Female Reproduction KBK 2009_dr.dicky

8/8/2019 Female Reproduction KBK 2009_dr.dicky

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PHYSIOLOGY

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM

dr.Soemardini, MPd, Dr.dr. Endang Sriwahyuni,MS,& Dr. dr. Retty Ratnawati, MSc.

Department of PhysiologyMedical Faculty Brawijaya University


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Female Reproductive Anatomy

Ovaries are the primary female reproductiveorgans Make female gametes (ova) Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)Accessory ducts include uterine tubes,uterus, and vagina

Internal genitalia ovaries and the internalductsExternal genitalia external sex organs


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Female Reproductive Anatomy


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The Ovaries


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Ovaries

Figure 27.12


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Function of Uterine T ubes (FallopianT ubes/ Oviducts)

Receive the ovulated oocyte and providea site for fertilizationT he uterine tubes have no contact withthe ovaries and the ovulated oocyte iscast into the peritoneal cavityBeating cilia on the fimbriae createcurrents to carry the oocyte into the

uterine tubeT he oocyte is carried toward the uterus byperistalsis and ciliary action


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Uterine Wall

Composed of three layersPerimetrium outermost serous layer ; thevisceral peritoneum

Myometrium middle layer ; interlacinglayers of smooth muscleEndometrium mucosal lining of theuterine cavity


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Uterine Wall


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Oogenesis

Production of female sex cells by meiosisIn the fetal period, oogonia (2 n ovarianstem cells) multiply by mitosis and store

nutrientsPrimordial follicles appear as oogonia aretransformed into primary oocytes

Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall inprophase I


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Oogenesis : Puberty

At puberty, one activated primary oocyteproduces two haploid cells T he first polar body T he secondary oocyteT he secondary oocyte arrests inmetaphase II and is ovulatedIf penetrated by sperm the second oocytecompletes meiosis II, yielding : One large ovum (the functional gamete) A tiny second polar body


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Oogenesis

This is the complete schemes of oogenesis, I think you haveknown in hystology, dont you ?


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Ovarian Cycle

Monthly series of events associated withthe maturation of an eggConsist of :

1. Follicular phase period of folliclegrowth (days 114)

2. Luteal phase period of corpus luteum

activity (days 1428)Ovulation occurs midcycle (for 28 dayscycles)


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Follicular Phase

T he primordial follicle, directed by theoocyte, becomes a primary folliclePrimary follicle becomes a secondaryfollicle T he theca folliculi and granulosa cells

cooperate to produce estrogens T he zona pellucida forms around the

oocyte T he antrum is formed


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Follicular Phase (cont)

T he secondary follicle becomes avesicular follicle T he antrum expands and isolates the

oocyte and the corona radiata T he full size follicle (vesicular follicle)

bulges from the external surface of the

ovary T he primary oocyte completes meiosis

I, and the stage is set for ovulation


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Ovulation

Ovulation occurs when the ovary wallruptures and expels the secondary oocyteMittelschmerz a twinge of painsometimes felt at ovulation12% of ovulations release more than onesecondary oocyte, which if fertilized,

results in fraternal twins


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Luteal Phase

After ovulation, the ruptured folliclecollapses, granulosa cells enlarge, and alongwith internal the cal cells, form the corpusluteumT he corpus luteum secretes progesteroneand estrogenIf pregnancy does not occur, the corpusluteum degenerates in 10 days, leaving a scar (corpus albicans)If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteumproduces hormones until the placenta takesover that role (at about 3 months)


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Ovarian Cycle


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Establishing the Ovarian Cycle

During childhood, ovaries grow andsecrete small amounts of estrogens thatinhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRHAs puberty nears, GnRH is released ; FSHand LH are released by the pituitary,which act on the ovaries

T hese events continue until an adultcyclic pattern is achieved and menarcheoccurs


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Hormonal Interactions During theOvarian Cycle

Day 1 GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH

FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth andmaturation, and low level estrogenreleaseRising estrogen levels : Inhibit the release of FSH and LH stimulate the pituitary to synthesize and

accumulate these gonadotropins


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Hormonal Interactions During theOvarian Cycle

Estrogen levels increase and highestrogen levels have a positive feedbackeffect on the pituitary, causing a suddensurge of LH


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Hormonal Interactions

During the Ovarian CycleT he LH spike stimulates the primaryoocyte to complete meiosis I, and the

secondary oocyte continues on tometaphase IIDay 14 LH triggers ovulationLH transforms the ruptured follicle into acorpus luteum, which produces inhibin,progesterone, and estrogen


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Hormonal InteractionsDuring T he Ovarian Cycle

T hese hormones shut off FSH and LHrelease and declining LH ends lutealactivity

Days 26 28 decline of the ovarianhormones Ends the blockade of FSH and LH

start the menstruation T he cycle starts anew


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Feedback Mechanisms inOvarian Function


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Gonadotropins, Hormones, and theOvarian and Uterine Cycles


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Gonadotropins, Hormones, and theOvarian and Uterine Cycles


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Uterin Phase

Ovarian Phases

Correlation between hormonallevels and cyclic ovarian and

uterine changes

Sherwood Fig 20-15


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Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

Series of cyclic changes that the uterineendometrium goes through each month (28days) in response to ovarian hormones in the

bloodDays 1 5 : Menstrual phase uterus shedsall but the deepest part of the endometriumDays 6 14 : Proliferative (pre ovulatory)phase endometrium rebuilds itself Days 15 28 : Secretory (postovulatory)phaseendometrium prepares for

implantation of the embryo


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T he ovulation determines the fertiletiming, since the pregnancy will occur arround the ovulationT he ovulation occur about 14 days beforethe next menstruationT herefore to determine the ovulation is

measured by the next menstruation(because the timing of secretion phase isnot changed, but the timing of proliferation phase can be different)

Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle


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Menses/ MENS T RUA T ION

If fertilization does not occur,progesterone levels fall, depriving theendometrium of hormonal supportSpiral arteries kink and go into spasms

and endometrial cells begin to dieT he functional layer begins to digest itself Spiral arteries constrict one final time thensuddenly relax and open wideT he rush of blood fragments weakenedcapillary beds and the functional layer sloughs


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Action of Estrogen

1.Effect on Sex Specific T issuesEssential for egg maturation and releaseStimulates growth and maintenance of

entire female reproduction tractStimulates granulosa cell proliferation,which leads to follicle maturationT hins the cervical mucus to permit spermpenetration


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Enhances transport of sperm to the oviductby stimulating upward contractions of uterusand oviductStimulates growth of endometrium and

myometriumInduces synthesis of progesterone receptorsin endometriumT riggers onset of parturition by increasinguterine responsiveness to oxytocin duringlate gestation through a twofold effect : byinducing synthesis of myometrial oxytocinreceptors and by increasing myometrial gap

junctions so that the uterus can contract as acoordinated unit in response to oxytocin

Action of Estrogen (cont)


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2. Other Reproductive EffectsPromotes development of secondarysexual characteristicsControl GnRH and gonadotropin secretion

Low levels inhibit secretion High levels responsible for triggering

LH surgeStimulates duct development in breatsduring gestationInhibits milk secreting actions of prolactinduring gestation



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3. Nonreproductive EffectsPromotes fat depositionIncreases bone density. Closes theepiphyseal plates



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Prepares a suitable environment for nourishment of a developing embryo/fetusPromotes formation of thick mucus plug incervical canalInhibits hypothalamic GnRH andgonadotropin secretionStimulates alveolar development in breasts

during gestationInhibits milk secreting actions of prolactinduring gestationInhibits uterine contractions during gestation

Action of PROGES T ERON


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HYMEN (SELAPU T DARA)


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IMPORT

ANT

ISSUES FOR T HECASES OF:RAPEVIRGINI T Y


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This woman has engagedin vaginal intercourse

There is no obvious

hymeneal tissuevisible in this picture


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Female Reproduction KBK 2009_dr.dicky

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