Female Reproductive System

Terms you should know

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Female Reproductive System

Female Reproduction

• The woman’s reproductive system is more complex than the male system.

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• The woman must produce the ovum.• The woman prepares for pregnancy.• The woman receives fertilization.• The woman carries the unborn child.

Vagina•The vagina is the muscular tube where sexual intercourse takes place.

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•It is also known as the birth canal.

Clitoris

•The clitoris is a small bean shaped organ outside the vaginal opening that is stimulated during foreplay and or sexual intercourse.

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Orgasm

An orgasm is defined as the climax of sexual intercourse in

which the peak of sexual excitement occurs and the body releases endorphins producing

a sense of well being.

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Ovary

•The ovary is the organ that produces the female sex cell.

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•It also produces the estrogen and additional hormones during pregnancy.

Ovum

•The ovum is the female reproductive cell, also called the egg.•The mature ovum is released from an ovary during ovulation.•The ovum moves to the Fallopian tube, where conception takes place.

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Ovulation

•Ovulation is the term to describe when the egg is released from either ovary.

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• Ovulation occurs at the mid point of the menstrual cycle.

Uterus

•The uterus (womb) is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in a woman's lower abdomen.

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•The uterus carries the child during pregnancy.

Cervix

•The cervix is the opening to the uterus.

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•The diaphragm is placed here for contraception.•With the diaphragm, the sperm's entrance to the uterus is blocked at the cervix.

Fallopian Tubes

•The Fallopian tubes are the structures that carries the ovum (egg) from the ovary to the uterus.

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•Conception usually takes place in the Fallopian tubes, and then the fertilized egg travels to the uterus.

Estrogen• Estrogen is the female hormone produced

by the ovaries.

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• It is the primary female hormone.

• It is responsible for secondary sex characteristics.• Levels of Estrogen change during a woman’s regular monthly cycle.

Progesterone

•Progesterone is a major hormone produced by the ovary to permit pregnancy.

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•It prepares the lining (endometrium) of the uterus to receive and sustain the fertilized egg for pregnancy.

Menstruation•Menstruation is the flow of blood from the uterus that occurs when a woman is not pregnant.

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•Menstruation is commonly referred to as a “period” due to the regular occurrence of approximately every 28 days.

•Menstruation results from the break down of the lining of the uterus if no fertilized egg is implanted.

Menarche•Menarche is the time of onset of a girl’s first menstrual cycle.

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•The age of menarche is declining. Girls are have periods at a younger age. The cause is unknown, but may be due to…

– Improved overall diet.– Growth hormones given to animals to speed their growth to make them market-ready earlier.

Placenta

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• In lower animals it is referred to as the afterbirth.

• The placenta passes blood and oxygen to the developing child and is the the source of nutrients. • Alcohol and drugs pass through the placenta to the unborn baby if used by the mother during pregnancy.

• The placenta is the organ that connects the developing child to the mother.

Menopause

•Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her reproductive cycle is over.•There is a gradual reduction in estrogen production.•Symptoms vary, but may include…

–Hot flashes–Migraines–Change in periods–Anxiety or depression

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Women’s Health Issues

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Pregnancy

In order to be medically pregnant, 2 things must happen:

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• The fertilized egg must attach to the uterine wall.

• Conception must take place (egg and sperm must unite).

Ectopic (Tubal) Pregnancy

• Occasionally the fertilized egg fails to leave the Fallopian tubes. • Pregnancy occurs in the Fallopian tube rather than in the uterus.• This is frequently caused as the result of an STD infection at some point in the woman’s sexual life.

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Women’s Doctors

• Obstetrician– Medical Doctor

who specializes in medical care during pregnancy and delivery.

• Gynecologist– Medical doctor

who specializes in female reproductive system problems.

OB-GYN: Medical doctor that specializes in both areas of women’s health.

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Pap Smear & Breast Exam

• The pap smear tests for pre-cancers, or other infections as well as STDs.

• The pap smear should be done regularly.

• The ideal frequency of the pap smear varies with age.

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Hysterectomy

• A hysterectomy operation removes all or part of the female reproductive system.

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• A hysterectomy may be due to a variety of causes:

–Menopausal issues–Tumors–Cancer–Chronic infection

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