Female Anatomy Lecture

7/27/2019 Female Anatomy Lecture

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Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is designed to produce the

female gametes (ova), transport the developing conceptus(uterine tubes), support the development of the embryo (uterus)and provide a receptacle to receive sperm from the male(vagina).


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The are flattened oval organs roughly the shape ofalmonds.

They are intraperitoneal and their position in the pelvic cavity isstabilized by a mesentery called the that comes offthe posterior surface of a mesentary called the

.

In addition, the lateral end of the ovary is held against the wall ofthe pelvic cavity by the , by which

the ovarian artery and vein reaches the ovary, and the medialend of the ovary is attached to the uterus by the.


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1. Ovaries

2. Mesovarium

3. Broad Ligament

4. suspensory ligament

5. Ovarian Ligament


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The peritoneum covers the ovaries as a 1.called the

1. . The thickconnective tissue layer underneath the

germinal epithelium is the2. .

The interior of the ovaries is divided into thesuperficial 3. and the deeper4. .

1

2

3

4


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1. Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumGerminal Epithelium

2. Tunica Albuginea

3. Cortex

4. Medulla


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2

1


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1. Primary Oocyte2. Follicle Cells


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4

3

2 8

7

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6

1 10


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1. Primary Follicle2. Thecal Cells

3. Zona Pellucida4. Granulosa Cells5. Primary Oocytes

6. Zona Pellucida7. Nucleus of Primary Oocyte8. Granulosa Cells9. Thecal Cells10. Secondary Follicle


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2

3

1

4

5


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1. Tertiary Follicle

2. Corona Radiata

3. Primary Oocyte

4. Antrum containing FollicularFluid

5. Granulosa Cells


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The production of femalegametes is a process called

. occurs aspart of the monthly ovariancycle.

The female stem cells, called(sing. oogonium),

complete their mitotic

divisions before birth and bybirth have already begun theprocess of meiosis as

.


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1. Oogenesis

2. Oogenesis

3. Oogonia

4. Primary Oocytes


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The first reductiondivision of meiosis

freezes duringand roughly 2 million

, frozen in

prophase, are present atbirth. From birth topuberty,degenerate until at

puberty only 400,000remain.

This process by which

primary oocytesdisappear is called(adj. atretic).


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1. Prophase

2. Primary Oocytes

3. Primary Oocytes

4. Primary Oocytes

5. Atresia


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The primary oocytes are surrounded byin a structure

called a . The primordia

follicles are found in the outer edge ofthe in clusters known as eggnests. At puberty, rising levels of

(FSH) begins theovarian cycle by which a select numbeof primordial follicles begin furtherdevelopment.


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1. Simple Squamous Epithelium

2.primordial follicle

3. Cortex

4. follicle stimulating hormone


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A follicle becomes a folliclewhen the cells divide andbecome . At the same time theprimary oocyte becomes bigger. When there

are two or more layers of cells surrounding theprimary oocyte they are called

. As the primary follicle getsbigger, a fluid filled space containingmacromolecules, called the

appears between the primary oocyte andgranulosa cells.


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Growth of the follicle isalso associated with

development of the cellsimmediately surroundingthe follicle called

. Some thecalcells along withsecrete female sexhormones calledestrogens, of which

is the mostimportant.


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1. Primordial Follicle

2. Primary Follicle

3. squamous follicular cells

4. Cuboidal

5. Granulosa Cells

6. Zona Pellucida


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A few of the

continue to grow while mostdegenerate through atresia.In the follicles that remain,the cells secrete afluid called .This fluid coalesces into afluid-filled cavity called the

. With theappearance of an antrumthe follicle is called a

.


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1. Primary Follicles

2. Granulosa Cells

3. Antrum

4. Secondary Follicles


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Usually only one follicle remainsmidway into the ovarian cycle. This

follicle enlarges partly as the resultof further accumulation of fluid intothe . Theprojects into antrum in a mound of

cells called the. The follicle is

now large enough to span the widthof the cortex and creates a

conspicuous bulge on the surfaceof the ovary. The follicle is nowcalled a .


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1. Antrum

2. primary oocyte

3. Granulosa Cells

4. cumulus oophorus

5. mature Graafian follicle


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At about 14 days, or midwayinto the ovarian cycle, a

sudden rise in(LH)

released by the

causes ovulation. About 3hours before ovulation theresumes the

first division of meiosis. The

division results in asecondary oocyte thatreceives all the and a

that containsonly the genetic material andnot much else. The polar bodyis essentially discarded.


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1. luteinizing hormone

2. Pituitary

3. Primary Oocyte

4. Cytoplasm

5. Polar Body


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As a result of the upsurge of, the cumulus

oophorus detaches from thefollicular wall, the fluidpressure within the follicleincreases and the follicularwall weakens. The follicularwall finally ruptures and the

is extruded.

Granulosa cells remainattached to theof the secondary oocyte and

form the .


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1. Luteinizing Hormone

2. Secondary Oocyte

3. Zona Pellucida

4. Corona Radiata

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5. Secondary Oocyte

6. Corona Radiata made ofGranulosa Cellsattached to Zona Pellucida


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The ruptured follicle collapsesand the and

internal transforminto - -producingcells.


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1. Granulosa Cells

2. Thecal Cells

3. Steroid-Hormone-Producing Cel


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Though some estrogenscontinue to be synthesized by

these cells, these cells nowsynthesize of whichprogesterone is the mostimportant. promotes

the secretory phase of theuterus. The accumulation of ayellow pigment in these cells isthe reason this structure is called

the (yellowbody).


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1. Progestins

2. Progesterone

3. Corpus Luteum


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If pregnancy does not occur the

corpus luteum begins todegenerate after 12 days.invade the

deteriorating structure and form

pale scar tissue that is called a(white body).


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1. Fibroblasts

2. Corpus Albicans


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The uterine tubes are lined by an

epithelium that has bothand

cells.


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1. Ciliated

AND

Nonciliated

Simple Columnar Epithelial Cells


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The secretelipids and glycogenglycogen that providenourishment for and

the developing conceptus andthe

create currents thatmove material toward the uterus.

The developing pre-embryo isalso moved toward the uterus by

of theof the uterine tubes.


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1. Nonciliated Cells

2. Spermatozoa

3. Ciliated Cells

4. peristaltic waves

5. Muscular Layer


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The canbe divided into four regions:


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Uterine Tube


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The 1. is the funnel-like,open end of the uterine tubes. Theedge of the 1. has

numerous finger-like projectionscalled 2. . The cells liningthe inside surfaces of the 2.and 1. have that

ensure that the ovulated secondaryoocyte enters the tube and ispropelled toward the uterus.

2

1


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1. Infundibulum

2. Fimbriae

3. Cilia


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The 1. is theexpanded intermediateregion of the uterine tube.

1


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1. Ampulla


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The 1. narrows near thuterus to form a short segmentcalled the 2. .

2

1


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1. Ampulla

2. Isthmus


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This is the finalsegment of the tubewithin the wall of the

uterus.


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Intramural part


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The is a pear-shapedorgan that provides support forthe developing embryo and fetus.


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Uterus


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The uterus has a muscular wall

called the whosecontractions assist in theexpulsion of the fetus during birth.


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Myometrium


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n most women the uterus bendsover the in aposition known as .

However, in some women theuterus bends back toward then a position known as .


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1. Urinary Bladder

2. Anteflexion

3. Sacrum

4. Retroflexion


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The largest region of the uterus iscalled the . The rounded portionof the uterus superior to the attachmenof the uterine tubes is the .Inferiorly, the body ends at aconstriction called the

. The cylindrical portion of the

uterus below the isthmus isthe .

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2 1


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1. Body

2. Fundus

3. Isthmus

4. Cervix


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The inferior end of the cervixprotrudes into the end ofthe . The passageway

within the cervix is thewhich opens in the vagina at the

and opens into theuterine cavity at

the .


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The uterus isand its

position is stabilized

by a number ofligaments


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Intraperitoneal


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Uterus Ligaments are

1.

2.

3.

4.


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1. Broad ligament

2. Uterosacral ligaments3. Round ligaments4. Cardinal ligaments


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3

4

21


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The peritoneum on the surface

of the uterus extendsfrom the sides of the uterus as amesentery that attaches to thenterior walls of

the . This sheet ofmesentery is called the

.


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1. Laterally

2. Pelvic Cavity

3. Broad Ligament


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The arefolds of fascia that extendfrom the lateral surfaces ofthe to

the .


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1. Uterosacral Ligaments

2. Uterus

3. Sacrum


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These ligaments

extend anteriorly fromthe lateral surfaces o

the near theattachment of the

throughthe andend in the connective

tissue of the.


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1. Round ligaments

2. Uterus

3. Uterine Tubes

4. Inguinal Canal

5. Labia Majora


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These ligamentsextend from thebase of the

and to thelateral walls of the

.


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1.Cardinal ligaments

2. Uterus

3. Vagina

4. Pelvis


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Thecan be divided into

three layers:


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Uterine Wall1

2

3


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1. Perimetrium2. Myometrium3. Endometrium


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The mucosa, or innermos

lining of the uterus, iscalled the The

contains

numerous glands andblood vessels that providephysiological support for

the conceptus.


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Endometrium


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This is the muscularwall of the uterus. Itcontains layers ofsmooth muscle thatcontract to provide

the force that assistsin moving the fetus

from the uterus intothe vagina.


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Myometrium


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The peritoneum of

the pelvic cavity ispresent as a

on the andanterior and

posterior surfacesof the uterus. Thisserosa is called the

.


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1. Serosa

2. Fundus

3. Perimetrium


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The and

provide blood to theuterus.


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Uterine and Ovarian Arteries


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Within themyometrium

encirclethe endometrium


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arcuate arteries


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The endometrium issupplied by

that branch

from the.


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1. radial arteries

2. arcuate arteries


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Two types of arteries

then supply blood totwo zones of the

endometrium:


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Functional zone

Basilar zone


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The is

the innermost zoneof the

endometrium. Thiszone contains mostof the

and it is supplied by.


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1. Functional Zone

2. Uterine Glands

3. Spiral Arteries


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This zone is adjacen

to the myometrium.It contains the

terminal ends of theandis not sloughed offwith the . It issupplied by the

.


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1. Basilar zone

2. Uterine Glands

3. Menses

4. Straight Arteries


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The iscoordinated with the

as it isinfluenced by the

same hormonal cycleThecan be divided into

three phases:


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1. Uterine Cycle

2. Ovarian Cycle

3. Uterine Cycle


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1 2 3


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The uterine cycle begins withthe . The is the

period during whichmenstruation occurs.involves the degeneration anddetachment of the

of the uterus. The dead tissue issloughed and along with someblood exits the uterus throughthe cervix and vagina.


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1. Menses

2. Menses

3. Menstruation

4. Functional Zone


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1. Menses


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After the menses, and under theinfluence of secreted b

the developing follicles of the, the of the

endometrium is completelyrestored. By the end of this phase,

which occurs during , thefunctional zone is severalmillimeters thick and highly

. secreting

a mucus rich in glycogen extendthe full thickness of theendometrium to the basilar zone.


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1. Proliferative Phase

2. Estrogens

3. Ovaries

4. Functional Zone

5. Ovulation

6. Vascularized

7. Uterine Glands


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Proliferative Phase


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The begins atovulation and continues as

long as theremains intact. The secretion oprogestins by the corpusluteum stimulates enlargementand enhanced secretion of the

and theelongation and further

development of the.


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1. Secretory Phase

2. Corpus Luteum

3. EndometrialGlands

4. Spiral Arteries


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Secretory Phase


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The is an elastic,muscular tube that extends from

the cervix to the vestibule of theexternal genitalia. The recess thatsurrounds the part of the cervixthat protrudes into the vagina is

called the . The boundarybetween the vaginal and thevestibule is indicated by an elastic,epithelial fold, the .


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1. Vagina

2. Fornix

3. Hymen


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The is thecentral space that

leads into the vagina


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Vestibule

External Genitalia

(aka Vulva,P d d )

Female Anatomy Lecture

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