Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz
description
Transcript of Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz
![Page 1: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Federalism in the ForestTomas M. Koontz
![Page 2: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Federalism: A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.
“Choices among governmental jurisdictions lie at the very core of federalism.”
-T. Koontz
![Page 3: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Functional Theory of Federalism• This theory predicts that lower and higher levels of
government tend to produce different outputs.• These two outputs are “developmental” and
“redistributive”– Developmental refers to economic growth. Policies that
emphasize this goal are favored by elected officials at low levels of government.
– Redistribution transfers money from wealthier parties to poorer ones. This output is not particularly attractive to large corporations, which in turn affects the local economy, so redistribution is not favored by local elected officials.
![Page 4: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DevolutionDoes it Matter?
“The comparison of National versus State natural resource policy”
![Page 5: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
It Does Matter!
• Devolution shifts responsibility from the federal government to the state government– Helps match the economic efficiency by reducing the
tendency of citizens to demand higher levels of success for which they do not pay for.
• There is a general lack of serious inquiry into natural resource policy at different levels of government.
![Page 6: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Three points of focus• Comparing policy processes and outputs
– what are the differences in natural resource policy between state and federal forests?
• Exploring differences in policy– how do various factors shape these differences?
• Providing insight into the policy making process– what can be done about changing policy and how
is this possible?
![Page 7: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Brief History of Forest Management
• Federal government used to own all the land
• Transfer in ownership of lands in the Midwest and the Northwest
• Creation of state and federal forests• Contiguous forests with multiple
jurisdictions• Shape of forests varies between the two
regions
![Page 8: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Comparing Four Forests
• Ohio – Ohio State Forest & Wayne National Forest
• Indiana– Indiana State Forest & Hoosier National Forest
• Washington– Washington State Forest & Gifford Pinchot National Forest
• Oregon– Oregon State Forest & Siuslaw National Forest
Note: test areas represent only a small portion of not only federal and state forests, but States in the union.
![Page 9: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Background of Forests
• Midwest– Most common forest type is
deciduous hardwood• Much lower lumber and wood
product value
• Northwest– Most common forest type is
Douglas fir and associated conifers
• Higher timber production values which is shown in work force sizes.
![Page 10: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of Forests
![Page 11: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Forest Information
![Page 12: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Strengths of the State Agency
• Timber • Profits • Revenue Sharing
![Page 13: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Timber Sales Volume
• Employment and Development
• Community Interests• Small environmental
pitch• Sales are thirteen
times greater than National forests
![Page 14: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Percent of Annual Growth Sold
![Page 15: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Timber Sales Profitability
• Should this be the primary goal of public forests?
• Much more economic than National Forests
• Much more profitable than National forests
![Page 16: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Operating Expenses
![Page 17: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Revenue Sharing
• Public lands subject to giving money back to the jurisdiction which holds the state or national forest
• States forests send more money to local governments than do the national forests
• Gives reason to the state to be more concerned about state forests
![Page 18: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Who is More Economical?
![Page 19: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Overall
• The state forest agencies, overall, are very much more economical.– Produce more lumber– Sell more lumber– Are more efficient with their sales – Produce more revenue for their own
jurisdictions
![Page 20: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Federal Agency Strength• Environmental
Protection– Rare Species
Protection– Research and
Monitoring– Non-Timber
improvements
![Page 21: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Eco- System Level Management
![Page 22: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rare Species Identification and Protection
• National Forests have a much more extensive identification and protection plan than State forests.
• Indiana only has a part time rare species identification employee ( the other half he works for timber management)
![Page 23: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
“For other rare species we have not yet found efficient methods and protocols, we have not focused efforts on identification or protection.”
-Stance from Oregon State Forest officials
![Page 24: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ecosystem Research and Monitoring
• Goal is to generate information to develop protection projects in the future
• In 1995 Oregon federal officials spent more than 1.3 million in research efforts
• Compared that to “ if we tried to do more comprehensive surveys, the counties would be upset that we’re spending resources in this way”
![Page 25: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
“In most cases you should be able to answer the questions from your own observations or project plans without the need to hire experts.”
– Washington State Forest official
![Page 26: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Citizen Participation
• Public Meetings• Working Groups• Mailings• Who really participates?
![Page 27: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Who Encourages Involvement and Participation
![Page 28: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Public Meetings
• The quality of meetings of the state and national forest agencies differ– National has organized, professional
meetings– State has loose, unorganized gatherings
![Page 29: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mailing
• Federal agencies have a knack for sending out lots of material while state officials lack this attribute.
• The mail federal agencies send out is much more informative.
![Page 30: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mailing quality
![Page 31: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Who talked to whom?
![Page 32: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Exploring Policy Differences
Bureaucratic Behavior Theory: Policymaking by agency officials can be explained by four dominant factors:
• Rules: Laws, Forest plans, and budget incentives
• Citizen pressure• Agency official’s beliefs• Agency community
![Page 33: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Laws
• Elected officials create laws to:– Constrain bureaucratic discretion– Leave a legacy
• Federal laws seek non-economic goals while state laws seek economic goals.
![Page 34: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Under federal acts like the NEPA and NFMA, federal forest officials must go through a lot of red tape to harvest timber, because the laws are environmentally-oriented– Public must be involved, and the public has
power– Zoning requirements– Formal assessment procedures– Multiple-Use mandates– Harvesting technique stipulations
National Forests
![Page 35: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
State Forests• State forest officials have a lot less red
tape to go through because the laws are economically-oriented.– Fewer and limited opportunities for citizen
involvement– State versions of the NEPA and the NFMA are
more watered-down than their national counterparts
– Multiple use mandates regard timber harvesting as the primary use of the land
– Harvesting techniques are under the control of the state agencies
– Zoning laws are more flexible
![Page 36: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Multiple-Use Mandates
![Page 37: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Legislative Regulation
![Page 38: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Forest Plans
• Forest plans are formal reports detailing the operations of a timber harvest before the project begins.– Timber Stand Improvements (TSI)– Leave Trees– Riparian Areas– Regeneration Harvesting– Land-use Zoning Protection
![Page 39: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Harvesting Techniques and Zoning Restrictions
![Page 40: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Citizen Involvement (Pressure)
• Citizen Pressure involves the ability of the general populace to influence activities in the timber industry.– Support for natural resource protection is
stronger among people who live far from the resources than those who live near them.
– Spotted Owl example
![Page 41: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Federalism in the Forest Tomas M. Koontz](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681684f550346895dde4ee0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Wrapping It All Up• Federalism is good; our current system of government
works. Most everyone’s voice is heard somewhere in the process
• Performance is the key; more research is needed to analyze policy processes and outputs. Progress (fiscal efficiency) is possible when we conduct and analyze empirical data rather than basing our policy decisions on simplistic opinions– Citizen input myth
• Everyone can make a difference; elected officials appoint non-elected agency bureaucrats, who in turn shape economic and environmental policy