa al p h La Amca publc.

39. Lau Mxc ha abu h ca h a uch aallac. , amg h, Lu Vll, El proceso ideolgico de la revolucinde independencia (Mxc: n, 1983); a la Vlla, LaIndependencia mexicana, 3 vl. (Mxc: e, 1992).

40. Tma Pa, Common Sense, the Rights o Man, p 1791 (NwYk: Gyph , 1992) 58; a Te Rights o Man (Nw Yk: DlphBk, 1961) 420.

41. G. W. F. Hgl, Te Philosophy o History (Nw Yk: Wlly Bk ., 1944) 86.


26/37



[268]

h U a, h awa havg u h vablpublc m m cbu cucg a aaly m h uu ha h pa. a mla u-

a La Amca, alhugh h publc ub kw ha hyw h a ha h U a ha walk a u ha wa ally p hm. Aga, Uuguay a, a ga x,lmba, Vzula, hl, a a Rca, h a ca h a whch h p h uu paalll h hap h h Amca a. bh Amca, m h a mg ha mphaz m h uu ha hpa. h w, bh Amca, mmb mag a ccpu-

alz h a hugh uu ah ha pa. ca aguha h h ma m vly aca h cuc ha h Amca.

m h maj fc bw h U a a LaAmca p mla xp my ah ha aal m .s. pc a-bulg ha wul ca wh ap-m pc a-bulg uvlp La Amca.

My ha b aally h pg. Whg pg, y Plla w ha wa h aump ha

a pa chag x h hy mak () ha c vbl chag c ly, a ha h c wampvm.42 A Plla p u, maal pg a lavly c h la h hu ya , whl mal pg, a cc al m, ha b mly aum g alg wh h maal.T pc La Amca my a cbu g uulca wh h al mza h publc.

Maal pg am by cc, uy, a a pabl x-p cmy wa h m La Amca a-mak. Tyhugh ha mal pg wul llw. Ulk h .s., paculalgu bl chalgy wa aach h h cuy pg a ma way h ccpualza h a. FLa Amca, vu, h wll a capacy pu h publc vh pva, p a g cvlza a my. Ha h Gk pk plcal vu a la h gh ply?

42. yy Plla, Te Idea o Progress: History and Society (L: Wa,

1968) 9.


27/37


[269][269]


D Pla hk publc a h mbm vu? Y ma-bul, a m, ga h maal ba pga h ky pqu my a, hpully, a m vuu ply.

Wh h gal maalz, a wa h ca,ulg l a h mgg ml c blam cac mauacu-g, aal mak, au, pc, a h ccy hagaa c h alu. chla a publc gu aguha lack cmc pg h vu, wak u, acuag cup, ah ha h h way u. H a hmal a valu w m a wak ua a h cau all vl. Bu m cmpa cu cmc.

W mhg qu f h U a, wh h pl-c lby w aca much m wh vu ha wh cmcvlpm. Jf wa aama ha mauacug wul b cbcau ga much ubvc a valy, ufca h gm vu, a ppa l h g amb. Agculu, c-agly, wa a ga vu.43 My cul p bh ga vl. H k a xm p, bu h wa al. T AmcaRvlu wa a vlu abu lby ah ha abu m a wa am by h plc vu. ac, wa bcau h u

pcally h Fal Pap hugh ha vu wa uc maa lby ha plc bcam cay. T l uwa pv a ccv pbl va m vu. L hw mpul a afa, m wul vy lkly mv away m vu.

Fllwg Mquu, h a-Fal h z hcmmuy a blv ha vuu ppl cul lv ly a publcha wa mall, pmaly agaa, a hmgu. Ma -ag. H hugh ha a publc cul b ua a lag y. h ba, h Fal pval. T hkg wa ha a lagpublc cul al achv mal uaably. T Fal aguha h a wa cuag cmmc a lag h publc -g a mulplcy a vy gh wh h papg uch . chg Hum a Aam mh, bu u-lk Jf h Fal lk up a xpav cmy a hc mal l-bm. Y, h ma vu a hc,

43. Tma Jf, Writings, . Mll D P (Nw Yk: Lbay

Amca, 1984) Notes on Virginia.


28/37



[270]

hy al k Mquu ha, a ca h ccp hAmca a up hcal pcpl.

T wa av. Ty l ha h l publca u wa

u ha lby a vu pval. M w b u pauly ua h k vu u a halhy a;hu, u w pv cup a pv h uu h U.

T cvy a f v h l u m h ha m ha a cuy la wll ma La Amca. um play a mla l bh, bu La Amca, lg, -u, a lby, pacpa qually h ccpualza

h a. h U a, hy . cul clam ha hghh cuy Nh Amca my a h awa l m ha h La Amca ha pval la h h. Wa Nh Amca my a-capal? Nh h aump wul b u. h U a, vu, lg,a maal vlpm w a cmplmay my.T wa a mplc aump ha g w h -u. A La Amca, h vu lg wa m h ug ual cum. A pp La Amca,

hwv, lg, h al phlphcal ua vu, amwh lby, cu h bac g h Amca a a uu vlpm.

h U a, h l h a wa f. Gvm wah ly pm a guaa lby, c h Amca awa blv hav p-x h a.44 La Amca, ca-gly, h a wa ccv a a cula puc. h U a,lg a vu cu h bjc gvm bcauhy wul pauly mg m h aual mpul cy.cy wa, a all, h aucu gvm. La Amca,h mpul w c aual a h a hava l hapg hm.

, h g lbal/clcal clavag ha chaacz h c-cpualza h a a a-bulg La Amca mak much h .s. Rlg h U a

44. a pa h Amca a a p-xg h U

Gl.


29/37


[271][271]


b h u bcau wa blv b mly mb cy. Rlg La Amca b h ubcau h gvm l wa kp huch a a paa.

Wh lg wa m, wa pcly mak ha p. LaAmca cm cl h Fch a ha aw h l lgvy fly a hu ccv h a a uu vyf way.

Wh wg abu Amca hal a cuy a h ablhm h Rpublc, cquvll, m a Fch ppcv, f a aalyha acla cmpa wh h La Amca publc. T Fchphlph, h w, hugh lgu zal wll b xguh a

m a lghm ca. T U a pv hahy. Wha up cquvll wa ha amg u (h ma hFch) ha h p lg a h p m almalway mv cay c. H u hm u wh ah; hy g gh h am l.45 Dly, La Amcacam cl Fac ha h .s. A y wa f m Fac ha cuc h a, a h U a, ma pjc h uu ha h pa.

um, wha w h maj fc bw h .s. a La

Amca m hw hy ccv h uu h a? F,h ac ha a La Amca wa ccv a a cula mcuc ha mplca h way whch La Amca ccv uu. h .s., h hy w aca, pa, wh h ccpualza h a, a h haply f-a h w Amca.46 Fm h ap cvl lg, may h wh bga h -call Amca xpm ccv a

45. Alx cquvll, Democracy in America,lcc p amak-up by sr, h Amca u Pgam a h Uvy Vga, Ju 1, 1997, 408-410. Fm h Hy Rv ala v acc, 1899.

46. ca b agu ha by h m Alxa Haml a 1801, whTma Jf aum h pcy h U a, h .s. wa a a y. A ha m, h a xpa a h al gvmca a h a ha au p a ppuy. Y alylgu upa v ca x h ppula magay a

h m m a-mak ug h pc a-bulg.


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[272]

a chalgcal cy, alm a a alz upa.47 wh qu-g Bllah a h p: A axal cqu h uamal pm Amca cy a culu wul qu ly a cqu

vualm a ag cmplmay wh h cu Ga a, bu a cqu h Pa Rma l, a la m ual Amca m. uch cqu wul hw ha h Ua h y G ha clam bT ga Pa m-ak whch ahlc hav a m all wa cu lga a, mag ha Amca ha bcm a alz chalgy.u pacpa h ga wa h wh cuy ly cmu ulv a by hy, uquly ch h wl

h chl lgh aga h chl ak.

48

c, a a a cquc h g lgu uc, .s. c-z, cu, blv hy w pcal a f, ch by G play a mpv a uqu l h wl.49 m xaggav, a-bulg cmb wh chalgy puc a cmxu ha clu a g ah a pbl upu, mh cuw h u h ch la.50 T aal h magg h La Amca a.

T, h la bw h a a h a wa f

h w wav publcam.51Fuh, La Amca, h a aal uu cc

wh h h a wa ccv m p pbl-. Fm h bgg, a ucay m pa h LaAmca magy h uu. T h p h pbl

47. , amg h, Rb Bllah, vl Rlg Amca, Daedalus 117.3

(1988): 97-118.48. Rb Bllah, Mag a My: Amca h Wl,Meaning and

Modernity: Religion, Polity, and Sel, . Rcha Ma; Wllam ullva;A wl a v M. p (Bkly: Uvy ala P,2002) 266

49. F a agh wa cu h u, Kv Phllp,AmericanTeocracy: Te Peril and Politics o Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money

in the 21st Century (Nw Yk: Vkg P, 2006) 125-170.50. Pa Rb,Americas Dates with Destiny (Nahvll: Tma Nl

Publh, 1986).

51. Rb 99-170; 219-269.


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[273][273]


gav ucm ha bcam ga h h a. h U a w a vy f ua.

Fh, h fc abu hw h uu h a wa c-

cv cc wh f g pcv xcpaly a haccpac g uc. ha b p u ha a -al pa Amca aal y blv ha h .s. aa a xcp a a uqu cal a plcal xpm. T Ua, ha b agu, ba fc, a cy Amca a c m, v paa m, all ha g ().52Rpublcam a Pam w ga a maj au hcv a uqu. T w ha ha wh a jc

all ha wa g. Tu, Wahg wag abu aglg all-ac wh g pw ha cul jpaz, amg h hg, hw Rpublc y a m.

Nhg ca b m f m h ua up whch LaAmca publc ca h ccp wha wa aal. aua clalm, a-mak a h llga al gua h cuy m agu g uc. Nvhl, uvy g glbal pu h w publc w cuag ach m a g pa. A a ul, hy up lkg m

uwa ha wa, mbacg g way a culu.mmga cmmu a h uc. T jc

pah a a h wa pc wa aumazg. p llcual a gvm lk lwh, gua bu v m Nh Amca a up. v Ba-zl, whch xpc a uggl pc a acqu u h wach a Pc, h ach y al ma a uwa up gal ah ha xcluvly Pugal. Bazlallcual h h cuy lk Fac phlph-cal guac a gla ml palamay gvm.Gmay wa xpc cbu maphyc a chlgy. A-ga, h am wa u.53

52. Tma B, T Amca Way mp, World Policy Journaliii.1(pg, 2006): 45.

53. Gmay al cbu mhg l: mlay ag. p h p mlay acam h wl, Gmay cv Agca. La Prensa p 1905 ha h gvm () vz caa

mla Almaa () ha ul va mla ag a ua


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[274]

Fally, wha abu h ma y ha m ucha mpa pa h h a h U a?Wa al p La Amca? Aga a Uuguay a

a x h cu uch a Pu, Blva, Mxc, a lmbaha a vy ml ma y h uhakabl ah h aual uc a a uu ppy. Bazla lyhugh ha h a ha a bgh a pmg uu. Hwv,La Amca a-bulg ll qu h a ma -y. a aal cal h u ma m h h a, Aga a much La Amca wull a xm h pcum. T U a wul llw a

ml p. h h xm h pcum cul, ac, Gmay, whch a ca m hy, pk h gau h Gma ppl a y maup a h wl.

ca agu ha h qu my, h cuyLa Amca publc kw ha h a w uml bu a l way hy al aw hm a pvlg a vg a bghuu. l, llcual, a h a ag a py au h a. Ty l ha the nation b p-

ma al; hw, m cul la h wg c, -pcally publc cal a u. g agm a hhcal ua h a p h uca p a uu. pa cul pv aaqua ua. H ah fc wh h U a. h Nh Amca Rpublc, h u a mal h x-clz w accp a pa h w a. h Amca huu ha Jh Aam cb a a mp lby cmpgwy hy mll m whu bl kg amghm, u Law ma g a accp, a wll a Bh ph-lphy a cmmcal culu. , h Bh a ha h publcg cal vu bcam ga h magg h Amca a. ca agu ha h U a xpca pc cl pc ha a uwa-lkg ccp h a.

y pacca l jc aqulla ac qu cva y cvaa la

upmaca mla upa. La Prensa [Bu A] 24 p. 1905: 2.


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[275][275]


Conclsons

hav hw h uac a chaacc my ap-clal cx h hp cbug u uag

my. F lg, my ha b xcluvly ccv a hca a puc h avac capal a. W hav hwha h ccp a pacc a-bulg, h a a, aaal y acually ha . My, h cm-plx cx pclal La Amca wa, a , m p g uc, ambu cal gg, a may waym acal ap lbal a publca ual mlha up. ca b ully u a a m ac, ma,

cquc vlpm up h U a. T way hah a, l, a h lw aa h ppula mplm hmy ma a cbu h w.

A La Amca mak my, h pap ha hap h one state-one nation ml, h mulau ma publca ul, h a a aal y, a h aha clu magg p uu a ucay. Lau ha m h vlpm a g mm upamy m h xh cuy wa. La Amca, m-

y k w m a , pcally ga h vlpm.bvuly, h ccpualza h a h m ju cbcpa a mp upa a Nh Amca m h a, cvl cy, u, a y. Y La Amca m-y a va ual g a a-bulg cab ully u by lkg a h ca al.

La Amca mz blv, a wll may cal a Max- gvm a mvm h wh cuy ha cal -gg wa ly pbl bu al abl, a ha gvmcul a hul ca h yp a. Nh cuy LaAmca mz k ha h m h cuy aha maal vlpm m py much vyhg l, -clug mal. wa al ba h cvc ha ac, valu, acvlza al b pa h g cuch gh a. T cvc wa al p h U a,bu h cx a f la bw lby, vu, a hu h a.


34/37



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