Federalists Ascendant: John Adams’ Presidency US History – Libertyville HS.
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Transcript of Federalists Ascendant: John Adams’ Presidency US History – Libertyville HS.
Federalists Ascendant: Federalists Ascendant: John Adams’ PresidencyJohn Adams’ Presidency
US History – Libertyville HSUS History – Libertyville HS
Development of Political PartiesDevelopment of Political PartiesWashington “above” Washington “above” politics, but a federalistpolitics, but a federalist
Federalist party emergesFederalist party emerges John Adams, Hamilton, etcJohn Adams, Hamilton, etc CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Pro industrial Pro industrial developmentdevelopment
Pro BritishPro British
Pro strong central Pro strong central governmentgovernment
““Looser” interpretation Looser” interpretation of Constitutionof Constitution
Prominent Federalists
Development of Political PartiesDevelopment of Political PartiesDemocratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans (D-Rs)(D-Rs) Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson,
Madison, etcMadison, etc CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Pro agriculturePro agriculture
Pro revolutionary FrancePro revolutionary France
Pro “common” manPro “common” man
Pro States rights (vs. strong Pro States rights (vs. strong central government)central government)
Strict interpretation of Strict interpretation of ConstitutionConstitution
Election of 1796Election of 1796
First post-Washington First post-Washington electionelection John Adams (F) – 71 John Adams (F) – 71
EVEV Thomas Jefferson (D-R) Thomas Jefferson (D-R)
– 68 EV– 68 EV Thomas Pinckney (F) – Thomas Pinckney (F) –
59 EV59 EV Aaron Burr (D-R) – 30 Aaron Burr (D-R) – 30
EVEVPresident = John Adams (F)VP = Thomas Jefferson (D-R)
President, VP From Different President, VP From Different PartiesParties
ConstitutionConstitution President to be person President to be person
with most EVswith most EVs VP to be person with VP to be person with
second most EVssecond most EVs No concept of “ticket” or No concept of “ticket” or
pres, VP running togetherpres, VP running together
Founders did not Founders did not anticipate rise of political anticipate rise of political partiesparties
Became big problem in Became big problem in Adams’ Admin.Adams’ Admin.
VP Jefferson Pres. Adams
John AdamsJohn Adams
Born in MassachusettsBorn in Massachusetts
Raised a “puritan-lite”Raised a “puritan-lite”
Became a lawyerBecame a lawyer
Second cousins to Second cousins to Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams
Joined patriot cause Joined patriot cause after Stamp Actafter Stamp Act
Popularized argument Popularized argument “no taxation without “no taxation without representation”representation”Young Adams
Birthplace of John Adams
John AdamsJohn AdamsDuring Rev. War, During Rev. War, served in Continental served in Continental CongressCongress Served on Served on
“Committee of 5”“Committee of 5” Looked to for advice to for advice
on forming on forming governments / writing governments / writing constitutionsconstitutions
Adams in EuropeAdams in Europe1777 – Adams sent to 1777 – Adams sent to France as diplomat France as diplomat
Sent back to Europe Sent back to Europe to negotiate peace to negotiate peace treaty, 1779-80treaty, 1779-80
Continued to serve as Continued to serve as ambassador to ambassador to Holland (1780-82), Holland (1780-82), England (1785-88)England (1785-88)
Portrait of Treaty of Paris negotiators(British refused to pose – portrait neverFinished)
Vice President AdamsVice President AdamsCame in second in election of Came in second in election of 1788, 1792 (second of 1788, 1792 (second of revolutionary generation, only revolutionary generation, only after Washington)after Washington)
Washington rarely asked Washington rarely asked Adams’ opinionAdams’ opinion
Adams’ main job = president Adams’ main job = president of Senateof Senate
His opinion on the Vice-His opinion on the Vice-presidency:presidency:
"My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived."
President Adams: Foreign President Adams: Foreign PolicyPolicy
Continued neutralityContinued neutrality Adams wanted to stay out Adams wanted to stay out
of war between Britain, of war between Britain, FranceFrance
Problem: Jay’s Treaty Problem: Jay’s Treaty angered French, so they angered French, so they began attacking American began attacking American shippingshipping
Adams sent diplomats to Adams sent diplomats to negotiate with French negotiate with French (Pinckney, Gerry, Marshall)(Pinckney, Gerry, Marshall)
French (in distance) bearing downon damaged American ship
John Adams: XYZ Affair John Adams: XYZ Affair Three French agents Three French agents demanded $250k demanded $250k bribe, $12 million loan bribe, $12 million loan to help French fight to help French fight wars and public wars and public apology just to let apology just to let Americans see French Americans see French foreign ministerforeign minister
Americans went home, Americans went home, insteadinstead
Americans (at left) facing Frenchrevolutionary demands, in US
newspaper cartoon
John Adams: XYZ AffairJefferson demanded to see reports from diplomats (Why?)Released to public, changing French agents’ names to X, Y and ZHuge public outcry: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”
Token handed out during XYZ Affair
John Adams: “Quasi-War”Quasi-War: No declaration, but French, American warships attacked each other and merchant shipsAmerican negotiators offered French same terms as Jays Treaty, but French refused1800: Adams renegotiated treaty
US drops claim for damaged merchant ships
France released US from alliance of 1778
Weakened US affection for French
USS Constellation – active duringQuasi War
John Adams: Domestic AffairsAlien-Sedition Acts (1798)
Alien Friends ActAuthorized the president to deport any resident alien considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.”Aimed at French sympathizers
Alien Enemies Act (still in effect)authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States
Naturalization ActExtended the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens to 14 years
Sedition Actmade it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials
Fight in Congress during debateover Sedition Act, 1798
John Adams: Domestic AffairsReaction to Sedition Act
Jefferson: Unconstitutional!!First AmendmentTenth AmendmentNo Judicial Review yet (M v M in 1803) – thus, exercise of “undelegated powers” by Feds
TJ, James Madison introduce KY and VA Resolutions
Called on states to nullify laws Compact theory: US made up of
voluntary union of states giving some power to central gov’t; but states do not give away their sovereignty
If state’s sovereignty violated, then state had right to nullify Federal act or secede from union
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the Press . . .”
John Adams: Domestic AffairsAlien-Sedition Acts in Action
No aliens deported (many fled)
25 people, mainly D-R newspaper editors, arrested under Sedition Act (incl. 1 congressman!)
11 tried, 10 convictedLed to end of Federalist Party
Federalists tossed out of office
After his election, President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under Sedition Act The power of the press . . .
The 1800 ElectionOne of the nastiest elections ever (slander, personal attacks)
Jefferson v. Adams Campaign destroyed
friendship, for years
Jefferson, Burr tie; election goes to Federalist House
On 35 ballots, deadlocked 8 states to 8 states
On 36th ballot, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to change vote to Jefferson (Burr was personal enemy)
Jefferson (D-R) 73Burr (D-R) 73J. Adams (F) 65Pinckney (F) 64
1800 Election Aftermath12th Amendment
President, VP run as a ticket Each elector casts 1 vote for
a president, & 1 vote for a VP President, VP must win
absolute majority of EC votes Deadlocks go to House,
where each state gets one vote for any of top 3 tickets
Federalists lose control of legislature, Fed bureaucracyAdams: Midnight appointments to judiciary (eventually leads to Marbury v. Madison)
Boston Sentinel, 1801