Feedstuffs Their Classification Description and Nutrients Content
Feedstuffs
description
Transcript of Feedstuffs
Feedstuffs
Swine, Sheep and Goat nutrition
Feedstuffs
Definition- any component of a diet ( ration) that serves some useful function
Functions- Provide source of nutrients and energy- Combined to produce rations- Modify characteristics of diet
Eight Classes of Feedstuffs
1. Dry roughages2. Pasture and range grasses3. Ensiled roughages4. High energy concentrates5. Protein sources6. Minerals7. Vitamins8. additives
1. Dry Roughages•Bulky feed that has low weight per unit
volume•High crude fiber content, low protein and fat
digestibility•A feed is classified as a roughage if it contains
>18% crude fiber and <70% total digestible nutrients
•Ex: ▫Hay: alfalfa or grass▫Straw and chaff▫Corn cobs
2. Pasture and Range Grasses
•Grazed plants- Dormant plants- Growing plants
3. Silages and Haylages
•Fermented, high moisture feed made from the entire plant, stored in silos
- corn, sorghum- Grass, grass-legume, legume
4. High Energy Concentrate
•Cereal grains ( milling byproducts of cereal grains)
•Beet and citrus pulp•Molasses•Animal, marine, vegetable fats•Roots and tubers
5. Protein Supplements
Contain > 20% crude protein•Animal, avian, marine sources•Milk and by-products•Legume seeds•Urea
6. Mineral supplements 7. Vitamin supplements•Must be added by sources that animal is
able to absorb•Vitamin concentration in plants and
animal tissues varies greatly•Plants: vitamin concentration affected by
harvesting, processing and storing•Animals: liver and kidney are good
sources of most vitamins
8. Additives
Non-nutritive ingredients added to stimulate growth or performance or improve the efficiency of feed
•Added in very small quantities•Antibiotics, antifungals, antimicrobials•Probiotics, buffers•Colors, flavors•Hormones, enzymes
Estimating Nutritional Value of a Feed
•Goal: estimate how well nutrients in feedstuff matches the animals needs
Three methods for estimating1. Chemical analysis2. Digestion and balance trials3. Feeding trials
Chemical Analysis
•Subdivides the components of the feedstuff into general groups ( protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins) to estimate the relative amount present
•Problem: doesn’t estimate how well the animal utilizes the feed
Digestion and Balance Trials
•Measures the digestibility of feed•Feed consumption and fecal excretion are
measured over period of time•Problem: not a true measure because
feces contain sloughed cells and tissue
Feeding Trials
•Used extensively•Usually done before chemical analysis or
digestion and balance trials•Can evaluate growth, egg production,
wool or milk production
Break Time!!
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6Jw7ml7s8Q
Swine Nutrition- Water
•Neonates- 80% water, finishing pigs 55% water
•Requirement is influenced by many factors ( environment, moisture content of food, urine output etc)
•General guidelines- 1-1 ½ quarts of water per 1 lb of feed consumed
•Lactating sows require more water
Swine Nutrition- Energy
•Required for buildup of lean and fat tissue•Nursing pigs- most energy from fat and
sugar in milk•Growing pigs- most energy from cereal
grains•Sows and finishing pigs- some energy
from VFA ( volatile fatty acids) from large intestine
•Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is controlled by energy content of diet
Energy Source Feedstuffs in Swine•Cereal grains ( especially corn)•Damaged grains•Grain by-products•Purified sugars ( sucrose, lactose for
piglets)•Fat (animal and vegetable fats)
Swine Nutrition- protein and amino acids•Pigs need 10 essential amino acids to
maintain tissues•Most porcine diets are based on corn and
soybean meal, corn is low in lysine•Amino acid requirements for protein
accretion is higher than for maintenance•Plant protein sources: soybeans
Swine Minerals
•Ca/P- limestone and oyster shells•NaCl- inadequate amounts suppress feed
intake• I- require supplementation, soybean and
grain deficient•Fe- injected in piglets, milk deficient, lasts
3 weeks•Mg- usually present in diet•Z – supplemented to prevent parakeratosis
Swine Vitamins•Vit A- supplemented due to def. in corn,
breaks down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a good source
•VitD – absent in feedstuffs, expose to sunlight or use sun-cured hays or fish oils in diet
•Vit E- req throughout life, legume hay, green forage, cereal grains
•Vit K- synthesized in hind gut fermentation (need access to feces), supplement in confinement
Water requirements
•1 gallon per 4 lbs of dry feed consumed•More water when air temp is > 70F•Less intake if water temp is <40 or > 50F•Lower requirement with daily rain, heavy
dew or soft wet snow•Lower requirement when eating silage,
succulent or range forage
Energy for Sheep
•Insufficient energy from low intake or poor quality feed
•Energy deficiency reduces growth, fertility, wool quality, death
•High energy needs:- Immediately before and after lambing - Flushing ewes and rams for breeding- Finishing lambs
Sheep nutrition- protein
•Usually quantity is more important than quality due to bacterial conversion in rumen
•Microbial protein synthesis supplies protein needs except when lactating or very young lambs
•Green pastures, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, urea ( sometimes)
Minerals for sheep
•NaCl- usually provided ½ to ¾ lb per ewe/month
•Ca/P- highest need during lactation, provide leafy legumes for Ca, grains for P
•I in salt, Co in legumes•Se- narrow margin of safety, deficiency
leads to white muscle disease•Zinc- needed for normal testicular
development
Vitamins for sheep
•Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months•Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside may
show problems•Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E
deficiency•Vit K- synthesized in rumen•Vit C- synthesized by tissues
Goat feeding behavior
•Confinement feeding- will pick and choose▫Goats will eat more if they have more to
select, so offer less feed to force them to choose more of the desired diet
•Range feeding- active forager, browses all plant types including trees, shrubs, grasses. Will sometimes defoliate one type of plant.
Goat nutrition- water
•Requirements- Intake is related to feed intake and feed
intake correlates to productivity- Free access to good quality water- More sensitive to water quality- Lactation increases needs
Goat nutrition- energy
•Mostly from carbs and low levels or fat ( high fat inhibits rumen fermentation)
•Excess fat is stored in the body around internal organs
•Consume more dry matter than other livestock species
Goat nutrition- protein
•Most expensive component of diet•Needed to support rumen fermentation
and supply amino acids•Unlike fat, excess is not stored•Vary with developmental stage•Protein feedstuffs for goats: soybean
meal, fish meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal
Goat nutrition- minerals
•Ca/P – needed for bone and milk production
•Phosphorus is met with high diet selectivity
•Only salt should be provided free choice•Lush pasture deficient in magnesium
Goat nutrition- vitamins
•Only vitamin A is likely to be deficient•Occurs in confinement fed goats in dry
cold weather•Occurs in range fed goats when
vegetation contains little or no green plant material