Feed Processing

Feed Processing

Lecture 9ANS 3362/9/2001

Processing

• To Make a profit– Reduces cost by improving feed efficiency– Improve production from better utilization– Increase intake

• To alter particle size– Easier to consume – pelleting, cubing

• Range feeding, reduce fines, reduce selection, improve handling efficiency.

– More digestible

Purpose of Processing• To Change moisture content

– To make is safe for storage, improve palatability, more digestible, to prepare for other processes. (steaming, rolling,flaking)

– Two ways to remove moisture• Aeration with heat• Aeration without heat

– For safe storage• Hay (loose) 25 %• Baled 20-22 %• Chopped 18-20 %• Cubes 16-17 %

Purpose of Processing - Moisture

• Addition of water to ensile grains– Best at 30 % moisture

• Addition of water to rations to improve palatability and improve mixture uniformity.

• Improve intake – High ambient temperature.

Purpose of Processing

• To change density (weight per unit of volume)– Reduce transportation charges– Bulky to control intake– Increase density to increase amount consumed.

• Dairy cows increased energy and protein needs in transition period but reduced intake.

– Flaking reduces density but improves surface area of the grain for improved digestibility.


• To change Palatability (acceptability) hence feed intake.– Adding to improve: molasses, flavors, fats

• Adds nutrient content while improving intakes– Adding to limit consumption: salt

• Palatable in limited quantities but in excess very limiting.

• Animals on pasture or range need limiting factor on free choice of minerals and some feeds


• To change nutrient content– Adding Iron– Milk fed over an extended period of time

• Adding vitamins• Antibiotics• Fats• Protein

– Sugar coating cereal


• To increase nutrient availability and digestibility.– Milo, rolled, dry ground or not processed has

close to the same nutrient content of Corn.• Less available - starches represent 70-80% of the

total dry matter appears to less available in milo than other grains.

• By hydration or rupturing of the starch molecules more of the starch appears to be digestible giving better results in digestion trials.

– Processing increases surface area for microbes and digestive enzymes. Improves utilization.


• To detoxify or remove undesirable ingredients.– Cottonseed – Gossypol

• Adding iron salts: rupturing of pigment gland

– Soybean meal • Heat – deactivates trypsin inhibitor

– Linseed meal• Water -Crystalline water soluble substance

– ? Sweet Clover – spoiled or moldy • Dicoumarol – anticoagulant, causes internal bleeding

– Manufactured form called Dicumarol


• To improve mechanization– Baling– Chopping – Cubing– Ensiling– Round baling– Transportation– Storage– Self feeding– Push button feeding


• To lessen molds, salmonella and other harmful substances.– Aflatoxins

• Mycotoxins – carcinogens result of molds growing in grains

• Ammoniated feeds – Cottonseed• Ammonia added to hay stacks.

– Propionic and acetic acids reduce or inhibit mold growth.

• Added at harvest

Purpose of Processing• To enhance rumen function (chemical, buffers, by-

pass)– Heat or pressure treated

• Protected or escape protein• Treatment with tannins• Formaldehyde or other aldehydes• Lipids• Complexing with bentonite clay • Use of AA analogs (proteins)• Adding ionophore- Monensin (Rumensin)

– Changes rumen fermentation patterns– Shifting of VFA and methane production– Changes passage rate of particulate matter

– Slow release NPN– Buffers – passage rate versus rumen pH

Methods of Processing

• 70-80 % of the dry matter in Concentrates is composed of Starch.

– Therefore, processing methods have as their primary objective; to improve the availability of these Starches to improve feed efficiency and digestibility.

– Steam Flaking is the standard – everything is measured to that standard

• First process that showed a major increase in feedlot performance

Types of Processing• Dehulling – (Decortication)

– Removal of outer-coat of grain or nut.

– Hulls high in fiber, low in digestibility for monogastrics.

– Used as fiber source in Ruminants.

– Cottonseed Hulls– Soybean Hulls– Can vary protein levels in CSM,

SBOM by the amount of Hulls removed.

– Undecorticated seed has about 22% protein – Decortication can increase amount of protein to 60%

• Hulls low in protein, high in fiber.

• Extruding – (Gelatinization)– Feed is pressed, pushed, or

protruded through constrictions under pressure.

– Grinding, heating with steam then forced through a tube by an auger.

• The holes are cone shaped from smaller to larger allowing the feed to expand causing disruption of the starch molecules.

– Improved feed efficiency Milo by 15% over dry rolled Milo in Feed lot trials.

Types of Processing• Grinding

– Reduces particle size by impact, shearing, or attrition.

• May change digestibility of cellulose and protein.

– Hammermill• Hammers to decrease size until it

passes through a screen.• Desirable when pelleting follows.

Weed seed present.– Called Mash or Meal– Mash – poultry– Meal four footed animals– Economical but depends on power,

speed screen size and type of grain.

• Rolling– Dry – cracking or

crushing of grain by steel rollers.

– Steam• Crimping• Expose grain to steam

for 1-8 minutes before rolling.

• Does not improve feed efficiency over grinding.

• Increases palatability and animal acceptance. Reduces fines.

• May add up to 6 % moisture to grain.

Types of Processing• Heat treatments

– Excess destroys nutrients – Protein, vitamins

– Done properly – increases nutrient availability. –

• Destroys trypsin inhibitor in Soybeans

• Improves rate and efficiency of gains through partial gelatinization of protein.

• Improves availability of fats and AA. Increases ME

– Must be done properly. • Does not improve for monogastrics

but does for Ruminants.

• Dry heating– Micronizing

• Heated to 300º F by gas fired infrared generators as it passes on a steel plate then dropped into rolls. (7% moisture).

• Densities between 18-30 lbs per bushel.

• 25 # recommended.• Cheaper than steam rolling.

– Popping• Milo - Density problem

with reduced feed intake.

Types of Processing• Roasting

– Corn and Soybeans• Increase availability of

starches and proteins– Soybeans

• Improves feed efficiency and gains by 10 % over ground corn.

• Fats - higher content in raw beans.

• Greatly increases availability and value of protein for monogastrics.

– Hogs fed whole cooked beans have a softer carcass. Value added ?

– Expensive equipment- requires long term investment.

• Cooking– Fitting beef cattle.– Hogs

• Potatoes, beans, soybeans – Garbage – decreases nutrient

availability but also destroys Trichinella which causes trichinois in humans.

– Reduces selection by hogs.– Destroys proteins.– Trichinois: If pork is properly cooked

- no problem with transmission. But incidences are higher in areas where garbage is fed to hogs.

– All states require commercial garbage fed to animals must be cooked.

Types of Processing• Exploding

– Swelling of grain under pressure then releasing of the air.

• Grain put into steel “bottles” steam injected into the bottles to 250 psi for 20 seconds then released.

• Forces moisture into the grain.

– Becomes expanded balls with hulls removed

– Product similar to puffed cereal.

– Compared to Steam flaking of Milo in animal response.

• Flaking– Modification of steam

rolling by increasing the amount of time steam is applied or by the amount of pressure.

– Milo responds the best.– Preferred method for

horses. – Fluffy - produces fewer digestive problems

– Flaking influences the density of the feed

– Results depend on: Steaming time, temperature, grain moisture, roller size and tolerance, processing rate, type and variety of grain.

Types of Processing• Pelleting - Cubing

– Compacting and forcing through dies.

• Facilitates mechanization

• Eliminates fines. Increases palatability

• Alleviates separation of ingredients and sorting.

• Increases feed density.– Reduce storage space– Transportation costs – Popular amount horse

owners.

• Pelleting - Cubing – May destroy Vitamin

A, E, and K if insufficient Antioxidants for processing.

• Pellegra (nicin deficiency)does not exist in Mexico despite their high corn based diets.

– Limewater is added to the corn meal in making tortilla. Lime water releases nicotinic acid.

Types of Processing• Crumbling

– Pellets crumbled• Feed additives.

– Terramycin crumbles

• Bran Mash– Steamed wheat bran– Traditional feed for horse on

idle days.• Watered Feeds

– Mixing water with feeds to make a gruel, slurry, or swill.

– Mixing, Whey with wheat screenings

• Blocks– Mineral supplements– Fat supplements

• High energy blocks• Up to 500 lbs in size for long

term use.• Hardness, salt and fat

content will help limiting intake to about 2 lbs per day.

• Lessens labor requirements for range cattle.

• Alleviates losses from feeding on ground or from wind.

Types of Processing• Feeding whole corn

– Under six months of age calves masticate enough to process the whole kernels.

– Roughage to concentrate ratio seems to be important.

– Whole kernels in the grain cause concern. However, ground corn passes through also but is fine, therefore, not seen.

– Animals on high concentrate diets show very little improvement from processed ground grain. May not offset processing cost.

– Hogs and poultry not a problem.

• When mixing or processing feeds - Be cautious.– Prior feeds processed

can leave residue.– Additives are usually

extremely potent.– Customers can be

easily lost over unintentional mixing of the wrong ingredients.

Types of Processing Animal Waste Processing.

• Poultry waste• Broiler and layer litter has

been used for many years.• High nitrogen content.

• Types of processing– Deep stacking

• Several weeks for increased temperature to 160º F growth stopped at 80 º F and killed at 145 º F.

– Used successfully for many years

– No documented animal health problems.

– Ensiling (fermentation)• CHO are converted to lactic,

acetic and other acids• Heat is generated killing

pathogens• Nutritive value is improved

by blending with other feed ingredients such as cereal grains prior to ensiling and adjust to 40% moisture.

• Residues from medicines and minerals may not be affected by ensiling Be cautious.

• No disease problem from ensiling. Problem ?

Types of processing- Adding Fats

• Increases Caloric density of ration

• Improves palatability• Facilitates absorption of

Vit. A and D• Supplies Linoleic acid

– Animal body requires Linoleic acid – all species. Ruminant microbes can synthesis.

• Delays hunger.– Fats require longer period in

the stomach that CHO and protein. “Sticking to the ribs” in Human diets.

• Controls dust and fines

• Lubricates equipment– Coats and clogs equipment

if in excess.

• Solidify in cold weather.• High levels cause pellet to

be soft.• Fats can become rancid.• Added at the levels of:

– 5-10 % swine and poultry– 2 – 6 % in ruminants– Lower consumption if

exceeded.

• Ethoxyquin – effective antioxidant.

Types of processing- Adding Fats

• Degree of unsaturated Fats important in availability of Vitamins.– Digestibility decreases with saturation.– Relationship between degree of saturation and

type of body fat formed. Especially in monogastrics.

– High levels of unsaturated fats produce soft pork.

– Cappuccino machines in dairy cows.

Types of Processing

• Molasses – 5- 15 % of diet it has about 75 % energy value of corn.

• Appetizer and controls dust.

• In humid conditions should be limited to 5 % of ration as mold can develop.– Addition of Calcium

propionate can control mold.

• Organic preservatives– Propionic and Acetic at 1 to

1.5 % at time of harvest to inhibit molds and bacteria.

• Treatment of High-cellulose feeds.– Rice, barley, oat straw;

bagasse; tree bark; corn cobs;gin trash; newspaper; and seed hulls.

– In their natural state are poor feedstuffs because of lignin or silica or a combination of the two encrust the energy-rich CHO, cellulose, and hemicellulose and keeps microbes from breaking them down to release the energy.

– Must open up to permit digestion by microbes

Types of Processing High Cellulose Feeds cont’d

• Chemical treatment– Alkali – sodium hydroxide,

calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide.

– Increases digestion of cell walls

– Increase energy digestibility by 10%

– Decreases nitrogen digestibility through heating effect. Therefore improved performance with added protein sources.

– Used during WW I in Germany when critical shortages of animal feed occurred.

• Ammoniated– Air-tight enclosure and

adding anhydrous ammonia or liquid nitrogen.

– 3.0-3.5 % anhydrous and take about 20 days.

– Adds NPN – No mineral residue such as

chemical.– Increases CP by 3- 10 %– Increases TDN and DE by 3-

23 %– Increases animal intake– Prevents molding.– Dangerous to use – very

toxic

Types of ProcessingHigh Cellulose Cont’d

• Hydrogen Peroxide– Residue pH is brought up to 11.5 becomes mushy, then

rinsed off and dried.– Can be used wet but quick.– Has better feed values than corn silage.– Right now; tooooo expensive and a patent is pending

on the process.– Requires a lot of water.

• High pressure steaming– Used with and without chemicals– Aspen (wood) has been shown to have digestibility of

up to 56%.– Sheep consumed at 60% of the ration.

• Normal body weight gains and carcass traits.

• Cost is high - Use in situations of high feed cost

Types of Processing• Total Mixed Rations

– Makes greater efficiency in feeding and lessens sorting at feed bunk.

– Forces consumption of ingredients not highly palatable.– Can limit concentrate consumption– Easier to get animals on full feed.– Easier to automate– Provide better control of nutrient intake– Species involved.

• Dairy• Beef Feedlot• Sheep• Chickens• Swine

Summary• We process to improve profitability,

increase mechanization, utilize poorly digestible feed stuffs.

• To improve rates of gain• To improve the number of animals each

person can handle.• To utilize products that animals would not

normal consume.

Feed Processing

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