Federal Republic of Nigeria
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Transcript of Federal Republic of Nigeria
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FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
Capital:
Abuja
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FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
PROMISE PROBLEMS
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FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
Capital:
Abuja
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NIGERIA: ETHNIC DIVISIONS
Hausa-Fulani (29%)
Yoruba (21%)
Igbo (18%)
Ijaw (10%)
www.bbc.co.uk
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http://bauzeitgeist.blogspot.com/2011/09/african-borders-make-african-states.html
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NIGERIA: RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS
Muslim (50%)
Christian (40%)
Indigenous Beliefs (10%)
www.getreligion.org
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NIGERIAN HISTORY: PRE-COLONIAL (BEFORE 1860)
1800s: Fulani migrated into northern region. Spread of ISLAM
1500-1800: Southern region European trade: spread of CHRISTIANITY impacted by slave trade.
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THE COLONIAL ERA (1860-1960)
British Colony North and South administered differently Indirect Rule
North: Local Muslim rule Minimal British supervision
South: Traditional colonial regime British bureaucrats British-trained indigenous
Introduced Western-style education Mostly in the South Privileged elite class
Deepened North/South division
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ERA SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1960-PRESENT)
First Republic (1960-66) Parliamentary Govt. after transition to
independence. Civil War and Military Rule (1966-
79) Military coup ended “First Republic” Began era of military dictatorships Transition of power
Quick, violent & illegitimate
4 coups d’etat
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CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY RULE (1966-79) Nigerian Civil War
(1967-1970) Ethnic-based Igbo attempt to
break away Form REPUBLIC OF
BIAFRA. Bloody war and
starvation tactics led to 500,000- 3 million deaths.
Biafra defeated.www.blackpast.org
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COMPARATIVE POLITICS
How does Nigeria’s experience with the Igbo and Biafra compare with other countries we have studied? Britain Russia China Mexico
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SECOND REPUBLIC (1979-1983)
Olusegun Obasanjo (1976-1979) Military dictator Voluntarily transitioned
to democracy 1979: New Constitution
Created a Presidential System similar to U.S.
Ineffective president Overthrown by a
military coup (1983)
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MILITARY RULE (1983-1999)
CHARACTERISTICS More coups More promises of democracy Competition among generals based
on ethnicity. Institutionalized Corruption
Massive abuse of oil revenues PATRON-CLIENT SYSTEM
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PUTIN RETURNS TO RUSSIAN PRESIDENCY http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/
2012/03/201234174822513879.html
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POLLS: MEXICO'S PRESIDENTIAL RACE TIGHTENS
The polling firm GEA/ISA says the difference between Pena Nieto and Vazquez Mota has dropped to 7 percentage points, with 36 percent of voters favoring Pena Nieto and 29 percent backing Vazquez Mota
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CHINA CITIES 'WILL NOT MEET NEW AIR STANDARDS'
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-17229918
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MILITARY RULE (1983-1999)
CHARACTERISTICS More coups More promises of democracy Competition among generals based
on ethnicity. Institutionalized Corruption
Massive abuse of oil revenues PATRON-CLIENT SYSTEM
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THIRD REPUBLIC, 1993
Elections were held. Results annulled by
military leader. Coup replaced old
military leader.
1983 PERIOD OF MILITARY RULE 1999
Third Republic, 1993
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FOURTH REPUBLIC (1999-PRESENT)
1999… Another Constitution (9th since 1914)
Olusegun Obasanjo: (1999-2007) Elected president for two terms
Umaru Yar’Adua: (2007-2010) Died in office
Goodluck Jonathan: (2010-present) Was Yar’Adua’s VP Won the 2011 election
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INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION (INEC)
Established 1998 Oversaw widespread voter fraud in
1999, 2003, & 2007. Attahiru Jega
Appointed in 2010
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“ACADEMIC TACKLES CHAOS OF ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA”
Describe the multiple difficulties INEC faced leading up to the 2011 election.
“Nigeria has yet to hold a credible election” Human Rights Watch after 2007 election
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2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Goodluck JonathanPeople’s Democratic Party (PDP)
Ijaw Christian Negotiated cease fire
with Niger Delta militants.
Incumbent Advantage? Power of patronage
Appointments & contracts Access to oil revenue
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2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Muhammedu BuhariCongress for Progressive Change
(CPC)
CPC broke away from All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP)
Fulani Muslim Former military dictator
(‘83-’85) Targeted drug traffickers,
corruption, and graft
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2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Nuhu RibaduAction Congress of Nigeria
(ACN)
Hausa-Fulani Muslim Former Chairman of
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)
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2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONCandidate Percent of Vote Number of Votes
Jonathan 58.9% 22.5 million
Buhari 32.0 % 12.2 million
Ribadu 5.4% 2.1 million
17 other candidates also received votes.
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2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
Candidate
Percent of Vote
Number of Votes
Jonathan 58.9% 22.5 million
Buhari 32.0 % 12.2 million
Ribadu 5.4% 2.1 million
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LEGITIMACY: 2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Good News Bad News
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PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL SYSTEM
Directly elected by the people. Winner must receive:
Majority of votes 25% in 2/3 of the states.
Top two run-offWHY?
President needs NATIONAL mandate.
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PDP POWER SHARING: “ZONING”
PDP Plan: Presidency rotates every two terms.Muslim from the North
Christian from the SouthPROBLEM
Obasanjo: Christian from South had two terms Yar’Adua (Muslim) died in office after three years. Jonathan (Christian) finished Yar’Adua’s term,
and ran again. Muslims didn’t think Jonathan should run.