Feminism Complete

8/6/2019 Feminism Complete

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FeminismAn Overview

�Husna Munirah Bt Ahmad Kamil

�Wan Atika Bt Wan Asri

�Syafa Sakinah Bt Mohd Mustaffa

�Wan Nur Amaleena Bt Wan Mohd Affendi



Definition

� Feminism is a collection of movements aimed atdefining, establishing, anddefending equal political, economic, and socialrights and equal opportunities for women. Itsconcepts overlap with those of women's rights.Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues,but because feminism seeks gender equality,some feminists argue that men's liberation is

therefore a necessary part of feminism, and thatmen are also harmed by sexism and genderroles. Feminists are "person[s] whose beliefs andbehavior[s] are based on feminism."



� Feminist theory emerged from these feministmovements and includes general theories and

theories about the origins of inequality, and, in somecases, about the social construction of sex andgender, in a variety of disciplines.

� Feminist activists have campaigned for women's

rightssuch as in contract, property, and votingwhile also promoting women's rights to bodilyintegrity and autonomy and reproductive rights. Theyhave opposed domestic violence, sexual harassment,

and sexual assault. In economics, they have advocatedfor workplace rights, including equal pay andopportunities for careers and to start businesses.



� Some of the earlier forms of feminism have

been criticized for being geared towards white,

middle-class, educated perspectives. This led to

the creation of ethnically-specific or

multiculturalists forms of feminism.



HISTORY OFFEMINISM



� Feminists and scholars have divided themovement's history into three "waves".

� The first wave refers mainly to women'ssuffrage movements of the nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries (mainly concerned with

women's right to vote).� The second wave refers to the ideas and actions

associated with the women's liberation movementbeginning in the 1960s (which campaigned for legal

and social equality for women).� The third wave refers to a continuation of, and a

reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wavefeminism, beginning in the 1990s.



FEMINISM MOVEMENTS

AND IDEOLOGIES



Political and economic

� Liberal feminism seeks individualistic equalityof men and women through political and legalreform without altering the structure of society.

� Radical feminism considers the male-controlled capitalist hierarchy as the definingfeature of women's oppression and the totaluprooting and reconstruction of society asnecessary.

� Socialist feminism connects oppression of women to exploitation, oppression, and labor.



� Marxist feminists feel that overcoming class

oppression overcomes gender oppression; some

socialist feminists disagree. and has branched intosuch as anti-pornography feminism, opposed

by sex-positive feminism.

� Anarcha-feminists believe that class

struggle and anarchy against the state require

struggling against patriarchy, which comes from

involuntary hierarchy.

� Separatist feminism does notsupport heterosexual relationships. Lesbian

feminism is thus closely related. Other feminists

criticize separatist feminism as sexist.



� Conservative feminism is conservative relative to the

society in which it resides.

� Libertarian feminism conceives of people as self-

owners and therefore as entitled to freedom from

coercive interference.[

�Individualist feminism or ifeminism, opposing so-called gender feminism, draws on anarcho-

capitalism.

� Ecofeminists see men's control of land as responsible

for the oppression of women and destruction of

the natural environment, but a criticism is that

ecofeminism focuses too much on a mystical

connection between women and nature.



CULTURAL



� Cultural feminism attempts to revalidate undervalued "femalenature" or "female essence";its critics assert that it has led

feminists to retreat from politics to lifestyle.� Womanism emerged after early feminist movements were largely

white and middle-class. Black feminism arguesthat sexism, class oppression, and racism are inextricably boundtogether.Chicana feminism focuses on Mexican American,

Chicana, and Hispanic women in the United States. Multiracial or"women of colour" feminism is related.

� Postmodern feminists argue that sex and gender are sociallyconstructed, that it is impossible to generalize women'sexperiences across cultures and histories, and that dualisms and

traditional gender, feminism, and politics are too limiting. Post-structural feminism uses various intellectual currents for feministconcerns. Many post-structural feminists maintain that differenceis one of the most powerful tools that womenpossess. Contemporary psychoanalytic French feminism is morephilosophical and literary than is Anglophone feminism.



� Riot grrrl (or riot grrl) is an undergroundfeminist punk movement that started in the 1990s and isoften associated with third-wave feminism (it is sometimes

seen as its starting point). It was grounded in the DIYphilosophy of punk values. Riot grrls took an anti-corporate stance of self-sufficiency and self-reliance. Riotgrrrl's emphasis on universal female identity and separatismoften appears more closely allied with second-wavefeminism than with the third wave. The movementencouraged and made "adolescent girls standpointscentral," allowing them to express themselves fully.

� Lipstick feminism is a cultural feminist movement thatattempts to respond to the backlash of second-wave radical

feminism of the 1960s and 1970s by reclaiming symbols of "feminine" identity such as make-up, suggestive clothing andhaving a sexual allure as valid and empowering personalchoices.



Do you know what is

ISLAMIC FEMINISM



DEFINITION

� form of feminism concerned with the role of

women in Islam.

� Islamic feminists promote women's rights, gender

equality, and social justice grounded in an Islamicframework.

� aim for the full equality of all Muslims, regardless

of gender, in public and private life.� aim to recover the idea of gender equality, radical

in its day, that the Qur'anic revelation introduced.



�

Different - encourage a questioning of the interpretation of Islamic teaching through

the Qur'an (holy book), hadith (sayings

of Muhammad) and sharia (law) towards the

creation of a more equal and just society.



ISSUES

� There are several main issues for Islamic

Feminists:

- Dress Code

- Sex & Sexuality

- Personal Law

- Equality in the Mosque

- Equality in Prayer



� As for equality in the Mosque - A survey showed

that two of three mosques in 2000 required women

to pray in a separate area, up from one of two in1994. Islamic feminists have begun to protest this,

advocating for women to be allowed to pray beside

men without a partition as they do in Mecca.� As for equality in Prayer - According to currently

existing traditional schools of Islam, a woman

cannot lead a mixed gender congregation in salat

(prayer). Some schools make exceptions for Tarawih

(optional Ramadan prayers) or for a congregation

consisting only of close relatives.



HISTORY



� Early ref orms under Islam

- William Montgomery Watt a non-Muslim

interpreters of Islam in the West

- portrayed Muhammad-granted women rights and

privileges in the sphere of family life, marriage,

education, and economic endeavors, rights thathelped to improve women's status in society.

-The seventh century affected women's rights in

marriage, divorce and inheritance. Women weregiven the right to inherit property in a society .



� Medieval period

- A number of important figures argued for improvingwomen's rights.

- Ibn Arabi, Nana Asmau,Usman Dan Fodio, Fatima al-Fihri.

- Twelfth century� Women could earn academic degrees and qualify as

scholars and teachers� Inspired by Muhammad's wives: -Khadijah, a successful

businesswoman, and -Aisha, a renowned hadith scholarand military leader.

�According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad, he praisedthe women of Medina because of their desire for religiousknowledge.

� No legal restrictions attended informal lectures

� Women were employed in a wide range



� Nineteenth century

- Egyptian jurist Qasim Amin(father of the

Egyptian feminist) - wrote 1899 pioneering bookWomen's Liberation

-touch on polygyny, the veil, and purdah ( sexsegregation in Islam) - condemned them as un-Islamic and contradictory to the true spirit of Islam

� Twentieth century

- Aisha Abd al-Rahman(Bint al-Shati) - firstmodern woman to undertake Qur'anic exegesis.

-She wrote biographies of early women in Islam,including the mother, wives and daughters of theProphet Muhammad, as well as literary criticism.



� The term Islamic feminism began to be visible in the 1990sin various global locations from the writings of Muslims.

�Iranian scholars -Afsaneh Najmabadeh and Ziba Mir-Hosseini- Teheran women's journal Zanan writen by -women of iran founded by Shahla Sherkat 1992.

� Saudi Arabian scholar-Mai Yamani used the term in her

1996 book Feminism and Islam.

� Turkish scholars-Yesim Arat and Feride Acar in theirarticles, and Nilufer Gole in her book The ForbiddenModern 1990s

�

South African activist-Shamima Shaikh employed the termIslamic feminism in her speeches and articles in the 1990s

� By the mid-1990s, there was growing evidence of Islamicfeminism as a term created and circulated by Muslims.



INFLUENTIAL ISLAMIC FEMINISM MOVEMENTS



Ni Putes Ni Soumises� Ni Putes Ni Soumises means (Neither Whores

Nor Submissives) is a powerful French Islamicfeminist

� Founded in 2002

�

Founder is Fadela Amara assisted by a famous journalist (from Le monde) Slyvia zappi

Pic; group logo



IssuesFights against mental and physical violence targeting women

� Marry early without being able to choose the husband.

� Take action to Gang-rapes casesrefer to:

1. Samira Bellil who published a book called Dans l'enfer des tournantes ("In Gang RapeHell") she was gang raped on more than one occasion, the being alienated and shunnedby her family and some of her friends. She called this society punishement as la loi descités (the law of the housing estates)

2.that of 17-year-old Sohanne Benziane who was burned alive by an alleged small-timegang leader.

� Sosial pressure. Some have claimed that Muslim French girlsface pressures to wear the hijab , drop out of schoolrefer to:

1. The Qur'an does state that both men and women should be dressed modestly (33:59-60, 24:30-31; in translation by Ali, 1988, 112627)

2. The Qur'an, 2:256, states "Let there be no compulsion in religion" does not use the words veil, hijab, burka, chador, or abaya. It uses the words jilbabmeaning cloak and khumur meaning shawl. These do not specifically cover the face,hair, hands or feet. Furthermore until the third to the ninth century women prayed in

the mosques unveiled.



Sister In Islam

� Sisters in Islam (SIS) is an organization of Muslim

women in Malaysia

� Founded in 1987

� Founder Zainah Anwar (hold for two decades) co-

founder is Amina Wudud

Pic; SIS logo



Issues and goals� Does not support polygyny

refer to :1. impact of polygyny to the family

2. external social pressure

3. How can it called ibadah or following sunnah when the niyah is differents

� the right to guardianship

� public voice to women to air their concerns about their rights under

Syariah law

� Woman as judge

� Woman have the right to speak

Achievement

At one point, SIS was taken more seriously abroad than at home in Malaysia.

Women from Iran who listened incredulously to Malaysian Muslim officialdom

defend polygamy, Islamic Family Law, and justice for women found common

ground with SIS on this issue.



Womens right in Saudi Arabia� There is no specific movement is this country as it is dangerous as this

feminism is considered as sensitive issue there.� Male empowered woman and are the dominant to give thought and speak

out.

� However theres few that are brave and take risk to give an idea such as

Journalist Maha Akeel is a frequent critic of her country's patriarchal

customs . Nonetheless, she agrees that Westerners criticize what they donot understand.

"Look, we are not asking for women's rights according to Western values or lifestyles .

We want things according to what Islam says. Look at our history, our role models.

� Said one female journalist,

here If the Quran does not address the subject, then the clerics will on the side of caution

and make it haram(forbidden). The driving ban for women is the best example.



Issues for Saudis woman

� Woman are not allowed to drive

� not allowed to vote for election and cannot hold any high

position

� cannot being employed (unless woman is a widow)

� few educational opportunities

� guardianship. If a divorce takes place, women may be granted

custody of their young children until they reach the age of

seven. Older children are often awarded to the father or the

paternal grandparents.� In rapes cases ,rapist will be punished . However , if the woman

is the first to enter the room,office,etc the woman will also be

punish.



Male fighting for womens rightMale Critics reject the ban on driving on the grounds that

1. it is not supported by the Qu'ran,

2. it causes violation of gender segregation customs, by needlessly forcing women

to take taxis with male drivers,

3. it is an inordinate financial burden on families, causing the average woman to

spend 30 percent of her income on taxis,

4. it impedes the education and employment of women, both of which tend to

require commuting. In addition, male drivers are a frequent source of complaints

of sexual harassment, and the public transport system is widely regarded as

unreliable and dangerous.

� King Abdullah has said that he wants women to drive when the society is ready

for it:

I believe strongly in the rights of women. My mother is a woman. My sister is a woman. My daughter

is a woman. My wife is a woman. I believe the day will come when women will drive. In fact if you

look at the areas of Saudi Arabia, the desert, and in the rural areas, you will find that women do drive .

The issue will require patience. In time I believe that it will be possible. I believe that patience is a

virtue.



HIGH-RANKING

ISLAMIC FEMINIST

LEADER



Shirin Ebadi� born 21 June 1947)

�

an Iranian lawyer a former judge� Founder non-governmental organizations

in Iran with western funding, the Society

for Protecting the Rights of the Child

(SPRC)

�

On October 10, 2003, Ebadi was awardedthe Nobel Peace Prize for her significant

and pioneering efforts for democracy and

human rights, especially women's,

children's, and refugee rights. She was the

first ever Iranian, and the first Muslim

woman to have received the prize.

� From Tehran lives in UK

� Criticism on her based on criticized Ebadi

for defending homosexuals, appearing

without the Islamic headscarf abroad,

questioning Islamic punishments



Raheel Raza� Raheel Raza Born 1949

� Board member of Muslim Canadian

Congress Religion Islam Awards Constance

Hamilton Award of the City of Toronto

� Canadian Ethnic Journalists & Writers Club

award for excellence in journalism

� She is the author of Their Jihad, Not My

Jihad: a Muslim Canadian woman speaks

out . In this book she agreed part of islam is a

terrorist but not all in cluding her. As a result,

she has received death threats.

"I have been sued for calling extremists, 'extremist,' and I am

listed on the 10 'World's Most Hated Muslims' list. I'mNo. 6. I hope to be No. 1.Obviously I'm doing something

right.

� She became the first woman to lead mixed-

gender Muslim prayers in Toronto,Canada,

in 2005,

Pic; imam of mixed congregational



Amina Wudud� born September 25, 1952

� is an Islamic feminist, imam, and scholar with a progressive, feminist focus on

Qur'an exegesis

� Wadud was born as Mary Teasley

� contracted for a period of 3 years (1989-92)as Assistant Professor at the

International Islamic University Malaysia (iium) in the field of Quranic Studies in

Malaysia, IRKHS and currently profesor at Gadjah MadaUniversity of indonesia

� Wadud was the subject of controversy, debate and Muslim juristic discourse after

leading a Friday prayer(salat) of over 100 male and female Muslims sponsored by

the Progressive Muslim Union and held in the Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the

Divine in New York on March 18, 2005, breaking with the tradition of having only

male imams (prayer leaders). Three mosques had refused to host the service and

the Sundaram Tagore Gallery withdrew its acceptance of the event after a bombthreat

� Wadud also delivered a Friday khutbah (sermon) on "Islam as Engaged Surrender"

at the Claremont Main Road Mosque in Cape Town, South Africa

� her book Inside the Gender Jihad

� On her defend I learned Quran and studied it for 30 years



Asra Nomani� Nomani was born in Bombay, India and when she was 4 years old moved to the United

States with her older brother to join their parents in New Jersey,

� (reform and Islamiborn 1965) is an Indian-American journalist, author, and feminist, known

as an activist involved in the Muslim c feminist movement

� first woman in her mosque in West Virginia to insist on the right to pray in the male-only

main hall. Her effort brought front-page attention in a New York Times article entitled

Muslim Women Seeking a Place in the Mosque

� she organized the first public woman-led prayer of a mixed-gender congregation in the

United States, with Amina Wadud leading the prayer

� she is descended from Indian Muslim scholar Mawlana Shibli Nomani, known for writing a

biography of Muhammad



Zainah Anwar� Zainah Anwar is a prominent Malaysian non-

governmental organisation leader, activist and Muslim

feminist. She was the head of Sisters in Islam for overtwo decades before stepping down

� was born in Johor

� Founder of SIS

� Said Zainah in an interview with The Star

Its as if in Islam, women dont have any rights at all. One

woman asked, if the house were on fire, would she thenhave to seek her husbands permission to flee! Women

cannot even use their common sense to save their (own)

lives. This cannot be Islam. God is just. Islam is just.

� the founding sisters turned to the Quran to find out for

themselves what the verses say, as opposed to various

interpretations. What they discovered was a revelation.

On polygamy, the Quran says: I f you cannot treat themthe same, then marry just the one.

� That was a moment of epiphany. It was that kind of

questioning that made us want to read the Quran with a

new lens. It was a liberating process understanding that

the Quran speaks to women and is lifting and

empowering.



Status of Men and Women

Men and women are equalAnd do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you

exceed others. For men is a share of what they have earned, and

for women is a share of what they have earned . And ask Allah of his bounty .

Indeed Allah is ever, of all things, Knowing.

An-Nisa, verse 32

O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made

you peoples and tribes that you may know one another . Indeed, the most

noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you.Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted .

Al-Hujurat, verse 13



In pursuit of education and knowledge

Islam teaches that education of men and women is of equal importance.

The Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) has said;

" It is the duty of every Muslim man and woman to seek

knowledge."

In leadership

Political leadershipEg; president, prime minister

Women can be a leader of a state or country if there is no other

qualified man for the position. If there is a qualified man for the

position, priority is given to the man.

There is no Quranic verse that prohibits women from being a leader.



Religious leadershipEg; imam for congregational prayer

Specification of being an imam in Islam is he has to be a manif it is a mixed congregational prayer.

Furthermore, when a woman is praying in front of a man or beside him, it is very

likely that any part of her dressed body may become uncovered after a certain

motion of bowing or prostrating. The man's eye may happen to be looking at the

uncovered part, with the result that she will be embarrassed and he w

ill be exposed to distraction or possibly evil thoughts. So, it is to avoid any

embarrassment and distraction to help concentrate on mediation and pure

thoughts, to maintain harmony and order among worshippers, to f ulfil the true

purposes of prayers.

Men are the protectors and maintainers of women,

because God has given the one more (strength) than

the other, and because they support them from their

means Surah An-Nisa, verse 34



Inheritance

Women get half of the mens share

Men Women

Solely responsible for the complete

maintenance of his wife, family and

other needy relations.

Maintenance of women (no relation)

as responsible of society of whole.

No financial responsibilities except

her personal expenses.

Financially secured and provided. Eg;

for a wife, husband is the provider ; for

a mother is the son, for a daughter isthe father and for a sister is the

brother .

Money she makes will be hers for

herself without responsibilities for

maintenance of anybody.

If she wishes to work or be self-

supporting and participate in

handling the family responsibilities,

she is free to do so, provided her

integrity and honour are

safeguarded.



If we deprive the female completely, it would be unjust to her

because she is related to the deceased.

Likewise, if we always give her a share equal to the man's, it

would be unjust to him.

So, instead of doing injustice to either side, Islam gives the man

a larger portion of the inherited property to help him to meet his family needs and social responsibilities. At the same time,

Islam has not f orgotten her altogether, but has given her a

portion to satisf y her very personal needs.

In fact, Islam in this respect is being more kind to her than to

him. Here we can say that when taken as a whole the rights of

woman are equal to those of man although not necessarily

identical.



The right feminism

The fight for womens rights that revolves around Islamic law and shariah.

Thewrong feminism

Fighting for things that are against Islamic laws and shariah.



CASE STUDY:

European-American female imam who

embraced Islam twenty-five years ago.

Taylor led a mixed congregation of 50

men, women and children observingthe Eid Al-Adha prayer at All Souls

Unitarian Church in Northeast

Washington, DC.

Men and women praying side-by-side.

Pamela Taylor

One of her arguments is;

It is an Islamic right based upon a hadith where the Prophet

Muhammad asked a woman (Ummu Waraqa) to lead the people of her

area in prayer



Prophet exceptionally allowed a Ummu Waraqa, a hafiz of the Quran, to carry out the duty of imam for her own

household, which is stated in early hadith sources.

Ummu Waraqas household consisted of two slaves, one man and one woman, whom she set free on condition that

they would be free after her death. The male slave was old.

Those people whom she led the prayer for were her own household. And it was a specific case.



Former prime minister of

Pakistan.

The first woman elected to lead a

Muslim state.

Benazir Bhutto

Many countries in which Muslims are a majority, including Indonesia,

Pakistan, Bangladesh and Turkey have been led by women.

Nearly one-third of the Parliament of Egypt also consists of women.



Half of respondents dont even understand what is feminism.

Actually, Islam does not need feminism because Islam already protects the

rights of women. However, influences from other cultures and religions

oppressed women, that resulting in the existence of feminism. Nevertheless,

Islam does not prohibits Muslim women from fighting for their right as long

as it does not against Islamic laws.

After being briefed about feminism,

Most of them agree that Muslim society does not need

feminism and most of them also agree that Islam does

not prohibits Muslim women from fighting for their

rights

Conclusion

From our survey, we find that;

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