Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Final ReportJanakpur, Butwal and Hetauda. 2. Water supply...

NP

JR

19 - 004

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

Ministry of Water Supply


Data Collection Survey on Water Supply and Waste

Water Sector in Nepal

Final Report

November 2019

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Yachiyo Engineering Co., LTD.






Final Report

November 2019







Final Report

November 2019







Final Report

November 2019







Final Report

November 2019







Final Report

November 2019


Location Map

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ガンジ

ジャナカプール

ポカラ

ブトワール

ヘタウダ

100km

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Photo-1

Survey Photos

Kathmandu: Floccuration tank and sedimentation tank (Bode WTP)

Kathmandu: Floccuration tank and sedimentation tank (Bode WTP)

Kathmandu: Rapid sand filter (Bode WTP)

Kathmandu:Transmission pump operation record (Bode WTP)

Kathmandu: Pretreatment Facility (STP)

Kathmandu: Aeration tank (STP)

Kathmandu: Laboratory (STP)

Kathmandu: ：Expansion of STP (under construciton)

Photo-2

Kathmandu: Workshop in Kathmandu (1)

Kathmandu: Workshop in Kathmandu (2)

Pokhara: Proposed site for WTP in Grant Aid project

Pokhara: Existing Transmission pipeline

Pokhara: ：Existing surface water source

Pokhara: Proposed water source site

Pokhara: Existing sludge treatment facility

Pokhara: Existing sludge treatment facility

Photo-3

Pokhara: Proposed STP site

Pokhara: Interview survey for residents

Pokhara: Workshop in Pokhara (1)




Butwal: Existing surface water intake

Butwal: Existing surface water intake

Photo-4

Butwal: Existing surface water intake (dried-up) Butwal: Proposed surface water source site

Butwal: Existing WTP Butwal: Existing WTP

Butwal: Existing WTP (Operation record) Butwal: Existing sludge treatment facility

Hetauda: Existing surface water intake Hetauda: Proposed water resource site

Photo-5

Hetauda: Existing overhead tank

Hetauda: Existing well

Hetauda: Existing STP



Hetauda: Existing Sludge disposal site

Birganj: Hand pump well in city area

Birganj:：Existing overhead tank

Photo-6

Birganj: Existing well

Birganj: Existing chlorine injection facility

Birganj: Existing sludge collection truck owned by municipality

Birganj: STP (under construction)



Birganj: Proposed overhead tank site (Nagawa)

Birganj: Proposed overhead tank site (Nagawa)

Photo-7

Birganj: Proposed overhead tank site (Nagawa PS)

Birganj: Proposed overhead tank site (Bahuali)

Janakpur: Existing overhead tank in NWSC office

Janakpur: Existing well

Janakpur: Existing chlorine injection facility

Janakpur: Well under construction

Janakpur: Hand pump well in city area

Janakpur: Proposed water source

Photo-8

Janakpur: House well, Toilet and septic tank in rural area

Janakpur: Proposed site for sludge treatment facility

Janakpur: Proposed NWSC overhead tank site

Janakpur: Proposed overhead tank site



Final Report Summary

S-1

Data Collection Survey for Water Supply and Waste Water Sector, the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

Final Report Summary

1. Background of the survey

“More than 90% of the house connection water supply rate by the year 2030” is a goal in Nepal by Nepal’s Sustainable Development Goals (hereafter called SDGs), but the achievement ratio for piped water supply connection in Nepal stays at 49.5%. As for the wastewater management, “more than 90% of proper wastewater treatment rate (sewerage or septic tank, etc.) by 2030” is also one of the achievement goals for the SDGs. However, its achievement ratio is as low as 30%. (Source of the mentioned achievement: Nepal’s Sustainable Development Goals Baseline Report established in 2017) Therefore, nationwide development of water supply and wastewater management system has been required.

In the Kathmandu Valley, the Melamchi water supply project has been implemented by Japanese Yen loan cooperation and the support of Asian Development Bank (hereinafter called ADB). In addition, a technical assistance project to be conducted by Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter called JICA) is presently planned. It is, therefore, expected that water supply condition is improved. In the field of wastewater management, ADB plans to assist construction of facilities including wastewater treatment plants (hereinafter called WWTP). Accordingly, improvement of wastewater management is also expected in the Kathmandu Valley.

On the other hand, development of water supply and wastewater management is delayed in local cities. Thus, it is time to move onto the emphasis to expand such development to the local cities in the view of overall development of Nepal. Regarding the expansion of the system in local cities, the project for Improvement of Water Supply in Pokhara has been implemented by the Japan’s Grant Aid. Moreover, JICA has conducted the technical assistance project for the strength of local water supply entities to improve the management of community based water supply system.

Under the circumstances, this survey aims to formulate necessary projects which contribute to the improvement of water supply and wastewater management on local cities, i.e., Pokhara, Birgunj, Janakpur, Butwal and Hetauda.

2. Water supply system

The goal of house connection water supply rate by SDGs is 90% and SDGs also set goals of ‘0% of household with E. Coli risk in water source’, ‘90% of population using safe drinking water’, and ‘5% of

Non-Revenue Water (hereafter called NRW) rate’. Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan (Ministry of Water Supply, 2015) sets out 3 stages of goals in water amount and the goal indicates recommended water consumption amount (water amount that reaches to water connected customers) to cities is Middle (65~100 LCD Note1) or High class (100~150 LCD) . Outlines of water supply project including these goal achievement situations is described below.

S-2

Note 1: Litter per capita per day (hereinafter called “LCD”)

(1) Kathmandu Valley Population in the Kathmandu Valley is estimated to be approximately 3.1 million people (2019).

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (hereinafter called KUKL) supplies water to approximately 2.56 million people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is as low as 57 LCD and it is small volume for water supply amount per capita Note2 for urban water supply system. Water sources are both surface water and groundwater.

Note 2: In this report, water supply amount that is transmitted from WTP and well is defined by adding water

consumption amount which delivers the customer and sum of water losses in transmission/distribution process

(NRW etc.).

On the other hand, Water Users and Sanitation Committee (hereinafter called WUSC), which is

community level committee, operates small scale water supply project in areas where KUKL does not supply water. There are 147 WUSCs in the Kathmandu Valley, and total water supply population is estimated to be approximately 510 thousand people, and also daily average water supply amount is estimated to be approximately 50 LCD. Thus taking into consideration WUSC’s water supply population, house connection water supply rate in Kathmandu Valley is close to 100%.

Although house connection water supply rate is close to 100%, daily average water supply amount per capita in the Kathmandu Valley is as low as 56 LCD, and urgent improvement is necessary. Therefore, the Melamchi water supply project aided by Japanese loan or ADB is ongoing, which is considered to secure water supply amount needed around in 2041.

There are issues of O&M such as the lack of water quality management including chlorine injection management, inappropriate management system of water distribution and 20% of NRW. To assist development of the O&M management ability, JICA plans to implement a technical assistance project, which is expected to improve O&M management.

(2) Pokhara

Population in Pokhara is estimated to be approximately 470 thousand people (2019). The Nepal Water Supply Corporation (hereafter called NWSC) supplies water to approximately 190 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount is estimated to be 240 LCD. Water resources are both surface water and groundwater.

83 WUSCs supply water to the areas where NWSC does not cover water service, and the total number of water supply population is approximately 190 thousand people which is almost equal to the number of water supplied population by NWSC, and daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be 50LCD. Thus, taking into consideration WUSC’s water supply population, house connection water supply rate in Pokhara is close to 81% and it is comparatively high. Besides, daily average water supply amount per capita in Pokhara is estimated to be 143 LCD.

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Although house connection water supply rate and daily average water supply amount per capita is comparatively high, there is no water treatment plant (hereafter called WTP) and water from river is directly distributed to each household and it results in insufficient water quality management. In addition, 24-hour water supply is difficult due to the small capacity of the reservoirs. Under these circumstances, Japan’s Grant Aid has been implemented, a WTP with slow sand filter and reservoirs have been under construction and it is expected to improve the water quality and distribution services in NWSC service area. However, NWSC has issues in O&M such as the lack of experience for operation of WTP with slow sand filter, insufficient water quality management including chlorination management, unsatisfied NRW management. Therefore enhancing ability is necessary.

Although Pokhara Metropolitan City (hereinafter called PMC) is in charge of operating water supply and sanitation system, the number of WUSCs are tremendously large so that PMC is not able to grasp the whole situation. In addition, there are no plans about priority areas of development and targeted water supply level, which leads to difficulties to propose efficient water supply system from perspective of whole city. Issues on water supply and sanitation system in the O&M management is common in targeted cities in this survey.

(3) Birgunj

Population in Birgunj is estimated to be 280 thousand people (2019). NWSC supplies water to approximately 48 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be 163 LCD, which is comparatively high but house connection water supply rate is as low as 17%.

There are no WUSC service in areas where NWSC does not supply water (There used to be two WUSC projects but not in operation now). Residents in the area access water from hand pump wells. Hand pump wells are susceptible to wastewater penetrated from ground, which leads to high risk of health. Therefore, Birgunj Metropolitan City (hereinafter called BMC) needs to introduce water supply system to every household and office in the city. Improvement of house connection water supply rate including water source development and expansion of water supply area is a huge task.

Since there are issues about introducing temporal water supply, high NRW (estimated to be 30%), detection of E. coli in taps, etc. capacity development is necessary for O&M management.

(4) Janakpur

A situation in Janakpur has numerous similarities with that in Birgunj. Population is estimated to be approximately 180 thousand people (2019) and NWSC supplies groundwater to approximately 23 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be approximately 111 LCD. Although daily average water supply amount per capita is comparatively high, house connection water supply rate in whole population is as low as 13%. There are no WUSCs in areas where NWSC does not supply water. Residents in the area access water from hand pump wells. A situation of hand pump wells is the same with that in Birgunj. Janakpur Sub-Metropolitan City (hereinafter called JsMC) needs to introduce water supply system to every household and office in the city.

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To tackle those issues, as well as Birgunj, ①improvement of house connection water supply rate including water resource development and expansion of water supply area and ②enhancing ability of O&M are main tasks.

(5) Butwal

Population in Butwal is estimated to be approximately 170 thousand people (2019) and NWSC supplies water to approximately 75 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be 273 LCD. Water sources are both surface water and groundwater, and WTP installing rapid sand filter is operated to treat surface water.

17 WUSCs supply water in areas where NWSC does not cover the water service. Total water supply population is estimated to be approximately 74 thousand people which is the almost same with that of NWSC Butwal covers, and daily average water supply amount is estimated to be approximately 50 LCD. Therefore, house connection water supply rate in Butwal, taking into consideration WUSC’s water supply population, reaches at 90% which is considered to be high. Besides, daily average water supply amount per capita in Butwal is estimated to be approximately 162 LCD.

Although house connection water supply rate and daily average water supply amount in Butwal is comparatively high, NWSC’s water supply has issues such as ①although pump capacity in water sources meet the water demand in the city, 24-hour water supply is not able to be implemented, ②NRW rate is estimated to be over 45%, which is low efficient for water amount and energy, ③since daily necessary activity such as water quality test and chemical injection management is not conducted properly, water quality is not assured. Therefore, capacity development such as expansion of reservoir/ overhead tank for 24-hour water supply, water quality management including improvement of operation for WTP with rapid sand filter, and the management of water distribution amount and NRW is needed.

(6) Hetauda

Population in Hetauda is estimated to be approximately 170 thousand people (2019). Hetauda has a Water Supply Management Board (hereinafter called WSMB) which is independent from NWSC, and this Hetauda Water Supply Management Board (hereinafter called HWSMB) implements water supply business as a basic service provider. HWSMB supplies water to 80 thousand people, and daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be approximately 169 LCD. Water resources are subsurface water, water from spring and groundwater. WTP is not installed in the city.

11 WUSCs supply water in areas where HWSMB does not cover water service. Total water supply population is estimated to be approximately 39 thousand people and daily average water supply amount is estimated to be approximately 50 LCD. Therefore, house connection water supply rate in Hetauda including water supplied population in WUSCs reaches at 72% which is considered to be high. Besides, daily average water supply amount per capita in Hetauda is estimated to be approximately 130 LCD.

HWSMB needs to improve house connection water supply rate and increase of water supply. However, there are issues such as ①despite pump capacity in water resources meet the demand with which water

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demand in the whole city is fulfilled, 24-hour water supply cannot be implemented, ②NRW rate is 23%, ③E.coli is detected in water taps. Therefore, enhancing ability for development of water distribution facilities including distribution reservoirs and overhead tanks, and for O&M ability of water quality management, water distribution and NRW management is necessary.

3. Wastewater management

The goal in SDGs for appropriate wastewater treatment rate in urban areas are 90% and Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan (Ministry of Water Supply, 2015) states that “wastewater treatment with environmentally harmless and no penetration into the ground” is the goal as basic level. However, even in Kathmandu Valley, where sewage system coverage rate is estimated to be 70%, does not have enough WWTPs, and on-site sanitation and sludge disposal in targeted cities are not properly managed. Thus, it is assessed that wastewater is hardly treated properly and it results in huge gaps between the goal set by SDGs and the current condition. Outlines of current wastewater management are as follows.

(1) Kathmandu Valley

Although sewerage coverage rate is estimated to be 70%, only single WWTP is operated and it is estimated that sewage treatment amount is 12% of total wastewater generation. Sewage is discharged to the river without treatment, appropriate wastewater treatment is not conducted and it shows that there is a huge gap between the goal set by SDGs (appropriate treatment rate is 90%) and the current condition. Sewerage system belongs to KUKL as well as water supply system but High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization (hereinafter called HPCIDBC) operates the WWTP.

Approximately 30% of wastewater which is not connected to sewerage system is treated at on-site sanitation. Private companies collect sludge from on-site sanitation by vacuum cars but they dispose the sludge to rivers without any treatment because on-site sludge disposal site is not established. Thus, sludge treatment situation of on-site sanitation is not in proper level. Private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and/or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Therefore, management system of on-site sanitation sludge is necessary to be developed as well as sewerage.

(2) Pokhara

In Pokhara, there is no sewerage system and all wastewater is treated by on-site sanitation. Licenced private companies collect sludge at on-site sanitation and collected sludge is treated with sludge drying bed in solid waste disposal sites in the city. However, the management for leachate treatment and effluent are insufficient and it flows to the river with the concentration of over 400 mg/L in COD.

There are many soak pits without slab concrete at the bottom. Moreover, there is possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage occurs even in septic tank with slab concrete at the bottom and it deteriorates groundwater quality. Moreover, there are no regulations for the obligation of periodical de-

S-6

sludge or responsibility for the maintenance of on-site sanitation and it results in situation local municipality does not manage wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

It is evaluated that environmental management of on-site sanitation and effluent management in sludge disposal site is insufficient and wastewater treatment system in Pokhara does not reach at proper level.

Phewa Lake and its surrounding area in Pokhara is a Ramsar Convention registered wetland. Nevertheless, environmental management including water quality management and improvement project are hardly implemented since environmental standards are not established and environmental management and implementing body are not organized clearly. However, Feasibility Study (hereinafter called F/S) is implemented for sewerage system in Phewa Lake and its surrounding area (west side in center of the city).

PMC is in charge of O&M for sanitation system in the city, and requires to take the lead of environment improvement project that includes environmental monitoring and environmental management. However, there is no practical system for conducting the environmental improvement in PMC and PMC considers formulating the master plan for an environmental management including establishing the management system.

(3) Birgunj

Sewerage system was constructed at the west side of city center in Birgunj supported by ADB. Test run in the facility has been commenced since August in 2019 and house connection to sewer network starts in series. On-site sanitation is used for wastewater treatment for households and offices in sewerage uncovered area such as east side of the city center and suburban areas.

O&M in sewage system is planned to be implemented by BMC, it plans to develop the O&M system while 1 year test operation implemented by the contractor, and O&M system for the facility is under development. Therefore, development of sewerage O&M system is an urgent task.

BMC and single private company implement sludge extraction at on-site sanitation facilities with vacuum cars on demand from each house and office.

However, sludge is disposed to vacant land without treatment and there is no sludge treatment plant (hereafter called STP) for on-site sanitation. Since groundwater is used for drinking purpose, it is considered that septic tank with bottom slab are commonly used. However, frequency of de-sludge is few and there is a possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage from the tank affect the groundwater, and E.coli is detected in water taps There are no regulations about obligation for de-sludge on a regular basis or responsibility for sludge

treatment, and private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and / or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Thus, BMC does not enable to manage the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment in on-site sanitation.

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(4) Janakpur There are no sewage systems in Janakpur, and all wastewater are treated in on-site sanitation facility.

The city hardly implement management of on-site sanitation facility. Private companies implement de-sludge, collection, and final disposal.

The city does not have sludge disposal site. Thus, it is assumed private companies dispose of collected sludge in vacant land. In addition, there is possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage from the septic tank occurs in the ground due to few de-sludge frequency and E. coli is detected in water tap from wells and water supply system. There are no regulations about obligation for de-sludge on a regular basis or responsibility for sludge treatment, and private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and / or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Thus, JsMC does not enable to manage the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

(5) Butwal

Situation in Butwal is similar to that in Janakpur. Butwal does not have sewerage system. Thus, all wastewater is treated in on-site sanitation facility. The city hardly implement management of on-site sanitation facility. Private companies implement extract of sludge, collect, and final disposal.

There is no sludge disposal site in the city and private companies dispose of collected sludge at a forest in the city. The private companies make contract with management organization of the forest and the private companies pay the organization a disposal fee. The city is not involved in this contract and the contract is not managed by the city.

There are many soak pits in the city, there are some cases that E. coli is detected in water tap from wells and water supply system and there is possibility that overflow and water leakage from the soak pit occurs in the ground. There are no regulations about obligation for de-sludge on a regular basis or responsibility for sludge treatment, and private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and / or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Thus, Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City (hereinafter called BsMC) does not enable to manage the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

(6) Hetauda

There is a sewerage system constructed by ADB support and the system covers 800 households in the city center of Hetauda. However, WWTPs are not operated due to uncleanability of anaerobic tank, and sewage is discharged to rivers without treatment and wastewater treatment condition is inadequate. For preventing pipe blockage, it is prohibited for household and entities without sewage inlet chamber to connect to sewer network. Thus, there are many households without sewer connection for toilets wastewater (black water) to the sewerage system. Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City (hereinafter called HsMC) promotes the installation of sewage inlet chamber for connecting sewer network.

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Sewage treatment area is small for its area and population and approximately 97% of wastewater in households and offices are treated at on-site sanitation. On-site sanitation system is similar to that in Pokhara and licenced private companies collect sludge from on-site sanitation and dispose of the sludge at solid waste disposal site in Hetauda. However, leachate management is not conducted and it results in possibility that leachate from solid waste disposal site affects the river.

There is possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage from the on-site sanitation facilities occurs in the ground due to few de-sludge frequency and E. coli is detected in water tap from wells and water supply system.

There are no regulations for the obligation of periodical de-sludge or responsibility for the maintenance of on-site sanitation and it results in situation local municipality does not manage wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

4. Implementation organization of water supply and wastewater management (1) Principal authority at national level and implementing body in city

The principal authority of water supply and wastewater management in national level is Ministry of Water Supply (hereinafter called MoWS). MoWS formulates development goals and policies of water supply and wastewater management in national level, and implement promoting activities for improving water supply and wastewater management business in each city.

Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal in 2015 and Local Government Operation Act in 2017 clarified Local Governments are responsible for water supply, sanitation management and business operation. Therefore, local municipalities are required to develop and manage water supply and sewerage system, on-site sanitation facilities in the city.

(2) Water supply system

As mentioned above, KUKL, NWSC and HWSMB are basic service providers for water supply in the target cities. Local Government Operation Act (Clause 11) clarifies local municipalities are in charge of operation of water supply. Therefore these organization are positioned as local water service provider. Each city has also community based WUSC services. As a result, water supply management system is complicated in the perspective of the city.

Service providers including each local municipality and WUSC face financial difficulties, and securing sufficient development budget is difficult in the view of the construction work for water supply facilities. Therefore, MoWS and Provincial Governments implement large sized construction work and the facilities are taken over to each municipality and / or service provider.

(3) Wastewater management system

Local municipalities are responsible for wastewater management as well as water supply system. However, local municipalities hardly manage on-site sanitation facilities. As for sewerage, the local municipalities manage the existing systems in Hetauda and Birgunj, although KUKL manages the

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existing one in the Kathmandu Valley. However, O&M system of sewerage system in those cities are under development, and improvement of the O&M system is necessary. Although one of the roles of NWSC is implementation of sewerage system as well as water supply, NWSC does not have a plan to start the sewerage services.

In the aspect of the construction work for wastewater treatment facility, each local municipality does not have enough financial capacity to develop facilities. Therefore, the Government of Nepal implement facility construction supported by development partners such as ADB, and the facility is taken over to local municipality and it is operated by local municipality.

5. Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Water Supply

Table-1 shows the forecasted population in the target cities. The total population in the Kathmandu Valley in 2041 is estimated 4 million and ones of other cities are also estimated from 2 hundred thousand to 6 hundred thousand.

Table-1 Population Forecast in target cities

Target Areas 2011 2019 2021 2031 2041

Kathmandu Valley 2,428,187 3,097,263 3,264,532 3,845,766 4,230,343

Pokhara 402,995 473,922 491,654 560,485 605,324

Birgunj 240,922 281,397 291,516 332,328 358,914

Janakpur 162,172 179,038 183,254 201,580 215,690

Butwal 138,742 165,380 172,040 197,846 209,717

Hetauda 152,875 166,328 169,691 184,963 196,061 Source: JICA Study Team

Considering the population forecast, following basic policy is recommended for development of the

water supply facility to achieve the previously mentioned SDGs. According to the basic policy, design water supply amount as well as required capacity are estimated as shown in Table-2 and Table-3.

Basic policy for the development of the water supply capacity - To increase the house connection rate in steps up to 95% by 2041 in all target cities. - To achieve 150 LCD of the daily average water consumption per capita, improving in steps by

2041. - To reduce NRW rate to 10% (revenue water rate at 90%) by 2041 through NRW reduction

activity such as replacement of transmission / distributing pipes, etc. - To achieve 167 LCD of the daily average water supply per capita (167 LCD=150 LCD/90%). - To implement 24-hour water supply continuously. Note) Since many households have their own wells, 100% of house connection is difficult to be achieved. Therefore, the recommended target is 95%. Although SDGs for the NRW rate is 5%,

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taking consideration of the current situation, it is difficult to achieve the goal. Therefore, 10% is recommended. The basic policy for O&M System Development - The Water quality assurance system reflecting water treatment and disinfection is developed

through periodical water quality tests. - Water production, distribution and consumption are metered. According to the obtained data,

water distribution management is conducted to reflect the data to water production / distribution system.

- Implementation system to reduce the NRW is developed. - Groundwater monitoring system is developed to assure sustainable groundwater utilization. - Financial resource is secured for sustainable O&M and expansion of facility. - System for efficient training of operators and integrated data management is developed. - Integrated system is developed for each local municipality to manage water supply operation for

basic service providers and WUSCs.

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Tabl

e-2

Des

ign

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

in ta

rget

citi

es

Targ

et A

reas

2031

20

41

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er

serv

ice

rate

Wat

er

supp

lied

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

amou

nt (L

CD

)

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er

supp

ly a

mou

nt

(m3/

d)

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er

serv

ice

rate

Wat

er

supp

lied

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(LC

D)

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er

supp

ly a

mou

nt

(m3/

d)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 3,

845,

766

95%

3,

653,

478

112

409,

190

4,23

0,34

3 95

%

4,01

8,82

5 16

7 67

1,14

4

Pokh

ara

560,

485

88%

49

3,22

7 15

5 76

,450

60

5,32

4 95

%

575,

058

167

96,0

35

Birg

unj

332,

328

56%

18

6,10

4 16

5 30

,707

35

8,91

4 95

%

340,

968

167

56,9

42

Jana

kpur

20

1,58

0 54

%

108,

853

139

15,1

31

215,

690

95%

20

4,90

6 16

7 34

,219

But

wal

19

7,84

6 93

%

183,

997

165

30,3

60

209,

717

95%

19

9,23

1 16

7 33

,272

Het

auda

18

4,96

3 84

%

155,

369

149

23,1

50

196,

061

95%

18

6,25

8 16

7 31

,105

Sour

ce：

JIC

A S

tudy

Tea

m

S-12

Tabl

e-3

Wat

er su

pply

cap

acity

, whi

ch is

shor

ted

in ta

rget

citi

es in

204

1

Targ

et A

reas

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

amou

nt (m

3 /d)

Exis

ting

faci

lity

capa

city

(m3 /d

) C

apac

ity sh

orta

ge(m

3 /d)

2031

20

41

Bas

ic se

rvic

e pr

ovid

er

WU

SC

Und

er

deve

lopm

ent

Tota

l 20

31

2041

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 40

9,19

0 67

1,14

4 14

5,90

0 25

,562

17

0,00

0 34

1,46

2 -6

7,72

8 -3

29,6

82

Pokh

ara

76,4

50

96,0

35

44,8

90

9,82

3 4,

230

58,9

43

-17,

507

-37,

092

Birg

unj

30,7

07

56,9

42

7,80

0 7,

800

-22,

907

-49,

142

Jana

kpur

15

,131

34

,219

2,

570

2,57

0 -1

2,56

1 -3

1,64

9

But

wal

30

,360

33

,272

20

,500

3,

720

24,2

20

-6,1

40

-9,0

52

Het

auda

23

,150

31

,105

13

,500

1,

969

15,4

69

-7,6

81

-15,

636

Sour

ce：

JIC

A S

tudy

Tea

m

S-13

6. Priority issue and Recommendation for water supply system Priority issues are selected by following criteria and they are shown in Table-4.

- Necessary actions to achieve the goals of 2031 is urgently conducted. - Since the Melamchi water supply project is on-going and the technical assistance project has been

in preparation by JICA for Kathmandu Valley, a new projects’ formulation is not urgently required for the Kathmandu Valley.

- The Japan’s Grant Aid project is on-going in Pokhara. It is recommended to formulate a new construction project after completion of the said grant aid project. Thus, a new projects’ formulation is not urgently required for facility construction in Pokhara.

- Appropriate O&M of the existing facilities as well as water distribution, NRW, water quality managements is the 1st priority issue of NWSC. Before implementing new facilities construction, NRW reduction, estimated over 30%, should be improved. Therefore, the technical assistance project regarding the improvement O&M is urgently required for NWSC.

- Improvement of the house connection ratio is significantly important for achieving SDG 6.1.1. Improvement of Birgunj and Janakpur will contribute much to the SDG achievement. Thus, improvement of water supply system in Birgunj and Janakpur is the 2nd and 3rd priority recommendations.

- House connection ratio of Hetauda is lower than that of Butwal. Growth of water service population of Hetauda is also larger than that of Butwal. Thus, it is recommended that improvement of Hetauda water supply is more prioritized than Butwal.

- The improvement of the water supply system in Butwal is the 5th priority recommendation. However, NRW reduction is urgently required. It is recommended to overcome the issue of NRW reduction through the technical assistance to NWSC which is proposed as the 1st priority recommendation.

Table-4 Recommended Assistance

Priority Recommendation Summary Pre-condition / risk 1 O&M improvement

Project for NWSC Technical Assistance To improve water distribution, NRW

management, water quality management, WTPs management, wells and groundwater management.

To determine Pilot branch offices, and the achievement is disseminate into all NWSC branch offices.

To enhance the capacity to have more collaborated development with Local Governments for water supply.

Pre-condition - NWSC completes the staff

recruitment plan. - Operating condition of existing

water supply facilities in NWSC does not get worse.

- NWSC procures necessary chemicals for the project.

Risk - If the condition of water sources

changed by climate change, the objectives are not satisfied.

- It is difficult to have the project effective if the achievements are not disseminated into all NWSC branches.

S-14

Priority Recommendation Summary Pre-condition / risk 2 The Improvement

of Water Supply System in Birgunj

Grant Aid project To construct new tube wells, overhead

tanks, and distribution pipes. At 1st stage, implementing the construction work for water supply facilities in the existing water service areas of NWSC and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 186,104 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 165 LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 30,707m/d

Pre-condition - Operating condition of existing


- Proposed construction site is prepared by Nepali side.



- It is difficult to have the project effective if house connections are not made by residents.

3 The Improvement Plan of Water Supply System in Janakpur


tanks, and distribution pipes. At 1st stage, implementing the construction work for water supply facilities in the existing water service areas of NWSC and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 108,853 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 139 LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 15,131m3/d







4 The Improvement Plan of Water Supply System in Hetauda


tanks, and distribution pipes. At 1st stage, implementing the construction work for water supply facilities in the existing water service areas of HWSMB and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 155,369 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 149 LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 23,150m3/d


water supply facilities in HWSMB does not get worse





5 The Improvement Plan of Water Supply System in Butwal

Grant Aid project To renew distribution pipes of NWSC

in Butwal to reduce NRW. At the 1st stage, implementing the construction work for the existing service areas of NWSC and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 183,997 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 165LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 30,360m3/d







Source: JICA Study Team

(1) Recommendation for stakeholders in Nepal It is recommended for stakeholders in Nepal to take following actions for efficient / effective

implementation of water supply services.

1) Instead of the system for implementing the construction directly by MoWS and the ProvincialGovernments, it is recommended for MoWS and the Provincial Governments to dispatch

S-15

advisors for the project implementation and to subsidize the project cost to the Local Government, in order to enhance Local Governments’ independence. In parallel, the partnership between NWSC and Local Governments is recommended to be clearer for more collaborated development of water supply.

2) Local Governments have to establish the water supply management system for whole city area. 3) The size of a WUSCs is small. It is, therefore, difficult to secure budgets for rehabilitation to be

necessary in the future. It is recommended for WUSCs to integrate the business activity with others (alliance among WUSCs, integrated with KUKL, NWSC and HWSMB) to have efficient O&M.

4) Along with expansion of water supply service, the shortage of staff in the basic providers will be worse. Since it is a significant issue for the technical assistance projects, recruiting should be continued by the basic service providers.

(2) Recommendation for development partners

It is recommended for development partners to have assistances as follows.

1) O&M capacity of the basic water service providers is not sufficient. Therefore, it is recommended to have a technical cooperation together with the assistance for facility construction.

2) As for the technical cooperation for NWSC, it is recommended to conduct it through pilot site system. As the pilot sites, following are recommended. - Pokhara, where the Japan’s Grant Aid is conducted - Butwal, which has a rapid sand filter treatment system and a high urgency in NRW reduction - Birgunj and Janakpur, which are required to have groundwater management system - Biratnagar, where JICA presently plans to formulate a new Grant Aid Project

3) The study clarifies that the shortage of storage volume of water reservoirs / overhead tanks are a significant and common issue for 24-hour supply. It is recommended to include the construction of water reservoirs / overhead tanks when a facility construction project is conducted.

7. Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Wastewater Management

Generated wastewater almost equals to water consumption. Thus, the estimated wastewater amount is predicted water consumption according to Table-2.

Considering the generated wastewater, following basic policy is recommended for development of the wastewater management to achieve the previously mentioned SDGs. According to the basic policy, design wastewater amount as well as required capacity are estimated as shown in Table-5 and Table-6.

S-16

Basic policy for the development of sewerage capacity - To construct necessary facilities and to procure necessary equipment in order to achieve 90% of

the appropriate wastewater management service rate in 2041. - To define basic service (impermeable, safe treatment to the environment) or higher level as the

appropriate wastewater management service. - To clarify the covering area of sewerage and on-site sanitation (preparation of a master plan for

wastewater management). - To introduce sewerage in high population density areas and to develop on-site sanitation in low

population density area. - To develop on-site sanitation system even in urban area as an urgent and short term project, due to

①improvement of water environment is urgently required, ②sewerage construction takes long years.

- To introduce regulations / local ordinances for the residents’ obligation on sewer house connection and/or scheduled de-sludge of on-site sanitation, as well as clear identification of covering area of sewerage.

- To introduce facilitation plans for the residents to improve their on-site sanitation from permeable (soak pit) to impermeable (septic tank), such as subsidization scheme from Local Government.

- To keep the effluent standards at WWTPs. - To collect periodically the sludge generated in on-site facility and to treat it by appropriate

treatment methods satisfying the effluent standards. The basic policy for O&M System Development - To identify clearly the implementation / supervisory agencies on sewerage and on-site sanitation

by wastewater management master plan. - To collaborate with private sectors regarding sludge collection / disposal as well as facility

operation for on-site sanitation. - To have a capacity to assure the effluent quality through appropriate implementation of periodical

(daily, monthly and annually basis) effluent quality test. - To evaluate the impact / effectiveness of wastewater management through periodical water quality

monitoring of groundwater, rivers and lakes. - To secure the financial resources for sustainable O&M of sewerage and on-site sanitation.

S-17

Tabl

e-5

Est

imat

ed w

aste

wat

er p

er d

ay in

targ

et c

ities

Targ

et A

reas

2031

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er su

pply

serv

ice

area

N

on-w

ater

supp

ly se

rvic

e ar

ea

Tota

l wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(g

ener

ated

was

tew

ater

am

ount

) (m

3 /d)

Wat

er

Serv

ice

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(m3 /d

)

NR

W

Rat

io

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Non

-wat

er su

pply

po

pula

tion

Estim

ate

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(m3 /d

) N

RW

R

atio

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 3,

845,

766

3,65

3,47

8 40

9,19

0 20

%

327,

352

192,

288

9,61

4 0%

9,

614

336,

966

Pokh

ara

560,

485

493,

227

76,4

50

20%

61

,160

67

,258

3,

363

0%

3,36

3 64

,523

Birg

unj

332,

328

186,

104

30,7

07

20%

24

,566

14

6,22

4 7,

311

0%

7,31

1 31

,877

Jana

kpur

20

1,58

0 10

8,85

3 15

,131

20

%

12,1

05

92,7

27

4,63

6 0%

4,

636

16,7

41

But

wal

19

7,84

6 18

3,99

7 30

,360

20

%

24,2

88

13,8

49

692

0%

692

24,9

80

Het

auda

18

4,96

3 15

5,36

9 23

,150

20

%

18,5

20

29,5

94

1,48

0 0%

1,

480

20,0

00

Targ

et A

reas

2041

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er su

pply

serv

ice

area

N

on-w

ater

supp

ly se

rvic

e ar

ea

Tota

l wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(g

ener

ated

was

tew

ater

am

ount

) (m

3 /d)

Wat

er

Serv

ice

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(m3 /d

)

NR

W

Rat

io

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Non

-wat

er se

rvic

e po

pula

tion

Estim

ate

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(m3 /d

) N

RW

R

atio

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 4,

230,

343

4,01

8,82

5 67

1,14

4 10

%

604,

030

211,

518

10,5

76

0%

10,5

76

614,

606

Pokh

ara

605,

324

575,

058

96,0

35

10%

86

,432

30

,266

1,

513

0%

1,51

3 87

,945

Birg

unj

358,

914

340,

968

56,9

42

10%

51

,248

17

,946

89

7 0%

89

7 52

,145

Jana

kpur

21

5,69

0 20

4,90

6 34

,219

10

%

30,7

97

10,7

84

539

0%

539

31,3

36

But

wal

20

9,71

7 19

9,23

1 33

,272

10

%

29,9

45

10,4

86

524

0%

524

30,4

69

Het

auda

19

6,06

1 18

6,25

8 31

,105

10

%

27,9

95

9,80

3 49

0 0%

49

0 28

,485

Sour

ce: J

ICA

Stu

dy T

eam

S-18

Tabl

e-6

Sho

rtage

of s

ewag

e tre

atm

ent c

apac

ity in

targ

et c

ities

Targ

et A

reas

Plan

ned

was

tew

ater

amou

nt (m

3 /d)

Cap

acity

of w

orki

ng fa

cilit

y (m

3 /d)

Cap

acity

exc

ess a

nd d

efic

ienc

y (m

3/d)

2031

20

41

Exis

ting

Cap

acity

Fa

cilit

y ca

paci

ty

unde

r con

stru

ctio

n

Faci

lity

capa

city

unde

r pla

nnin

g To

tal

2031

20

41

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 33

6,96

6 61

4,60

6 16

,000

484,

000

500,

000

163,

034

-114

,606

Pokh

ara

64,5

23

87,9

45

45,0

00

45,0

00

-19,

523

-42,

945

Birg

unj

31,8

77

52,1

45

10

,000

10,0

00

-21,

877

-42,

145

Jana

kpur

16

,741

31

,336

0 -1

6,74

1 -3

1,33

6

But

wal

24

,980

30

,469

0 -2

4,98

0 -3

0,46

9

Het

auda

20

,000

28

,485

32

0

32

0 -1

9,68

0 -2

8,16

5 N

ote

1: W

aste

wat

er tr

eatm

ent i

s not

impl

emen

ted

in H

etau

da, d

ue to

faci

lity

troub

le o

f WW

TP.

Not

e 2:

“Fa

cilit

y ca

paci

ty u

nder

pla

nnin

g” is

val

ues o

f fac

ilitie

s of w

hich

pre

F/S

is c

ompl

eted

. N

ote

3: “

Faci

lity

capa

city

und

er p

lann

ing”

of P

okha

ra is

a v

alue

exc

ludi

ng in

terc

epte

d ra

in w

ater

. So

urce

: JIC

A S

tudy

Tea

m

S-19

8. Priority issue and recommendation for wastewater management Since the planned sewerage system will be sufficient in Kathmandu Valley, it is not urgently required

to formulate a new sewerage plan in this area. Since water quality conservation in Phewa Lake is urgently required for Pokhara and wastewater flow

will be increased by the new water supply facility to be constructed by Japan’s Grant Aid, the preparation of water environment management master plan as well as wastewater management master plan are urgently required. It is recommended as the 1st priority recommendation.

In Birgunj, the 1st step requirement is to appropriate and prompt commencement of the existing sewerage system. Further expansion should be taken after confirmation of efficiency and effectiveness of the existing system. A new project is not urgently required.

In Hetauda, the 1st step requirement is to rehabilitate the existing WWTPs. A new project is not urgently required as well as Birgunj.

Although commencement of wastewater master plan is recommended in Janakpur and Butwal, they are recommended to start after confirmation of effectiveness of Pokhara’s one.

Accordingly, the recommended assistance to development partner is as shown in Table-7 for Pokhara.

Table-7 Recommended Assistance Priority Recommendation Summary Pre-condition / risk

1 Master Plan for water environment management in Pokara city and Phewa Lake

Development survey typed Technical Assistance project

Preparation of the Master

Plan for water environment management on Pokhara city and Phewa Lake (water quality monitoring / management, and wastewater management), Pre-F/S for priority projects, establishment of ordinances, setting up the implementation organization to enable commencement of a specific project.

Pre-condition - Organizations in PMC for water

environment management and wastewater management are identified clearly and necessary staff members are allocated.

- Registration to Ramsar convention is maintained. Environmental conservation around Phewa lake and surrounding is prioritized issue in Nepal / PMC.

- Planed site of WWTP is secured. Risk

- If the condition of water sources changed by climate change, the objectives are not satisfied.

- It is necessary to modify the activity plan if large scale development is conducted on upper side of water basin, especially for industrial and agricultural development.


(1) Recommendation for stakeholders in Nepal It is recommended for stakeholders in Nepal to take following actions for efficient / effective

implementation of wastewater management. 1) There is no environmental quality standard on river, lake, pond and groundwater. Therefore, no

target and indicator is available for managing the environment. The environmental quality standards are recommended to be prepared.

S-20

2) Required water environment for fauna and flora to be conserved is specified for Phewa Lake and its surrounding area. If necessary, corresponding environmental quality standards and effluent standards are recommended.

3) Instead of the system for implementing the construction directly by MoWS, it is recommended for MoWS to dispatch advisors for the project implementation and to subsidize the project cost to the Local Government.

4) Local Governments are urgently required to establish the implementation system for water environment management as well as wastewater management, together with capacities for planning, design and construction supervision on sewerage system.

(2) Recommendation for development partners

It is recommended for development partners to have assistances as follows. 1) O&M capacity of the Local Governments is not sufficient. Therefore, it is recommended to have

a technical cooperation together with the assistance for facility construction. 2) It is difficult to introduce the sewerage system in the entire city immediately. Moreover, it is

difficult to secure the efficiency of sewerage system in low population density area. Therefore, it is recommended to prepare a master plan that clarifies zoning of sewerage and on-site sanitation areas and local ordinances to clarify residents’ obligation and Local Governments’ responsibility.

.

i

Data Collection Survey on Water Supply and Waste Water Sector in NepalFinal Report

Table of Contents

Location MapSurvey PhotosFinal Report SummaryTable of ContentsList of Figures, tables and photosAbbreviations

Chapter 1 Background of the Survey.......................................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Public Policy, Plan and Related Law in Nepal ...................................................................... 11

ii

Chapter 3 Related Urban Infrastructure .................................................................................................33

Chapter 4 Current Condition and Issues in Water Supply......................................................................37 Operational Organization for Water Supply Management ............................................................37

Staff number of main service provider ..................................................................................37 KUKL.................................................................................................................................... 38 NWSC................................................................................................................................... 41 HWSMB ............................................................................................................................... 50

Condition of Water Supply Management by Basic Service Provider............................................54 Kathmandu Valley.................................................................................................................58 Pokhara.................................................................................................................................. 70 Birgunj................................................................................................................................... 75 Janakpur ................................................................................................................................ 81 Butwal ................................................................................................................................... 91 Hetauda ................................................................................................................................. 98

Condition of Operation and Maintenance in Water Supply Management...................................104Administrative Management...............................................................................................109Engineering Management ................................................................................................... 110On-site Skill Management................................................................................................... 113

Issues on O&M management...................................................................................................... 114Chapter 5 Current condition and issues in Wastewater management...................................................121

Organization of Wastewater Management ..................................................................................121Current condition of wastewater management............................................................................121

Kathmandu Valley...............................................................................................................121Pokhara................................................................................................................................ 129Birgunj................................................................................................................................. 143

iii

Janakpur .............................................................................................................................. 147Butwal ................................................................................................................................. 148Hetauda ............................................................................................................................... 150

Interview survey on Wastewater Management............................................................................153Kathmandu Valley...............................................................................................................153Situation in Pokhara ............................................................................................................155Birgunj................................................................................................................................. 159

Source: JICA Study Team.................................................................................................................... 160Janakpur .............................................................................................................................. 160Butwal ................................................................................................................................. 161Hetauda ............................................................................................................................... 161

Present conditions and future plans of sewerage and on-site sanitation......................................163Problem and Issue for Wastewater Management ........................................................................164

Common issues for wastewater management .....................................................................164Kathmandu Valley...............................................................................................................166Pokhara................................................................................................................................ 166Birgunj................................................................................................................................. 168Janakpur .............................................................................................................................. 168Butwal ................................................................................................................................. 168Hetauda ............................................................................................................................... 168

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Considerations...........................................................................169Systems and Organizations on Environmental and Social Considerations in Nepal...................169

Act on Environmental and Social Considerations...............................................................169EIA/IEE Applied projects....................................................................................................171Necessary documents for IEE and EIA approval ................................................................172Land acquisition in Nepal....................................................................................................173

Environmental Quality Standards in Nepal.................................................................................174Environmental standards for air quality ..............................................................................174Environmental standards on noise.......................................................................................174Effluent standards................................................................................................................175Solid waste .......................................................................................................................... 176Ramsar Convention.............................................................................................................177

Chapter 7 Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Water Supply.........................................1797-1 Goals for Water Supply in Nepal.................................................................................................179

Overall Goal ........................................................................................................................ 179Achievement status and issues on overall goal....................................................................179

7-2 Basic Policy for Water Supply System........................................................................................180Population............................................................................................................................ 180Basic Policy for Water Supply Capacity Development.......................................................183

iv

Basic Policy for O&M System Development .....................................................................1907-3 Issues and Recommendation for water supply system................................................................191

Local Government administration system (Municipality office).........................................191O&M Capacity of KUKL and Facility Capacity in Kathmandu Valley..............................192O&M management capacity of NWSC ..............................................................................192Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Pokhara ..........................................................193Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Birgunj ...........................................................194Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Janakpur .........................................................195Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Butwal............................................................196O&M capacity and facility capacity of water supply system in Hetauda............................197

7-4 Priority issue and Recommendation for water supply system.....................................................198Priority issue........................................................................................................................ 198Recommendation for stakeholders in Nepal........................................................................199Recommendation for development partners........................................................................200

Chapter 8 Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Wastewater Management .................2018-1 Goals for Wastewater Management in Nepal..............................................................................201

8-1-1 Overall goal ......................................................................................................................... 2018-1-2 Achievement status and issues on overall goal....................................................................202

8-2 Basic Policy for Wastewater Management..................................................................................2038-2-1 Population............................................................................................................................ 2038-2-2 Generated wastewater amount.............................................................................................2038-2-3 Basic policy for wastewater management capacity development .......................................2068-2-4 Basic Policy for O&M System Development .....................................................................206

8-3 Issues and Recommendation for wastewater management .........................................................2078-3-1 Local Government administration system (Municipality office) and wastewater management implementation agency........................................................................................................................ 2078-3-2 Service charges collection system.......................................................................................2088-3-3 O&M Capacity of KUKL and Facility Capacity in Kathmandu Valley..............................2088-3-4 Facility Construction in Pokhara .........................................................................................2088-3-5 Facility Construction in Birgunj ..........................................................................................2098-3-6 Facility Construction in Janakpur........................................................................................2098-3-7 Facility Construction in Butwal...........................................................................................2098-3-8 Facility Construction in Hetauda.........................................................................................209

8-4 Priority issue and recommendation for wastewater management ...............................................2098-4-1 Priority issue........................................................................................................................ 2098-4-2 Recommendation for stakeholders in Nepal........................................................................2108-4-3 Recommendation for development partners........................................................................ 211

v

Appendix 1. Survey Team Member 2. Schedule of Survey 3. Meeting List 4. Water Quality and Water Resources Survey 5. The Result of Interview Survey regarding Current Situation of Waste Water Treatment in Each City 6. List of WUSC 7. Record of workshop in Kathmandu and Pokhara

vi

List of Figure, Table and Photo Figure 2-1 Population Density in Nepal ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 4-1 KUKL Organogram ............................................................................................................. 38 Figure 4-2 NWSC Head Quarter Organogram ...................................................................................... 42 Figure 4-3 Budget flow in NWSC ......................................................................................................... 43 Figure 4-4 NWSC Organogram (Pokhara Branch) ............................................................................... 46 Figure 4-5 HWSMB Organogram ......................................................................................................... 52 Figure 4-6 KUKL service area in Kathmandu surrounding area ........................................................... 59 Figure 4-7 KUKL service area in Bhaktapur surrounding area ............................................................. 60 Figure 4-8 KUKL service area in Latlipur (Patan) surrounding area .................................................... 61 Figure 4-9 Water Service in KUKL ....................................................................................................... 66 Figure 4-10 Location of the project ....................................................................................................... 68 Figure 4-11 Rainfall collection area in the Project................................................................................. 69 Figure 4-12 Water service area in Pokhara City .................................................................................... 71 Figure 4-13 Water service area to be rehabilitated by Japan’s Grant Aid .............................................. 71 Figure 4-14 Schematic diagram for Water supply system in Pokhara ................................................... 72 Figure 4-15 Schematic diagram for Water supply system in Hemja ..................................................... 73 Figure 4-16 Location of Bijyapur Kola ................................................................................................. 74 Figure 4-17 NWSC Water service area in Birgunj ................................................................................ 76 Figure 4-18 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Birgunj .................................................... 77 Figure 4-19 Location of deep wells in Birgunj ...................................................................................... 78 Figure 4-20 Location of static water level measurement in Birgunj ...................................................... 80 Figure 4-21 NWSC water service area in Janakpur ............................................................................... 82 Figure 4-22 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Janakpur ................................................. 83 Figure 4-23 Location of exiting deep wells in Janakpur ........................................................................ 84 Figure 4-24 Location of proposed deep wells in Janakpur .................................................................... 85 Figure 4-25 Location of static water level measurement in Janakpur ................................................... 87 Figure 4-26 Location of Komana River ................................................................................................ 89 Figure 4-27 General layout of the Project .............................................................................................. 90 Figure 4-28 NWSC water service area in Butwal.................................................................................. 91 Figure 4-29 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Butwal .................................................... 92 Figure 4-30 Existing WTP water flow ................................................................................................... 92 Figure 4-31 Location of deep wells and surface water in Butwal.......................................................... 93 Figure 4-32 Location of Jhumsa Khola ................................................................................................. 97 Figure 4-33 Water service area of HWSMB .......................................................................................... 99 Figure 4-34 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Hetauda (1/2) ........................................ 100 Figure 4-35 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Hetauda (2/2) ........................................ 100 Figure 4-36 Location of water source in Hetauda (1/2) ....................................................................... 102

vii

Figure 4-37 Location of water source in Hetauda (2/2) ........................................................................ 102 Figure 5-1 Location map of sewage and sanitation facilities in the Kathmandu Valley ...................... 123 Figure 5-2 Schematic flow of Guheshwori WWTP .............................................................................. 124 Figure 5-3 Location Map of Planned WWTP and Existing STP in Pokhara ....................................... 129 Figure 5-4 Flow diagram of WWTP planned in Pokhara .................................................................. 131 Figure 5-5 Ramsar Convention Registration area in Pokhara .............................................................. 133 Figure 5-6 Main Rivers and Drainages in Pokhara City ....................................................................... 135 Figure 5-7 Location of the sampling points for Water Quality Analysis in Pokhara ........................... 139 Figure 5-8 Location Map of WWTPs in Birgunj .................................................................................. 144 Figure 5-9 Sewage treatment flow in Birgunj. ...................................................................................... 146 Figure 5-10 Locations of Wastewater management facilities in Hetauda ............................................ 150 Figure 5-11 Treatment flow of 3 WWTPs in Hetauda .......................................................................... 152 Figure 5-12 On-site System in house .................................................................................................... 154 Figure 5-13 Structure of the septic tank and soak pit based on the interview ...................................... 156 Figure 5-14 Sewage treatment method in general household ............................................................... 157 Figure 5-15 Sewage treatment method in hotels ................................................................................... 158 Figure 5-16 Waste water treatment method of general household and hotels ...................................... 161 Figure 6-1 Application Procedure to SD, ToR and EIA report ............................................................. 169 Figure 6-2 Application Procedure to IEE report ................................................................................... 170 Figure 7-1 Population Growth ratio in 10-year by district .................................................................... 182

Table 2-1 Basic Social Data in Nepal ....................................................................................................... 11 Table 2-2 Main city and number of municipalities by State ................................................................... 12 Table 2-3 Population in Targeted Area (2011) ......................................................................................... 12 Table 2-4 Basic Economical Index in Nepal ........................................................................................... 13 Table 2-5 Summary of the 14th Three-Year Plan (water supply and wastewater treatment section) ..... 14 Table 2-6 Target level of water supply and sanitation services ............................................................... 14 Table 2-7 Achievement of SDGs, Cotegory-6 ........................................................................................ 15 Table 2-8 Summary of Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan ......... 17 Table 2-9 First priority city of MoWS for water supply and wastewater management project ............. 18 Table 2-10 Second priority city of MoWS for water supply and wastewater management project ...... 18 Table 2-11 Administrative scope of Local Government ......................................................................... 20 Table 2-12 Basic roles of stakeholders .................................................................................................... 26 Table 2-13 Roles of Stakeholders by City ............................................................................................... 27 Table 2-14 Assistance Direction of ADB ................................................................................................ 28 Table 2-15 Ongoing Project by ADB ...................................................................................................... 29 Table 2-16 Completed Project by ADB ................................................................................................... 30 Table 3-1 Development Direction in Targeted City ................................................................................ 33 Table 3-2 Power Distribution Capacity ................................................................................................... 34

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Table 3-3 transition of the numbers for Cholera .................................................................................... 35 Table 4-1 Current status of the number of staff in basic service providers ............................................ 37 Table 4-2 Number of staff in KUKL ..................................................................................................... 39 Table 4-3 Financial Status KUKL (Unit : NPR) ................................................................................. 40 Table 4-4 KUKL Water Tariff ................................................................................................................ 40 Table 4-5 Water Tariff from water supply truck ..................................................................................... 41 Table 4-6 NWSC Branch list ................................................................................................................. 42 Table 4-7 NWSC number of staffs ........................................................................................................ 42 Table 4-8 Financial Statement of NWSC Head Quarter (Unit: NPR) ................................................... 44 Table 4-9 Balance sheet of NWSC（2018/2019） ............................................................................... 45 Table 4-10 Comparison of business condition in NWSC branch（2018/2019、Unit：NPR） .......... 46 Table 4-11 Financial Statement of Pokhara Branch ............................................................................... 47 Table 4-12 Financial Statement of Birgunj Branch ............................................................................... 48 Table 4-13 Financial Statement of Janakpur Branch ............................................................................. 48 Table 4-14 Financial Statement of Butwal Branch ................................................................................ 49 Table 4-15 NWSC Water Tariff ............................................................................................................. 50 Table 4-16 Comparison with HWSMB and NWSC Butwal branch（2018/2019） ............................ 51 Table 4-17 Financial Statement of HWSMB (Unit: NPR) .................................................................... 53 Table 4-18 Water Tariff HWMB ............................................................................................................ 53 Table 4-19 Number and customers of WUSCs...................................................................................... 54 Table 4-20 General information of water supply service in target cities ............................................... 55 Table 4-21 Benchmarking on target cities ............................................................................................. 56 Table 4-22 Estimated water supply amount in 2019 .............................................................................. 57 Table 4-23 List of KUKL Branch and its service area ........................................................................... 58 Table 4-24 List of water sources (surface water) ................................................................................... 62 Table 4-25 List of water sources (groundwater) .................................................................................... 63 Table 4-26 List of WTPs ........................................................................................................................ 65 Table 4-27 Water supply hours in each water service area .................................................................... 66 Table 4-28 Pump list of wells in NWSC Birgunj .................................................................................. 77 Table 4-29 Results of Typical Water Quality Examinations in Wells and Taps ..................................... 79 Table 4-30 Static Water Level in Deep Wells in Birgunj ....................................................................... 80 Table 4-31 Pump list in Janakpur .......................................................................................................... 85 Table 4-32 Water quality test results at water sources and water taps ................................................... 86 Table 4-33 Static water level in deep wells in Janakpur ........................................................................ 88 Table 4-34 General information about the project ................................................................................. 90 Table 4-35 Pump list in Butwal ............................................................................................................. 94 Table 4-36 Water quality test results at water sources and water taps ................................................... 95 Table 4-37 Turbidity test results of surface water .................................................................................. 95 Table 4-38 Pump list in Hetauda.......................................................................................................... 101

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Table 4-39 Water quality test results in wells and hand pump ............................................................. 103 Table 4-40 O&M management condition on water supply system in target cities (Administrative

Management) ............................................................................................................................... 106 Table 4-41 O&M management condition on water supply system in target cities (Engineering

Management) ............................................................................................................................... 107 Table 4-42 O&M management condition on water supply system in target cities (On-site skill

Management) ............................................................................................................................... 108 Table 4-43 Nepal drinking water quality standard and water quality test items of service providers .. 112 Table 4-44 Issues regarding the water supply system in the Kathmandu Valley ................................. 115 Table 4-45 Issues regarding the water supply system in Pokhara ........................................................ 116 Table 4-46 Issues regarding the water supply system in Birgunj ......................................................... 116 Table 4-47 Issues regarding the water supply system in Janakpur ...................................................... 117 Table 4-48 Issues regarding the water supply system in Butwal ......................................................... 118 Table 4-49 Issues regarding the water supply system in Hetauda ....................................................... 119 Table 5-1 Waste water treatment coverage ratio in the Kathmandu Valley ......................................... 122 Table 5-2 Basic Design Conditions for Sewerage System................................................................... 126 Table 5-3 Generated sewage volume in each zone .............................................................................. 126 Table 5-4 Sewage treatment capacity in each zone.............................................................................. 126 Table 5-5 Conditions of interceptor pipes and future plan along rivers ............................................... 128 Table 5-6 Coverage Ratio of Sewerage and On-Site Sanitation in Pokhara ........................................ 130 Table 5-7 The Flow rate and Discharge Load on Each River Flowing into Phewa Lake .................... 136 Table 5-8 Condition of Water Quality in Phewa Lake ......................................................................... 136 Table 5-9 Result of the water quality survey in Phewa Lake conducted by other authorities.............. 137 Table 5-10 Parameter and Analysis Method for On-Site Analysis (Conducted by the study team) .... 137 Table 5-11 Parameters and Analysis Methods for Analysis in Laboratory (Conducted by Outsourcing)

..................................................................................................................................................... 138 Table 5-12 Result of Water Quality Survey in Pokhara ....................................................................... 140 Table 5-13 Result of ground water quality survey in Pokhara ............................................................. 143 Table 5-14 Coverage Ratio of Sewerage and On-site Sanitation in Birgunj ........................................ 145 Table 5-15 Coverage ratio of the sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Janakpur........................ 148 Table 5-16 Coverage ratio of sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Butwal ................................ 149 Table 5-17 Coverage ratio of sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Hetauda .............................. 151 Table 5-18 Present Condition and Future Plans of Sewerage and On-site Sanitation Facilities .......... 163 Table 5-19 Common issues for wastewater management .................................................................... 165 Table 5-20 Issues for wastewater management in Pokhara ................................................................. 167 Table 6-1 Applicable Projects for EIA and IEE on water supply and sewerage system ...................... 171 Table 6-2 Necessary documents for IEE approval (Schedule-3) ......................................................... 172 Table 6-3 Necessary documents for EIA (Schedule-4) ........................................................................ 172 Table 6-4 Environmental standards for air quality ............................................................................... 174

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Table 6-5 Environmental standards on noise ....................................................................................... 174 Table 6-6 Effluent standard-1 (Effluent standard for Industrial water discharging to surface water) .. 175 Table 6-7 Effluent standard-2 (Effluent standard for Industrial water discharging to sewerage system)

..................................................................................................................................................... 175 Table 6-8 Effluent standard-3 (Effluent standard for discharging water from WWTP to surface water)

..................................................................................................................................................... 176 Table 7-1 Goals and achievement status in SDG-6 ............................................................................. 179 Table 7-2 Goals of Water Supply Service Level (2030) ...................................................................... 179 Table 7-3 Achievement situation of overall goals ................................................................................ 180 Table 7-4 Population in each area in 2011 ........................................................................................... 180 Table 7-5 Population Trend after 1981 by District .............................................................................. 181 Table 7-6 Population Forecast after 2011 ............................................................................................ 181 Table 7-7 Population Forecast in target cities ...................................................................................... 183 Table 7-8 Present Water Supply Conditions ........................................................................................ 184 Table 7-9 Recommended Target of Water Supply Improvement......................................................... 185 Table 7-10 Design water supply amount in target cities ...................................................................... 187 Table 7-11 Water supply amount, which is shorted in target cities in 2041 ......................................... 188 Table 7-12 Water supply demand prediction of the Katmandu Valley in the project for Bagmati River

improvement ................................................................................................................................ 189 Table 7-13 Differences of water supply prediction with the project for Bagmati River improvement 190 Table 7-14 Stepwise development in Pokhara ..................................................................................... 194 Table 7-15 Stepwise development in Birgunj ...................................................................................... 195 Table 7-16 Phased development in Janakpur ....................................................................................... 196 Table 7-17 Stepwise development in Butwal ...................................................................................... 197 Table 7-18 Stepwise development in Hetauda ..................................................................................... 197 Table 7-19 Recommended Assistance ................................................................................................. 198 Table 8-1 Goals and achievement status in SDG-6 ............................................................................. 201 Table 8-2 Goals of wastewater service level (2030) ............................................................................ 201 Table 8-3 Achievement situation of overall goals ................................................................................ 202 Table 8-4 Population Forecast in target cities ...................................................................................... 203 Table 8-5 Estimated wastewater per day in target cities ...................................................................... 204 Table 8-6 Shortage of sewerage treatment capacity in target cities ..................................................... 205 Table 8-7 Recommended Assisatnce ................................................................................................... 210

Picture 5-1 Pictures of Guheshwori WWTP ............................................................................................... 124

Picture 5-2 Pictures of Existing STP and Proposed Site for WWTP ........................................................... 132

Picture 5-3 Condition of Each Point at the Sampling .................................................................................. 141

Picture 5-4 Sludge disposal site and its situation in Butwal ........................................................................ 149 Picture 5-5 WWTP and Sludge disposal in Hetauda ................................................................................... 153

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Picture 5-6 Septic tank at household and hotel in Pokhara City .................................................................. 159

Picture 5-7 Discharge situation of wastewater in Birgunj ........................................................................... 160 Picture 5-8 Septic Tank and Hand Pump..................................................................................................... 160

Picture 5-9 Drainage situation and hotel’s soak pit in Butwal ..................................................................... 161

Picture 5-10 Sewer inlet chamber and septic tank ....................................................................................... 162

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Abbriviation

ADB Asian Development Bank

BMC Birgunj Metropolitan City

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BoP Balance of Payments

BsMC Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City

BWTPS Bulk Water Transmission Pipeline System

CEO Chief Executive officer

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DFID Department For International Development

DO Dissolved Oxygen

DWSSM Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management

EC Electricity Conductivity

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ENPHO Environment and Public Health Organization

EPR Environmental Protection Rules

F/S Feasibility Study

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GIS Geographic Information System

GM General Manager

GNI Gross National Income

GPS Global Positioning System

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

HPCIDBC High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization

HR Human Resource

HsMC Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City

HWSMB Hetauda Water Supply Management Board

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation

IUDP Integrated Urban Development Project

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

JsMC Janakpur Sub-Metropolitan City

KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited

kV Kilovolt

KVWSMB

LCD

Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board

Litter per Capita per Day

MLD Million Litter per Day

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m3/d Cubic meter per day

m3/h Cubic meter per hour

MoFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

MoFE Ministry of Forest and Environment

MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MoUD Ministry of Urban Development

MoWS Ministry of Water Supply

MVA Megavolt-Ampere

MW Mega-Watt

NEA

NTU

Nepal Electricity Authority

Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

NGO Non-Governmental Organizations

NPR Nepalese Rupee

NRW Non-revenue Water

NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation

ODF Open Defecation Free

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OFID OPEC Fund International Development

OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PC Personal Computer

PID Project Implementation Directorate

PMC Pokhara Metropolitan City

PMU Project Management Unit

PPP Purchasing Power Parity

RC Reinforced Concrete

SAARC South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation

SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

SD Scoping Documents

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

SS Suspended Solid

STP Sludge Treatment Plant

T-N Total Nitrogen

ToR Terms of Reference

T-P Total Phosphorous

TSP Total Suspended Particulates

TSS Total Suspended Solid

UNHABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme

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UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

USD United States Dollar

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Water AID Water AID

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

WSMB Water Supply Management Board

WTP Water Treatment Plant

WUSC Water Users and Sanitation Committee

WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Background of the Survey

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Background of the SurveyBackground of the survey

“More than 90% of the house connection water supply rate by the year 2030” is a goal in Nepal byNepal’s Sustainable Development Goals (hereafter called SDGs) but the achievement ratio for piped water supply connection in Nepal stays at 49.5% in 2015 based on the Sustainable Development Goals Baseline Report established in 2017 and it is necessary to invest in water supply facilities in Nationwide.

Water Service Providers Capacity Assessment and Benchmarking (Ministry of Water Supply, 2015) describes that the service connection rate for water supply system in the Kathmandu Valley, the capital city of Nepal, is 80% but ones of many local cities are less than 50%. In the Kathmandu Valley, the Melamchi water supply project has been implemented by Japanese Yen loan cooperation and the support of Asian Development Bank (hereinafter called ADB). In addition, a technical assistance project to be conducted by Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter called JICA) is presently planned. It is, therefore, expected that water supply condition is improved.

As for wastewater management, “more than 90% of proper wastewater treatment rate (sewerage or septic tank, etc.) by 2030” is one of the achievement goals for SDGs. Currently, the Baseline Report describes that the achievement ratio in Nepal is low as 30%. In Nepal, on-site sanitation (septic tank, pit latrine, etc.) is the mainstream of wastewater treatment and it needs to manage sludge from a septic tank / a pit latrine and to improve grey water (general domestic wastewater from other than toilet) treatment. In Kathmandu Valley, improvement of the situation on wastewater management is expected since ADB plans to assist construction of facilities including wastewater treatment plants (hereinafter called WWTP).

Thus, it is time to move onto the emphasis to expand the development of water supply and wastewatermanagement to the local cities in the view of development for the whole Nepal. Regarding the expansion of the system in local cities, the project for Improvement of Water Supply in Pokhara has been implemented by the Japan’s Grant Aid and JICA has conducted the technical assistance project for the strength of local water supply entities to improve the management of community based water supply system.

Under the circumstances, this survey aims to formulate necessary projects which contribute to the improvement of water supply and wastewater management on local cities, i.e., Pokhara (the second largest city next to Kathmandu), Birgunj, Janakpur, Butwal and Hetauda.

Targeted area and Survey PeriodThe target area and the cities are Kathmandu Valley, Pokhara, Birgunj, Janakpur, Butwal and Hetauda.

The 1st field survey is implemented through 14th March to 27th April 2019. After the 1st survey the JICA Study Team (hereafter called The Study Team) gathered and analysed data in Japan and established recommendations to settle the next project. The Study Team had held the 2nd field survey on 1st August 2019 through 5th September for discussion on the survey result with Nepal side. Workshops were held in Pokhara on 6th August and Kathmandu on 27th August and opinions from water supply and sanitation stakeholders were taken up.

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Outline of water supply and sewage system in targeted citiesOutline of water supply and sewage system in targeted cities is mentioned below. Details are described

in Chapter 4 and 5.

1-3-1 Water supply systemThe goal of house connection water supply rate by SDGs is 90% and SDGs also set goals of ‘0% of

household with E. Coli risk in water source’, ‘90% of population using safe drinking water’, and ‘5% of Non-Revenue Water (hereafter called NRW) rate’. Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan (Ministry of Water Supply, 2015) sets out 3 stages of goals in water amount and the goal indicates recommended water consumption amount (water amount that reaches to water connected customers) to cities is Middle (65~100 LCD Note1) or High class (100~150 LCD) . Outlines of water supply project including these goal achievement situations is described below.

Note 1: Litter per capita per day (hereinafter called “LCD”)

(1) Kathmandu ValleyPopulation in the Kathmandu Valley is estimated to be approximately 3.1 million people (2019).

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (hereinafter called KUKL) supplies water to approximately 2.56 million people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is as low as 57 LCD and it is small volume for water supply amount per capita Note2 for urban water supply system. Water sources are both surface water and groundwater.

Note 2: In this report, water supply amount that is transmitted from WTP and well is defined by adding water

consumption amount which delivers the customer and sum of water losses in transmission/distribution process

(NRW etc.).

On the other hand, Water Users and Sanitation Committee (hereinafter called WUSC) which is community level committee operates small scale water supply project in areas where KUKL does notsupply water. There are 147 WUSCs in the Kathmandu Valley, and total water supply population is estimated to be approximately 510 thousand people, and also daily average water supply amount is estimated to be approximately 50 LCD. Thus taking into consideration WUSC’s water supply population, house connection water supply rate in Kathmandu Valley is close to 100%.

Although house connection water supply rate is close to 100%, daily average water supply amountper capita in the Kathmandu Valley is as low as 56 LCD, and urgent improvement is necessary. Therefore, the Melamchi water supply project aided by Japanese loan or ADB is ongoing, which is considered to secure water supply amount needed around in 2041.

There are issues of O&M such as the lack of water quality management including chlorine injection management, inappropriate management system of water distribution and 20% of NRW. To assist development of the O&M management ability, JICA plans to implement a technical assistance project,which is expected to improve O&M management.

3

(2) Pokhara Population in Pokhara is estimated to be approximately 470 thousand people (2019). The Nepal Water

Supply Corporation (hereafter called NWSC) supplies water to approximately 190 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount is estimated to be 240 LCD. Water resources are both surface water and groundwater.

83 WUSCs supply water to the areas where NWSC does not cover water service, and the total number of water supply population is approximately 190 thousand people which is almost equal to the number of water supplied population by NWSC, and daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be 50LCD. Thus, taking into consideration WUSC’s water supply population, house connection water supply rate in Pokhara is close to 81% and it is comparatively high. Besides, daily average water supply amount per capita in Pokhara is estimated to be 143 LCD.

Although house connection water supply rate and daily average water supply amount per capita is comparatively high, there is no water treatment plant (hereafter called WTP) and water from river is directly distributed to each household and it results in insufficient water quality management. In addition, 24-hour water supply is difficult due to the small capacity of the reservoirs. Under this circumstances, Japan’s Grant Aid has been implemented, a WTP with slow sand filter and reservoirs have been under construction and it is expected to improve the water quality and distribution services in NWSC service area. However, NWSC has issues in O&M such as the lack of experience for operation of WTP with slow sand filter, insufficient water quality management including chlorination management, unsatisfied NRW management. Therefore enhancing ability is necessary.

Although Pokhara Metropolitan City (hereinafter called PMC) is in charge of operating water supply and sanitation system, the number of WUSCs are tremendously large so that PMC is not able to grasp the whole situation. In addition, there are no plans about priority areas of development and targeted water supply level, which leads to difficulties to propose efficient water supply system from perspective of whole city. Issues on water supply and sanitation system in the O&M management is common in targeted cities in this survey.

(3) Birgunj

Population in Birgunj is estimated to be 280 thousand people (2019). NWSC supplies water to approximately 48 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be 163 LCD, which is comparatively high but house connection water supply rate is as low as 17%.

There are no WUSC service in areas where NWSC does not supply water (There used to be two WUSC projects but not in operation now). Residents in the area access water from hand pump wells. Hand pump wells are susceptible to wastewater penetrated from ground, which leads to high risk of health. Therefore, Birgunj Metropolitan City (hereinafter called BMC) needs to introduce water supply system to every household and office in the city. Improvement of house connection water supply rate including water source development and expansion of water supply area is huge task.

Since there are issues about introducing temporal water supply, high NRW (estimated to be 30%), detection of E. coli in taps, etc. capacity development is necessary for O&M management.

4

(4) Janakapur A situation in Janakapur has numerous similarities with that in Birgunj. Population is estimated to be

approximately 180 thousand people (2019) and NWSC supplies groundwater to approximately 23 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be approximately 111 LCD. Although daily average water supply amount per capita is comparatively high, house connection water supply rate in whole population is as low as 13%. There are no WUSCs in areas where NWSC does not supply water. Residents in the area access water from hand pump wells. A situation of hand pump wells is the same with that in Birgunj. Janakapur needs to introduce water supply system to every household and office in the city.

To tackle those issues, as well as Birgunj, ①improvement of house connection water supply rate including water resource development and expansion of water supply area and ②enhancing ability of O&M are main tasks.

(5) Butwal

Population in Butwal is estimated to be approximately 170 thousand people (2019) and NWSC supplies water to approximately 75 thousand people. Daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be 273 LCD. Water sources are both surface water and groundwater, and WTP installing rapid sand filter is operated to treat surface water.

17 WUSCs supply water in areas where NWSC does not cover the water service. Total water supply population is estimated to be approximately 74 thousand people which is the almost same with that of NWSC Butwal covers, and daily average water supply amount is estimated to be approximately 50 LCD. Therefore, house connection water supply rate in Butwal, taking into consideration WUSC’s water supply population, reaches at 90% which is considered to be high. Besides, daily average water supply amount per capita in Butwal is estimated to be approximately 162 LCD.

Although house connection water supply rate and daily average water supply amount in Butwal is comparatively high, NWSC’s water supply has issues such as ①although pump capacity in water sources meet the water demand in the city, 24-hour water supply is not able to be implemented, ②NRW rate is estimated to be over 45%, which is low efficient for water amount and energy, ③since daily necessary activity such as water quality test and chemical injection management is not conducted properly, water quality is not assured. Therefore, capacity development such as expansion of reservoir/ overhead tank for 24-hour water supply, water quality management including improvement of operation for WTP with rapid sand filter, and the management of water distribution amount and NRW is needed.

(6) Hetauda

Population in Hetauda is estimated to be approximately 170 thousand people (2019). Hetauda has a Water Supply Management Board (hereinafter called WSMB) which is independent from NWSC, and this Hetauda Water Supply Management Board (hereinafter called HWSMB) implements water supply business as a basic service provider. HWSMB supplies water to 80 thousand people, and daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated to be approximately 169 LCD. Water resources are subsurface water, water from spring and groundwater. WTP is not installed in the city.

5

11 WUSCs supply water in areas where HWSMB does not cover water service. Total water supply population is estimated to be approximately 39 thousand people and daily average water supply amount is estimated to be approximately 50 LCD. Therefore, house connection water supply rate in Hetauda including water supplied population in WUSCs reaches at 72% which is considered to be high. Besides, daily average water supply amount per capita in Hetauda is estimated to be approximately 130 LCD.

HWSMB needs to improve house connection water supply rate and increase of water supply. However, there are issues such as ①despite pump capacity in water resources meet the demand with which water demand in the whole city is fulfilled, 24-hour water supply cannot be implemented, ②NRW rate is 23%, ③E.coli is detected in water taps. Therefore, enhancing ability for development of water distribution facilities including distribution reservoirs and overhead tanks, and for O&M ability of water quality management distribution amount and NRW amount is necessary.

1-3-2 Wastewater treatment

The goal in SDGs for appropriate wastewater treatment rate in urban areas are 90% and Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan (Ministry of Water Supply, 2015) states that wastewater treatment with environmentally harmless and no penetration the ground is the goal as basic level. However, even in Kathmandu Valley, where sewage system coverage rate is estimated to be 70%, does not have enough WWTPs, and on-site sanitation and sludge disposal in targeted cities are not properly managed. Thus, it is assessed that wastewater is hardly treated properly and it results in huge gaps between the goal set by SDGs and the current condition. Outlines of current wastewater management are as follows.

(1) Kathmandu Valley

Although sewage coverage rate is estimated to be 70%, only single WWTP is operated and it is estimated that sewage treatment amount is 12% of total wastewater generation. Sewage is discharged to the river without treatment, appropriate wastewater treatment is not conducted and it shows that there is a huge gap between the goal set by SDGs (appropriate treatment rate is 90%) and the current condition. Sewerage system belongs to KUKL as well as water supply system but High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization (hereinafter called HPCIDBC) operates the WWTP.

Approximately 30% of wastewater which is not connected to sewerage system is treated at on-site sanitation. Private companies collect sludge from on-site sanitation by vacuum cars but they dispose the sludge to rivers without any treatment because on-site sludge disposal site is not established. Thus, sludge treatment situation of on-site sanitation is not in proper level. Private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and/or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies.

(2) Pokhara

Pokhara does not have sewerage system and all wastewater is treated by on-site sanitation. Licenced private companies collect sludge at on-site sanitation and collected sludge is treated with sludge drying

6

bed in solid waste disposal sites in the city. However, the management for leachate treatment and effluent are insufficient and it flows to the river with the concentration of over 400 mg/L in COD.

There are many soak pits without slab concrete at the bottom. Moreover, there is possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage occurs even in septic tank with slab concrete at the bottom and it deteriorates groundwater quality. Moreover, there are no regulations for the obligation of periodical de-sludge or responsibility for the maintenance of on-site sanitation and it results in situation PMC does not manage wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

It is evaluated that environmental management of on-site sanitation and effluent management in sludge disposal site is insufficient and wastewater treatment system in Pokhara does not reach at proper level.

Phewa Lake and its surrounding area in Pokhara is a Ramsar Convention registered wetland. Nevertheless, environmental management including water quality management and improvement project are hardly implemented since environmental standards are not established and environmental management and implementing body are not organized clearly. However, Feasibility Study (hereinafter called F/S) is implemented for sewerage system in Phewa Lake and its surrounding area (west side in center of the city).

PMC is in charge of O&M for sanitation system in the city, and requires to take the lead of environment improvement project that includes environmental monitoring and environmental management. However, there is no practical system for conducting the environmental improvement in PMC and PMC considers formulating the master plan for an environmental management including establishing the management system.

(3) Birgunj

Sewerage system was constructed at the west side of city center in Birgunj supported by ADB. Test run in the facility has been commenced since August in 2019 and house connection to sewer network starts in series. On-site sanitation is used for wastewater treatment for households and offices in sewerage uncovered area such as east side of the city center and suburban areas.

O&M in sewage system is planned to be implemented by BMC, BMC plans to develop the O&M system while 1 year test operation implemented by the contractor, and O&M system for the facility is under development. Therefore, development of sewerage O&M system is an urgent task.

BMC and single private company implement sludge extraction at on-site sanitation facilities with vacuum cars on demand from each house and office.

However, sludge is disposed to vacant land without treatment and there is no sludge treatment plant (hereafter called STP) for on-site sanitation. Since groundwater is used for drinking purpose, it is considered that septic tank with bottom slab are commonly used. However, frequency of de-sludge is few and there is a possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage from the tank affect to groundwater, and E.coli is detected in water taps There are no regulations about obligation for de-sludge on a regular basis or responsibility for sludge

treatment, and private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and /

7

or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Thus, BMC does not enable to manage the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment in on-site sanitation.

(4) Janakapur

There are no sewage systems in Janakapur, and all wastewater are treated in on-site sanitation facility. The city hardly implement management of on-site sanitation facility. Private companies implement de-sludge, collection, and final disposal.

The city does not have sludge disposal site. Thus, it is assumed private companies dispose collected sludge in vacant land. In addition, there is possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage from the septic tank occurs in the ground due to few de-sludge frequency and E. coli is detected in water tap from wells and water supply system. There are no regulations about obligation for de-sludge on a regular basis or responsibility for sludge treatment, and private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and / or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Thus, Janakpur Sub-Metropolitan City (hereafter called JsMC) does not enable to manage the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

(5) Butwal

Situation in Butwal is similar to that in Janakapur. Butwal does not have sewerage system. Thus, all wastewater is treated in on-site sanitation facility. The city hardly implement management of on-site sanitation facility. Private companies implement extract of sludge, collect, and final disposal.

There is no sludge disposal site in the city and private companies dispose of collected sludge at a forest in the city. The private companies make contract with management organization of the forest and the private companies pay the organization a disposal fee. The city is not involved in this contract and the contract is not managed by the city.

There are many soak pits in the city, there are some cases that E. coli is detected in water tap from wells and water supply system and there is possibility that overflow and water leakage from the soak pit occurs in the ground. There are no regulations about obligation for de-sludge on a regular basis or responsibility for sludge treatment, and private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and / or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Thus, Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City (hereafter called BsMC) does not enable to manage the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

(6) Hetauda

There is a sewerage system constructed by ADB support and the system covers 800 households in the city center of Hetauda. However, WWTPs are not operated because cleaning is difficult due to lack of discharging pipe of sludge, and sewage is discharged to rivers without treatment and wastewater treatment condition is inadequate. For preventing pipe blockage, it is prohibited for household and entities without sewage inlet chamber to connect to sewer network. Thus, there are many households without sewer connection for toilets wastewater (black water) to the sewerage system. Hetauda Sub-

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Metropolitan City (hereinafter called HsMC) promotes the installation of sewage inlet chamber for connecting sewer network.

Sewage treatment area is small for its area and population and approximately 97% of wastewater in households and offices are treated at on-site sanitation. On-site sanitation system is similar to that in Pokhara and licenced private companies collect sludge from on-site sanitation and dispose of the sludge at solid waste disposal site in Hetauda. However, leachate management is not conducted and it results in possibility that leachate from solid waste disposal site affects the river.

There is possibility that overflow and wastewater leakage from the on-site sanitation facilities occurs in the ground due to few de-sludge frequency and E. coli is detected in water tap from wells and water supply system.

There are no regulations about obligation for de-sludge on a regular basis or responsibility for sludge treatment, and private companies are not well managed since there are no business license system and / or contract system with local municipalities for sludge collection activity by private companies. Thus, HsMC does not enable to manage the wastewater treatment and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

1-3-3 Implementation organization of water supply and wastewater management

Outline of implementation organization of water supply and wastewater management is as follow. Detailed activity and relating laws are mentioned in Chapter 2.

(1) Principal authority at national level and implementing body in city

The principal authority of water supply and wastewater management in national level is Ministry of Water Supply (hereinafter called MoWS). MoWS formulates development goals and policies of water supply and wastewater management in national level, and implement promoting activities for improving water supply and wastewater management business in each city.

Constitution of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal in 2015 and Local Government Operation Act in 2017 clarified Local Governments are responsible for water supply, sanitation management and business operation. Therefore, local municipalities are required to develop and manage water supply and sewerage system, on-site sanitation facilities in the city.

(2) Water supply system

As mentioned above, KUKL, NWSC and HWSMB are basic service providers for water supply in the target cities. Local Government Operation Act clarifies local municipalities are in charge of operation of water supply. Therefore these organization are positioned as local water service provider. Each city has also community based WUSC services. As a result, water supply management system is complicated in the perspective of the city.

Service providers including each local municipality and WUSC face financial difficulties, and securing sufficient development budget is difficult in the view of the construction work for water supply facilities. Therefore, MoWS and Provincial Governments implement large sized construction work and the facilities are taken over to each municipality and / or service provider.

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(3) Wastewater management system Local municipalities are responsible for wastewater management as well as water supply system.

However, local municipalities hardly manage on-site sanitation facilities. As for sewerage, the local municipalities manage the existing systems in Hetauda and Birgunj, although KUKL manages the existing one in the Kathmandu Valley. However, O&M system of sewerage system in those cities are under development, and improvement of the O&M system is necessary. Although one of the roles of NWSC is implementation of sewerage system as well as water supply, NWSC does not have a plan to start the sewerage services.

In the aspect of the construction work for wastewater treatment facility, each local municipality does not have enough financial capacity to develop facilities. Therefore, the Government of Nepal implement facility construction supported by development partners such as ADB, and the facility is taken over to local municipality and it is operated by local municipality.

Chapter 2

Public Policy, Plan and Related Law in Nepal

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Public Policy, Plan and Related Law in NepalSocioeconomic situation in Nepal

2-1-1 SummaryNepal is an inland country with a total national land area of 147,000 km2, which is adjacent to China

in the north, and India in east, south, and west. It has an alpine climate with the Himalayas, including the world's highest mountain the Everest in the north, and the hot and humid plains in the southern Terai plains. The main religion is Hinduism, followed by Buddhism, and a multi-ethnic state in which various ethnic groups live. In addition, although the Nepal Unification Communist Party Maoists (Maoist) had struggled in force since 1996 and the situation was destabilizing, a comprehensive peace was signed in 2006. Since then, the monarchy was abolished in 2008 and it moved to the federal republican democracy, but the conflict over the Marxist-Leninist and the Maoists, and the communist thought of each was seen after that. However, a coalition ruling party representing both ideas was formed in 2018, and the Nepal Communist Party was newly formed to become the present administration.

2-1-2 PopulationTable 2-1 shows the basic social data in Nepal. Total population in Nepal is 27 million people at the

2011 census conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal. Demographic survey was not conducted after 2011, and the World Bank estimates that the population has reached 29 million in 2017 as shown in Table 2-1.

The population growth rate in Nepal is 1.3159% from the World Bank data in 2018, and population growth is expected to continue going forward.

Table 2-1 Basic Social Data in NepalItem Actual Expectation

2011 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Population 26,494,505 28,323,241 28,656,282 29,892,771 29,304,998

Growth Rate (%) 1.35 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

Growth Rate in Urban Area (%) 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

Population Density (1km2) 180.2 197.6 199.9 202.2 204.4

Life Expectancy (year) 69 69.5 69.9 70.3 -

Infant Mortality (per 1000 people) 44.8 38.3 36.6 35 33.7Source: The World Bank, "World Development Index", UNICEF, the Nepal Statistics Bureau, JICA Study team created by collecting information in the target area

2-1-3 Population in targeted citiesThe local administration system in Nepal regulated to be in transition of the federal system by the

new constitution in 2015, is in a transition period from the former system to the decentralized system. Table 2-2 shows the number of municipalities and major cities in each province of Nepal. The provinces of Nepal are divided into 7 provinces and 753 municipalities. From now on, local governments take the lead and conduct administrative services such as basic education, health management, agriculture, water supply, basic infrastructure development, and security of residents.

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Table 2-2 Main city and number of municipalities by State No. State Number of Municipality Main city

1 Province-1 137 Biratnagar 2 Province-2 136 Birgunj, Janakpur 3 Province-3 119 Kathmandu, Hetauda 4 Province-4 85 Pokhara 5 Province-5 109 Butwal 6 Province-6 79 Surkhet 7 Province-7 88 Godavari

Total 753

Source：The JICA Study Team organized based on statistic data by Central Bureau of Statistic

Figure 2-1 shows the population density in Nepal. Kathmandu Valley is densely populated over 2,500 people / km2. In the other cities, the density of the Makwanpur District to which Hetauda belongs is relatively low at 5.1 to 10 people / km2, but the District to which the other four cities belong is 10.1 to 50 people / km2. In addition, the population of each study area is shown in Table 2-3.

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics Nepal “Preliminary Results of National Economic Census 2018 of Nepal”

Figure 2-1 Population Density in Nepal

Table 2-3 Population in Targeted Area (2011) Area Belongs state District Population Main Ethnic

Kathmandu 3 Kathmandu Lalipur Bhaktapur

2,517,023 Newir

Pokhara 4 Kaski 408,298 Pahari, Tibetan

Hetauda 3 Makwanpur 154,887 Newie, Pahari

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Area Belongs state District Population Main Ethnic

Butwal 5 Pupahdehi 140,568 Taman

Birgunj 2 Parsa 244,092 Indian

Janakpur 2 Dhanusha 163,306 Indian Note：JICA Study Team created from 2011 census data and World Bank data

Source：Central Bureau of Statistics

2-1-4 Economic Condition

As described in Table 2-4, GDP in 2013 and 2014 was 4.1% and 6% in respectively, but the growth rate in 2016 marked 0.6% because of delay in the reconstruction work for the Nepal Earthquake hit on April 25th and May 12th, 2015, and the impact of the border closure by India immediately after the Constitution's release on September 20th of the same year. However, in the following year, economic recovery was recorded at a higher rate than usual due to reconstruction projects and restoration of border exchanges with India.

Regarding the economic relationship with other countries, Nepal has joined the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi‐Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation and has been tackling the strengthening the economic power in the region. Especially, Nepal and India, where are adjacent to the national borders each other, tied the India-Nepal Trade Treaty in 1991 and no tariff is charged for trading. The feasibility Study for Free Trade Agreement with China has been implementing. For the enhancement of the domestic economic strength and promoting overseas investment and financing, Special Economic Zone Development Organization Act and Special Economic Committee Rule have been implemented in Nepal since September 2017. The Rule plans to establish 14 locations of Special Economic Zone in Nepal. However, the trade balance in Nepal is in red and the total amount of deficit in 2016/2017 was 917,064 million NPR (Source: Statistical Year Book 2017)

In terms of foreign currency inflows, it increased from NPR 236,927 million in 2007/2008 to NPR 934,909 million in 2016/2017 but it depends on remittances from overseas workers and remittances from overseas accounts for 64% of foreign currency revenues in 2017 (source: Statistical Year Book 2017).

Table 2-4 Basic Economical Index in Nepal Item 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

GDP at nominal market price (USD nominal) (in millions of dollars) 19,271 20,003 21,411 21,186 24,888

GDP annual growth (%) 4.1% 6.0% 3.3% 0.6% 7.9% GNI per capita PPP, current

international 720 730 740 730 800

Foreign direct investment, net inflow (BoP, nominal USD) * (in millions of dollars)

74 30 51 105 196

Official Development Assistance Net Accepted Amount (Nominal USD) (Millions of dollars)

873 883 1,224 1,063 1,258

Note：GNI: Gross National Income, PPP: Purchasing Power Parity, BoP: Balance of Payments Statistics Per capita GNI in Nepal is calculated by the 2011 census population Source: World Bank, “Development Indicator”

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Super Policy and Plan2-2-1 The 14th 3 years Plan

The national development in Nepal is being implemented under the 14th Three-Year Plan (2016/17-2019/20) as of 2019.

Within the period of the 13th Three-Year Plan in the 1st half, the earthquake hit in 2015 in Nepal, which delayed the progress of the national development. In the field of water supply and wastewater management, the achievement goal for the basic level water service rate was set to 96.3% by 2017. However, the estimated water service rate remained at 83.6%. On the other hand, the water service rateof medium or higher level (the average water supply amount per capita is over 65 LCD) reached 15.8% against the target of 15%. In terms of wastewater management, the basic sanitation coverage rate was 81%, compared with the target 90.5%.

The 14th Three-Year Plan focuses on raising the progress of socio-economic development in an effort to recoup the delay in socio-economic development that has occurred during the 13th Three-Year Plan.

Under this background, the goals of the 14th Three-Year Plan on water supply and wastewater management are set as shown in Table 2-5. Formulation of development project for the basic level of water supply and wastewater management services is in line with the 14th Three-Year Plan.

Table 2-5 Summary of the 14th Three-Year Plan (water supply and wastewater treatment section)Items Contents

Vision Improvement of the public health and livelihoods through appropriate quality, reliable and

easily accessible drinking water and sanitation services.

Goals The provision of basic level water supply and sanitation services to all people.

Output

(Water supply)

The basic water supply penetration rate will be 86%, 88% and 90% in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd

years, respectively

Medium or higher water supply coverage will be set to 20%, 25% and 30% in the 1st, 2nd

and 3rd years, respectively.

Output

(Wastewater

management)

The basic level sanitation equipment penetration rate will be 84%, 87% and 89% in the 1st,

2nd and 3rd year respectively.

Source: Extracted from the 14th there years plan

The basic water supply coverage ratio and the sanitation service described in this document are defined as shown in Table 2-6.

Table 2-6 Target level of water supply and sanitation servicesSection Level Content

Water Supply High class Daily average water supply per capita is 100-150LCD

Middle class Daily average water supply per capita is 65-100LCD

Basic class Daily average water supply per capita is 45-65LCD

Substandard class Daily average water supply per capita is 25-45LCD

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Section Level Content

Wastewater

Treatment

Improved service Each household has one or more toilets (impermeable). Safe

handling without environmental impact problems. There are

also regular cleaning and O&M and management records.

Basic service Each household has a toilet (impermeable). Safe handling

without environmental impact problems. There is a

management record of cleaning and O&M.

Limited service There is a communal toilet (penetration) within 10m.

Insufficient management records for cleaning and O&M

(requires sludge removal from pits, etc.).

No service There is no clear separation of living space and faeces. O&M

have not been implemented. (Outdoor excretion etc.)

Source：Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan

2-2-2 Goals for “SDGs” and the achievement

The targets and the status of Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter called SDGs) for water supply and sanitation services in Nepal are shown in Table 2-7. The house connection ratio of the water supply service is 49.5% in the achievement status in 2015 against the 90% of target. In addition, the number of urban households connected to appropriate wastewater facilities such as sewer and impermeable septic tank is 30% of the achievement status in 2015 against the 90% of target. In both cases, the achievement rate for the target in 2015 is about 50% or less.

In view of goals and achievements of SDGs, development of the following points is considered necessary.

- Dissemination of house connection water supply - Improvement of distributed water quality - Implementation of wastewater management service such as sewerage and / or impermeable septic

tanks - Improvement of appropriate management rate of domestic wastewater

Table 2-7 Achievement of SDGs, Cotegory-6

SDG No. Indicator (2030) Goals (2030) Achievement (2015)

6.1.1 Household with access to piped water supply 90% 49.5%

6.1.2 Basic water supply coverage 99% 87%

6.1.3 Household with E. Coli risk in house hold water 0% 82.2%

6.1.4 Household with E. Coli risk in water source 0% 71.1%

6.1.5 Population using safe drinking water 90% 15%

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SDG No. Indicator (2030) Goals (2030) Achievement (2015)

6.1.6 Turbidity 5NTU 30NTU

6.2.1 Household using improved sanitation facilities which are not shared 95% 60%

6.2.2 Proportion of population using latrine 98% 67.6%

6.2.3 Local authority areas that have declared Open Defecation Free (hereinafter called ODF)

99% 41%

6.2.4 Sanitation coverage 99% 70%

6.2.5 Urban households with toilets connected to sewer systems/ proper on-site sanitation 90% 30%

6.3.1 Proportion of untreated domestic wastewater 65% 99%

6.3.2 Untreated industrial wastewater ratio 10% 99%

6.4.5 NRW 5% 20%

6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management implementation 60% 0%

Source：Sustainable Development Goals Baseline Report, National Planning Commission, 2017

2-2-3 Development plan for water supply and sanitation sector While the water service and sewered population ratios have been improved significantly in recent

years, MoWS established Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan with the consideration of important issues to be improved. - Access gap to water supply and sanitation - Inequality of service provision - Quality of water, and sustainability and function of supply system - Quality of the service, etc.

The plan is to indicate a course of action for achieving the SDGs mentioned above, and the

development policy for 15 years from 2016 to 2030 is clearly stated. The outline is shown in Table 2-8. It is aimed at providing basic level water and wastewater management services. In addition, medium and large-scale cities are shown to have sewerage facilities. In the same document, the clarification of the division of the responsibility of relevant organizations in consideration of the federal system is shown and summarized as follows. - Department of Water Supply and Sanitation Management (hereinafter called DWSSM) of MoWS

formulates policies and plans. - Water supply and sewerage department of each province and DWSSM branch office of each

province carry out the infrastructure development. - Each municipality and regional water supply management board (WSMB) will operate and

maintain facilities and businesses as an operator. - For NWSC that operates and maintains the water supply business for urban cities in Nepal, its

branch offices will be categorized as local operator.

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Table 2-8 Summary of Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan Items Content

Vision Improve public health and livelihood through the spread of safe and sufficient water supply and wastewater management facilities.

Goals - Improve service levels through improved governance of the water supply and wastewater sector and make Basic water supply and wastewater management available to all citizens.

- Implement all issues and development plans of water supply and wastewater sector. - Define priorities, strategies and activities. - Lead national priorities, strategies, standards and procedures to all relevant agencies. - Develop policy and legal frameworks, clear organizational frameworks, funding,

capacity development, etc. in order to guarantee functional and sustainable water supply and wastewater management services for all people.

Output - Decrease the water borne diseases - Reduce the dropout rate of female students due to inappropriate access to water and

sanitation. - Decrease infant mortality ratio - Improvement of human resource development index

Clarification of service levels of water supply and wastewater management

The service levels of water supply and wastewater management are as shown in Table 2-6.

Water Supply - Identify unsupplied households and areas. - Improve the water supply / non-water supply area database using GPS. - Set development priorities and make development investments in accordance with the

priorities. - In order to guarantee equal access to water, secure the necessary technology,

management system, budget support, etc. for water supply to geographically and socially isolated areas, even if the cost per capita is high.

- Install water supply facilities in all schools and public facilities. Wastewater management - Develop general sanitation guidelines to support effective and sustainable wastewater

management step-up. - Properly evaluate obstacles to hygiene improvement and improve hygiene. - Promote public awareness and behavior reform, taking into account diversity and

geographical location. - To strengthen the capacity of the municipality to understand policy and improve

business methods. - Improve monitoring mechanisms to ensure the sustainability of public wastewater

management services. - Encourage actions to guarantee sustainability of the open defecation area. - Introduce a sewerage plan to large and medium sized cities. (With modern WWTP) - Recommend the power generation by sludge digestion and gasification. - In low income areas, decentralized sewerage is recommended. - Explore the possibility of multi-city cooperation for urban sewage treatment. - Providing sample design and O&M manuals for septic tanks to small-scale

municipalities to improve them. - Explore the possibility of reuse and recycling, such as composting of septic tank

sludge. Function and sustainability - Authorize community-based management for rural water supply and water supply

projects in small cities. - The beneficiary's burden is 10-30% of capital investment costs and 100% of O&M

costs. - Establish a maintenance fund for the timely maintenance of the water supply system. - Provide support after construction of the facility.

Innovation and new technology application

- Application of rainwater storage technology. - Development of the dam lake. - Introduction of solar pump. - Ecosystem management of rivers. - Bulk water supply system for remote areas. - Metering of flow rates. - Reuse of treated sewage water.

Institutional improvement and capacity development

- Transparency, accountability, stakeholder planning. - Respect the rights of the people. - Enactment of water supply and wastewater treatment policies, laws and regulations. - Restructure the business management structure of related organizations - Secure budget for capacity development activities. - Establishment of the National Water Supply and Sanitation Training Center.

Source: Extracted from Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan

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2-2-4 Development priority city planned by the Ministry of Water Supply MoWS prepared a list of cities to be prioritized for development of water and wastewater management

projects in 2018. The listed cities are the provincial capitals / provisional capitals of the seven provinces as shown in Table 2-9. Among the surveyed areas, Janakapur, Hetauda, Pokhara and Butwal are considered to be the first priority cities.

Table 2-9 First priority city of MoWS for water supply and wastewater management project

No State City

1. Province No. 1 Biratnagar

2. Province No. 2 Janakpur

3. Province No. 3 Hetauda

4. Province No. 4 Pokhara

5. Province No. 5 Butwal

6. Province No. 6 Surkhet

7. Province No. 7 Godavari Note：Shaded column is target cities for this study Source：MoWS

At the same time, MoWS lists the cities in Table 2-10 as other major cities. These cities are ranked

second in priority. This includes Birgunj of the study area.

Table 2-10 Second priority city of MoWS for water supply and wastewater management project No State City

1 Province No. 1 Damak

Bhadrapur

Birtamod

Urlabari

Dharan

2 Province No. 2 Kalaiya

Birgunj

Maulapur Municipality, Rautahat

Rajbiraj

3 Province No. 3 Bharatpur

Banepa, Dhulikhel

4 Province No. 4 Gaindakot

Damauli/Waling

5 Province No. 5 Bhairawa

Nepalgunj

Ghorahi

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No State City

Tulsipur

6 Province No. 6 Jumla

Kohalpur

Narayan Municipality

7 Province No. 7 Mahendranagar

Dadeldhura

Tikapur

Note Shaded column is target cities of this study

Source MoWS

In addition, MoWS intends to conduct not only water supply management but also wastewatermanagement projects.

Related Laws2-3-1 The Constitution of Nepal

The constitution accompanying federal system was promulgated in 2015. The Constitution specifies the rights and responsibilities of the Federal, State and Local Governments. The role divisions related to water and wastewater management are as follows. Water supply and wastewater management is to be implemented under the rights and responsibility of the Local Government.

(1) Federal Government- Matters pertaining to diplomatic and international commitments.- Establishment of the policies of conservation and multipurpose use of water resources.- Environmental management activities at national level (National park etc.)

(2) Provincial Government- Construction of water supply facility in state level- Water resources and environmental management in the state.(3) Local Government- Urban development projects within the Local Government area.- Water supply management- Basic hygiene management

2-3-2 Local Government Operation ActIn 2017, the responsibility and administrative scope of the Local Government in the federal system

was defined. Local Governments are divided into three, according to the scale as shown in Table 2-11.There are some differences in the urban infrastructure to be provided by this division. The target cities in this study are positioned as medium-scale cities or large-scale cities. There is no special mention of

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water supply and wastewater management in large-scale cities, but facilities and services equivalent to medium-scale cities are required.

Table 2-11 Administrative scope of Local Government

Division Municipality Sub-Metropolitan City Metropolitan City

Target cities - Janakpur, Butwal and Hetauda Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu, Lalitpur ), Pokhara and Birgunj

Population scale Himalaya region：over 10,000 Mountain region：over 40,000 Madhesh region：over 50,000 Terai region：over 75,000 Kathmandu Valley：100,000

Over 200,000 Over 500,000

Main infrastructure

Providing minimal roads, electricity, communication, water supply facilities as a city

Secure access to paved streets, citizens' water, electricity and communications, national level stadium

Secure access to urban transportation with consideration for people with disabilities, international stadiums, international airports

Waste Managed waste collection and landfill site

Systemized waste management -

Medical institution

Minimum of 25 beds in hospitals Total of at least 200 beds in hospitals (one hospital has at least 100 beds)

Total of at least 500 beds in city (one hospital has at least 100 beds)

Education - Higher education institutions (including technical education)

Higher education institutions capable of master's level education

Source: Extracted from Local Government Operation Act, 2017

The following administrative tasks are mainly stipulated as necessary at the Local Government level.

Implementation of water supply and wastewater management including construction of facilities is mentioned in the administrative tasks of Local Governments.

(1) Urban Planning - Preparation of urban development plan and project, implementation monitoring, evaluation and

related regulations development. - Identification and documentation for developable natural resources. - Permission for construction based on national regulations. - Construction and maintenance of public facilities such as schools. - Cooperation and coordination with projects implemented by the Federal and Provincial

Governments.

(2) Environment and Sanitation Hygiene - Formulation and implementation of policies and regulations on basic health and hygiene

improvement. - Control of food, air pollution and noise pollution. - Public awareness promotion concerning the management of waste generated in health facilities. - Waste management including collection, recycling and final disposal. - Formulation of regional management plans and regulations for environmental protection and

biodiversity.

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- Formulate and implement policies and regulations on basic health and hygiene improvement.

(3) Road and Irrigation - Road planning, construction and maintenance in regional level. - Planning, construction and maintenance of regional irrigation facilities.

(4) Water Supply and Electricity - Regional water supply planning, construction and maintenance, and set the water tariff. - Planning, construction and maintenance of regional hydropower up to 1 MW. - Alternative energy planning, construction and maintenance at the regional level. - Electricity distribution plan, construction and maintenance at the regional level, and set the tariff

(5) Disaster Management - Implementation of disaster management plans and projects. - Formulate regional action plans at the time of the disaster (information systems, relief, stockpile,

etc.) - River management and landslide management. - Disaster hazard map creation and evacuation plan development.

(6) Water Environment protection and Environmental Conservation - Develop regional plans for water and natural environment conservation. - Protection of water resource - Community response to regional level plans for water and natural environment conservation - Permission and approval of quarry for soil and stone

2-3-3 Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, and its amendment In 1989, the Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act was enacted in order to provide water and sewage

services regularly throughout Nepal. NWSC was established according to the law. The law has been revised several times. In addition, it is stipulated that the Government of Nepal can instruct the NWSC at any time, and that the NWSC should follow it. It is more likely to be a department within the Government than an independent public corporation. The role and authority of the NWSC are indicated in the current law as follows; - Preparation of a plan for water supply and sewerage and implement the project. - Conducting the survey for water supply and sewerage management - Identification of the routes from water sources to water distribution areas. - Construction of water supply and sewerage facilities. - Taking administrative procedures related to necessary international cooperation under agreements

between Government of Nepal and foreign Governments / international organizations. - Operation of water and sewerage project designated by Government of Nepal. - Collection of necessary fees for water and sewerage and provide necessary services.

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- Preparation of conditions for the water supply and sewerage services. - Prevention of incorrect water use. - Prevention of pollution of drinking water. - O&M of water and sewerage facilities.

In addition, in parallel with the enactment of the WSMB Act in 2006, a sentence was added that "if

the Government of Nepal instructs the NWSC, the ownership of the facilities and services will be handed over to the WSMB."

It is also stipulated for the NWSC to be run by the following board members.

- Board chairperson is appointed by the Government of Nepal from experienced persons of water supply management

- Representative from Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning - Representative from Ministry of Health and Population - Mayor of the Municipality of NWSC service area, appointed by the Government of Nepal - Two women appointed by the Government of Nepal from a group for beneficiary protection - A water quality expert appointed by the Government of Nepal - A Person from an environmental NGO appointed by the Government of Nepal - General Manager of NWSC appointed by the Government of Nepal

2-3-4 Water Supply Management Board (WSMB) Act

It was enacted in 2006 for the purpose of providing reliable water and sewerage services to the residents and for enabling Local Government to take initiative activities. The Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (hereinafter called KVWSMB) and HWSMB are established according to the law. This enables to transfer the existing facilities owned by the Government and related municipalities to WSMB so that the WSMB can operate the service. For establishment, it is required to be approved by the Government of Nepal based on the application submitted by related municipalities. The roles and privileges of the WSMB are summarized as follows: - Implementation of construction, expansion and rehabilitation for the services. - Establishment of the principle for medium-long term business implementation plan and actions. - Prevention of wrong use and water pollution of drinking water. - Research for business on drinking water and sewerage management. - Securing the budget as well as budget planning. - Securing the financial resources for service development and expansion. - Introduce of service fees within provisions of the related laws. - Enforcement of all the activities which are necessary for high quality services. - Subcontracting with a service provider. - Cost recovery from the tariff collection - Management of Complaint from the users

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In addition, there are special mentions for KVWSMB as follows; - In the Melamchi Water Supply Project, water will be delivered beyond the watershed boundary.

The agreement will be therefore necessary with local stakeholders related to the water source. - There are existing water supply facilities in municipalities. Adequate compensation is necessary

when merging. Provision of WSMB board member as follows;

- Mayors of municipalities in water supply service area - Representative of Ministry of Physical Planning and Works - Representative of village development committee in water supply service area - Chairperson of a local chamber of the commerce - Chairperson of a local user’s committee - Representative of NGO for water supply and sanitation - Expert of water supply and wastewater management

In case of KVWSMB, the following are added for board members.

- Representative of relevant district development committees - Representative of national chamber of the commerce

2-3-5 Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act

It was enacted in 2006 to protect the interests of the beneficiaries and to realize high quality and reliable water and sewerage management by appropriate price.

The members of the committee are defined as follows. - Appointed by the Government of Nepal, required with at least a bachelor's degree in the fields of

technology / management / economics / finance and managerial experience in public institutions for more than 12 years.

- Appointed by the Government of Nepal, required with at least a bachelor's degree in economic / finance / accounting / commerce and at least 10 years of economics / financial evaluation work experience.

- Appointed by the Government of Nepal, required woman with a bachelor's degree or more in the field of technology / sociology / law, and seven years or more work experience, a position lower than caste, or a minority.

- Tenure period is 4 years The following persons are not elected as the members;

- Member of the Government of Nepal - Core person of political party - Staff, officials and interested persons of service providers of water and sewerage management - A person who is over the age of 65 years old

Also the role of the committee as defined as follows;

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- Setting the Water and Sewerage tariff to be collected by a water service provider - Approval of the policy and procedure that the service provider has to comply for proposing a water

tariff. - Monitoring of the service provider business - Arbitration of disputes among service provider and users - Information collection for publication by a service provider - Setting of evaluation criteria for the tariff - Advisory of the Government of Nepal for water supply and sewerage management

Following are stipulated for the service provider to submit the information when planning the rate

revision. - Basis of calculation for proposed water tariff. - Price comparison table before and after the price revision. - The fair profit for the service provider. - Analysis of the increased O&M cost - Support measures for the people who are unable to pay - Copy of the service provider’s business permit.

2-3-6 Water Supply and Sanitation Act

The Water Supply and Sewage Treatment Act, commonly referred to as the WASH Act, is being prepared to be established in 2019. This defines the responsibility system for water supply and wastewater projects

implemented under the federal system. While the principle of implementing water supply and wastewater

management projects is specified in Local Governments, the involvement of the Federal Government and

Provincial Governments in construction of large-scale facilities and facilities through international

organizations and foreign support is stipulated.

The law makes it clear that facilities construction projects funded by foreign organizations such as JICA will be managed by the Federal Government, and the operation of the facilities will be implemented by the

Local Government.

(1) Water resource - Water resources development is under the control of the Federal Government. The one who owns

the permit for water resources development enables to develop within the scope with the permit. Water resources can only be developed by the person who owns the permit.

- Individuals and communities who traditionally take water for domestic use have the right to use the same water resources.

- Public facilities using water are allowed to continue the present systems until completion of alternative systems.

- Water resources protection is administrated by the Federal Government, but those with permission to use water resources implement the conservation and protection of the water resources.

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(2) Responsibility of Federal Government - Construction of large-scale water supply facilities. Implementation of a sanitation project for

national level environmental protection. - Implementation of projects with international organizations and projects jointly invested with

communities at the regional level. - Implementation of projects across multiple States. - Implementation of multipurpose wastewater treatment projects requiring large funds. - Implementation of water usage projects across basin boundaries. - Implementation status monitoring of water supply and wastewater management projects.

(3) Responsibility of Provincial Government - Construction of water supply facilities at basic level. - Implementation of wastewater management project. - Implementation of projects across multiple locality areas within the state.

(4) Responsibility of Local Government - Operation, maintenance and monitoring of water supply projects in the local government area. - Operation, maintenance and monitoring of wastewater management projects in the local

government area. - Promotion of residence awareness in hygiene - Operation of water supply and wastewater management projects in the suburbs.

(5) Authorization for water supply and wastewater management project

Persons who want to conduct facility construction, operation, maintenance and management business for water supply and wastewater management needs to obtain permission. However, the following cases are excluded. In other words, large-scale projects such as KUKL, NWSC, and WSMB require a business permit, but small-scale WUSC projects, private wells and on-site treatment facilities for each house exempt from the permit. - Small businesses such as WUSC. - Wastewater infiltration treatment of each house within a level not affecting the environment - Use of water resources on own land. 2-3-7 National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy

The government formulated a policy in 2009 to achieve the following objectives due to the lack of basic water supply and wastewater management systems. It shows the directionality of the urban water and wastewater management service development. - Provision of safe and accessible water and wastewater management to all urban areas in Basic level. - One third of the urban population will be accessible to high or middle level water supply by 2017 - Ensure the users including women and volunteer groups, to participate in planning and decisions.

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- Capacity Development of system and operation at local level in water supply and wastewatermanagement.

- Secure resources for sustainable repayment of investment and O&M expenses.- Development and management of surface water and groundwater to supply urban areas.- Promotion of the public-private partnerships (hereinafter called PPP) for water supply and

wastewater management.- Maximization of the efficiency for improved service provision.

Role of water and wastewater related organizationsAs mentioned in the related law above, while the implementation of water supply and wastewater

management projects is under the responsibility of the local governments, there are involvements of the Federal Government and Provincial Government mainly for development of facilities. Moreover, there are service providers such as NWSC and WSMB. While complicated structure, basic practical role assignments are summarized as shown in Table 2-12.

Table 2-12 Basic roles of stakeholdersNo. Organization Contents

1. MoWS Implementation of large-sized construction work projects, construction work through international cooperation, construction work by joint investment projects with the community,wastewater treatment system with sewage treatment facility, water supply system on water supplied population more than 15,000 in Terai region, water supply system on water supplied population more than 1,000 in Himalaya region, water supply system on water supplied population more than 1,000 in high land and mountain area, and water source which across the state border. The construction work is carried out through the DWSSM in MoWS, and the facility is handed over to Local Governments, community-based WUSC, KUKL and NWSCafter completion of the work.

2. DWSSM Department in charge of water and wastewater management policy and construction work in MoWS. Project management unit (PMU) for international cooperation in the department deals with international cooperation projects. There are 15 locations of Federal water supply and sanitation office all over the country and the office conducts large-scale projects in each region.Even for small-scale WUSC projects, international cooperation and joint investment projects with the community are handled by DWSSM. Therefore, an aid project from Development Partner will be dealt with DWSSM.

3. Provincial Government

It implements construction works for water supply system with water supplied populationfrom 5,000 to 15,000 in the Terai region, water supply system with water supplied populationfrom 500 to 1,000 in the Himalaya region, water supply system for plural Local Governmentsarea. After completion of the facility, it will be handed over to Local Governments and community-based WSUC. The MoWS system is separated from the Provincial Governmentactivity in command / instruction system.

4. Local Government,WSUC

Local Governments implement the water supply system construction for water supplied population up to 5,000 in the Terai region, for water supplied population up to 3,000 in Highland and mountain area, for water supplied population up to 500 in Himalaya region and construction work for rural water supply. But it is difficult in terms of financial and technical capabilities. Therefore, practically they implement O&M of water supply and wastewatermanagement using facilities handed over by MoWS or the Provincial Governments. Most of the facilities have been handed over to community-based WSUCs and a Local Government rarely involves in the O&M for the facility. WUSC is separated from the administration of Local Government and WUSC conduct independently its own business.

5. KVWSMB It is a board to conduct water and sewerage management in Kathmandu Valley and it is established by Water Supply Management Board Act. Federal Government provides support for the construction of facilities for shorted budget. The operation and maintenance areentrusted to KUKL. Melamchi Water Supply Development Board has been establishedseparately for the Melamchi water supply project currently being implemented in Kathmandu Valley.

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No. Organization Contents

6. KUKL It is a water supply and sewerage service provider in Kathmandu Valley, established by independence from NWSC and having the 30-year operating license from KVWSMB in 2008. It basically operates and maintains the water supply and sewerage business by collecting the tariff from the users.

7. High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC)

It implements O&M of the existing sewer network and WWTP (16,000 m3/d) in Kathmandu city under Ministry of Urban Development. The facility was built by the said Ministry. Businesses and facilities are being prepared for transferring to KUKL.

8. NWSC The organization is established by Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act and its Amendment. Although the construction work is a part of the role, it is difficult for NWSC due to insufficient budget. Thus, practically it conducts water supply operation in 22 cities as a water service provider. Basically, it is difficult to deal with a large-scale construction project in administration capability, O&M for water service management by collecting water tariff is a main role. There is no plan to operate the sewerage system.

9. HWSMB It is a water supply service provider in Hetauda, which was established by independence from NWSC based on the Water Supply Management Board Act in 2013. Basically, water supply management is conducted by tariff income collected from the customer. In addition, it is possible to receive the support of HsMC for facility construction if necessary and if possible.

Source：JICA Study Team

Based on the water supply areas of each service provider described later in Chapter 4, the practical

status of implementing agencies is summarized by target cities, as shown in Table 2-13. In terms of legal system, local governments, NWSC and HWSMB also include facility

construction, but they hardly implement it due to financial problems. Also, as described later in Chapter 5, the involvement of local governments in wastewater management is little as of 2019.

Table 2-13 Roles of Stakeholders by City

No. Name of City Large-scale construction

Facility

Small-scale construction

Facility

Urban area Water supply

O&M

Rural small scale Water supply

O&M

Wastewater O&M

1. Kathmandu Valley

MoWS, KVWSMB,

Melamchi water supply

development board

Provincial Government,

Local Government

KUKL WUSC

KUKL, HPCIDBC

(Sewer), Local Government

2. Pokhara MoWS


Local Government

NWSC WUSC Local government

3. Birgunj MoWS


Local Government

NWSC No water supply Local government

4. Janakpur MoWS


Local Government

NWSC No water supply Local government

5. Butwal MoWS


Local Government

NWSC WUSC Local government

6. Hetauda MoWS


Local Government

HWSMB WUSC Local government

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Source Interview by JICA Study Team

Outline of activity of Development Partner in Water Supply and Wastewater ManagementIn Nepal, the ADB has provided development assistances for water supply and wastewater

management widely. The trends of assistance of development partners for water supply and wastewater management, including ADB, are as follows.

2-5-1 Asia Development Bank (ADB)(1) Direction of Assistance

ADB has indicated directions in the country operation business plan (2017-2019) to support the fields shown in Table 2-14 in particular. Assistance for urban water supply and urban sewerage / wastewater management is positioned as one of the priority fields.

Table 2-14 Assistance Direction of ADB

No Sector Principal

1. Energy Assistance for Policy formulation, large-scale hydropower, renewable energy, electricity transmission and distribution

2. Water supply and urban infrastructure

Urban water supply, urban sewerage / wastewater management, Assistance for Policy formulation

3. Transportation Air transportation, suburban roads, Assistance for Policy formulation

4.Agriculture, natural resources and village development

Irrigation, drainage, flood control, water resources management, village and agricultural development, Assistance for Policy formulation

5. Education Skill and vocational training, secondary and higher education support

6. Management of public sector Decentralization and financial management support

7. Trade industry Assistance for Policy formulation

Source: Country Operations Business Plan (Nepal, 2017-2019), ADB

Through hearing from ADB conducted in April 2019, following are reconfirmed for water supply and wastewater management.

(2) Priority Field of ADBBasically, ADB assists the Government of Nepal toward achieving SDGs. Especially, following three

fields are prioritized for cooperation.- Energy- Transportation- Urban Development (including water supply and wastewater management)

(3) Assistance Direction for Water Supply and Wastewater management1) There are three pillars of assistance by 2022 as below;- Completion of Melamchi water supply project

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- Development of water supply facilities in Kathmandu Valley. The latest technologies such as Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (hereinafter called SCADA) and smart meters will also be included.

- Urban development of local city (including water and sewerage) 2) Water supply direction will be divided into two categories. - Cooperation for Kathmandu Valley - Cooperation for the outside of Kathmandu Valley

• Establishment of WSMB model in local cities • Development of WUSC for small scale municipalities

3) City selection is basically determined by city's management and development capabilities.

Basically, ADB evaluates that WSMB or the WUSC models are more appropriate for water supply projects.

(4) Ongoing Project

ADB is supporting the projects related to water supply and sewage as shown in Table 2-15. Among them, the projects No. 1, 3 and 5 in the same table, are for improvement of water supply and sewerage in Kathmandu Valley. In addition, No. 2 and No. 7 are for the development of a sewerage / rainwater drainage facility in Butwal and Birgunj.

Table 2-15 Ongoing Project by ADB

No Name of Project Start End Content

1. Melamchi Drinking Water Project (with Additional Financing)

24-Jan-01

30-Jun-19 (planned for extension)

Target city (ies): Kathmandu Valley and surroundings - Construction of Melamchi Water Transmission

Tunnel, Melamchi WTP and Water Distribution Facility

- Construction of sewage treatment facilities - Support for rebuilding the private sector

collaboration system 2. Secondary Towns

Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement (STIUEIP)

26-Oct-10 31-Dec-19 Target city (ies)：Butwal, Birgunj and other province 4 cities

- Improved drainage of Butwal - Construction of sewer and rainwater removal

facility in Birgunj - Construction of water supply / sewerage /

rainwater facility in other 4 cities 3. Kathmandu Valley

Water Supply Improvement Project (with Additional Financing)

10-Nov-11 31-Dec-20 Target city (ies)：Kathmandu Valley - Bulk water supply system improvement - Capacity development of KUKL / KVWSMB - Support for NRW reduction - Asset management - GIS system improvement - Public awareness

4. Integrated Urban Development Project (IUDP)

8-May-12 31-Dec-19 Target city (ies) ：Janakpur and other 3 province cities - Improved solid waste disposal in Janakpur - Water supply / sewerage / rainwater removal /

solid waste treatment improvement in other 3 cities

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No Name of Project Start End Content

5. Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project

3-Jul-13 30-Jun-21 Target city (ies)：Kathmandu Valley - Rehabilitation and expansion of the sewerage

system - Interceptor sewer construction - WWTP construction - Capacity development of KUKL / KVWSMB - Public awareness

6. Third Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

25-Nov-14 31-Jul-21 Target city (ies) : 20 cities in province - Construction of water supply facilities

including water treatment facilities - Installation of toilets with a septic tank - Septic tank sludge treatment facility

construction and equipment procurement Target cities: Other existing facilities rehabilitation of

24 cities 7. Regional Urban

Development Project 27-Dec-17 30-Jun-23 Target city (ies) :Birgunj and other 5 province cities

- Construction of sewer and rainwater removal facility in Birgunj

- Sewerage and rainwater removal / Septic tank sludge treatment improvement of other 5 cities

8. Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project

26-Nov-18 30-Apr-24 Target city (ies) : 23 cities in province - Construction of water supply facilities

including water treatment facilities - Establishment of toilets (including facilities

considered for gender and disabled people) - Construction of sewerage and rainwater

removal facilities - Support for WUSC tariff planning - Water and Sanitation Public Awareness

Campaign Source：Exacted by provided list from ADB

(5) Recently Completed Project

The project shown in Table 2-16 has been implemented in Hetauda within the last 10 years, which is related to in this study.

Table 2-16 Completed Project by ADB No Name of Project Start End Contents

1. Urban and Environmental Improvement Project

20-Jun-03

31-Mar-11 Target cities：Hetauda and 8 other cities - GIS map making of Hetauda, sewer

construction, public toilets, etc. - Urban infrastructure development such as

GIS map creation, sewage treatment facilities and road facilities in other 8 cities

Source：Exacted by provided list from ADB

2-5-2 World Bank Development Aid for water supply and sanitation field by the World Bank is mainly rural water supply

and rural sanitation. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project for Nepal has been conducted from 2014 to 2020 for following project purpose. - Increase of sustainable access to improved water supply and sanitation service in village area - Development of long term assistance mechanism for improvement of sustainable water supply

service

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The contents of the project consist of financial assistance for the improvement of water supply and sanitation in the village and technical assistance for institutional improvement for villages on the district level.

The project plan after 2021 has been under discussion with the Government of Nepal. There is no assistance plan for water supply and sanitation in the urban area. Thus, it is considered that water supply and sanitation improvement projects in the study target cities do not interfere the project conducted by the World Bank. 2-5-3 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

Improvement of water supply and sanitation in village area has been implemented by following three types of component. Improvement of Water quality is focused on and UNICEF works for improvement of water quality in the village area by providing simple water quality test kit and mobile water quality test vehicle. There is no proposed plan for implementing water supply and sewerage facility construction. Thus, it is considered that water supply and sanitation improvement projects in the study target cities do not interfere the project conducted by UNICEF. - Provision of safe drinking water - Improvement of sanitation condition - Improvement of institutional capacity

Since UNICEF has been implementing the pilot project in Janakpur, information sharing and coordination in water quality management are needed with UNICEF if improvement of hand pump wells in Janakpur becomes a part of the proposed project.

2-5-4 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)

UN-HABITAT conducts Global Sanitation Fund Project from 2010 to 2020 in water supply and wastewater system. The purpose of the project is open defecation free and installation of public toilet and toilet in a household in village area is conducted. Since open defecation free is focused on the project, a soak pit is installed and wastewater treatment facility is not installed. Phase 1 in the project conducted in mountain area was finished and phase 2 of the project has been being conducted in Terai area.

Thus, it is considered that water supply and sanitation improvement projects in the study target cities do not interfere the project conducted by UN-HABITAT. 2-5-5 Water AID

Water Aid is the NGO based in the United Kingdom and the main activity for the NGO is assistance of health and sanitation field. Currently, a project for the improvement of water supply service targeting NWSC in Rahan is implanted from 2017 to 2021 and technical assistance for reduction of NRW, 24-hour water supply and improvement of water quality is conducted. Provision of technical assistance is implemented by water service providers from the United Kingdom at free of cost.

Water AID considers the project outcome from Rahan project will be utilized for the improvement of NWSC in the future. Thus, it is recommended that grasping the detail contents of Water AID’s activity

32

including field survey and project coordination are needed in case of proposing the implementation of the technical assistance of NWSC. 2-5-6 Department for International Development (DFID)

DFID supports for poverty reduction. And it focuses on governance and safety, maternal and child health, climate change countermeasures and Gender related Development. DFID conducts Rural Water and Sanitation Program Phase V in Gurkha District from 2012 to 2020. The objectives of the project is to implement water supply in the village area and to install toilets in school and household. Thus, it is considered that water supply and sanitation improvement projects in the study target cities do not interfere the project conducted by DFID. 2-5-7 Government of Finland

As of 2019, Government of Finland does not conduct any assistance project for urban water supply and sanitation. However, the Government plans to assist a master plan formulation for water supply system focusing on improvement of water supply operation, sustainable water supply operation and improvement of water distribution network in Pokhara and Butwal. Since the Government of Nepal does not agree the project scheme (50% is provided by grant aid and the rest is by loan.), it has not been authorized yet. (The situation of the agreement was confirmed to MoWS and MoWS mentioned that it is not planned yet)

Since Government of Finland is still interested in the technical assistance in Pokhara and Butwal, it is recommended to share information with the Government in case of implementation of technical cooperation in these cities.

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Related Urban Infrastructure

33

Related Urban InfrastructureDevelopment Tendency

According to the transition to the federal system by the constitution in 2015 and the reform of the administrative system in Nepal, administrative areas of Local Governments of Pokhara, Birgunj,Janakpur, Butwal and Hetauda have expanded geographically. On the other hand, each city is not able to catch up the data collection for development condition in the expanded city areas as well as the current status of water supply and wastewater management systems.

The results of hearing survey for the development direction of the five cities are summarized in Table3-1. In addition, in Pokhara, Butwal and Heutada where NWSC / HWSMB and WUSC water supply businesses coexist, there is a demand for business integration to one organization, in order to have management efficiency improved.

Table 3-1 Development Direction in Targeted CityNo City Development Direction

1. Pokhara - Construction of the international airport has been started, and further increase of tourists is expected. Therefore, PMC will promote development in accordance with the tourist demand.

- Especially focus on development of water supply and sewerage 2. Birgunj - As the city is the closest to Kolkata, development will continue in the future,

focusing on logistics.- Construct a satellite city in the suburbs to disperse the population, as population

influx into urban areas is intense.- As there are many hand pump water supplies in the city area, BMC wants to spread

the modern cultured water supply to the citizens.3. Janakpur - Janakpur has a Hindu holy place, and it is a historical and religious city. Therefore,

there are many tourists.- It is expected that the number of tourists will increase as rehabilitation of the airport

is completed and larger aircraft can be used.- It is necessary to improve the water supply and sewerage to enhance the

convenience for tourists.4. Butwal - The development potential is quite high because of the touristic point of visiting the

Buddha's birthplace.- It is necessary to improve the water supply and sewerage to enhance the

convenience for tourists.5. Hetauda - The development potential is high because the access to Kathmandu is improved as

it is close to the Kathmandu-Terai Road under construction.- Therefore, municipality would like to improve the water supply and sewerage and

attract population and industry.Source Interview by JICA Study Team

Electricity ConditionWhen the facility construction related to the water supply / sewage treatment is carried out, the facility

requires a large volume of electricity power supply for operation. Information obtained at each branch of Nepal Electricity Authority (hereinafter called NEA) is shown in Table 3-2. As a result, sufficient electricity distribution capacity is available even if construction of water supply / sewage treatment facilities is newly implemented. However, dedicated distribution line may be necessary to feed the power to the facilities to be constructed.

34

Table 3-2 Power Distribution CapacityNo City Capacity Remarks

1. Kathmandu Valley It has a distribution capacity of 300MVA / 11 kV or more, and can cope with the demand of about 2 to 3 MW without any problems

Depending on the location of the WTP and WWTP, the existing distribution network may have a shortage of capacity. In that case, install a dedicated distribution line at the expense of the water and sewage company.

2. Pokhara The existing distribution capacity is 60 MVA / 11 kV. The existing demand for that is about 40 MVA / 11 kV. Therefore, there is no problem in the power supply to the WTP and the WWTP.

In order to distribute electricity to WTPs and WWTPs, a dedicated distribution line of 11 kV is required from the substation. This installation is borne by water and sewage companies. However, if the necessary cost is paid, construction by NEA is also possible. It is assumed that the distribution lines will be buried because the houses are so crowded that it is difficult to obtain permits for overhead lines.

3. Birgunj The existing distribution capacity is 100MVA / 11kV. Although it is difficult to immediately answer the existing demand, it can meet the demand for 1 MW and 2 MW without problems.

The distribution capacity of the 11 kV distribution line is 5 MW. If the capacity exceeds approximately 3 MW or if the distribution to new water and sewage facilities exceeds 5 MW, install a new distribution line.

4. Janakpur The existing distribution capacity is 32MVA / 11kV, but the demand reaches 35MVA at the peak of summer, so the power shortage is at present. However, there will be no problem in the power supply to the WTP and WWTP planned from now on because a substation facility to increase the capacity of 8 MVA will be completed in six months.

Depending on the location of WTPs and WWTPs, it is necessary to install new distribution lines. In particular, when constructing facilities in the suburbs, the need for distribution work is high. If the user pays for the cost for the retraction, the NEA will carry out the construction work.

5. Butwal The existing distribution capacity is 56MVA / 11kV. The existing demand for that is about 40 MVA / 11 kV. Therefore, there is no problem in the power supply to the WTP and the WWTP.

In order to distribute electricity to WTPs and WWTPs, a dedicated distribution line of 11 kV is required from the substation. This installation is borne by water and sewage companies. However, if the necessary cost is paid, construction by NEA is also possible. Housing is complicated and it is difficult to obtain route permission for overhead lines, but if possible, overhead lines are good.

6. Hetauda There is a 10MVA / 11kV distribution capacity. The existing demand is about 50% of it, and it can cope with the demand of about 1 MW or 2 MW without any problem.

Depending on the location of the WTP and the WWTP, it is necessary to have new distribution lines. The cost can be implemented at NEA if paid. For the water and sewerage business, it should be stable to draw a dedicated line.

Source Interview by NEA

Tendency of water borne diseaseThe frequency of the occurrence of mosquito-borne malaria and dengue fever as well as cholera and

dysentery due to the water quality in the target area is summarized below. The outbreak of cholera was reported all over the country in the Nepal. As for Dengue, there is a possibility of occurrence near Indianborder including Butwal and Birgunj.

3-3-1 DysenteryDysentery has not been confirmed in data from 2009 onwards.

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3-3-2 Cholera The annual transition based on the Government statistical data is shown in Table 3-3 below. Regarding

the increase in the number of affected persons in 2016/2017, many patients are reported at 344 persons. The reason is reported it was due to the health and sanitation facilities damaged by the Nepal Earthquake in 2015, especially the deterioration of the sanitation environment regarding water.

Table 3-3 transition of the numbers for Cholera

Year 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017

Patient

Numbers 3 77 6 33 9 21 78 344

Death 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

Source：Study team extracted from Nepal's Ministry of Health statistical data

3-3-3 Malaria

For malaria, the Ministry of Health has formulated and implemented a strategic plan for disease eradication with a goal of 10 years for 2014-2025. The following measures have been taken in high-risk areas.

- Enhance information sharing - Strengthen measures against places with high probability of malaria - Quality improvement of primary medical care of malaria - Development of support system for malaria and regulations. Political leadership and community

eradication of malaria - Strengthening technology and management capabilities for malaria eradication

According to the Ministry of Health, as the result of the mentioned measures, malaria incidence as of 2016 decreased to 54% compared with that of 2012, and the mortality from malaria has not been confirmed in the record.

3-3-4 Dengue

Dengue fever is reported mainly in the region of the Indian border. Since 2006, the US Army Infectious Disease Prevention Unit has collaborated with the Ministry of Health's epidemiological infection prevention department to target dengue fever morbidity and mortality. However, 687 cases were identified in FY 2016-2017. As a risky region of dengue, Chitwan in Province 2 is commonly recognized and the Indian border area is generally recognized as a high risk zone for dengue. In the study area, Butwal City Health Office confirmed that over 50 people affected by dengue fever in 2018.

Chapter 4

Current Condition and Issues in Water Supply

37

Chapter 4 Current Condition and Issues in Water Supply Operational Organization for Water Supply Management

KUKL works in Kathmandu Valley, NWSC works in Pokhara, Birgunj, Janakpur and Butwal and HWSMB works in Hetauda as basic service providers for water supply in the target cities. Basic information and financial conditions of these three organizations are described below.

Staff number of main service provider Table 4-1 shows the current status of the number of staff members in the basic service providers. Over

800 staffs are working and the number of workers per 1,000 connections is 4.14 persons in KUKL. NWSC also has 568 people and the number of workers per 1,000 connections is 4.36 persons. HWSMB works only in Hetauda and the staff number is as small as 50 people and the number of workers per 1,000 connections is 2.99 persons. As mentioned in the below table, KUKL and NWSC have not enough satisfied the planned number of employee and worked to increase the staff number. Table 4-1 also shows the comparison with current number of staff and reference staff number for water supply service (5 persons per 1,000 connections) based on “Handbook for capacity assessment of urban water supply sector and water service public utility in developing countries (Year 2010), JICA”. As the result, it indicates that the staff number of basic service providers tends to be insufficient except NWSC Janakpur Branch. Details of the number of staff, organization and financial conditions of each basic service provider are mentioned in the next clauses.

Table 4-1 Current status of the number of staff in basic service providers

Source：staff number is based on provided data from each provider, Expected staff required number is calculated by JICA Study Team

The reasons for the shortage of staff number are summarized as follows. - Reducing the total number due to the retirement by age. - Difficulties to secure the budget for recruiting new employees - Leaving the engineering human resources to work in other countries

City

Current number

of Staff

Planned staff number Reference tentative staff number base on Handbook for capacity assessment

Planned staff number

Fulfilling status

Number of water connection

Number of expected

necessary staff (5/1,000

connection)

Fulfilling status

Kathmandu Valley (KUKL) 883 1,524 -641 212,954 1,065 -182

NWSC total 568 921 -356 129,491 647 -79

NWSC Pokhara Branch 75 159 -84 39,144 196 -121

NWSC Birgunj Branch 28 53 -25 7,244 36 -8

NWSC Janakpur Branch 29 26 +3 3,432 17 +12

NWSC Butwal Branch 66 100 -34 15,269 76 -10

Hetauda（HWSMB） 50 - - 16,700 84 -34

38

Basic service providers in the target cities conducts facility management by mainly elder engineers, and knowledge and instructions have been handled down orally so that there are few manuals and SOPs. The knowledge management is not being systematized. While the total number of engineers decreases due to the retirement of aged engineers, the capacity development of young engineers has not progressed because technical knowledge, experience and skills are kept by elder engineer. Thus, it causes problems for sustainable O&M management.

KUKL Organization and staff number The current number of staff in KUKL is 883 people even the organization needs more than 1,500 staff

members. Figure 4-1 shows KUKL Organogram and Table 4-2 shows the number of staff in KUKL. The current number of the staff is smaller than the planned number of the staff and this situation is also seen in NWSC. There is a shortage of staff such as assistant manager class and junior assistant class by the skill level of organization.

For operating the Melamchi WTP after completion of the construction work, new employee recruitment was started in 2018, and 89 new employees were hired in 2018. The planned number of employees will be hired by 2021. In addition, KUKL plans to adopt the ICT system for water tariff collection in 2019, tackles to reduce the work volume by the ICT system and outsourcing the work. Therefore, the issues on the shortage of work force will be improved.

Source: KUKL

Figure 4-1 KUKL Organogram

39

Table 4-2 Number of staff in KUKL Level Job Title Type Approved Presently fulfilled The number of shortage

GM/CEO 1 -

11 Deputy CEO Technical 2 1 1

Nontechnical 1 1

10 Manager Technical 7 2 5

Nontechnical 3 2 1

9 Deputy Manager Technical 13 8 5

Nontechnical 6 3 3

8 Asst. Manager Technical 156 3 153

Nontechnical 7 6 1

7 Officer Technical 45 30 15

Nontechnical 20 14 6

6 Asst. Officer Technical 29 16 13


5 Sr. Assistant Technical 92 65 27


4 Assistant Technical 89 69 20


3 Jr. Assistant Technical 207 121 86


2 Helper Technical 21 13 8

Nontechnical 0

1 Daily worker Technical 239 98 141

Nontechnical 154 98 56 Total 1,524 883 641

Source: KUKL annual report

Financial Status The financial status of KUKL (2015-2018) is shown in Table 4-3. Although the water tariff collection

ratio was over 90% and the total revenue in KUKL was also increased in the last 3 years, it has been deficits since 2016 to 2017 because of the increase of salary for staff in KUKL and it includes the salary for new staff who will operate the Melamchi WTP. KUKL considers that the profits will be improved by the following measures - Improvement of NRW ratio by developing the water distribution system including the Melamchi

water supply project. - Improvement of water tariff collection ratio by introducing incentives for water meter reader and

water tariff collector.

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Table 4-3 Financial Status KUKL (Unit : NPR) Item 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18

Income

Revenue Collection 658,247,830.83 755,088,367.95 752,970,687.58

(Billing) (739,181,179.09) (755,765,400.09) (799,381,982.91)

Other Income 79,215,847.33 125,772,826.37 148,169,039.81

Billing Collection Ratio 0.89 1.00 0.94

Expense

Salary 395,370,710.27 571,001,543.69 548,733,980.86

Administration Cost 45,935,266.83 79,301,042.78 72,620,002.31

Fuel & Electricity 86,080,398.61 105,264,029.62 118,300,857.22

Water Quality 15,858,059.71 13,185,714.03 17,528,834.47

O & M 93,636,956.91 107,951,998.17 74,370,584.33

Lease/ Depreciation 178,165,179.50 183,492,055.97 188,022,010.87

Total Income 818,397,026.42 880,861,194.32 901,139,727.39

Total Expenditure 815,046,571.83 1,060,196,384.26 1,019,576,270.06

Profit 3,350,454.59 -179,335,189.94 -118,436,542.67

Source: KUKL

Water and Sewage Tariff Table 4-4 shows the water and sewage tariff in KUKL. Although the water tariff is basically on a

metered basis, however a flat rate charge is adopted for non-metered customers. The sewerage tariff set at 50% of the water tariff, and is charged only for customers in sewerage connection.

Table 4-4 KUKL Water Tariff

No.

Size of

connection

(inch)

For Minimum

Consumption

（Liters）

Tariff rate for Metered Connection Non Metered

Minimum tariff (NPR)

Tariff rate consumed

volume above

minimum (NPR)

Monthly Fixed Water

Tariff (NPR)

1 1/2” 10,000 100 32 785

2 3/4” 27,000 1,910 71 4,595

3 1” 56,000 3,960 71 9,540

4 1 1/2” 155,000 10,950 71 26,280

5 2 320,000 22,600 71 54,255

6 3 881,000 62,240 71 149,415

7 4 1,810,000 127,865 71 306,880

Sewerage Connection 50% of water supply tariff

Source：KUKL annual report

KUKL conducts the water delivery service by water truck is conducted. Table 4-5 shows the water

tariff from the water supply truck.

41

Table 4-5 Water Tariff from water supply truck

Quantity of water (Liters) Rate (NPR)

5,000 1,995

6,000 2,300

8,000 2,860

9,000 3,155

10,000 3,435

Payment at Delivery Place Extra charge of 10%

Source: KUKL annual report

NWSC

Organization and members NWSC operates water supply service in 22 cities throughout the Nepal as shown in Table 4-6 and

headquarter located in Kathmandu. Figure 4-2 shows an organization chart of the NWSC headquarter. The headquarter conducts not only general administration and financial management but also technical guidance for the management of facility design, construction supervision, outsourcing of material procurement and the technical guidance of O&M work.

NWSC operates water supply service with 568 people in total as shown in Table 4-7, but planned number of staff is 921 people and the gap between actual and planned numbers of staff is 356 people in NWSC. Thus, employment procedures are ongoing. 50 candidates for a new employee who has finished the oral examination in August 2019 has been in the process of employment and the process will be completed in 2019. Furthermore, there is a plan to recruit another 150 people, and the written test has been completed. Simultaneously, the number of staff at level 1, 2, and 3 who are main roles in on-site work is greatly lacking and NWSC is proceeding the plan for hiring 132 new employees of this level as a contract based staff at 2019. The staff number increase by 322 people after the completion of the new recruiting plan and planned staff number fulfilling ratio will be 97%.

Newly hired staff are planned to dispatch to Pokhara Branch, Butwal Branch, Birgunj Branch and Biratnagar Branch where JICA plans to formulate a grant aid project.

There is a shortage of engineers who are able to establish the facility construction plan and design water distribution network, reservoir and overhead tank. Therefore, a required plan and design work are contracted out to consultants. NWSC conducts the tender for the construction work to the contractor by using the tender document prepared by the consultants. As the result, the main tasks for NWSC in the water supply project are supervision of the plan / design, implementation of the tender for the construction work and construction supervision. Design standards for NWSC and NWSC’s standard drawing are not confirmed during the study. Therefore, there is a concern that the ability of verification for the outsourced survey report and specifications for the construction work is insufficient.

42

Source: NWSC

Figure 4-2 NWSC Head Quarter Organogram

Table 4-6 NWSC Branch list No City No City No City

1 Bhadrapur 9 Malangawa 17 Taulihawa

2 Biratnagar 10 Gaur 18 Krishnanagar

3 Dharan 11 Kalaiya 19 Nepalganj

4 Rajbiraj 12 Birgunj 20 Dhangadhi

5 Lahan 13 Pokhara 21 Mahendranaga

6 Janakpur 14 Hemja 22 Banepa and Panauti

7 Jaleshwor 15 Butwal

8 Gaushala 16 Bhirahawa

Source: NWSC

Table 4-7 NWSC number of staffs

No. Offices Approved Post Presently Working

Difference Permanent Contract Sub-total

1 Head office 43 24 13 37 6 2 Bhadrapur 23 8 13 21 2 3 Biratnagar 67 18 22 40 27 4 Dharan 99 27 26 53 46 5 Rajbiraj 20 9 8 17 3 6 Lahan 20 8 2 10 10 7 Janakpur 26 24 5 29 -3 8 Jaleshwor 15 6 1 7 8 9 Gaushala 10 1 1 9

Board Members

General Manager (1)

Deputy General Manager Level 11 (1)Junior Assistant Level 3 (1)

General Manager SectionAssistant Manager Level 8 (1)Computer Operator Level 4 (1)

Office Assistant (1)

Deputy General Manager Level 11 (1)Junior Assistant Level 3 (1)

Engineering DivisionManager Level 10 (1)

Assistant Manager Level 8 (1)Mechanical Engineer Level 7 1

I.T. SectionComputer Engineer Level 7 (1)

Total Section & Project Offices

Project & Design SectionDeputy Manager Level 9 (1)

Technical Evaluation &Monitoring Section

Assistant Manager Level 8 (1)

Corporate Service DivisionManager Level 10 (1)

Assistant Administration Level 4 (1)

Financial DivisionManager Level 10 (1)

Assistant Accountant Level 4 (1)

Budget & Fund SectionAccount Officer Level 7 (1)

Central Account SectionDeputy Manager Level 9 (1)

Income Monitoring Section &Administration Expense SectionAssistant Manager Level 8 (1)

Junior Assistant Level 3 (1)

Legal/Finance/Technical & Administration & Other

Advisor (1)

Public Relation Information &General Administration SectionAssistant Manager Level 8 (1)Assistant Officer Level 7 (1)

Light Driver Level 3 (7)

Legal Asset SectionLegal Officer Level 7 (2)

Assistant Legal Officer Level 6 (1)

Staff Administration SectionDeputy Manager Level 9 (1)

Procurement & Store SectionAssistant Manager Level 8 (1)

Branch Officer Level 7 (1)

Computer Operator Level 4 (1)Office Assistant (4)

Internal Audit DivisionDeputy Manager Level 9 (1)

43

No. Offices Approved Post Presently Working

Difference Permanent Contract Sub-total

10 Malangawa 16 7 7 14 2 11 Gaur 18 7 5 12 6 12 Kalaiya 18 6 6 12 6 13 Birgunj 53 16 12 28 25 14 Pokhara 159 33 42 75 84 15 Hemja 11 3 2 5 6 16 Butwal 100 28 38 66 34 17 Bhirahawa 32 12 10 22 10 18 Taulihawa 21 4 5 9 12 19 Krishnanagar 17 9 6 15 2 20 Nepalganj 36 7 16 23 13 21 Dhangadhi 37 7 11 18 19 22 Mahendranaga 21 7 9 16 5 23 Banepa and Panauti 41 6 23 29 12 24 Mineral water Project 18 1 5 6 12

Total 921 277 288 565 356

Source: NWSC

Financial Status 1) NWSC Head Quarter

Water tariff collection amount at each branch are compiled as NWSC total income and Figure 4-3 shows the budget flow in NWSC. Thereafter, the fund is allocated to each branch. The budget for each branch will be prepared based on the results of the collected amount in the previous year for each branch, and the budget plan will be submitted to the NWSC headquarter from May to June every year. The budget proposals are checked by headquarter and is approved in July. If additional budget is required, an additional budget request will be submitted as a report to the NWSC headquarter from the branch office on a monthly basis and it will discuss and be approved by a Budget Committee.


Figure 4-3 Budget flow in NWSC

In terms of total income and expenditure of NWSC, water tariff is increasing continuously as shown in Table 4-8. However, the capital investment financed by the loan is implemented and the burden of interest and depreciation are also increased. Consequently, annual net income is the deficit

44

and cumulative deficits are accumulating. Therefore, NWSC has been preparing the business plan including the efficiency and water tariff revision proposals.

Table 4-8 Financial Statement of NWSC Head Quarter (Unit: NPR)

Item 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018

Income


Other 65,803,307.01 72,842,842.73 94,512,541.96

Sub Total 562,663,391.56 614,448,983.82 675,852,798.14

Expenditure

Production 138,551,644.28 164,335,102.61 182,762,855.09

Distribution 62,700,876.25 67,738,526.04 76,573,930.68

Water Quality 2,973,065.51 3,371,043.55 3,747,042.90 Consumer’s Account 52,800,092.67 62,457,861.19 62,560,131.47

Administration Expense 105,697,787.49 133,365,335.64 137,464,896.63

Stock and Sales Expenditure 8,350,854.97 5,010,170.40 2,860,125.04

Provision for B/D 6,313,920.03 5,293,694.49 5,079,727.64

Provision for Gratuity Fund 41,789,087.84 188,022,288.78 18,155,957.30

Provision for Life Insurance Fund

1,173,965.80 557,690.12 205,251.71

Sub Total 420,351,294.84 630,151,712.82 489,409,918.46

Deficit 142,312,096.72 -15,702,729.00 186,442,879.68

Interest Payable -96,553,263.20 -117,508,676.35 -184,928,859.91

Depreciation -58,057,715.64 -58,624,647.71 -65,074,388.29

Depreciation Transferred from Capital Reserved 1,949,044.79 1,949,044.79 1,949,044.79

Total Net Profit (Loss) -10,349,837.33 -189,887,008.27 -61,611,323.73

Last Year's Adjustment 101,346.08 -47,421.30 -4,574,746.11

Accumulative Loss -993,835,255.98 -1,004,083,747.23 -1,194,018,176.80

Accumulative Loss Carried to B/S -1,004,083,747.23 -1,194,018,176.80 -1,260,204,246.64

Source：NWSC

The project budget for the grant aid from development partners is loaned from the Federal Government to the executing agency in Nepal. The construction cost for the Pokhara water supply improvement project implemented by Japan’s Grant Aid is also the same and it is scheduled to reimburse in 30 years. This reimbursement started from 2019 and there is a possibility that the balance gets worse in the future. Annual net income is deficit. However, it responds to defer payments to the government, and the payment for labor cost and daily maintenance cost are paid based on water tariff revenue.

Table 4-9 shows the Balance sheet of NWSC (2018/2019) and this indicates that the ability for short-term payments is enough because current rate (current assets / current debts) is as high as about

45

195% and cash rate (cash deposits / current debts) is high as about 146%. However, the capital adequacy rate is as small as about 12% and the system depends on debt from the government. This means that financial situation is quite severe to develop large-scale facility.

Table 4-9 Balance sheet of NWSC（2018/2019）

Assets (NPR) Debts (NPR)

Current assets Current liabilities 1,860,747,593.98

Advance tax payment 7,908,413.24 Long-term loans 5,057,005,516.00

Account receivables 580,870,787.40

Deposits 150,690,830.09 Net assets

Life insurance fund 15,322,896.67 Capital funds 846,528,186.40

Inventory asset stock 149,708,690.33 Capital reserve fund 95,595,569.50

Cash balance 2,718,007,403.96

Transfer 1,260,205,246.64

Net fixed assets 2,369,365,964.12

Progress assets 607,796,633.43

Total 7,859,876,865.88 Total 7,859,876,865.88

Source：NWSC Annual Report 2075

2) Organization of each NWSC branch

Each branch in NWSC (Pokhara, Birgunj, Janakpur, Butwal) is operated by almost the same organizational structure. The main component in the structure is composed of technical, account and administration groups. Figure 4-4 shows an NWSC Organogram (Pokhara Branch) as an example. The technical group mainly manages O&M of facilities including water leakage repair, and the account group mainly manages meter reading and tariff collection, and the administration group mainly manages office work and reporting to the NWSC headquarter.

The number of staff per 1,000 connections in Pokhara Branch has only 1.9 persons. There is a shortage of level 3 staff, which is especially plumbers in water distribution section, and as the result, it causes the delay for the water leakage repair. In addition, O&M staff for the new WTP which is under construction are required, and personnel recruitment is needed urgently. On the other hand, revenue section (Customer service and meter reading) has enough staff numbers so that issuing invoice does not have a problem.

The number of staff per 1,000 connections in Birgunj Branch and Butwal Branch has about 4 persons and it is considered to be an average number of staff in NWSC. Daily work is not conducted properly due to the lack of Standard Operational Procedures (hereinafter called SOP) for technical skill transfer between staff. Staff education including establishing SOP is an issue for O&M in the branch.

Current number of staff in Janakpur Branch exceeds the planned number of staff and the number of staff per 1,000 connections surpasses 8 persons. Therefore, the efficiency for the number of staff

46

is not good. This is caused by the small scale of the water service population and water supply amount. Improvement of the efficiency gathered with the increase of the size of the water supply service is an issue in the branch.

Source: NWSC

Figure 4-4 NWSC Organogram (Pokhara Branch)

3) Financial Status of each NWSC branch Following tables shows the financial status of Pokhara, Birgunj, Janakpur and Butwal branches.

The income shown in the Table 4-10 means the collected tariff and gathered in the NWSC headquarter. The budget of branch is allocated by headquarter. Therefore, the income of the branch is not equal to the operating cost of the branch.

Although the financial data in each branch are partly managed by excel spreadsheet, it is not an integrated system for the entire NWSC. As for water tariff collection data, remittance to NWSC headquarter in lump sum payment and there is no system for managing the revenue data by each branch.

There is a large gap in the balance among NWSC branches. The balance at each branch is largely influenced by the merit of scale in water service. The operation of small branches with small sized water supply system such as Birgunj and Janakpur is inefficient and the O&M cost exceeds the income from water tariff. Therefore, improvement of the balance has to be conducted by the expansion of the water supply service in small branches. The balance of payment conditions in each branch is described below.

Table 4-10 Comparison of business condition in NWSC branch（2018/2019、Unit：NPR）

No. Item Pokhara Birgunj Janakpur Butwal

① Tariff Income (NPR) 255,313,239.25 21,465,013.27 6,148,524.33 76,695,097.00

② Expenses (NPR) 120,254,582.40 38,395,083.05 27,882,855.00 68,802,721.00

③=①-② Balance of payments (NPR) 135,058,656.85 -16,930,069.78 -21,734,330.67 7,892,376.00

④ Connected customer number 34,630 7,199 3,389 15,166

⑤=①/④ Income per connected customer (NPR)

7,373 2,982 1,814 5,057

Assistant Manager

Technical BranchTechnical Officer -1

Account SectionAccounting Acting Officer

Administration SectionAssistant Officer-1

Assistant-1

Revenue SectionAssistant-5

Pump Operation-1Pump OP Assistant-1

Meter Eeading-1

Production SectionStaff-13

Distribution SectionJunior Engineer-1

Supervisor-1Meter Mechanics-1Pump Operation-1Assisant Account-1Senir Pulummer-1Junior Pulummer-1

Staff-6

Quolity Branch

State BranchSenior Assistant-2JUnior Assistant-1

Procurement Branch

47

No. Item Pokhara Birgunj Janakpur Butwal

⑥=②/④ Expenses per connected customer (NPR)

3,473 5,333 8,227 4,537

⑦ Average water supply amount (m3/day）

44,890 7,800 2,570 20,500

⑧=⑦x365 Average water supply amount (m3/year）

16,384,850 2,847,000 938,050 7,482,500

⑨=①/⑧ Income per water supply amount (NPR/m3)

16 8 7 10

⑩=②/⑧ Expenses per water supply amount (NPR/m3)

7 13 30 9

⑪ Staff number 75 28 29 66

⑫=⑪/⑦ Staff number per water supply amount

(Man-day/1000m3)

1.67 3.59 11.28 3.22

⑬=⑦/⑪ Water supply amount per staff number (m3/ Man-day)

599 279 89 311

⑭=①/⑪ Income per staff number (NPR/ Man-year)

3,404,177 766,608 212,018 1,162,047

⑮=②/⑪ Expenses per staff number (NPR/ Man-year)

1,603,394 1,371,253 961,478 1,042,465

Source：NWSC

Tariff collection rate in Pokhara Branch sometimes exceeds 1.0 because of the collection from

account receivable in the previous years. NWSC gives the incentive to employees who collect water tariff for enhancing the collection of accounts receivable since 2016, and this contributes to the improvement of the water tariff collection rate. Water supply amount in Pokhara Branch is stable compared with other NWSC Branch, the customer satisfaction is higher in the branch, and NWSC Pokhara branch considers that it connects that the willing to pay is high.

Table 4-11 Financial Statement of Pokhara Branch

Item 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18

Income

Revenue Collection (Billing)

179,210,120.02 219,432,326.79 255,313,239.25

(194,099,648.40) (211,258,931.53) (234,578,550.88)

Revenue Collection Ratio 0.92 1.04 1.09

Expenditure

Salary 26,208,565.00 30,201,127.00 29,590,679.40



Water Quality 60,570.00 124,917.00 141,646.00

O & M 10,260,657.00 10,841,501.00 12,410,706.00

Investment/Depreciation 42,809,551.00 65,275,533.00 65,275,533.00

Total Expenditure 88,411,135.00 118,908,937.00 120,254,582.40

Total Profit 90,798,985.02 100,523,389.79 135,058,656.85

Source: NWSC

The water tariff collection rate is lower in Birgunj Branch, and investment/Depreciation cost for

48

new construction of the overhead tank was increased in 2017 and 2018. Therefore, the balance in 2017 and 2018 became worse.

Table 4-12 Financial Statement of Birgunj Branch

Item 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18

Income Revenue Collection

(Billing) 16,923,600.09 23,462,006.76 21,465,013.27

(24,332,204.16) (28,045,754.17) (29,918,615.00)


Expenditure

Salary 10,672,573.66 11,349,990.81 11,489,428.37



Water Quality - - -

O & M 5,081,061.11 4,469,799.90 4,337,897.68



Total Profit -9,787,505.02 -4,527,418.74 -16,930,069.78

Source: NWSC

In Janakpur Branch, investment / depreciation cost increased in 2017 and 2018 because the

construction plan of new wells and a new overhead tank was started. Moreover, the water tariff collection rate is the lowest among the target branches, and the deficit is also the highest among the target branches.

The branch analyzes that low water tariff ratio is caused by ①there is no choice to conduct temporal water supply in the service area and ②the customer’s willingness to pay is very low.

Table 4-13 Financial Statement of Janakpur Branch

Item 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18

Income


(Billing) (8,898,655.72) (9,949,996.30) (8,934,805.05)


Expenditure

Salary 8,135,860.00 9,494,140.00 9,621,082.00



Water Quality 15,000.00 22,223.00 20,135.00

O & M 1,594,000.00 2,027,309.00 2,300,713.00

49

Item 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18



Total Profit -13,148,868.29 -14,478,046.90 -21,734,330.67

Source: NWSC

The number of customers in Butwal Branch is relatively large among the target branches and the

balance for the last two years is surplus.

Table 4-14 Financial Statement of Butwal Branch Item 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18

Income


(Billing) (65,997,236.71) (71,467,102.49) (77,527,598.85)


Expenditure

salary 16,255,000.00 19,699,000.00 19,287,000.00



Water Quality - - -

O & M 6,236,000.00 6,540,000.00 6,185,000.00



Total Profit -12,340,455.49 1,533,780.59 7,892,376.00

Source: NWSC

Water Tariff NWSC adopts the same water tariff for all branches. Table 4-15 shows the water tariff. The revision

of the schedule needs approval by the government, it takes time for examining the document. Therefore, it is difficult to conduct the revision of the schedule frequently. Since the water tariff schedule is not set by considering the condition/situation of each branch such as water source, necessary electricity power cost and overhead cost, the tariff schedule system does not match to water supply cost in each branch.

Water tariff is charged by the water usage amount measured by water meter, but 20% of water meters are damaged or defect according to the interview survey. Only basic charges are collected from customers with a damaged water meter, and customers with no water meter pay a fixed price. These are obstacles to improve the water conservation awareness for customer, there is a risk that the actual water usage amount exceeds design water demand, and it becomes the concern for reducing the income in NWSC branch.

The water tariff schedule includes sewerage tariff but sewerage tariff is not charged because NWSC does not commence the sewerage service.

50

Table 4-15 NWSC Water Tariff

No.

Size of

connection

(inch)

For Minimum

Consumption

（Liters）

Metered Tariff Non Metered

Minimum tariff

(NPR)

Tariff rate consumed

volume above

minimum

（NPR）

Fixed Monthly Water

Tariff

（NPR）

1 1/2” 10,000 110 25 200

2 3/4” 27,000 1,490 40 1,600

3 1” 56,000 3,420 40 2,700

4 1 1/2” 155,000 9,600 40 6,500

5 2 320,000 21,600 40 12,000

6 3 881,000 49,500 40 33,000

7 4 1,810,000 97,200 40 62,000

Sewerage water 50% of water tariff

Source: NWSC

HWSMB

ADB requested that Hetauda water supply organization should be independent from NWSC for conducting water supply and sewage improvement project of ADB, and HWSMB became independent from NWSC as WSMB in May 2013. HWSMB listed some differences before and after independence from NWSC as follows. 1) The decision-making process has been simplified 2) Access to the support from HsMC has been easier 3) All collected water tariff is able to be used for O&M cost (the allocated budget by NWSC

headquarter was lower than the collected water tariff before the independence). 4) Water supply service is improved and the number of complaints from customers is reduced from

approximately 600 times / year to 150 times / year. The condition of operating management in water source and size of water supply scale is similar to

NWSC Butwal. Table 4-16 shows the comparison with HWSMB and NWSC Butwal branch (2018/2019). In terms of total balance of payment, it is assumed that HWSMB is more efficient for water supply management because it has higher surplus due to less water supply amount and less water tariff income. This difference is mainly caused by NRW amount. In addition, HWSMB has less number of staff than NWSC Butwal branch.

HWSMB has 50 people and it is equivalent to 3 persons per 1,000 connection while NWSC Butwal branch has 66 people and it is equivalent to 4.35 persons per 1,000 connection. It indicates that HWSMB has effective personnel system. On the other hand, total salary cost in NWSC Butwal branch and HWSMB are in a same level at NPR 19 million/year to NPR 20 million/year and it shows that HWSMB with fewer staff spends more labor costs compared with NWSC Butwal Branch. It concludes HWSMB

51

may operate with a small number of high-skilled staff with higher labor cost. O&M management conditions mentioned in clause 4-3 has high similarities but HWSMB has

advantage in terms of ①Estimated NRW rate is low, ② Introducing original measures such as incentives for connected customer such as tariff payment, ③Daily water quality management system.

Table 4-16 Comparison with HWSMB and NWSC Butwal branch（2018/2019） No. Item HWSMB NWSC

Butwal

① Water tariff Income (NPR) 66,288,021.00 76,695,097.00

② Water tariff collecting rate 99% 99%

② Expenses (NPR) 49,968,600.00 68,802,721.00

③ =①-③ Balance of payment (NPR) 16,319,421.00 7,892,376.00

⑤ Connected customer number 16,678 15,166

⑥ Estimated water supply population 80,000 75,000

⑦=①/⑤ Income per connected customer (NPR) 3,975 5,057

⑧=③/⑤ Expenses per connected customer (NPR) 2,996 4,537

⑨ Daily average water supply amount (m3/day） 13,500 20,500

⑩=⑨x365 Annual average water supply amount (m3/year） 4,927,500 7,482,500

⑪=⑨/⑥ Daily Average water supply per capita (LCD) 169 273

⑫ Estimated NRW rate 23% 30%

⑬=⑨x(1-⑫) Average water consumption (m3/day） 10,395 14,350

⑭=⑬x365 Average water consumption (m3/year） 3,794,175 5,237,750

⑮=⑬/⑥ Estimated average daily supply per person (LCD) 130 191

⑯=①/⑩ Income per water supply amount (NPR/m3) 13 10

⑰=③/⑩ Expenses per water supply amount (NPR/m3) 10 9

⑱=①/⑭ Income per water consumption (NPR/m3) 17 15

⑲=③/⑭ Expenses per water consumption (NPR/m3) 13 13

⑳ Number of staff 50 66

㉑=⑳/⑬ Personnel number per water supply amount (Man-

day/1000m3)

3.70 3.22

㉒=⑳/(⑤/1000) Personnel number per 1,000 connection (Man

/1000 connection)

3.00 4.35

㉓=⑬/⑳ Water supply amount per personnel number

(m3/Man-day)

270 311

㉔=①/⑳ Income per personnel number (NPR/Man-year) 1,325,760 1,162,047

㉕=③/⑳ Expenses per personnel number (NPR/Man-year) 999,372 1,042,465

Source：HWSMB and NWSC

52

Organization Figure 4-5 shows HWSMB Organogram. HWSMB board members are comprised of the mayor, the

chief of water supply and sanitation department, President of District Chamber of Commerce, NGO Federation, a person selected by users, a water supply expert, Executive Director. Executive Director has a right for new recruitment. At present, HsMC provides subsidy to HWSMB in case of emergency, even though there is no basic support from the Federal Government.

There are five permanent employees including the Executive Director (Executive Director, Human Resource manager, two engineers, and one warehouse number) in HWSMB, other employees are contract-based. 50 people of the present employee has decreased by 15% from 60 people before the independence from NWSC and decreasing the number of employees responds to work efficiency and work volume reduction. However, engineering work such as survey work and design work needs to be outsourced.

Source: HWSMB

Figure 4-5 HWSMB Organogram

Financial Status The financial condition in HWMSB is relatively good. Profit is increased after the independence from

NWSC since all the income is able to be utilized for O&M, water tariff is revised, water meters are installed, equipment is renewed, and then total number of connections are increased from 8,000 to 17,000. Furthermore, HWMSB estimates that NRW ratio is also reduced from 45% to about 23% in HWSMB. Although previous financial data before the independence from NWSC was discarded and it is difficult to compare with the current situation, the balance was increased significantly in 2016 and 2017 and it is estimated the increase of the customer gives a positive effect

Since there is accounts receivable collection in the previous year and the water tariff collection ratio records over 1.0 same as Pokhara.

Hetauda Water Supply Management Board

Committee & Sub Committee

Administration & Finance Section Planning & Technical Section

Administration & Property sub section Accountant & Revenue sub section

Production & Distribution sub section

Water testing unit

Executive Director

53

Table 4-17 Financial Statement of HWSMB (Unit: NPR) Item 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18

Income


(Billing) (35,746,565.00) (60,352,289.00) (67,125,618.00)


Expenditure

Salary 12,317,000.00 16,277,100.00 19,651,200.00



Water Quality 63,000.00 64,700.00 69,500.00

O & M 2,963,100.00 1,686,200.00 2,934,100.00



Total Profit 6,503,984.00 24,258,574.00 16,319,421.00

Source: HWSMB

Water Tariff Table 4-18 shows the water tariff table in HWSMB. HWSMB provides the incentives to the customer

for water tariff payment such as a 3% discount for payment within 15 days after billing and a 5% discount for prepaid payment so that the water tariff collection rate is high. In addition, the online payment system has been adopted to simplify the customer payment process.

Table 4-18 Water Tariff HWMB Meter Water Tap (Metered rate )

No Connection Diameter (inches) Basic charge for basic

water usage amount (liters)

Basic charge

(NPR)

Additional charge per 1,000

liter (NPR)

1 1/2" 10,000 85 25

2 3/4" 27,000 1500 40

3 1" 56,000 2020 40

4 1.5" 155,000 10,230 40

No water meter tap (flat rate)

No Connection Diameter (inches) Monthly basic charge

(NPR) Monthly additional charge per 1 connection (NPR)

1 1/2" 85 25

2 3/4" 1,500 40

3 1" 2,020 40

4 1.5" 10,230 40

5 1/2” Temporary tap 1,500 500

6 Construction work 1,500 -

Source: HWSMB

54

Condition of Water Supply Management by Basic Service Provider Table 4-20 shows a summary of water supply data on target cities, which compiles KUKL annual

report, water supply amount data from NWSC headquarter and HWSMB. The following are findings from the summary. Table 4-21 shows the benchmarking on target cities based on information from the basic service providers.

There are in total of 258 WUSCs in four cities other than Birgunj and Janakpur, and each WUSC conducts small sized water supply and the size of each WUSC is from hundreds to 20 thousand of service population. Table 4-19 shows the number of WUSCs and estimated water supply capacity. List of WUSC is attached in Appendix-6.

Table 4-19 Number and customers of WUSCs City Number of WUSCs Service population Estimated water supply capacity (m3/d)

Kathmandu Valley 147 511,243 25,562

Pokhara 83 196,453 9,823

Butwal 17 74,409 3,720

Hetauda 11 39,386 1,969

Total 258 821,491 41,074

Note: Service population shown on the table is design basis. Water supply capacity is estimated as 50 LCD. Source: DWSSM data and summarized by JICA Study Team

Estimated water supply capacity of WUSC is approximately from 14% to 21% of basic service providers’ water supply capacity. Then, it is not appropriate to estimate water supply conditions based on information only given by the basic service providers. Therefore, Table 4-22 summarizes water supply conditions taking into consideration WUSC’s estimated water supply. The following are findings from the summary.

- Daily average water supply amount per capita in Kathmandu Valley against water supply

population is 56 LCD, which secures the basic level class of water supply service. However, this value is smaller than expected one for urban areas. As mentioned below, the Melamchi water supply project is ongoing and a large improvement is expected after completion of the project.

- Although KUKL mentions a household connection water supply ratio is 80%, actual ratio is considered to be close to 100% because of other WUSC’s services.

- The household connection ratio is from 23 to 24% in NWSC’s water supply areas in Birgunj, Janakpur. However, the ratio is quite low enough to reach less than about 20%. Improvement of the ratio of the 2 cities is the significant issue to achieve SDG 6.1.1.

- Daily average water supply amount per capita is approximately 100 LCD, and the house connection ratio is approximately from 70% to 90% in other cities, which is comparatively high.

55

Tabl

e 4-

20 G

ener

al in

form

atio

n of

wat

er su

pply

serv

ice

in ta

rget

citi

es

No.

C

ity

Estim

ated

Po

pula

tion

(201

9)

Wat

er S

uppl

y A

mou

nt (m

3 /d)

Aver

age

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Am

ount

(m

3 /d)

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Dem

and

(m3 /d

)

Wat

er

Supp

ly

Am

ount

N

ot

Mee

t (m

3 /d)

No.

of

Popu

latio

n w

ithin

W

ater

Su

pply

A

rea

Ben

efite

d Po

pula

tion

Cov

erag

e R

ate

(%)

Supp

ly

Hou

r Pe

r D

ay

Tota

l No.

of

Tap

s In

clud

ing

PSP

Publ

ic

Stan

d Po

st

(PSP

)

Uni

t Wat

er

Supp

ly

(LC

D) /

B

enef

ited

Popu

latio

n

KU

KL

/ N

WSC

/ W

SMB

R

even

ued

wat

er ra

tio

(%)

Uni

t Wat

er

Supp

ly

(LC

D) /

Po

pula

tion

Dry

Se

ason

R

ainy

Se

ason

1 K

TM V

. 3,

097,

263

127,

640

164,

090

145,

900

415,

000

269,

100

3,19

6,61

9 2,

557,

295

80.0

0 -

212,

954

1,19

6 57

80

%

46

2 Po

khar

a 47

3,92

2 36

,800

52

,980

44

,890

59

,000

14

,110

28

6,99

1 18

7,08

6 65

.19

4.0

39,1

44

174

240

70%

16

8

3 B

irgun

j 28

1,39

7 7,

800

7,80

0 7,

800

15,0

00

7,20

0 20

4,81

6 47

,850

23

.36

8.0

7,24

4 45

16

3 70

%

114

4 Ja

nakp

ur

179,

038

2,57

0 2,

570

2,57

0 7,

000

4,43

0 98

,446

23

,208

23

.57

7.0

3,43

2 43

11

1 70

%

78

5 B

utw

al

165,

380

20,0

00

21,0

00

20,5

00

30,0

00

9,50

0 11

8,46

2 75

,000

63

.31

5.0

15,2

69

103

273

70%

19

1

6 H

etau

da

166,

328

- -

13,5

00

15,5

00

2,00

0 15

5,00

0 80

,000

51

.61

7.0

16,7

00

22

169

77%

13

0

Sour

ce: K

UK

L an

nual

repo

rt, N

WSC

Ann

ual r

epor

t and

the

resu

lt of

the

inte

rvie

w w

ith H

WSM

B

Not

e 1:

Est

imat

ed p

opul

atio

n is

est

imat

ed b

y th

e Pr

ojec

t tea

m (r

efer

to C

hapt

er 7

). N

ote

2: N

o. o

f Pop

ulat

ion

with

in W

ater

Sup

ply

Are

a is

pro

vide

d by

bas

ic se

rvic

e pr

ovid

ers.

N

ote

3: U

nit W

ater

Sup

ply

(LC

D) /

Pop

ulat

ion

is c

alcu

late

d by

mul

tiply

ing

the

Aver

age

Wat

er S

uppl

y A

mou

nt b

y es

timat

ed re

venu

e w

ater

rate

Not

e 4:

KU

KL

annu

al re

port

does

not

show

the

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

in d

ry se

ason

and

rain

y se

ason

and

it sh

ows m

axim

um a

mou

nt a

nd th

e m

inim

um a

mou

nt. T

hus,

The

Stud

y Te

am se

ts th

at

min

imum

figu

re e

qual

s dry

seas

on a

nd m

axim

um fi

gure

equ

als r

ainy

seas

on.

Not

e 5:

Hem

ja is

incl

uded

in P

okha

ra.

.

56

Table 4-21 Benchmarking on target cities Item KTM V. Pokhara Birgunj Janakpur Butwal Hetauda

Water Utility

Number of Operation Staff 883 75 28 29 66 50 Population of city 3,097,263 473,922 281,397 179,038 165,380 166,328

Population of service area 3,196,619 286,991 204,816 98,446 118,462 155,000 WS Coverage (%) 80% 65% 23% 24% 63% 52%

Benefited Population 2,557,295 187,086 47,850 23,208 75,000 80,000

Service Connections

Total Taps 212,954 39,144 7,244 3,432 15,269 16,700 Public Taps 1,196 174 45 43 103 22 Private Taps 211,758 34,630 7,199 3,389 15,166 16,678

New Connections in FY 6,640 1,969 100-125 480 2040 User Disconnection 0 0 0 0 10 0

Supply Hours - 12 8 7 5 7

Water Supply Amount

Total Water Supply (m3/d) 145,900 44,890 7,800 2,570 20,500 13,500 NRW (%)* 20 30 30 30 30 23

Unit Water Supply (LCD) / Population 57 240 163 111 273 169

Unit Water Consumption (LCD) / Population 46 168 114 78 191 130

Revenue and Expenses

(2019)

Annual O & M Cost (NPR) 1,019,576,270 120,254,582 38,395,083 27,882,855 68,802,721 49,968,600

Billing collection rate 0.94 1.09 0.72 0.69 0.99 0.99 Cost/m3 of water used 19 7 13 30 9 10 Annual Billing (NPR) 799,381,983 234,578,551 29,918,615 8,934,805 77,527,599 67,125,618

Average Billing (NPR /M) 66,615,165 19,548,213 2,493,218 744,567 6,460,633 5,593,802 Source: The Project team made the table based on KUKL annual report, NWSC Annual report and the result of the

interview with HWSMB In this report, words relating to water amount are defined as below based on Japanese Water Facility

Design Guideline (2012)

Water supply amount: water supply production from water treatment plants or wells

Water consumption amount: water amount which water customers receive (Billing water amount: Revenue

water amount)

NRW amount: water amount including water leakage which is not billed (Water supply amount - Water

consumption amount)

NRW rate: NRW amount/ Water supply amount×(100%)

Revenue water rate: Water consumption amount / Water supply amount×(100%)

Water supply amount: Water consumption amount + NRW amount

57

Tabl

e 4-

22 E

stim

ated

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

in 2

019

Targ

et c

ity

Estim

ated

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

Popu

latio

n

(201

9)

Estim

ated

wat

er su

pply

pop

ulat

ion

(201

9)

Estim

ated

cove

rage

rate

Uni

t Wat

er S

uppl

y (L

CD

)

Bas

ic se

rvic

e

prov

ider

s

WU

SC

Tota

l B

asic

serv

ice

prov

ider

s

WU

SC

Tota

l Pe

r hou

seho

ld

popu

latio

n

Per w

ater

supp

ly

popu

latio

n

(m3 /d

）

(m3 /d

）

(m3 /d

）

(%)

(LC

D)

(LC

D)

KTM

V.

145,

900

25,5

62

171,

462

3,09

7,26

3 2,

557,

295

511,

243

3,06

8,53

8 99

55

56

Po

khar

a 44

,890

9,

823

54,7

13

473,

922

187,

086

196,

453

383,

539

81

115

143

Birg

unj

7,80

0

7,

800

281,

397

47,8

50

47,8

50

17

28

163

Jana

kpur

2,

570

2,57

0 17

9,03

8 23

,208

23

,208

13

14

11

1 B

utw

al

20,5

00

3,72

0 24

,220

16

5,38

0 75

,000

74

,409

14

9,40

9 90

14

6 16

2 H

etau

da

13,5

00

1,96

9 15

,469

16

6,32

8 80

,000

39

,386

11

9,38

6 72

93

13

0

Tota

l 23

5,16

0 41

,074

27

6,23

4 4,

363,

328

2,97

0,43

9 82

1,49

1 3,

791,

930

87

63

73

Sour

ce: J

ICA

Stu

dy T

eam

58

Kathmandu Valley The Kathmandu Valley mainly consists of Kathmandu district, Lalitpur district and Bhaktapur district,

and it is the center of economy in Nepal. Population in Kathmandu Valley is estimated 3.1 million in 2019.

Kathmandu Valley is surrounded by mountains, and Bagmati River, which stems from north part of the Kathmandu Valley runs through center of the city from north to south. There are Bisnumati River, Dhobi Khola River, Manohara River, Hanumante Khola River, Kodku Khola River, Nakhhu Khola River other than Baagmati River, and those rivers join up with Bagmati River in the Valley. Bagmati River passes over the border with India and join up with Ganges River.

KUKL which became independent from NWSC in 2008 works as a basic service provider in the Kathmandu Valley. The household connection rate of water supply business is about 80% and water supply population is estimated about 2.56 million people. Although the household connection rate is high in the Kathmandu Valley, average unit water supply per capita is low as 57 LCD because of increase of water demand by population.

Water Service Area The service provided districts of KUKL are mainly Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. Water supply

areas are divided into seven schemes, such as 1. Tri Bhim Dhara Scheme, 2. Bir Dhara Scheme, 3. Sundarijal Scheme, 4. Bhaktapur Scheme, 5. Chapagaun Scheme, 6. Pharping Scheme and 7. Sundarighat Scheme. Each scheme owns their water source (surface water and/or groundwater).

Table 4-23 shows KUKL branches and its water service area. KUKL divides water service areas into 9 branches and operate water supply business. Figure 4-6 shows KUKL service area in the Kathmandu surrounding area, Figure 4-7 shows KUKL service area in the Bhaktapur surrounding area and Figure 4-8 shows KUKL service area in Latlipur (Patan) surrounding area.

Table 4-23 List of KUKL Branch and its service area

No. KUKLBranch Municipality Ward Number

1 Baneshwor Kathmandu 9,10,29,30,31,32

2 Chhetrapati Kathmandu 17,18,19,22,24,25

3 Tripureshwor Kathmandu 11,12,13,14,20,21,22,23

Naagrjun 9

4 Maharajgunj

Kathmandu 1,2,3,16,26,27,28

Tokha 1-11

Tarakeshwor 1-11

5 Mahankalchour

Kathmandu 4,5,6,7,8

Gokrneshwor 1-9

Budhanikanth 1-12

59

No. KUKLBranch Municipality Ward Number

Kaageshwori-Manahara 9

Shankharapur 6,7

6 Lalitpur

Lalitpur Metropolitan City 1-27

Mahalaxmi 1,2

Godawari 10-13

7 Bhaktaur

Bhaktapur 1-10

Suryabinayak 5,6,7,8

Changu Narayan 1,5,6,7

8 Madhyapur Thimi Madhyapur Thimi 1-17

Changu Narayan 7,8,9

9 Kirtipur

Kirtipur 1-10

Dakshinkaaii 1-10

Chandragiri 11

Source：KUKL annual report（2018-2019）

Source：MoFALD and The JICA Study Team

Figure 4-6 KUKL service area in Kathmandu surrounding area

60


Figure 4-7 KUKL service area in Bhaktapur surrounding area

61


Figure 4-8 KUKL service area in Latlipur (Patan) surrounding area

WUSCs provide their water supply services outside of KUKL service area and the number of WUSCs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur is 50, 30 and 67 respectively.

62

Development Plan Master plan for water supply has not been prepared by KUKL. KUKL recognizes the necessity of the

Master plan for KUKL but it has not been done yet. KVWSMB, which is a higher organization of KUKL, implements management of the development plan. As for the Melamchi water supply project, its related projects are managed by Melamchi water supply development board.

Water source and water treatment plant KUKL supplies water to the Kathmandu Valley by utilizing surface water and groundwater as a water

source. Basically, water treatment and chlorine injection are conducted on each water source. However, some groundwater is supplied to households without chlorine injection.

1) Surface water KUKL uses 18 sources of surface water for its service. Table 4-24 shows water sources of surface

water. KUKL has 63,400 m3/d of surface water in total.

Table 4-24 List of water sources (surface water)

Item Name of Source Branch Name Production (m3/d)

1. Nallu,Devaki and Basuki Lalitpur

3,170

2. Satmul, Sesh Narayan(Pharping) 11,593

3. Nakkhu (Sundarighat) Tripureshwor 6,480

4. Local Supply from Bansbari

Maharajgunj

2,160

5. Shivapuri 3,293

6. Bisnumati 828

7. Alley 1,683

8. Boude 1,548

9. Bhandare 1,683

10. Panchmane 1,548

11. Chhahare 978

12. Lokanthali Madhyapur Thimi

589

13. Indrakali 235

14. Sundarijal Bhaktapur 1,464

15. Mahakalchaur Mahakalchaur 26,120

Total About 63,400

Source：KUKL

2) Groundwater

KUKL owns 50 tube wells for groundwater source, but 9 locations are not in operation. Therefore, 41 wells are in operation for water supply. Table 4-25 shows water sources of groundwater. KUKL

63

owns 45,500 m3/d of groundwater in total

Table 4-25 List of water sources (groundwater) Item Name of Source Branch Production (m3/d) Remarks

1. Charghare Lalitpur 10,418

2. Muldole Lalitpur 538

3. Khumaltar Lalitpur 165

4. Balkumari Lalitpur 213

5. Jwagal Lalitpur 228

6. Phasidol Lalitpur 2,263

7. Sipradi Well Tripureshwor 270

8. Kuleshwor Well Tripureshwor 0 Not in operation

9. Sicuchatar Well Tripureshwor 117

10. Tahachal Well Tripureshwor 0 Not in operation

11. Lagan Well Tripureshwor 0 Not in operation

12. Tripureswor Well Tripureshwor 90

13. Bahity Well Tripureshwor 162

14. Bansbari Well Field Maharajgunj 4,842

15. Danfe Colony Dhapasi Maharajgunj 804

16. Basundhara Maharajgunj 0 Not in operation

17. Mahadev Khola Well Field(MK-1 to MK-7) Maharajgunj 4,033

18. Dobhan Well Maharajgunj 1,087

19. Baniyatar-1 (BT-1) Maharajgunj 192

20. BT-4 Maharajgunj 0 Not in operation

21. Chakrapath Well Maharajgunj 924



24.&25. Town Planning Well Maharajgunj 627

26. BT-3 Maharajgunj 360

27. Maharajgunj Office Well Maharajgunj 0 Not in operation

28. Sangle Khola Well Maharajgunj 609

29. BH (1-4 ) Madhyapur Thimi 2,242

30. Tigni Tubewell Madhyapur Thimi 332

31. Manohara Deep Tubewell(2 Nos) Madhyapur Thimi 1,969

64

Item Name of Source Branch Production (m3/d) Remarks

32. JICA Dugwell (4 Nos) Madhyapur Thimi 1,764

33. Deep Tubewell inside Dugwell Madhyapur Thimi 564

34. Well inside Dugwell (2Nos) Madhyapur Thimi 723

35. Well inside Treatment Plant Madhyapur Thimi 496

36. Treatment Plant Tube Well Madhyapur Thimi 648

37. Janak Education Material Center new tube well Madhyapur Thimi 218

38. Bhaktapur Bhaktapur 34

39. GK-1 Mahakalchaur 720

40. GK-2 Mahakalchaur 1,320

41. GK-3 Mahakalchaur 1,180

42. MH-3 Mahakalchaur 360

43. MH-4 Mahakalchaur 576

44. MH-5 Mahakalchaur 1,440

45. Aale Pump Mahakalchaur 570

46. DK-3 Mahakalchaur 0 Not in operation

47 Raprapa Pump Mahakalchaur 360

48. Sankhapark Mahakalchaur 530

49. Sukhedhara Mahakalchaur 400

50. Chyasindol Mahakalchaur 1,000

51 Khadak Bhadrakali Mahakalchaur 70

Total About 45,500 Excluding “Not in Operation”

Source：KUKL

3) Water treatment plant

Table 4-26 shows WTPs. Currently there are 17 WTPs in KUKL but 5 plants are not in operation. Thus, 12 WTPs are in operation. In addition, 3 WTPs are under construction. Total water treatment capacity in operation is 106,000m3/d, which is almost equal to the sum of surface water and groundwater sources owned by KUKL (108,900 m3/d＝63,400 m3/d+45,500 m3/d). However the capacity is about 26%（108,900 m3/d / 415,000 m3/d）of a water demand estimated by KUKL, which indicates the large shortage of water sources and WTPs. Therefore, development of water sources and WTPs is an urgent issue. As described in later clauses, Melamchi WTP is constructed by Melamchi water supply development board. The WTP is not included in the above calculation.

65

Table 4-26 List of WTPs

Item Name of WTP Capacity (m3/d) Name of Branch Remarks

1. Sundarijal WTP 20,000 Mahankalchour

2. Mahakalchaur WTP 26,000 Mahankalchour

3. Sipradi WTP 1,000 Tripureshwor

4. Sundarighat WTP 6,000 Tripureshwor

5. Bode WTP, Bhaktapur 20,000 Madhyapur Thimi

6. Singhadurbar groundwater Treatment (Aeration) 1,000 Baneshwor

7. Lokanthali 1,500 Madhyapur Thimi

8. Tahakhel-1 4,000 Lalitpur

9. Bansbari WTP 21,000 Maharajgunj

10. Bhaktapur Bansbari WTP 4,500 Bhaktaur

11. Jagati WTP 500 Bhaktaur

12. Kuleshwor WTP 1,000 Tripureshwor Not in Operation

13. Sankha Park WTP 1,000 Mahankalchour Not in Operation

14. Jholunge Pul, Koteshwor WTP 1,000 Baneshwor Not in Operation

15. Sinamangal WTP 1,500 Baneshwor Not in Operation

16. Balaju WTP 1,000 Maharajgunj Not in Operation

17. Dallu awash 500 Chhetrapati

18. Residence of Prime Minister 600 Mahankalchour Under Construction

19. Sukedhara WTP 600 Mahankalchour Under Construction

20. Kirtipur WTP 300 Kirtipur Under Construction

Total 106,000 Excluding “Under Construction” & “Not in Operation”

Source：KUKL

Non-Revenue Water Ratio Flow meters for distribution system and domestic consumption are not installed properly in KUKL.

Therefore, it is difficult for KUKL to grasp the accurate NRW. However, KUKL estimates the NRW ratio as 20% of their convenience for business management. Calculations of distributed water and the water consumption amount by installing flow meters and improvements for reduction of NRW is necessary.

Water Distribution Network KUKL covers the water distribution area in the Kathmandu Valley by using 314 km of transmission

pipe and 1,616 km of water distribution network. KUKL, however, installed only 163km among the 1,616km by their own budget. Water distribution network constructions are ongoing, and 50 km of water

66

distribution network was installed by KUKL with the subsidy of the Government of Nepal in 2018.

Water service hours KUKL does not conduct 24-hour water supply, and water service hours vary by the water service area.

Table 4-27 and Figure 4-9 show water supply hours in each water service area and locations of each area. Water supply duration is 1 to 2-hour supply in every 5 to 10 days on average in the dry season, and 3 to 5-hour supply in every 3 to 5 days in the rainy season.

Source: KUKL PID

Figure 4-9 Water Service in KUKL

Table 4-27 Water supply hours in each water service area

Number Item Dry Season Rainy Season

① Water source to the

reservoir 24 hour water supply (every 3 days) 24 hour water supply

② Mahankachaur 1-8 hour water supply (every 5 days) 1-8 hour water supply (every 3 days)

③ Bansbari Reservoir 1-3 hour water supply(every 8 days) 1-3 hour water supply(every 4 days)

④ Balaju Reservoir 1-3 hour water supply(every 8 days) 1-3 hour water supply(every 4 days)

⑤ Bode Reservoir 1-3 hour water supply(every 1-4 days)

1-3 hour water supply（every 1-3 days)

⑥ Bansbari Bhaktapur Reservoir

1-3 hour water supply (alternative day) 1-3 hour water supply(every 3 days)

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧⑨⑩

凡例 (Legend)

給水区域 (Water survice area)

配水管渠 (Water Distribution line)

67

Number Item Dry Season Rainy Season

⑦ Sainbu Nallu Reservoir 1-3 hour water supply(every 4 days) 1-3 hour water supply(every 3 days)

⑧ Sundarighat Reservoir 1-2 hour water supply (every 6 days) 1-3 hour water supply (every 1-2 days)

⑨ Water source 1-3 hour water supply(every 3 days) 1-3 hour water supply(every 3 days)

⑩ Kirtipur 0.5-2 hour water supply (everyday to every 12 days)

0.5-2 hour water supply (everyday to every 12 days)

Source：KUKL

Ongoing and planned Water source development plan 1) Melamchi water supply project

Melamchi water supply development board plans new WTPs and pipelines in total capacity of 510,000 m3/d, which use Melamchi River, Yangri River and Larke River as water sources to solve the chronic water shortage in Kathmandu Valley. The construction plan is divided into three phases, phase 1 of which is to build a WTP of 170,000 m3/d capacity. The capacity of 85,000 m3/d out of 170,000 m3/d is constructed by Japanese loan and test operation has been completed on November in 2017. However, the operation of the completed WTP has not been started yet due to delay of other related facilities, especially a water conveyance tunnel.

340,000 m3/d of water will be secured in the Kathmandu Valley, if WTP for phase-1 in 2020 and WTP for phase-2 in 2024 are completed on schedule. The following are materialized general descriptions of the plan until phase-2

Phase-1 JICA portion (Stage-1)

- Water Treatment Plant (85,000 m3/d): receiving well, chemical mixing tank, Chemical injection facility, administration building etc., Sedimentation Tank, Rapid sand filter, sludge drying bed, etc: 85,000 m3/d

ADB portion (Stage-2)

- Raw water transmission line: 26 km（intake from Melamchi River） - Water Treatment Plant: Sedimentation Tank, Rapid sand filter, sludge drying bed etc: 85,000 m3/d

Phase-2 (Not Decided for finance)

- Intake: Yongri/Lorke River (170, 000 m3/d each) - Water Treatment Plant：340,000 m3/d

2) Mahadev Khola Rainfall collection project

For overcoming water shortage (Dry season: 9,250 m3/d, Rainy season: 7,250 m3/d) in Bhaktapur where KUKL serves water, Mahadev Khola project plans to build a dam capable of 10,000 m3/d water supply. Water catchment area is Bageshowri area where locates upstream of Mahadev Khola

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intake. Water catchment area is Bageshowri area where locates upstream of Mahadev Khola intake. Figure 4-10 shows the location of the project and Figure 4-11 shows the rainfall collection area in the Project.

Source: KUKL PID

Figure 4-10 Location of the project

凡例 (Legend)

給水区域 (Water survice area)

導水管 (Raw Water transmission line)

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Source: KUKL PID

Figure 4-11 Rainfall collection area in the Project

1) General Description of the plan General description of the project is shown below.

- Name of the project: Khola Rainfall collection project - Project Location: Bageshori area, Changu Narayan Municipality, Bhaktapur District - Target water service area in the project: Bhaktapur Municipality and Changu Narayan

Municipality - Type of water source: Surface water (Rain water collection) - Name of the River: Mahadev Khola triburatory of Bagmati River - Designed water supply amount: 20,000 m3/d (Rainy Season) and 11,000 m3/d (Dry season) - Actual water supply amount: 15,500 m3/d in average (Additional) - Intake facility: RC Dam (L 212 mｘH 50 mｘW 6 m) - Area of the reservoir: 119,076 km2 (Dam site 2) - Storage volume: 2,496,400 m3 - WTP capacity: 20,000 m3/d (Chemical mixing pond, sedimentation pond and rapid sand filter) - Reservoir: 1,000 m3 (Bansbari) - Transmission Pipe: D350 mm, 3150 m (Mahadev Khola intake~Banabari) - Hydro generation facility: 120 KW (Dry Season), 180 KW (Rainy Season)

Village Point Elevation Road Contour等高線

Drainage Dam

Legend

70

Issues The following are the summary of main issues in the aspect of a facility capacity.

- KUKL’s existing water source capacity is 108,000 m3/d, and treatment capacity is 106 ,000m3/d. However, water supply amount estimated by KUKL is 145,000 m3/d, which indicates WTP is overloaded beyond the capacity of the water sources and WTP.

- Overloaded operation results from large shortage of water sources and treatment capacity. Thus, urgent development of water sources, WTP, and water distribution facilities is necessary

- Although the shortage of capacity is 309,000 m3/d compared to KUKL’s estimated actual supply amount, this issue will be solved after completing phase 2 of the Melamchi water supply project.

Pokhara

Pokhara is the state capital of Province-4 and the second largest city which is famous for tourism next to Kathmandu. Currently, an international airport has been being constructed, and more economic development by tourism is expected. Accordingly, increase of water demand will be forecasted. The administrative area in Pokhara was expanded along with transmission to the federal system, and consists of 33wards. Seti River runs through the center of the city from north to south, and Phewa Lake locates west side of the river. The center of the city is 4km from east to west, 5km from north to south across the river. Surrounding area of Phewa Lake is the center of tourism, and many hotels for tourists are constructed.

The population in Pokhara is 470 thousand people, and population within NWSC’s water supply area is 290 thousand people. NWSC estimates to supply water to 190 thousand people (water service rate is 65%).

The construction of WTP (41,000m3/d) and water distribution network in Pokhara water supply improvement project has been implemented by Japan’s Grant Aid in 2019 and water quality and temporal water supply in Pokhara is expected to be improved after completion of the project.

Water Service Area Pokhara is divided into 33 wards. NWSC Pokhara Branch is a responsible service provider for water

supply service in word 1 to 19 (Partly supplied in ward 3, 14, 16 and 19) and word 25 is serviced by Hemja Branch of NWSC. The other wards are covered by WUSCs. Figure 4-12 shows ward basis water service area in Pokhara. Figure 4-13 shows water distribution networks to be rehabilitated by the Japan’s Grant Aid.

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Note) Ward 13, 14, 16 and 19 are partially served on water supply system. Source: MoFALD and The JICA Study Team

Figure 4-12 Water service area in Pokhara City

Source: NWSC

Figure 4-13 Water service area to be rehabilitated by Japan’s Grant Aid

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Master Plan The Master plan for water supply system in Pokhara city is not established.

Water source and water treatment method Pokhara Branch of NWSC utilizes surface and groundwater as water sources. Hemja Branch of

NWSC utilizes surface and subsurface water as water sources. Figure 4-14 shows a schematic diagram for water supply system in Pokhara and Figure 4-15 shows a schematic diagram for water supply system in Hemja. The total volume of reservoirs is 6,000m3, which is 3.2hours of daily average water supply amount. Therefore, it is considered to be difficult to implement 24-hour water supply. Developing reservoirs with total volume of 6,000m3 is under construction in the ongoing Grant Aid Project.

Source: Preparatory survey report on the project for improvement of water supply in Pokhara in Federal Democratic

Republic Nepal (September, 2016 JICA)

Figure 4-14 Schematic diagram for Water supply system in Pokhara

Mardi KholaIntake

AmlabisauniReservoir

Pokhara city

Kali Khola

Bhote Khola Majhkuna Khola

GhatteKhola

KalimudaKhola

BindabashiniReservoir

Chamber B

400mm500mm

300mm

MatepaniOverhead tank

Baldhara spring source,

Reservoir

Served area

Served area Served area

Bhote KholaReservoir

Deep wellsLegend• 400mm: Diameter

of the pipeline

Served area

New WTP

Ward 19 Ward 19

Ward 1, 2, 3 & 4 Ward 16

(Ward 1-15 & 17)

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Source: The JICA Study Team

Figure 4-15 Schematic diagram for Water supply system in Hemja 1) Surface water

Water sources for Pokhara city are Mardi River, Bhote River and Kali River. Water intake facilities are installed in each river. 2 transmission lines, diameter 500 mm and 400 mm, convey water from the intake at Mardi River to Bindhabasini reservoir and Amalabisauni reservoir. Raw water from Bhote River and Kali River goes to Bhote reservoir and Chamber B and then, the water flows to the water service area where is located in upper ground elevation than Amalabisauni reservoir.

Water distribution network pipes (diameter from 50 mm to 500 mm) cover the city and the total length of the pipe is 220 km. Bindhabasini reservoir, Amalabisauni reservoir and Matepani overhead tank distribute water to customers in the city.

2) Groundwater

There are Baldara spring source and other 3 deep wells for groundwater source in Pokhara and the water from the sources is distributed directly to the city.

Non-Revenue Water ratio Flow meters for water distribution system and domestic consumption are not installed properly.

Therefore, it is difficult to grasp accurate NRW. However, NWSC estimates the NRW ratio as 30% of their convenience for business management. Calculations of distributed water and the water consumption amount by installing flow-meters and improvements for reduction of NRW is necessary.

Water distribution network Although NWSC Pokhara plans to expand the water service area in response to the water demand

requested from residents, it is difficult to do it due to lack of budget. However, water distribution pipe installation work at ward 17 is implemented by utilizing PMC’s

budget because of urgency to satisfy residents’ demand in 2018. NWSC Pokhara Branch provides pipe materials to PMC and PMC chose the contractor for the work (HDPE Pipe 220mm, length 2.5 km).

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Improvement of water supply areas and reconstruction of transmission, distribution pipes are implemented in the ongoing grant aid project.

Water service hours Currently, water supply hours are about 4 hours in a day. People expect a 24-hour supply of water

after a completion of new reservoirs of the ongoing Grant aid project

Water Source Development plan For confronting the water shortage in the future, the Branch plans to develop new water sources.

Currently, Bijyapur Kola (surface water) is listed as an option for water source. Water is planned to be taken by pump and design capacity is 10-15,000m3/d. Matapani area and Bhadrakali area which are adjacent to the river will be the service areas. Figure 4-16 shows the location of Bijyapur Kola.

Source: The JICA Study team

Figure 4-16 Location of Bijyapur Kola

However, flood is anticipated in the rainy season at the planned site. The location adjacent to the water source is not appropriate to build a water treatment facility because of concerns with damages due to flood inundation. Although NWSC plans to take water with pumps and transmit it to Matepani overhead tank, it is difficult to find a land for WTP near the water source. Therefore, a careful F/S is needed with consideration of demands, water right and easiness of land acquisition.

Issues The followings are summary of main issues in the aspect of a facility capacity in Pokhara.

- Improvement of water quality is expected by a completion of a water treatment facility. - However, the designed water distribution amount is about 49,000 m3/d. This value does not reach

to the 59,000m3/d which is the demand value estimated by NWSC.

Matapani Overhead tank

Bijyapur Kola

Location of the water source

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- In addition, this demand will be increased due to population growth and development of tourism. - Therefore, further development of water sources, water treatment facilities, and transmission /

distribution facilities is necessary. - The total volume of reservoirs is 6,000 m3, which is 3.2 hours of daily average water supply amount. - Therefore, it is difficult to implement 24-hour water supply due to the shortage of reservoir’s

capacity. To improve this situation, new reservoirs of which total volume is 6,000m3 are under construction by the Grant Aid Project.

- As the result, total volume of reservoirs will be 12,000 m3. This value is 6 hours of designed water supply capacity of 49,000 m3/d.

- Although the Japanese facility design guideline says 12 hours of capacity is necessary, facility construction by the Grant Aid Project will contribute to the improvement of water supply hours.

- However, the demand will be increased because of population growth and development of tourism. Therefore, a development of reservoirs is necessary along with the development of water sources, water treatment facilities, and transmission / distribution facilities

Birgunj

Birgunj is the largest city in Province-2 and the city is adjacent to the Indian border. Most logistics in Nepal are coming through the Indian Border and the city is an important base of Nepal economy. Sirsiya River passes through the west side of urban area. Most of the areas in the city are in flat geography, and difference in ground elevation is less.

Birgunj consists of 32 wards including areas adjacent to the border. The population of the city is estimated 280 thousand in 2019, and NWSC estimates 200 thousand of them live in water supply area and NWSC supplies water to 48 thousand of them (household connection rate is 23%). The reason for the low household connection rate is the shortage of water supply capacity, which results in the difficulty to expand the number of house connections. Another reason would be that free water is available because there are many hand pump wells in the city. However, Birgunj city and NWSC believe that people use water from distribution pipes if NWSC supplies appropriate quality and stable water to them, because water quality in hand pump wells is inappropriate.

Water Service Area Birgunj is divided into 32 wards. Water service is conducted in ward 1 to 16 by NWSC Birgunj Branch.

Figure 4-17 shows NWSC water service area in Birgunj. There were Alaun WUSC in Ward 17 and Bindabasini WUSC in Ward 19, respectively, but these two WUSCs have not been in operation because of defects in facilities. And no other WUSC is available in Birgunj. Residents who live outside of NWSC water service area obtain the water from a hand pump or a private well.

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Source: MoFALD and The JICA Study Team

Figure 4-17 NWSC Water service area in Birgunj

Master Plan Master plan for water supply system in Birgunj has not been established yet. Water and sewage

department of BMC seems to want to formulate comprehensive detail development plan of 32 wards, but it has not been materialized.

Water source and water treatment method NWSC Birgunj Branch serves groundwater as a water source for water supply. Table 4-28 shows the

pump list of tube wells in Birgunj, Figure 4-18 shows the schematic diagram for water supply system in Birgunj and Figure 4-19 shows the location of tube wells in Birgunj. Currently, water in Birgunj is served from multiple water sources.

A total pump capacity is 11.6 m3/min, which corresponds to 16,704 m3/d, and it is more than twice as much as daily average water supply amount. On the other hand the capacity of overhead tanks is only 1,350 m3 including under construction ones, which corresponds to 4 hours of daily average water supply amount. Therefore, it is insufficient in capacity for 24-hour water supply, and a development of overhead tanks are necessary.

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Table 4-28 Pump list of wells in NWSC Birgunj

Number Well Pump Dia. (mm)

Depth of the Well (mm)

Discharge amount (L/min) Water Source Dry

Season Rainy Season

① NWSC office 250 150 1,200 1,200 Groundwater

② NWSC office 300 150 1,200 1,200 Groundwater

③ Adarsh 250 150 1,200 1,200 Groundwater

④ Adarsh 300 150 800 800 Groundwater

⑤ Padam Road 100 150 1,600 1,600 Groundwater

⑥ Padam Road 150 150 2,300 2,300 Groundwater

⑦ Nagawa #1 150 150 1,650 1,650 Groundwater

⑧ Nagawa #2 150 150 1,650 1,650 Groundwater

Total 11,600 11,600 Groundwater



Figure 4-18 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Birgunj

NWSC Birgunj Branch plans to construct several overhead tanks and deep well. Locations of the planned overhead tanks are in Nagawa (ward 16), Bahuali (ward 12), Parwanipum (Ward14) and the location of the planned deep well is in Adarsh (ward 6). However, design work has not been implemented yet.

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Figure 4-19 Location of deep wells in Birgunj

Non-Revenue Water Ratio Flow meters for water distribution system and domestic consumption are not installed properly.

Therefore, it is difficult to grasp accurate NRW. However, NWSC estimates the NRW Ratio as 30% of their convenience for business management. Calculations of distributed water and the water consumption amount by installing flow-meters and improvements for reduction of NRW is necessary.

Water Supply hours Birgunj conducts temporal water supply and water is served 3 times in a day, which are 8 am to 10

am in the morning, 12 pm to 2 pm in the afternoon and 5 pm to 9 pm in the evening, in a total of 8 hours operation. Filling overhead tank with water is conducted 1.5 hours before distribution and pumps continue the operation during water supply. To achieve 24-hour water supply, development of overhead tanks is an issue.

Water Quality Table 4-29 shows the results of typical water quality examinations in wells and taps (See Attachment-

4 for details)

①, ②

③, ④

⑤, ⑥

⑦, ⑧


Legend: ● Water Source

Legend: □ Water Service Area

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Table 4-29 Results of Typical Water Quality Examinations in Wells and Taps

item

Adarsh （well）

NWSC Office （well）

Adarshnagar※1 （tap）

Ghadiarwa※2 （tap）

Water quality

criteria in Nepal

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Ammonium nitrogen (mg/L)

Under 0.03 0.08 Under

0.03 0.12 Under 0.03 0.06 Under

0.03 0.02 1.2

Nitrate nitrogen (mg/L) 0.47 1.99 0.34 1.85 0.43 1.83 0.38 2.24 11

Chlorine residual (mg/L)

Under 0.1

Under 0.1

Under 0.1

Under 0.1

Under 0.1

Under 0.1

Under 0.1

Under 0.1 0.1-0.2

Fecal coliforms (MPN/100m)

Non detection

Non detection

Non detection

Non detection

Non detection

Non detection 4 4.3x10 Non

detection Note ※1：Adarshnagar tap is served by Adash well ※2：Ghadiarwa tap is served by NWSC Office

Source：JICA Study Team The amount of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen in wells and taps which are water quality items

relating to water source contaminations are less than that of the water quality standards in Nepal. Fecal coliforms is detected only in Ghadiarwa. Fecal coliforms is not detected in NWSC office where water source of Ghadiarwa. Therefore it is possible that contamination of fecal coliforms occurs in the process of water distribution.

The amount of residual chlorine is less than that of the water quality standards in Nepal. This implies the possibility that appropriate chlorine injection is not implemented or chlorine is consumed by ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contaminated in the process of water distribution.

Therefore, the improvement of water quality management including chlorine injection is necessary.

Existing Deep Wells Water Levels The Study Team conducted the survey on measurement of static water levels in deep wells where

measurement can be implemented. Figure 4-20 shows the location of static water level measurement in Birgunj and Table 4-30 shows the result (See Attachment-4 for details). It is confirmed that the groundwater is pressured, and its water level in wells is 10m below the ground surface. According to the interviews with local boring companies and NWSC, screens are installed approximately in 65-100 m below the ground surface. Static water level in the 2nd survey (rainy season) is 6-23cm higher than that in the 1st survey (dry season).

According to the interviews with person in charge of water supply in BMC and NWSC, no concern about the groundwater availability are reported. However, a groundwater monitoring system is necessary to maintain the sustainability of groundwater.

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Figure 4-20 Location of static water level measurement in Birgunj

Table 4-30 Static Water Level in Deep Wells in Birgunj

No. Area Well depth（m）※1

Static level(m) ※2 Use application Date 1st 2nd 1 Power house 100 3.18 Undetectable

due to obstacle

Personal, domestic use

15/4/2019

2 Birta 90 8.35 Undetectable due to

obstacle

Personal, domestic use

15/4/2019

3 Buspark 90 6.68 6.45 Personal, domestic use

1st：15/4/2019 2nd：19/8/2019

4 Adarshanagar 84 7.40 7.34 Personal (fire department) ,domestic

use

1st：11/4/2019 2nd：18/8/2019

Note ※1：Well depth is based on interviews ※2：Static level is depth from ground

Source：JICA Survey Team Water Source development plan NWSC Birgunj Branch does not implement a new water source development plan. Others 2,000 locations of public hand pumps are installed in Birgunj and they are utilized for free of cost to

residents. According to Water supply and Sewerage system Department in BMC, there might be 8,000 hand pumps owned by residents. Such wide spread of hand pump is supposed to be a cause of the low ratio of house connection.

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Issues The following are a summary of main issues in the aspect of a facility capacity in NWSC Birgunj

Branch. - The water service coverage rate is as low as 23%. Thus, urgent development of water sources and

distribution facilities and expansion of water supply areas is necessary to achieve SDGs which aims to improve the rate up to 90% by 2030.

- The capacity of overhead tanks is only 1,350 m3 including under construction one, which corresponds to 4 hours of daily average water supply amount.

- Temporal water supply is introduced because overhead tanks is insufficient in capacity and 24-hour water supply is difficult.

- New construction of overhead tanks is urgently needed due to the shortage of capacity of overhead tanks.

- Operation hours of wells are 12 hours due to the shortage in capacity of overhead tanks. If the wells are operated for 24 hours, it is possible to supply 16,000 m3/d of water, which is twice as much as the current water supply amount.

- Water storage capacity over 8 hours (12 hours in the Japanese facility design guideline) of the daily water supply amount is necessary to achieve 16,700 m3/d of water supply amount. Therefore, it is necessary to construct overhead tanks of which total capacity is more than 5,600 m3.

Janakpur

Janakpur is the provisional capital of Provnce-2, it is located 20 km away from Indian Border and many Hindu visit the city for pilgrimage as the holy place for Hindu. The Komana River flows in the border of city western side but there is no large river in the city area. Also, the city in flat land and has almost no difference in ground elevation.

Administrative jurisdiction of Janakpur consists of 24 wards and its population is estimated about 180 thousand in 2019. NWSC estimates that the population in the water service area is about 100 thousand while the water service ratio is 24% and water service population is estimated 23 thousand.

The water service ratio in Janakpur is also low for the same reason with Birgunji. JsMC and NWSC consider that the citizens will connect to the water distribution network if NWSC provides stable water supply with adequate quality because water quality in hand pump is not adequate.

Water Service Area NWSC Janakpur Branch covers Ward 1 to 16 out of 24 wards. Residents use their well because there

are public hand pumps at the roadside and private hand pump wells in each household even in the water service area. Figure 4-21 shows NWSC water service area in Janakpur.

Hand pumping wells spread on the outside of the NWSC service area and there is no small scale water supply service by WUSC.

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Figure 4-21 NWSC water service area in Janakpur

Master Plan Master plan for water supply system for Janakpur is not established.

Water source and water treatment method NWSC Janakpur Branch serves only groundwater as a water source for water supply. Figure 4-22

shows a schematic diagram for water supply system in Janakpur. Existing pump capacity is 4.4 m3/min and the value is equivalent to 6,336 m3/day, which is about 2.5 times capacity of current daily average water supply amount (2,570 m3/day). On the other hand, the total capacity of overhead tanks is 900 m3

and this is comparable to the 8 hours’ amount of daily average water supply amount. It is considered that the total capacity of overhead tank is sufficient for the current water supply amount but the construction of the new overhead tank is required in order to increase the water supply amount by taking advantage of the pump capacity.

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Figure 4-22 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Janakpur

1) Groundwater There are two tube wells for water supply system in Janakpur.

2) Location of water source

Figure 4-23 and Figure 4-24 show Location of tube wells in Janakpur and Table 4-31 shows the pump list in Janakpur. The wells at the Eye Hospital and at Chataiyachauri have been washed for being ready for starting operation. NWSC plans to construct the overhead tank at Chataiyachauri.

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Figure 4-23 Location of exiting deep wells in Janakpur

①

②

③


Legend: ● Water Source Legend: □ Water Service Area

85


Figure 4-24 Location of proposed deep wells in Janakpur

Table 4-31 Pump list in Janakpur

Number Well Well Dia. (mm)

Depth of the Well (m)

Discharge amount (L/min) Water Source Remarks Dry

Season Rainy Season

① NWSC office #1 300 180 1,000 1,000 Groundwater

② NWSC office #2 300 180 1,000 1,000 Groundwater

③ Argaza Pokhari #1 300 180 1,200 1,200 Groundwater

④ Argaza Pokhari #2 250 180 1,200 1,200 Groundwater

⑤ Eye Hospital 250 180 1,200 1,200 Groundwater Under preparation

⑥ Chataiyachauri 250 180 1,200 1,200 Groundwater Under preparation

Total 4,400 4400 Excluding “Under preparation”

6,800 6,800 Including “Under preparation”


Water quality The Study Team conducted the water quality test of drinking water on April and August in 2019.

Table 4-32 shows the typical water quality test results at wells and water taps. (Details are shown in

④

⑤


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Appendix-4) Table 4-32 Water quality test results at water sources and water taps

Item

NWSC Office （Well）

Ajaha Pokhari No.1 （Well）

Barmiki*1 （Water tap）

Miles*2 （Water tap） Nepal

Water quality Standard Dry

season Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/L) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 > 0.03 0.03 > 0.08 0.03 > 1.2

Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L) 0.5 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.1 0.5 1.0 11

Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1-0.2

Fecal coliform (MPN/100m) 9 9 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.

Note 1：Barmiki water tap is served from NWSC Office Note 2：Miles water tap is served from Ajaha Pokhari Source：JICA Study Team Ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen which are related to water pollution are within allowable level

of the Nepal water quality standard. Fecal coliform is detected in the water sample which is collected at NWSC Office. This result indicates that wastewater is contaminated in wells.

Residual chlorine is below the Nepal water quality standards. The result shows the same as Birgunj and it indicates that proper chlorine injection might not be conducted and/or chlorine might be consumed by ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in water distribution process.

Non-Revenue Water Ratio Flow meter and water meter at each household are not installed properly and it is difficult to calculate

the accurate amount of NRW. NWSC estimates the NRW Ratio as 30% for convenience. Measuring water distribution amount and the water consumption amount with flow meter reducing the NRW are needed.

Water Supply hours Janakpur conducts temporal water supply, serves water 3 times in a day, which are 5 am to 8 am in

the morning, 12 pm to 1 pm in the afternoon and 5 pm to 8 pm in the evening, and conducts 7-hour operation in total. Filling overhead tank with water is conducted during water supply operation. Improvement of operational method is required since it is possible to serve the current daily average water supply amount for 24 hours with the existing overhead tank capacity. However, it is urgent to build a new overhead tanks, so that NWSC increase the service population by maximum utilization of the existing pump capacity.

Water level in existing deep wells The Study Team measured the static water level at the existing deep wells in order to confirm the

current water level of deep wells in the Janakpur shown in Figure 4-25 and the results of the water level test are shown in Table 4-33. (The details are shown in Appendix-4)

The depth of deep well is more than 130 meters and it is confirmed that the groundwater is pressured. The groundwater level in the wells was 34 cm below from the ground level or in overflowing condition.

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According to an interview with the local well drilling company and NWSC Janakpur Branch, an aquifer lies down 70 meters below from the ground level. The wells which are deeper than 70 meters are called as deep well. Therefore, a screen is generally installed about 70 meters below the ground level or more. It is confirmed that the water level in the 2nd survey (rainy season) was 34 cm lowered than the 1st survey (dry season) in the well No. 4. Almost no rainfall for a month in spite of the rainy season might cause the decrease of water level.

It is also confirmed that the static water level of a surveyed shallow well is just below the ground level. It indicates that the water level of shallow well is also high even though not pressured.

According to the interview with NWSC, groundwater level tends to decrease, but the result of the survey shows that the groundwater level is very high or in overflowing conditions. Since no periodical and continuous groundwater monitoring is conducted, it is necessary for NWSC to introduce the groundwater monitoring system for sustainable extraction of groundwater.

Source: The JICA Study team Figure 4-25 Location of static water level measurement in Janakpur

City Boundary

Kamara River

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Table 4-33 Static water level in deep wells in Janakpur No. Region Well depth

（m）*note 1 Measured Value

of still water level *note2 (GL-m)

Purpose Date（in 2019）

The 1st The 2nd 1 Charan Tatha

Ghanbali 140 0.15 0.03 For irrigation The 1st：21, April

The 2nd：22, August 2 Kumarahharu

Bagbatipur 130 Artesian

well Artesian

well For community

and drinking The 1st：21, April The 2nd：22, August

3 Mujeliya (Shallow wells)

35 (Right under the ground)

(Right under the ground)

For irrigation The 1st：21, April The 2nd：22, August

4 Mujeliya (Deep wells)

150 Artesian well

GL+0.34 For households and drinking

The 1st：21, April The 2nd：22, August

5 Chataiyachauri 150 Artesian well

Artesian well

NWSC and drinking

The 1st：17, April The 2nd：21, August

Note 1：Depth of Well No.1 and Well No.4 are based on design drawing and specification. Depth of Well No.2 and Well No.3 are based on hearing survey. Depth of Well No.5 is based on NWSC information. Note 2：The still water level is the distance from ground level. Source：JICA Study Team

Water source development plan 1) Deep well construction by NWSC

NWSC Janakpur Branch plans to build two wells but proposed sites for wells have not been decided yet.

2) Water source development plan NWSC Janakapur Branch plans to develop Kamana River as a water source for a case of the

groundwater shortage. Figure 4-26 shows the location of Komana River.

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Figure 4-26 Location of Komana River

The water level at Komana River is quite low in the dry season and it is difficult to secure the stable water supply amount throughout the year. The ground level of the water source is lower than the city center and it is necessary to install a pump station in case of treating and distributing water from the Komana River into the city.

3) Bulk Water Transmission Pipeline System by DWSSM

DWSSM conducted the F/S for water source in Koshi River and Kamala River on August 2018 (Feasibility Study of Bulk Water Transmission Pipeline System (BWTPS) from Kamala and Koshi River Parallel to East West Highway Package No-IV). Figure 4-27 shows the general layout of the project and Table 4-34 shows the general information about the project. Proposed target year of the project is 2050 and project aims to take water from several water sources (Koshi, Kamala,Tawa Khola, Kankai River and Siddhi Khola) and convey the water to nearby cities in parallel with East West Highway. Budget allocation and detailed design for the project have not been conducted.


90

Source: Feasibility Study of Bulk Water Transmission Pipeline System (BWTPS) from Kamala and Koshi River Parallel to East West Highway Package No-IV

Figure 4-27 General layout of the Project

Table 4-34 General information about the project

Item Contents

Water Source Koshi, Kamala,Tawa Khola, Kankai River and Siddhi Khola

Target Province and District Province No.1 &2 (Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusa, Mohattari ,Sarlahi, Sunsari, Morang 及び Jhapa)

Planned area 355,800 ha

Designed population (Year 2050) 6,732,372

The contents of facility Dam, Transmission line, WTP and water distribution network

Total Project cost NRP 60,489,218,317

Source: Feasibility Study of Bulk Water Transmission Pipeline System (BWTPS) from Kamala and Koshi River Parallel to East West Highway Package No-IV

Issues The main issues about facility capacity of NWSC Janakpur Branch are summarized in below. These

issues are similar to Birgunj. - The current water service ratio is low as 24%. It is necessary to develop the new water source and

water distribution facilities and to expand the water supply service area for achieving SDGs (90% of water supply service ratio).

Janakpur

91

- The total capacity of the existing overhead tank is 900 m3 and the capacity is equivalent to 8 hours’ amount of current daily average water supply amount (2,570 m3/day).

- Pump capacity in wells including wells under preparation is 6.8 m3/min (9,792m3/day). It is possible to expand the service up to this level of 9,792m3/day. However, it is necessary to increase the overhead tank capacity up to 3,264 m3 urgently for conducting stable 24 hour water supply.

Butwal

Butwal is the provisional capital city of Province-5 and city consists of 19 wards. Tinaw Khola River flows from the north to south in center of the city. The north side of the city center located in highlands but most of them is in flatland. The population is approximately 170 thousand, NWSC estimates that approximately 120 thousand people are in the water supply area, and water supply service population is about 75 thousand people (63% of water supply coverage ratio).

Water Service Area NWSC supplies water from Ward 1 to 13 for water supply service. The water coverage area in Ward

6 and 9 are 100% and other than the 2 wards are partially covered. WUSC conducts water supply service in areas except above mentioned (Ward 14 to 19). There are

also WUSCs in the NWSC water supply target area. Therefore, areas of NWSC and WUSC are mixed. Figure 4-28 shows NWSC water service area in Butwal.

Source: MoFALD

Figure 4-28 NWSC water service area in Butwal

92

Master Plan The Master plan for water supply system for Butwal is not established.

Water source and water treatment method Butwal supplies the surface water and the groundwater as water sources. Figure 4-29 shows a

schematic diagram for water supply system in Butwal.


Figure 4-29 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Butwal

1) Groundwater NWSC Butwal Branch utilizes 12 tube wells as water source for water supply and water from the

wells is distributed to each household after chlorine injection.

2) Surface water NWSC Butwal Branch utilizes Tinaw Khola other than groundwater. It is supplied to Ward 2, 3

and 6 after treatment. Water is taken also from Chidaya Khola which is located near Tinaw Khola in the rainy season. Figure 4-30 shows the existing WTP water flow and its treatment capacity is 9,000 m3/day.


Figure 4-30 Existing WTP water flow

Although pre-chlorination is conducted, there is no post-chlorination system at WTP. For chlorination, bleaching powder is dissolved in the bucket and put it into the receiving well.

The coagulant injection is conducted only in the rainy season. Especially in dry season, water is served without rapid sand filtration according to the WTP’s manager observation on raw water

93

quality. On the other hand, there is an operational management problem that the sedimentation tank is covered with a roof and it is difficult to check the condition of the sedimentation tank. As for the rapid sand filter, it is also difficult to confirm the filtering condition due to darkness condition because the roof height is very low. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the conditions of sedimentation tank and filtration tank, so that the operation conditions can be confirmed easily.

3) Pumps located in water sources

Figure 4-31 shows the location of tube wells and surface water in Butwal. Table 4-35 shows the pump list of water sources (surface water and wells) in Butwal. Pump capacity is 32 m3/min, it is equivalent to 46,000 m3/day. It is more than twice the current daily average water supply amount.


Figure 4-31 Location of deep wells and surface water in Butwal

①－⑥

⑦－⑧

⑨

⑩

⑱

⑬

㉓

⑪－⑫

⑯

⑳

㉔

⑰

㉑




94

Table 4-35 Pump list in Butwal


Depth of the Well

(m)

Discharge amount (L/min) Water Source Dry

Season Rainy Season

① Tinaw Sump well 150 10 2,750 2,750 Surface water

② Tinaw Sump well 150 10 2,750 2,750 Surface water

③ Tinaw Sump well 150 10 1,600 1,600 Surface water

④ Tinaw Sump well 150 10 2,300 2,300 Surface water

⑤ Tinaw Sump well 100 10 1,600 1,600 Surface water

⑥ Tinaw Sump well 150 10 2,300 2,300 Surface water

⑦ Milan well #1 150 10 2,200 2,600 Groundwater

⑧ Milan well #2 150 90 1,625 2,200 Groundwater ⑨ TCN well 80 90 666 1,000 Groundwater ⑩ DeviNagar well #1 80 90 416 600 Groundwater ⑪ Belbas well #1 50 50 250 350 Groundwater ⑫ Belbas well #2 100 50 666 1,200 Groundwater ⑬ Dhorpaton well 100 60 834 1,200 Groundwater ⑭ SukkhaNagar well 50 70 200 300 Groundwater ⑮ Butwal Mandap well 80 84 250 350 Groundwater ⑯ Chamcham chowk well 50 70 460 500 Groundwater ⑰ Office well 100 70 1,100 1,600 Groundwater ⑱ Devinagar well #2 150 60 2,100 2,100 Groundwater ⑲ Abhiyan Path 150 78 900 900 Groundwater ⑳ Ganesthan 80 70 600 800 Groundwater ㉑ Majhgaoun well 150 90 1,000 1,500 Groundwater ㉒ Milan well #3 100 120 1,000 1,500 Groundwater ㉓ Belbas well #3 100 125 700 900 Groundwater ㉔ Kanti Ma. Vi. Well 100 125 700 900 Groundwater ㉕ Manawgyan Ma. Vi. well 100 125 900 1,200 Groundwater ㉖ Santipath Bikashsamity 50 50 500 500 Groundwater ㉗ Manabagar 100 80 350 350 Groundwater ㉘ Nayagaw 150 150 1,300 1,300 Groundwater


Source: NWSC Hetauda Branch, The JICA Study Team

Water quality The Study Team conducted the water quality test for drinking water on March and August in 2019.

Table 4-36 shows typical water quality test results at water sources and water taps. (The details are shown in Appendix-4)

95

Table 4-36 Water quality test results at water sources and water taps

Item Chamcham chowk （Wells）

Tinaw Khola （River water）

NWSC Butwal *Note1

（Water taps）

Milahpath Sunoar *Note2

（Water taps） Nepal water

quality standards Dry

season Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/L) 0.10 0.03 or

less 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.03 or less 0.09 0.03 or

less 1.2

Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L) 9.7 12.6 0.5 2.1 11.5 13 0.7 4.3 11

Residual Chlorine (mg/L)

0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1-0.2

Fecal coliform (MPN/100m) N.D. 9.3x10 4.3x10 9.3x10 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.

Note 1：NWSC Butwal water taps are served from wells in NWSC Butwal Office Note 2：Milahpath Sunoar water taps are served with treated water at WTP from Tinaw Khola. Source：The JICA Study Team

Water quality items related to water source contamination by excreta are ammonia nitrogen and nitrate

nitrogen. Concentration of ammonia nitrogen is within allowable level of Nepal water quality standards, but nitrate nitrogen does not meet the standards in Chamcham chowk and NWSC Butwal. There is a possibility of wastewater contamination in the well and water distribution process.

Fecal coliforms is detected at water sources but it is not detected at water taps. It indicates that chlorination is conducted usually.

Table 4-37 shows the turbidity test results of surface water source (Tinaw Khola). The turbidity of water source at Tinaw Khola was confirmed as low as 3 NTU in the dry season but increased to 23 NTU in rainy season. This water is supplied to the water distribution network in Butwal after treatment at WTP. The result of the water quality test shows that the turbidity of water tap in rainy season meets the Nepal water quality standards as 4 NTU. It is, however, relative higher turbidity as the water treated in rapid sand filter. It might be happened that turbidity after treatment exceeds the water quality standards. Since turbidity and coagulant injection managements are not conducted in the WTP, an improvement is necessary for water quality management.

Table 4-37 Turbidity test results of surface water

Item

Tinaw Khola （River water）

Milahpath Sunoar 注 1 （Water taps） Nepal water

quality standards Dry

season Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Turbidity (NTU) 3 23 1 4 5

Note 1： Water taps at Milahpath Sunoar are served with treated water at WTP from Tinaw Khola.

Source：The JICA Study Team

Non-Revenue Water Ratio Flow meters and water meters are not installed properly in each household and it is difficult to grasp

the accurate NRW. Thus, NWSC estimates the NRW ratio as 30% for convenience. On the other hand,

96

NWSC Butwal Branch estimates that NRW ratio might be 45-48% in Butwal because daily average water supply amount per capita is larger than other branch offices. Measuring water distribution amount and the water consumption amount by flow meter and reducing NRW are required immediately.

Water Distribution Network According to the water supply demand increase, NWSC Butwal Branch conducts the field survey on

expanding water service area to satisfy the water demand of the residents. NWSC plans to expand the network in Motipur area (Ward 17, 18, 19) and Semlar area (Ward 14, 15, 16) as new water supply area. These areas are newly included in Butwal and development of water supply system is delayed.

Water Supply hours Pumps of water sources are working 24 hours for water supply in Butwal although not all pumps are

always operated. Water distribution is regulated and managed by zone alternately. In case of Chamcham chowlk, there are two trains in water service areas and alternate operation is conducted every 6 hours. Water supply from WTP is conducted 2 times in a day (morning: am to 8 am, evening: 5 pm to 8 pm: total 6 hours).

Lack of the capacity of the reservoirs and the overhead tanks causes temporal water supply, although the pump capacity of water source is enough. The water storage capacity of the existing facility is only 1,700 m3, which is about 2 hours of the daily average water supply (21,000 m3/day) in the rainy season and this causes the difficulty of 24-hour water supply.

Water source development plan NWSC estimates that NRW is large in volume, but it plans to develop water sources to increase water

supply amount. Planned water sources is Jhuna Khola, where is 12-15 m away from the city center (13 km away from

NWSC Butwal office) and intake facility is under design. Water is taken from a weir / intake facility, and served in the whole city area by gravity after water treatment. Design intake amount is 32,000 m3/d. Figure 4-32 shows the location of Jhuna Khola.

97


Figure 4-32 Location of Jhumsa Khola

Since the proposed intake site is in a mountain area, it is difficult to secure access to the site and special countermeasures for accessing the site is needed to construct the intake facility. Due to the low water level in the river during the dry season, it is difficult to secure stable water supply through a year.

Issues Followings are the main issues in NWSC Butwal Branch.

- Chemical injection equipment is not installed for the WTP and turbidity is not managed. - The result of water quality test in the rainy season shows that turbidity is within the Nepal water

quality standard but it is 4 NTU, which is relatively high. - It is desirable for the WTP to install the equipment for adequate turbidity control. - The total capacity of the pump capacity is 32m3/min, this is equivalent to 46,000m3/day in case of

24-hour pump operation. It becomes more than twice as daily average water supply amount. - Thus, to realize the 24-hour water supply, expansion of water distribution network and reservoir

capacity is more valuable issues than the water source development. - The total capacity of reservoirs in NWSC Butwal Branch is 1,700 m3 despite of 21,000m3/day of

the daily average water supply. It is equivalent to 2 hours’ water storage capacity, and it is difficult to correspond the peak demand for water supply.

- It is necessary to improve the reservoir capacity for more than 8 hours of daily average water supply

Jhumsa Khola Intake Proposed

Location of the New water source

Location of the existing water source

98

amount to keep 24-hour water supply. - Expansion of the reservoir and overhead tank is needed by 5,300 m3 in capacity. - Daily average water supply amount per capita is 273 LCD, which is much higher than other cities.

Accordingly, it is doubted that the NRW ratio is high. NWSC estimates it from 45% to 48%. The countermeasure for NRW is needed urgently.

- Installation of flow meter and water meter, prompt detection of water leakage and replacement of old pipes are countermeasures to reduce NRW.

Hetauda

Hetauda is the provisional state capital of Provice-3 and the city is one of the important industrial areas in Nepal. Labors from India and migrants from other cities increase. Accordingly, further urbanization is in progress. Administrative area consists of 19 wards.

The population of Hetauda is estimated about 170 thousand people in 2019 and HWSMB conducts the water supply service as the basic service provider. HWSMB estimates about 155 thousand people in water service area and 80 thousand as the service population (the water service ratio is 52%).

Water Service Area HWSMB supplies water in Ward 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16 and 17 in Hetauda. Among those,

Ward 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 are fully covered with the water supply service and other wards are partially covered. In addition, there are 10 WUSCs in Ward 1,3,11,12,13,17 and 19. Some WUSCs’ areas are mixed with HWSMB’s one. However, no water service is conducted in Ward 18. Figure 4-33 shows water service area in Hetauda City.

99

Source: MoFLD

Figure 4-33 Water service area of HWSMB

Master Plan There is no master plan for water supply system in Hetauda.

Water source and water treatment method HWSMB serves groundwater, surface water and spring water as water sources. Figure 4-34 and

Figure 4-35 show a schematic diagram for water supply system in HWSMB.

100


Figure 4-34 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Hetauda (1/2)


Figure 4-35 Schematic Diagram for water supply system in Hetauda (2/2) 1) Surface water

Water is in-taken from Samari stream (surface water) and Bundol Khola (spring water). It is transmitted to Harikunji reservoir by gravity. Then, it is distributed to Ward 1, 2, 4, 5 and 10. Water treatment system is not adopted. Only chlorination is conducted before distribution.

101

2) Groundwater Groundwater is supplied from 10 tube wells. At the well stations, chlorination is not observed.

3) Location of water source

Table 4-38 shows a list of pump of HWSMB. Figure 4-36 and Figure 4-37 shows the location of water sources in Hetauda. Total capacity of intake pumps is 15.9 m3/min and this is equivalent to 22,896 m3/day. This value is about 1.7 times the average daily water supply amount.

Table 4-38 Pump list in Hetauda


Depth of the Well

(m)

Discharge amount (L/Min) Water Source Dry

Season Rainy Season

① Samari (Infiltration galllery 1) 100 7.5 1,200 1,200 Surface water

② Samari ( Infiltration gallery 2) 100 7.5 1,200 1,200 Surface water

③ TCN (Deep Well) No.1 100 101 700 700 Groundwater ④ TCN (Deep Well) No.2 100 85 700 700 Groundwater ⑤ Kukhreni (Sumpwell) 100 8 300 300 Groundwater ⑥ Kukhreni (infiltration gallery) 100 10 1,000 1,000 Groundwater ⑦ Kamane (Deep Well) No. 1 100 80 800 800 Groundwater ⑧ Kamane (Deep Well) No. 2 100 83 800 800 Groundwater ⑨ Kamane (Deep Well) No.3 100 120 800 800 Groundwater ⑩ Karra (Deep Well) No. 1 75 55 400 400 Groundwater ⑪ Karra (Deep Well) No. 2 100 60 400 400 Groundwater ⑫ Hupra (Deep Well) N0. 1 75 90 400 400 Groundwater ⑬ Hupra (Deep Well) N0. 2 100 100 300 300 Groundwater ⑭ Gauritar (Deep Well) 100 100 800 800 Groundwater ⑮ Chaukitol (Deep Well) No. 2 100 60 900 900 Groundwater ⑯ Chaukitol (Deep Well) No. 3 100 80 900 900 Groundwater ⑰ Mayurdhap (Sump Well) 100 8 400 400 Groundwater ⑱ Gardoi (Deep Well) 100 70 700 700 Groundwater ⑲ Nayabasti (Deep Well) 75 36 300 300 Groundwater ⑳ Nayabasti (Sump Well) 100 8 300 300 Groundwater ㉑ Rai Tol (Deep well) 100 110 1000 1000 Groundwater ㉒ Nagswoti (Deep well) 100 120 900 900 Groundwater ㉓ Nagswoti (Sump well) 100 8 700 700 Groundwater



102


Figure 4-36 Location of water source in Hetauda (1/2)


Figure 4-37 Location of water source in Hetauda (2/2)

①－②

⑮, ⑯

③, ④

⑲, ⑳

⑤, ⑥

⑦－⑨ ⑱

⑫, ⑬

㉑ ⑰

⑩, ⑪

㉒, ㉓




103

Water quality Table 4-39 shows representative results of water quality test in wells and water taps (Details are shown

in Appendix-4)

Table 4-39 Water quality test results in wells and hand pump

Item

Bundal （Spring water）

Kamane （Well）

Kamane*1 （Water tap）

Sangham Chowk*2 （Water tap） Nepal water

quality standard Dry

season Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Dry season

Rainy season

Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) 0.03 > 0.03 > 0.03 > 0.03 > 0.03 > 0.03 > 0.03 > 0.03 > 1.2

Nitrate nitrogen (mg/L) 0.7 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.5 4.2 4.7 11

Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1-0.2

Fecal coliform (MPN/100m) 9 4 N.D. N.D. N.D. 4 N.D. 4 N.D.

*1 Kamane hydrant is more supplied than Kamane deep well *2 Bundal is a water source of Sangham Chowk hydrant and water is supplied through Harikunj resoirver.


The concentration of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen is within allowable level of the Nepal

water quality standards. However, fecal coliforms were detected at Bundal and two water taps during the rainy season. Detection of fecal coliform at the water service pipe indicates the possibility of wastewater contamination in distribution process. Furthermore, Bundal system where fecal coliform detected in raw water has a possibility of inappropriate chlorination. As for surface water quality at Samari Stream and Bundal Khola, the turbidity of raw water is confirmed at less than 1 NTU.

Non-Revenue Water Ratio Water flow meters and water meter at each household are not installed properly and the accurate

amount of NRW is not measured. However, HWSMB estimates the NRW ratio of 23% and this value is quite low estimation than NWSC. HWSMB evaluates that replacement of old pipes and eliminating illegal connection contribute to the reduction of NRW.

However, 23% of NRW ratio is one of issues in HWSMB. Therefore, further reduction activity is necessary.

Water Distribution Network HWSMB expands the water service area to respond the demand of residents. Especially, HWSMB is

required to expand the network to Ward 6, 7, 8, 15, 16 and 17. On the other hand, HWSMB is desirous to replace the old pipes with HDPE pipes for distribution network.

Water Supply hours All pumps are not working simultaneously, but 24-hour water intake is conducted. However, temporal

water supply is conducted at the water service area due to switching over the water distribution area at a water source. Average temporal water supply hour is 7 hours in a day. Main cause of the temporal

104

water supply is the lack of capacity of the existing reservoir and overhead tank. The total capacity of the existing distribution tanks / overhead tanks is 2,796 m3/day, which is about 5 hours of average daily water supply (13,500 m3/day). Moreover, there is no overhead tank or reservoir at 7 out of 11 water supply systems. Therefore, construction of reservoirs and/or overhead tanks is needed for 24-hour water supply.

Water source development plan There is no new water source development plan in HWSMB. Issues The following are major issues regarding to HWSMB’s facility capacity.

- The pumping capacity of water source is approximately 15.9 m3/min in total and it is equivalent to 22,896 m3/day if pumps are operated in 24 hours.

- The pumping capacity of water source is evaluated to be about 1.5 times larger than the demand (15,500 m3/day) estimated by HWSMB. It indicates that serious issues are an expansion of the distribution network and promotion of house connections as well as reservoir constructions rather than water source development.

- It is possible to conduct the 24-hour distribution without additional reservoirs. However, it is necessary to control the number of pumps immediately according to water demand fluctuations. In this case, the operation management becomes difficult and there is a risk of over extraction of water or insufficient distribution.

- It is desirable to construct additional water reservoir / overhead tank at each well station to have pump operation easier.

- The total amount of the existing pump capacity for water source is estimated at 22,896 m3/day. If 8 hours of water storage capacity is required, new reservoirs and/or new overhead tanks should be added by 7,632 m3 in capacity.

Condition of Operation and Maintenance in Water Supply Management

Table 4-40, Table 4-41 and Table 4-42 show the O&M management condition of the water supply system in the target cities. Moreover, special notes for each service provider and cities are described in the clause 4-3-1 and later. Following are common issues on basic service providers. The result of the survey is based on the site visit and the interview survey. Therefore, it is not a survey result of all facilities.

- As described in clause 4-1, the number of employee is insufficient except NWSC Janakpur brunch. - The actual number of staff in KUKL and NWSC is insufficient to the approved number of staff. It

causes the shortage manpower, not only engineering staff but also on-site technical staff such as plumber, helper and meter reader. This might affect the O&M work.

- Since on-site technical skill is depended on elder staff and the employment of new staff is delayed, the opportunity is very limited for inheriting the technical skill between young and elder technical

105

staffs. - It is difficult to share the technical skills because technical documents are not available such as

drawings, specifications, manuals and SOPs. - There is a unified format to fill out the record such as the daily pump operation and chemical

injection. - The operation records are only kept in the file. The record is not reflected to improvement of

operation and facility / equipment. - Repair ledger was not confirmed during the survey. The asset management including periodic

inspection is not implemented. - Chlorine is almost injected. - There are some case of inappropriate chlorination such as injection into water reservoir / overhead

tank. - To conduct proper chlorination according to water flow, manuals and equipment are necessary as

well as improvement of awareness of workers. - KUKL and HWSMB conduct regular water quality monitoring but NWSC branches do not conduct

it. - Basic service providers except KUKL do not conduct a daily test of turbidity and residual chlorine

which are necessary every day. Accordingly, water quality is rarely assured. - Due to lack of water flow meter, flow rate is rarely measured. - Since clogging of water flow meter with sand occurs frequently, its replacement is costly.

Accordingly, there are many cases not to replace the damaged flow meters. - As mentioned above, it is difficult to confirm the intake / treatment / distribution volume of water.

Therefore, evaluation of water supply efficiency including NRW is difficult.

106

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e cu

stom

ers

will

be

im

prov

ed.

Prom

otio

n of

cu

stom

er s

atis

fact

ion

is ex

pect

ed.

NW

SC u

ses

a st

and-

alon

e ty

ped

syst

em f

or

th

e cu

stom

er

man

agem

ent.

Alth

ough

th

e sy

stem

is

com

mon

fo

r al

l br

anch

es,

head

quar

ter

cann

ot

anal

yze

the

date

due

to

stan

d-al

one

syst

em.

Com

plai

nts

data

is

m

anag

ed in

a le

dger

.

Sam

e as

left

Sa

me

as le

ft

Sam

e as

left

In

ord

er to

impr

ove

the

rate

of

w

ater

ta

riff

colle

ctio

n, in

cent

ives

are

pr

ovid

ed

to

the

cust

omer

s su

ch

as

disc

ount

s fo

r ea

rly

paym

ent a

nd p

repa

id.

Intro

duci

ng

a m

anag

emen

t sy

stem

for

ta

riff

colle

ctio

n,

HW

SMB

pay

s ef

forts

to

impr

ove

the

cust

omer

se

rvic

es.

107

Tabl

e 4-

41 O

&M

man

agem

ent c

ondi

tion

on w

ater

supp

ly sy

stem

in ta

rget

citi

es (E

ngin

eerin

g M

anag

emen

t)

Item

K

athm

andu

Val

ley

Pokh

ara

Birg

unj

Jana

kpur

B

utw

al

Het

auda

①

SOP

SO

P is

not

con

firm

ed

in th

is st

udy.

In

stru

ctio

n an

d ex

plan

atio

n of

the

wor

k ar

e co

nduc

ted

by

oral

co

mm

unic

atio

n.

Old

SO

P pr

epar

ed b

y N

WSC

B

irgun

j br

anch

w

as

conf

irmed

in

th

e st

udy,

bu

t it

is

not

utili

zed

and

SOP

activ

ities

ar

e no

t co

nfirm

ed.

Inst

ruct

ion

and

expl

anat

ion

of t

he w

ork

are

cond

ucte

d by

or

al

com

mun

icat

ion.

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

SOP

is n

ot p

repa

red.

In

stru

ctio

n an

d ex

plan

atio

n of

the

wor

k ar

e co

nduc

ted

by

oral

co

mm

unic

atio

n.

②

Dat

a Le

dger

sy

stem

Rep

air r

ecor

ds w

as

conf

irmed

but

the

form

at is

not

uni

form

ed.

Th

e re

cord

is n

ot in

a

form

of l

edge

r co

mpi

ling

mai

nten

ance

hi

stor

ies o

r pla

ns.

Tech

nica

l do

cum

ents

su

ch

as

as-b

uilt

draw

ings

, sp

ecifi

catio

ns

and

dist

ribut

ion

netw

ork

draw

ing

wer

e no

t co

nfirm

ed.

R

epai

r rec

ord

is no

t in

a fo

rm

of

ledg

er

com

pilin

g m

aint

enan

ce

hist

orie

s or p

lans

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Ther

e is

an

ol

d di

strib

utio

n ne

twor

k dr

awin

g bu

t it

is

not

refe

rred

to

O

&M

m

anag

emen

t.

Rep

air r

ecor

d is

not i

n a

form

of

le

dger

co

mpi

ling

mai

nten

ance

hi

stor

ies o

r pla

ns

③

Wat

er Q

ualit

y M

anag

emen

t It

was

con

firm

ed th

at

the

wat

er q

ualit

y te

st is

co

nduc

ted

at

Mah

anka

lcha

ur W

TP.

Res

ults

of w

ater

qu

ality

test

of e

ach

WTP

is

dis

clos

ed o

n K

UK

L w

ebsi

te.

Ther

e is

no

wat

er

qual

ity la

bora

tory

. Wat

er

qual

ity te

st is

con

duct

ed

by si

mpl

e te

st k

its b

ut

not i

n re

gula

r int

erva

ls.

Wat

er

qual

ity

is

exam

ined

in

th

e la

bora

tory

of

br

anch

offic

e.

How

ever

, w

ater

qu

ality

test

is c

ondu

cted

by

sim

ple

test

kits

Wat

er q

ualit

y te

st i

s co

nduc

ted

once

ev

ery

half

year

or a

nnua

lly.

The

test

is

cont

ract

ed

out

to

KU

KL

or

a la

bora

tory

in B

iratn

agar

.

Wat

er

qual

ity

is

exam

ined

in

th

e la

bora

tory

of

br

anch

offic

e.

How

ever

, w

ater

qu

ality

test

is c

ondu

cted

by

sim

ple

test

kits

Wat

er

qual

ity

is

exam

ined

in

th

e la

bora

tory

of H

WSM

B.

④

Wat

er fl

ow

man

agem

ent

Wat

er fl

ow m

eter

s ar

e in

stal

led

but

mos

t of

th

em a

re b

roke

n-do

wn.

W

ater

flow

mon

itorin

g is

not

con

duct

ed.

Flow

da

ta

such

as

w

ater

pr

oduc

tion,

di

strib

utio

n an

d co

nsum

ptio

n is

estim

ated

.

Wat

er fl

ow m

eter

s ar

e ra

rely

inst

alle

d.

Flow

da

ta

such

as

w

ater

pr

oduc

tion,

di

strib

utio

n an

d co

nsum

ptio

n is

estim

ated

.

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

108

Tabl

e 4-

42 O

&M

man

agem

ent c

ondi

tion

on w

ater

supp

ly sy

stem

in ta

rget

citi

es (O

n-si

te sk

ill M

anag

emen

t) Ite

m

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y Po

khar

a B

irgun

j Ja

nakp

ur

But

wal

H

etau

da

①Fa

cilit

yop

erat

ion

man

agem

ent

No

SOP

for

on-s

ite

wor

k w

as c

onfir

med

. In

stru

ctio

n an

d ex

plan

atio

n of

the

wor

k ar

e co

nduc

ted

by

oral

co

mm

unic

atio

n.

Ther

e ar

e re

cord

s of

op

erat

ion

hour

s.

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

②Fa

cilit

ym

aint

enan

cem

anag

emen

t

Syst

emat

ic

and

perio

dic

insp

ectio

n is

not

co

nduc

ted.

Si

nce

the

insp

ectio

n is

done

afte

r tro

uble

s, it

is ne

cess

ary

to in

terr

upt t

he

wat

er

dist

ribut

ion

serv

ices

.

Inst

ruct

ion

and

expl

anat

ion

of t

he w

ork

are

cond

ucte

d by

or

al

com

mun

icat

ion.

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

③R

epai

r w

ork

for

Wat

er

leak

age

Rep

orte

d w

ater

le

akag

e by

cus

tom

er i

s re

paire

d.

Rep

airs

are

rec

orde

d,

but i

t is

not i

n a

unifi

ed

form

at a

s led

ger.

Rep

orte

d w

ater

le

akag

e by

cus

tom

er i

s re

paire

d.

The

repa

irs

are

com

plet

ed

with

in

2-3

days

af

ter

rece

ipt

of

com

plai

nts.

Rep

airs

are

rec

orde

d,

but i

t is

not i

n a

unifi

ed

form

at a

s led

ger.

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

④Pr

ocur

emen

tM

anag

emen

tSo

me

item

s ar

e st

ored

in

a w

areh

ouse

, but

mos

t pi

pe m

ater

ials

and

valv

es

are

stor

ed o

utsi

de.

Hou

se

conn

ectio

n m

ater

ials

are

sto

red

in a

w

areh

ouse

.

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sam

e as

left

Sour

ce: T

he JI

CA

Stud

y Te

am

109

Administrative Management Administrative work 1) KUKL

To start the Melamchi water supply project, the number of staff members are increased. Accordingly, O&M cost is also increased. However, the cost efficiency will be improved because the number of water connection as well as water consumption will be increased after the project. In addition, ICT system is also introduced to improve the efficiency of administrative works.

Due to the large size of the water supply business, the main issue is the systemization of huge data management for materials, human resources and finance as well as appropriate allocation of business resources.

2) NWSC

NWSC headquarter has prepared the unified formats for operation management. Nevertheless, each branch office manages the data and the format according to own situations. However, necessary information is reported by each branch office to headquarter as requested.

The system for water tariff collection and customer management is in stand-alone type and not connected for computer network. Therefore, it is difficult to integrate and analyze the data at headquarter as well as data sharing among branch offices.

Since the size of the water supply business is as large as that of KUKL, a data integration and analysis system is necessary to allocate the business resources appropriately.

3) HWSMB

HWSMB installed the original ICT system for the customer management after the independence from NWSC. It became easier to know the customers’ payment tendency. Utilizing the analysis data, HWSMB introduced the incentive system for tariff payment to the customers. Since decision making process is simplified, introductions of unique system are easier than NWSC.

Materials procurement All basic service providers conduct the material procurement by bidding procedure. Even in NWSC,

which has a lot of branches throughout Nepal, headquarter procures main materials by bidding based on requests of branches.

Customer management 1) KUKL

KUKL plans to introduce an ICT system for the management of customers’ information in the end of October 2019. It will enable to share the data with all branches and to correspond to the customers at any branch office. Through such improvement, KUKL expects the improvement of tariff collection rate as well as customer satisfaction.

110

2) NWSC Since the customer information management is in stand-alone type, it is difficult to share the

information with headquarter and other branches. On the other hand, records of customers’ complaints are managed separately from the said customer management system.

Due to inappropriate installation of water meter, the tariff collection is not always conducted in consumption basis. In cases of damaged meter, NWSC collect the tariff only for the minimum charge.

Most of the customers’ complaints is for water leakage. They are repaired within 2 - 3 working days after the receipt of complaints.

3) HWSMB

HWSMB has been introduced a unique system in tariff collection, which is a tariff discount system for privileged customers. Such improvement is supposed to contribute to promotion of the customer satisfaction and tariff collection ratio.

Engineering Management

Standard Operational Procedures (SOP) Basic service providers do not use SOP for operational management. Instruction and explanation of

daily work is orally conducted. Therefore, work procedures and operation record systems are not unified in the organizations. It is also difficult to share good practices of improvement since the documentation is not conducted. It is a challenge to improve the O&M systematically through the documented SOP.

Ledger system Records for repairs and complaints are written is a notebook by handwriting in the basic service

providers. It is, however, not managed in a form of asset management ledger which contains repairing histories, inspection and parts replacement schedule, etc. Moreover, such activity is depended on branch offices and not managed by headquarter. To maintain the sustainability of facility, a systematized asset management ledger system is necessary.

According to following situation, scheduled maintenance system is recommended to be conducted through the asset management ledger. - Damages on water flow meters and chemical injection equipment are often observed. However,

they are not repaired appropriately in time. - Reason for the above situation is often derived from the difficulty to procure necessary spare parts

in the local market. To prevent the long period of unrepaired conditions, scheduled maintenance according to the asset management ledger is recommended.

- Since there is no other choice to interrupt the water service in case of sudden breakdown of the equipment, the preventive maintenance according to the asset management ledger is recommended.

- Most leakage repairs are conducted based on customers’ complaints. Implementation of scheduled leak detection is necessary, so that the leakage is able to be repaired before complaints and earlier than the present procedures.

111

Chlorination Implementation status for chlorination is as follows. It is difficult to control the chlorine concentration

because dissolved bleaching powder is directly injected in water reservoirs or overhead tanks. Accordingly, cases of inappropriate concentration of residual chlorine and/or detections of fecal coliforms are often observed. Therefore, improvement of chlorination procedures is necessary. Preparation of SOP and compliance with the designated work procedures might be effective for the improvement.

1) Type of Chemical for chlorination Dissolved bleaching powder is used for chlorination in the target cities.

2) Chemical injection Method, Schedule and its record

Chlorination is conducted in reservoirs and/or pipelines. It is varied depending on facilities and availability of equipment. The bleaching powder is dissolved according to oral instructions. And it is often injected directly in reservoirs. Accordingly, the chlorine concentration is difficult to be managed appropriately. In addition, daily check of residual chlorine is not conducted on the water distribution network

3) Chemical storage method

Regarding the bleaching powder storage, it is sometime stored outside of buildings. It is necessary to improve the storage method to prevent not only chemical deterioration but also fire caused by high temperature and/or unpredictable chemical reaction.

Water Quality Test In general, the basic service providers conduct some parameters of water quality test in their own

facilities except NWSC Janakpur branch. Capable parameters to be tested are different by the service provider depending on the available equipment. Even if several tests are conducted, they do not always test the turbidity and residual chlorine, which are required to be done every day. To assure the water quality, water quality management should be improved. Moreover, the system should maintain the linkage between results of water quality test and operation mode of facility such as concentration of injected chemical,

1) Water quality test item

Table 4-43 shows the Nepal drinking water quality standard and parameters capable to be done by service provider. As mentioned above, NWSC Janakpur branch do not conduct the test in the branch office.

112

Table 4-43 Nepal drinking water quality standard and water quality test items of service providers

Item Unit Water quality

standard KUKL NWSC

(Pokhara) NWSC

(Birgunj) NWSC

(Janakpur) NWSC

(Butwal) HWSMB (Hetauda)

Turbidity NTU 5 ☑ ☑ ☑ ☑

pH 6.5-8.5 ☑ ☑ ☑ ☑

Color TCU 5 ☑ ☑

Taste &Odor No abnormality ☑ ☑

Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 1000 ☑ ☑ ☑

Electrical Conductivity μc/cm 1500 ☑

Iron mg/l 0.3 ☑ ☑ ☑

Manganese mg/l 0.2 ☑

Arsenic mg/l 0.05 ☑

Cadmium mg/l 0.003

Chromium mg/l 0.05

Cyanide mg/l 0.07

Fluoride mg/l 0.5-1.5 ☑

Lead mg/l 0.01

Ammonia mg/l 1.5 ☑ ☑ ☑ ☑

Chloride mg/l 250 ☑ ☑

Sulphate mg/l 250

Nitrate mg/l 50 ☑

Copper mg/l 1

Total Hardness mg/l 500 ☑ ☑

Calcium mg/l 200

Zinc mg/l 3

Mercury mg/l 0.001

Aluminum mg/l 0.2

Residua Chlorine mg/l 0.1-0.2 ☑ ☑ ☑ ☑

E.coli MPN/100ml 0 ☑

Total Coliform MPN/100ml 0 ☑ ☑ ☑ ☑ ☑

Note: ☑ is implemented item


2) Water quality test system

Only KUKL owns a water quality laboratory in WTP. The others use an office room as a water

113

quality test laboratory, except NWSC Janakpur. Although KUKL and HWSMB test the water quality by analysis equipment, NWSC is not able to do the same manner due to lack of equipment. NWSC, therefore, tests the water quality by simple water quality test kit.

3) Water quality test frequency

KUKL conducts water quality test every day on WTPs and water taps in water service area, NWSC branches conduct the test randomly and HWSMB conducts the test at 1 to 2 weeks interval. However, NWSC Janakapur Branch outsources the test at every 6 to 12 months interval.

4) Accuracy of the water quality test

NWSC Branches use simple water quality test kit distributed by ECO CONERN Co. Ltd. (http://ecoconcern.com.np/product/enpho-field-water-test-kit/) due to lack of analysis equipment. Accurate results are not expected. However, it is indicators to confirm the water quality roughly for appropriateness to drinking water.

5) Disclosure system of water quality, and data utilization to operation mode of facility

KUKL discloses the results of water quality test on their website. The others do not have the same system. It is preferable to disclose the water quality to have customers’ confidence on service performance.

It is necessary to improve / modify the operation mode of WTPs as well as chlorination, according to results of water quality test. The team has to say that the results of test are not utilized well to modification of operation mode since the detected residual chlorine is often below the standard level.

Water flow management The basic service providers do not meter the water flows appropriately. It is, therefore, difficult to

manage the operation according to the water flow. Basically, water tariff is collected according to metered water volume. However, water meters are not

always installed and operable. Accordingly, water consumption data is also not recorded accurately. Data of water flow and consumption is necessary to plan the design flow for production, distribution

and consumption as well as zoning of water distribution areas. It is also indicators of the service efficiency by NRW and/or unit volume wised analysis. Therefore, the water flow management system should be urgently introduced. To introduce the system, installation of flow meters and preparation of SOP might be effective.

On-site Skill Management

On-site skills are necessary to be inherited through the works at site. However, such opportunity is very limited since the employment of new staff is delayed. In practical, it is difficult to conduct efficiently to transfer the skills from elder technical staffs to younger ones. To assist in such technical transfers, preparation of manuals is recommended for usual works such as plumbing, leak repair, chemical injection, valve operation, etc.

http://ecoconcern.com.np/product/enpho-field-water-test-kit/

114

Current status of on-site skill management is common in all basic service providers and summarized as follows.

Facility operation Instructions for operation are orally made for pump, valve, chemical injection, etc. Since a supervision

system is not well established, inappropriate operations are sometimes observed. Following are urgently required to be systematized. - Awareness improvement of operators. - Appropriate supervision and confirmation system. - Manuals and unified record formats enabling integrated analysis.

Facility maintenance As mentioned above, preventive maintenance is rarely conducted, and the distribution service should

be interrupted during the maintenance works. When chlorinators are broken down, the chlorination is not often provided. Thus, following are necessary as urgent issues. As for introduction of preventive maintenance, SOP might be efficient and effective. - Provision of stand-by equipment or spare equipment - Provision of preventive maintenance

Repair work for water leakage The repair work for water leakage is conducted based on report / complaints from the customer. Water

leakage is reported almost every day. That is why leakage repair teams are established. The leakage is repaired within 2-3 days. However, the repair records are not managed in electrical data. To have a link between the leakage history and scheduled maintenance, it is necessary to establish an asset management ledger and compiling the leakage data with the ledger.

In order to repair the leakage in early stage, leak detection system is recommended as well as introduction of leak detection equipment.

Issues on O&M management The common issues are ①to secure enough budget for O&M, including revision of water tariff, ②

to secure necessary number of O&M staff, ③to introduce asset management system enabling scheduled maintenance, ④to enhance education system on O&M, including SOP.

As for Local Government, a system to integrate the information related water supply in whole administrative area and to formulate a development plan in a view of whole city including WUSCs.

In respect of administrative and data management, it is a time to introduce ICT system especially for a large service provider like KUKL and NWSC.

Particular issues by city are summarized below.

Kathmandu Valley Following are the situation of water supply system in the Kathmandu Valley.

115

- NRW ratio is estimated at 20%. It is necessary to develop a systematized activity to reduce NRW. - As a whole Kathmandu Valley, the house connection ratio might be reached nearly 100%. However,

the daily average water supply amount per capita is estimated as low as 56 LCD. Improvement in water amount is urgently required throughout the Kathmandu Valley. The issue will be overcame by the Melamchi water supply project.

- It is necessary to improve O&M system including equipment, especially for water flow metering and water quality management.

Table 4-44 shows the main issues regarding the water supply system in Kathmandu Valley.

Table 4-44 Issues regarding the water supply system in the Kathmandu Valley

Problem Issue Countermeasure 1. Water supply amount per capita of

KUKL is 57 LCD on average. In WUSCs area, it is also estimated 50 LCD. 100-150 LCD of Water supply amount is required.

Water source development and construction of WTPs, reservoirs, water transmission and water distribution facilities are necessary.

- Completion of the Melamchi water supply project as soon as possible.

2. NRW ratio is estimated at 20%. Due to the higher NRW, only 80 LCD reaches to the customer even 100 LCD is supplied. Since water flow is not measured, it is difficult to calculate NRW and specify problems of NRW.

- Metering water production / distribution flow and consumption.

- Detection and repair of leakage at early stage.

- Installation of flow meter and water meter, and management of the water distribution flow by block

- Improvement of survey methods of water leak and illegal connection.

3. 24-hour water supply is not conducted. Securing the reservoir volume and restructuring the water distribution block

Construction / rehabilitation of water reservoirs and distribution networks.

4. Water quality is not assured because chemical injection is not appropriately managed.

Improvement of water quality management system as well as awareness of operators.

- Installation / rehabilitation of facilities such as chemical injection pump.

- Education of operators as well as preparation of education tools.

- Commencement of JICA’s technical assistance project


Pokhara Following are the situation of water supply system in Pokhara.

- When WUSCs operations are counted, the house connection ratio might be about 81% throughout the city. However, it is necessary to continue the development because about 19 % households still remain unserved in water supply.

- NRW ratio of NWSC system is estimated at 30% and activity for NRW reduction is required. - Improvement of water quality and water distribution management is expected through the Japan’s

Grant Aid Project. However, development of O&M capacity is immediately required, especially for the slow sand filtration.

- It is necessary to improve O&M system including equipment, especially for water flow metering and water quality management.

Table 4-45 shows the main issues regarding the water supply system in Pokhara.

116

Table 4-45 Issues regarding the water supply system in Pokhara Problem Issue Countermeasure

1. Slow sand filtration WTP is under construction by Grant Aid project. However, there is no operational experience and it is difficult to operate management without training.

It is necessary to train operators who do not have enough WTP operation experience.

Education program regarding WTP operation and management for operators is conducted.

2. NRW ratio is estimated 30%. Due to the higher NRW, only 70 LCD reaches to the customer even 100 LCD is supplied. Since water flow is not measured, it is difficult to calculate NRW and specify problems of NRW.





3. 24-hour water supply is not conducted. Securing the reservoir volume and restructuring the water distribution block

Construction of the reservoir is ongoing by Japan’s Grant Aid project. Therefore, capacity development program for water distribution management is necessary.






Birgunj Following are the situation of water supply system in Birgunj.

- Hand pumps have spread throughout the city and the citizens can secure basic class water supply amount (45-65 LCD). However, it is necessary to improve the house connection ratio in large-scale since SDGs aim to have 90% of the house connection ratio.

- NWSC needs the capacity development program on O&M in parallel with facility construction because ①NRW ratio is estimated as 30%, ②there is no monitoring system for groundwater, ③ water quality is not assured by the regular water quality management.

- Due to insufficiency of water storage capacity, 24-hour water supply is difficult. As well as additional water reservoirs, a capacity development program for water distribution management is necessary. Table 4-46 shows the main issues regarding the water supply system in Birgunj.

Table 4-46 Issues regarding the water supply system in Birgunj

Problem Issue Countermeasure 1. The house connection ratio is low and it

is an objection to improve the quality of life for residents.

Development of water source and distribution facility is necessary.

Improvement of water distribution network including water source and reservoir.

2. Since groundwater is not monitored, sustainability of groundwater is not able to confirm.

Monitoring system of the groundwater is required.

Introducing the groundwater monitoring system

3. NRW ratio is estimated 30%. Due to the large amount of NRW, only 70 LCD in average reaches to the customer even 100 LCD is supplied. Since water flow is not measured, it is difficult to calculate NRW and specify problems of NRW.





4. Pumping capacity of water sources is enough for water service population. However, it is difficult to conduct 24-

Securing the reservoir volume and restructuring the water distribution block

- Construction of the reservoir (overhead tank) as well as water distribution network and water distribution block.

117

Problem Issue Countermeasure hour consecutive and stable water supply.

- Capacity development program for water distribution management is necessary.






Janakpur Following are the situation of water supply system in Janakpur. It is as same as that of Birgunj.

- Hand pumps have spread throughout the city and the citizens can secure basic class water supply amount (45-65 LCD). However, it is necessary to improve the house connection ratio in large-scale since SDGs aim to have 90% of the house connection ratio.

- NWSC needs the capacity development program on O&M in parallel with facility construction because ①NRW ratio is estimated as 30%, ②there is no monitoring system for groundwater, ③ water quality is not assured by the regular water quality management.

- Due to insufficiency of water storage capacity, 24-hour water supply is difficult. As well as additional water reservoirs, a capacity development program for water distribution management is necessary.

Table 4-47 Issues regarding the water supply system in Janakpur

Problem Issue Countermeasure 1. The house connection ratio is low and it

is an objection to improve the quality of life for residents.

Development of water source and distribution facility is necessary.

Improvement of water distribution network including water source and reservoir.

2. Since groundwater is not monitored, sustainability of groundwater is not able to confirm.

Monitoring system of the groundwater is required.

Introducing the groundwater monitoring system

3. NRW ratio is estimated 30%. Due to the large amount of NRW, only 70 LCD in average reaches to the customer even 100 LCD is supplied. Since water flow is not measured, it is difficult to calculate NRW and specify problems of NRW.





4. Pumping capacity of water source are enough against water served population. However, it is difficult to conduct 24-hour consecutive and stable water supply.

Installation of the reservoir (overhead tank) and reconstruct the corresponding water distribution network area.

Construction of the reservoir (overhead tank) and establishment of distribution network and water distribution block






Butwal Followings are the situation of water supply system in Butwal.

- When WUSCs operations are counted, the house connection ratio might be about 90% throughout the city. However, it is necessary to continue the development because the population will be increased.

- NRW ratio of NWSC system is estimated at 45-48% and activity for NRW reduction is immediately

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required. - Due to insufficiency of water storage capacity, 24-hour water supply is difficult. As well as

additional water reservoirs, a capacity development program for water distribution management is necessary.

- Similar O&M system to Pokhara, Birgunj and Janakpur, as well as capacity development program, is required.

- Operation improvement of the rapid sand filtration in the WTP is required.

Table 4-48 shows the main issues regarding the water supply system in Butwal.

Table 4-48 Issues regarding the water supply system in Butwal Problem Issue Countermeasure

1. NRW ratio is estimated as 45-48%. The water service area can be expanded by current water source if NRW water is reduced.

- Measuring distributed water amount and water consumption amount.

- Detecting and repairing the water leakage as soon as possible.

- Installation of flow meter and water meter, and management of water distribution amount and water consumption by block

- Improvement of water leakage detection method and illegal connection survey, formulation of leak survey.

2. Pumping capacity of water source are enough against water served population. However, it is difficult to conduct 24-hour consecutive and stable water supply.


Construction of the reservoir (overhead tank) and establishment of distribution network and water distribution block

3. Rapid sand filter WTP is operated. Since chemical injection and water quality management are insufficient, water quality is not assured.

It is necessary to train operators who do not have enough WTP operation experience.

Education program regarding WTP operation and management for operators is conducted.






Hetauda Followings are the situation of water supply system in Hetauda.

- When WUSCs operations are counted, the house connection ratio might be about 72% throughout the city. However, it is necessary to continue the development because about 28 % households still remain unserved in water supply.

- NRW ratio of NWSC system is estimated at 23% and activity for NRW reduction is immediately required.

- Due to insufficiency of water storage capacity, 24-hour water supply is difficult. As well as additional water reservoirs, a capacity development program for water distribution management is necessary.

- Similar O&M system to Pokhara, Birgunj and Janakpur, as well as capacity development program, is required.

Table 4-49 shows the main issues regarding the water supply system in Hetauda.

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Table 4-49 Issues regarding the water supply system in Hetauda Problem Issue Countermeasure

1. NRW ratio is estimated 23%. Due to the large amount of NRW, 77 LCD in average reaches to the customer even 100 LCD is supplied. Since water flow is not measured, it is difficult to calculate NRW and specify problems of NRW.





2. Pumping capacity of water source is enough for water served population. However, it is difficult to conduct 24-hour consecutive and stable water supply.


Construction of the reservoir (overhead tank) and installation of water distribution network and water distribution block






Chapter 5

Current condition and issues in Wastewater management

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Chapter 5 Current condition and issues in Wastewater management Organization of Wastewater Management

The operation system on the wastewater management in Nepal is undertaken by each municipality. However, KUKL operates sewer system in Katmandu Valley under KVWSMB. In addition, there is a wastewater treatment plant (hereinafter called WWTP) operated by High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization (hereafter called HPCIDBC) that is under the Ministry of Urban Development. In the other cities, sewerage system in the target cities is partially adopted. As for on-site sanitation, de-sludge service is commonly implemented by private sector.

Current condition of wastewater management

The current condition and the future plan for sewerage system and on-site sanitation in the Kathmandu Valley, Pokhara, Birgunj, Janakpur, Butwal and Hetauda are described below. The result of the interview survey regarding the current condition of wastewater treatment, conducted by the Study Team, is described in Chapter 5-3

Kathmandu Valley

Summary of wastewater treatment The coverage ratio of the sewerage system in the Kathmandu Valley is about 70% and it is

comparatively higher figures among developing countries. However, currently only WWTP in Guheshwori is under operation and the capacity of the plant is about 16,000 m3/day. Assuming the total wastewater generated in the Kathmandu Valley as 137,000 m3/d (171,462m3/d of average water supply x 80%), the sewage treatment capacity in Guheshwori WWTP covers only 12%. The excess sewage over the capacity is directly discharged into Bagmati River.

Since the river flow rate in Kathmandu including Bagmati River is low due to utilization as water source and sewage is discharged into rivers without treatment, river water quality in Kathmandu is deteriorated significantly.

Under such circumstances, KVWSMB establishes sewerage plans for the Kathmandu Valley, including rehabilitation and expansion of the existing 6 WWTPs in the Kathmandu Valley, and a part of the construction work has been started.

Regarding on-site sanitation in the Kathmandu Valley, currently there are no sludge disposal sites except for a small sludge treatment plant (hereinafter called STP) operated by a NGO. Besides, there is no plan for construction of STPs yet. Under the circumstance, most collected sludge is directly discharged into the river or public sewer.

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Current condition of wastewater management 1) Current Condition

Table 5-1 shows waste water treatment coverage ratio in the Kathmandu Valley. Approximately 70% of the people in the Kathmandu Valley use sewerage system and the others use on-site sanitation system for disposal of wastewater.

Table 5-1 Waste water treatment coverage ratio in the Kathmandu Valley

Items Ratio (%)

Sewer Connection 70

Septic tank 12

Soak pit 17

Others 1

Source：Study on Sewage Management in Kathmandu Valley, JICA, 2017

2) Sewerage

The following are the current conditions of the sewerage system in Kathmandu Valley, according to KUKL-PID (Project Implementation Directorate). Figure 5-1 shows the location map of sewerage and sanitation facilities in the Kathmandu Valley.

- The sewerage areas of KUKL are 15 municipalities areas in the Kathmandu Valley and the total population of the areas is about 2,500,000.

- The interceptor method is adopted for sewage collection. Sewage and rainwater are collected by road drain/gutter and gathered in interceptor (main sewer). The collected wastewater flows into the WWTPs.

- All WWTPs will be located beside Bagmati River and the other tributary rivers. Then, the sewage flows down to WWTPs by gravity.

- It is KUKL to manage sewerage plan as well as design and O&M in the Kathmandu Valley. In addition, there is HPCIDBC to operate Guheshwori WWTP which is in operation currently.

- Sewerage tariff is collected together with water tariff. 50% of the water consumption charge is billed as sewerage tariff.

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Figure 5-1 Location map of sewage and sanitation facilities in the Kathmandu Valley

Guheshwori WWTP is the only WWTP operated in the Kathmandu Valley (Design treatment capacity about 16,000 m3/day) and oxidation ditch method is adopted for the treatment. Figure 5-2 shows the schematic flow of Guheshwori WWTP.

Gokarna WWTP

Guheshwori service area

Bagmati river

Teku area

Existing and planned WWTP

Kodku WWTP

Lubhu (Sludge treatment plant

operated by NGO)

Chalnakhel WWTP

Sallaghari WWTP

Guheshwori WWTP

Minbhawan, (Discharge point of existing WWTP (Guheshwori))

Sallaghari service area Kodhku service area

Dhobighat service area Chalnakhel service area

Latipur area

Dobighat WWTP

Existing STP

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Figure 5-2 Schematic flow of Guheshwori WWTP

- Government of Nepal built the plant in 2001. - HPCIDBC owns and operates the plant. - The same type of WWTP is additionally under construction (capacity is about 16,000

m3/day), which is adjacent to the existing treatment facility. The plant will be handed over to KUKL after the 8-year operation by the Contractor.

- The effluent is discharged at Minbhawan which locates in 4 km downstream of Bagmati River.

- The design water quality of BOD and SS at the inlet of the WWTP is 300 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively. However, water quality of BOD and SS at the inlet of WWTP is currently 2 times or higher than the design water quality.

- The flow rate at the inlet is currently 2 times of more than the design capacity, 16,000 m3/day. Thus, the excess sewage from the plant is directly discharged into the river thorough by-pass line without any treatment. Picture 5-1 shows situations of Guheshwori treatment plant

Picture 5-1 Pictures of Guheshwori WWTP

Guheshwori WWTP

Discharge point at Minbhawan of WWTP

The project for Bagmati river improvement project （ADB Project was in operation, April 2018）


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3) On-Site Sanitation There is no public sludge disposal site for sludge from on-site sanitation in the Kathmandu

Valley. On the basis of the JICA report in 2017※1, the current situation of on-site sanitation in the

Kathmandu Valley is shown below: ※1 Study on Wastewater Management in Kathmandu Valley, JICA

- 30% of the total population out of 2.5 million in the Kathmandu Valley uses on-site sanitation for waste water treatment.

- The division of the sewerage area and the on-site sanitation area in the Kathmandu Valley are obscure and there are some on-site sanitation facilities in the sewerage area in the Kathmandu Valley. Thus, the percentage of on-site sanitation is estimated based on the assumption.

- 30% of the total generated sludge in the Kathmandu Valley is de-sludged by vacuum truck. - If the average generated sludge amount per capita is assumed 0.2 LCD, more than 100 m3/day

(2,500,000 persons × 0.3 × 0.0002 m3/day/person=150m3/day) of sludge is generated from on-site facilities in the Kathmandu Valley.

- On the other hand, there is only small sized STP (treatment capacity 6 m3/week) supported by a NGO in Lubhu. Its sludge treatment process is composed by digester and natural purification tank. However, the capacity of the plant is significantly insufficient.

- STP in Teku, which is reported to JICA in 2017, stops operation. (treatment capacity 50 m3/day)

- The collected sludge by a private sludge collection company is discharged into the river or sewer manhole directly by free of charge.

- There are about 40 private sludge collection companies. - The average monthly income of a vacuum truck driver is estimated approximately USD900. - De-sludge cost by vacuum truck is NPR 2,500 per one trip (capacity: approximately 4m3 ) Future plan of sewerage 1) Future plan of sewerage system

The future plan for the sewerage system in the Kathmandu Valley is described below based on the information from KUKL-PID. (The location of each WWTP is shown in Figure 5-1) Table 5-2 shows the basic design conditions for sewerage system, Table 5-3 shows the sewage amount in each zone, and

Table 5-4 shows capacity of each facility.

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Table 5-2 Basic Design Conditions for Sewerage System Item Unit Current 2020 2030

Connection Ratio % 70 75 80

Unit of wastewater generation Liter/Capita/Day 80 80 96

Ratio of water except for sewage % 10 10 10

Ratio of unknown water % 10 10 10

Coefficient of Fluctuation - 2.5 2.5 2.5

Source: KUKL-PID

Table 5-3 Generated sewage volume in each zone

Zone Size (km2)

Population (Person) Sewage population (person) Volume of sewage (m3/day)

2020 2030 2020 2030 2020 2030

Gokarna zone 5.5 20,500 35,800 15,375 28,640 1,476 3,299

Guheshwori zone 9.9 216,300 418,200 162,225 334,560 15,574 38,541

Sallaghari zone 18.2 122,300 152,700 91,725 122,160 8,806 14,073

Kodku zone 18.9 207,500 379,800 155,625 303,840 14,940 35,002

Dhobighat zone 158 2,530,600 4,416,900 1,897,950 3,533,520 182,203 407,062

Chalnakhel zone※1

Others

Total 210.5 3,097,200 5,403,400 2,322,900 4,322,720 222,998 497,977 ※1 The volume of sewage water added to Dhobighat sewage facility because the plan is not concreted due to lack of land

Source: KUKL-PID

Table 5-4 Sewage treatment capacity in each zone

Unit: (m3/day)

Name of plant Current 2020 2030 Total

Gokarna Treatment Plant 0 0 3,000 3,000

Guheshwori Treatment Plant 16,200 16,200 16,200 48,600

Sallaghari Treatment Plant 0 14,200 14,200

Kodku Treatment Plant 0 17,500 17,500 35,000

Dhobighat Treatment Plant 0 74,000 256,000 330,000

Chalnakhel Treatment Plant※1 0 0 (66,200) (66,200)

Others 0 0 18,000 18,000

Total 376,900 515,000

（Land secured） 16,200 121,900 310,700 448,800 ※1 Currently land is not secured. ※2 Activated sludge method. Source: KUKL-PID

- The generated sewage (total amount: 500,000 m3/day) from each sewerage area will be

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treated by 6 WWTPs by 2030.

- Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project (the total project cost is approximately USD 140 Million) including the rehabilitation and construction of the WWTPs and the sewer main (interceptor sewer pipe) is being implemented.

- ADB, OPEC Fund International Development (OFID) and Government of Nepal invest in the

project at the ratio of 58%, 12% and 30%, respectively. ADB and OFID support the fund with

the loan, not with the grant.

- The project is scheduled to be completed by 2022.

- The scope and the budget of each package in the project regarding the rehabilitation and the

construction of the WWTPs are as follows:

• Total capacity is approximately 142,100 m3/day and total project cost is approximately

USD 89.3 Million.

• Rehabilitation of the existing WWTP in Guheshwori (Design capacity 16,200 m3/day) and

construction of a WWTP in Guheshwori (Design capacity 16,200 m3/day) including

O&M for 10 years. The total project cost is approximately USD 25.6 Million.

• Construction of new WWTPs including O&M for 5 years in Shallaghari (14,200m3/day),

Kodku (17,500m3/day) and Dhobighat (37,000 m3/day). The total project cost is

US$36.24 Million.

• Construction of a new WWTP including O&M for 5 years in Dhobighat (37,000 m3/day).

The total project cost is US$ 19 Million.

• Construction of a new WWTP in Gokarna (3,000 m3/day). The total project cost is

US$ 4.5 Million.

• Construction of a new WWTP in Hanumanghat (1,000 m3/day). The total project cost is

US$ 4 Million.

• Abovementioned WWTPs being constructed will be operated by KUKL after the

completion of O&M by contractors.

All of the proposed WWTPs are designed for the effluent quality standard in Nepal and activated sludge treatment process is applied for sewage treatment. A thickener, digestion tank with power generation using digestion gas, and a dehydrator are adopted in the sludge treatment process.

Table 5-5 shows the conditions of interceptor pipes and future plan along the rivers.

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Table 5-5 Conditions of interceptor pipes and future plan along rivers

Name of River Existing

Under

Construction Under Planning Total

Organization

km km Km km

Bagmati

24.1 9.9 3 37.0 HPCIDBC

1.5 2.5 4.0 KUKL/PID

8.6 8.6 -

Bishnumati 11.7 4 15.7 HPCIDBC

Manohara 12.0 14.3 26.3 KUKL/PID

Dhobikhola 12 2.7 2 16.7 HPCIDBC

7 7.0 -

Hanumante 25.3 25.3 KUKL/PID

Kodku 11.82 11.8 -

Balkhu 15.2 15.2 -

Nakhu 12.7 12.7 -

Others 7.7 31.7 39.4 -

Total 49.3 57.6 112.82 219.7 -

Source: KUKL-PID

2) On-site Sanitation

There is no future plan for disposal of the sludge generated from on-site sanitation in the Kathmandu Valley.

Main problem for sewerage treatment system in the Kathmandu Valley Although the sewerage coverage ratio in the Kathmandu Valley is 70% and it is relatively high,

the appropriate sewage treatment ratio is approximately 12% of whole generated sewage. It is necessary to rehabilitate and expand WWTPs in urgent. KUKL has been conducting the sewerage improvement plan (approximately 500,000 m3/d by 2030) corresponding to the water supply volume after the completion of Melamuchi water supply project. Approximately 80 % of the sewerage coverage ratio, then, will be achieved. As of 2019, the present issue in the sewerage system is to complete the on-going project promptly rather than proposing new projects.

On the other hand, un-sewered area will be still remaining at 20% in 2030. Thus, on-site sanitation will be continued as the current condition. Since the public sludge management for the on-site sanitation facility is not conducted in a proper way, establishment of the sludge management system by a local municipality or an association formed by local municipalities is urgently required.

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Pokhara The Summary of waste water treatment in the city Currently, there is no sewerage system in Pokhara and on-site sanitation is applied for wastewater

treatment in the whole city. There is a STP for sludge collected by private companies in the southern part of the city, and the sludge drying bed is located in the exiting municipal solid waste disposal site.

Figure 5-3 shows the location map of sewerage and sanitation facilities in Pokhara. The sewerage system is planned to be introduced in the western side of city center of Pokhara.

Boundary of Pokhara City Sewage management area (Plan)

Sewage plant (Plan) Sludge plant (Existing) Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 5-3 Location Map of Planned WWTP and Existing STP in Pokhara Condition of Wastewater Management 1) Current condition

Table 5-6 shows the coverage ratio of sewerage and on-site sanitation in Pokhara. Currently, there is no sewerage system in Pokhara city and on-site sanitation is applied for wastewater management in the whole city.

WWTP

STP

5km

Seti river

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Table 5-6 Coverage Ratio of Sewerage and On-Site Sanitation in Pokhara Item Ratio (%)

Sewage 0

Septic tank or Soak pit (Almost) 100


2) Sewerage

There is no sewerage system.

3) On-site Sanitation The STP is located in the southeastern part of Pokhara. Followings are current conditions. Due to the improper management system for black water treatment, the untreated wastewater

may affect the water environment in Pokhara. The system for proper sludge management is urgently required.

- The solid waste landfill has been constructed by ADB Project (loan) about 15 years ago. STP is adjacent to the solid waste landfill site.

- The received sludge volume is presently 50m3 /day. The number of trips of sludge collection vehicle (5m3) is 10 times in a day on average.

- The STP consists of a sludge thickener, sludge drying beds, and a lagoon for leachate. - 3 companies are chosen as the private waste collection company by bidding, and 1 company

is chosen for sludge collection as well.

- Through monitoring the private sludge collection company, PMC manages to dispose the sludge at the disposal site in proper way.

- The private sludge collection company charges NPR 4,000 ~ NPR 5,000 to each household for de-sludge from an on-site sanitation facility in a household. (Approximately 5m3)

- The basis of the contract is that PMC gives the operation rights for sludge collection to a private company and there is no payment for sludge collection from PMC to the private company.

- The private sludge collection company pays NPR 1 million to PMC for sludge disposal right. - All solid waste and sludge generated in 33 wards in Pokhara are transported to the disposal

site.

- Industrial sludge is disposed at the disposal site, too. - More than 400 mg/L of COD was detected from the leachate in the disposal site. Thus, the

leachate treatment and the environmental management should be conducted in proper way.

- There is a department responsible for solid waste management (total 15 persons) in PMC but there is no specific department responsible for wastewater treatment in PMC.

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Future plan of sewerage and on-site sanitation 1) Future plan of sewerage

DWSSM plans to establish a sewerage system in the western part of Seti River. Following are the summary of the planned sewerage. Due to a concern of eutrophication in Phewa Lake and water pollution in Seti River which runs across the city, implementation of the proposed sewerage system is required urgently.

- DWSSM prepared the feasibility study (F/S) for Phewa Lake Sewage Management Project in 2014 but the construction has not started due to lack of budget.

- The proposed plan suggests to collect and treat wastewater generated in the catchment area (the west side of Seti River).

- The separate sewer system is adopted. (There is no plan for storm water drainage.) - Planned population is about 320,000 persons (in 2040), the capacity for the WWTP is about

73,000 m3/day.

- The design sewage quality of BOD and SS at the inlet are 180mg/L and SS 400mg/L, respectively.

- The facility will be constructed in a public land (150 m × 250 m) near Phusre Khola. The elevation of the site is 800 meters and it is the place 100 meter lower than the city center.

- The proposed WWTP adopts activated sludge process (using rectangular basin with horizontal flow) and it is designed so that treated water of BOD and SS can be treated up to less than 30 mg/L, respectively. As a reference, wastewater quality standard in Nepal is 50mg/L for both BOD and SS.

- Figure 5-4 shows a flow diagram of the WWTP.

Source: DWSSM

Figure 5-4 Flow diagram of WWTP planned in Pokhara

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Picture 5-2 Pictures of Existing STP and Proposed Site for WWTP

Existing STP

Planned site of WWTP


2) Future plan of on-site sanitation

There is no future plan for the sludge disposal of on-site sanitation in Pokhara. Even if the sewerage is completed, it will not cover the whole city. Thus, development for regular collection and proper treatment of sludge from on-site sanitation is required. It is necessary to prepare the Master Plan for improvement of both sewerage and on-site treatment system in the city.

Wetland registered in Ramsar Convention The area shown in Figure 5-5 including 9 lakes in Pokhara is a registered wetland to the Ramsar

Convention for the purpose of the conservation of the biological diversity and environment in Phewa Lake on February 2, 2016. It is necessary to conduct the environmental consideration to the registered area when the sewerage treatment plan is conducted in Pokhara. The proposed sewerage plan by DWSSM is a part of the environmental consideration regarding the Ramsar Conservation.

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Source: Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 2016

Figure 5-5 Ramsar Convention Registration area in Pokhara

1) Condition of the environmental management Establishment of a board consisting of the related Governmental agencies and PMC was

envisioned at the time of the registration in the Ramsar Convention, in order to implement environmental improvement plan, construction of WWTP and STP, environmental considerations such as installation of walkway surrounding the Phewa Lake, and construction of a silt dam for soil prevention in Phewa Lake. However, the board has not been established and the organization for implementation of the comprehensive conservation management has not also been established.

On the other hand, it became clear that PMC is responsible for environmental conservation in the area by the Local Government Operation Act in 2017. Thus, PMC needs to establish the structure for water environmental management as well as sewerage system in Pokhara.

A local office of Ministry of Forest and Environment (hereafter called MoFE) conducted data collection and its management for environment monitoring before introduction of the Federal system, but the organization is not presently existing by an organization restructure as well as the data management system regarding water environment. At present, the data collection and its management regarding the water environment including past information tracing are not able to be conducted. The external contact department for international organization regarding the

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Ramsar Convention registered wetland is the Department of the National park and Wild Animal Protection in MoFE. The Department, however, does not have the environmental data collection system. Thus, it is necessary to develop the data management and monitoring system for environmental management.

- Since it becomes clear that the responsibility of the environmental protection belongs to the Local Governments, the Local Governments need to conduct the environmental monitoring and the environmental protection project.

- The environmental information transfer system between PMC and MoFE has not been developed and the information has not transferred to the Federal Government.

- It is a matter of governing system and it is necessary to improve the channel of communication between the Federal Government and Local Governments.

2) Envisioned Improvement project

The sewerage system proposed by DWSSM is a part of the water environment improvement program in Ramser Convention registered area.

PMC is in position to proceed improvement projects such as construction of a sedimentation pond for silt catchment, limitation of chemical fertilizer use, and prevention of night soli and grey water inflow to the Phewa Lake for the improvement of water quality in Phewa Lake. However, specific plans have not been prepared.

Since there is no function for the regular environmental measurement along with the environmental monitoring, the formulation of the environmental monitoring system is required.

3) Condition of water quality in Phewa Lake

Major rivers and drainages in Pokhara city is shown in Figure 5-6. Storm water and drained water flows into Phewa Lake via 4 rivers and/or drainages. Wastewater from the east side of the city area flows to south side of the city by Seti River and Bijyapur River and the drained water from the south side of the Pokhara International Airport also flows down to the south side by Phusre River.

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Figure 5-6 Main Rivers and Drainages in Pokhara City Source: JICA Study Team

The flow rate and the pollutant load of river and drainage flowing into Phewa Lake is reported

as Table 5-7 in the environmental preservation plan for Phewa Lake conducted by JICA in 2002 and water quality condition in Phewa Lake in the report is shown in Table 5-8.

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Table 5-7 The Flow rate and Discharge Load on Each River Flowing into Phewa Lake

River Flowrate CODMn T-N T-P

（m3/sec） (%) (mg/L) (g/sec) (%) (mg/L) (g/sec) (%) (mg/L) (g/sec) (%)

Harpan river 6.15 73.4 1.8 10.8 61.1 0.7 4.5 52.1 0.16 0.97 43.9

Sedi river 1.04 12.4 2.1 2.2 12.3 1.8 1.8 21.5 0.58 0.60 27.2

Seti canal 0.17 2.0 10.0 1.7 9.6 5.0 0.9 10.0 1.53 0.26 11.8

Phirke river 0.22 2.6 10.0 2.2 12.4 5.0 1.1 12.9 1.50 0.33 14.9

Forest area 0.80 9.5 1.0 0.8 4.5 0.4 0.3 3.5 0.06 0.05 2.2

Total 8.38 100 17.68 100 8.54 100 2.21 100

Source：The Environmental Conservation of Phewa Lake in Pokhara, JICA, 2002

Table 5-8 Condition of Water Quality in Phewa Lake

Items Condition Eutrophication

There was an outbreak of algal bloom from 1993 to 1995, which was caused by nitrogen and phosphate in the runoff from the agricultural land around Phewa lake or in domestic waste water from Pokahara city. Phosphate concentration in the river flowing into Phewa lake reached approximately 0.2~2 mg/L, which is higher than the criteria of Eutrophic lake, 0.035～0.1mg/L※1.

Pollution by organic matters There was mass fish mortality in 1993 at the same time of an outbreak of algal bloom, which was caused by organic matter in the runoff from agricultural land around Phewa lake or in the domestic wastewater from Pokahara city.

Pollution by Fecal Coliform Fecal coliform in the river flowing into Phewa lake reached 102 MPN/100 ml, the condition where the water borne diseases etc. may be caused against tourist for swimming or playing the other water recreation.

※1 Eutrophication of Waters, Monitoring, Assessment and Control, OECD, 1982 Source: The Environmental Conservation of Phewa Lake in Pokhara, JICA, 2002

Periodical monitoring data regarding water quality in Phewa Lake is not confirmed but it is

confirmed that other authorities conducted water quality survey in the lake other than JICA. Table 5-9 shows the result of the water quality survey in Phewa Lake conducted by other authorities. Japanese water quality environmental standard for a lake and a pond (Type A-II: level to be drinking water by advanced water treatment method) is also mentioned in the table.

The result of the water quality survey shows that the concentration of SS, T-N and T-P has been high since 2002 and it is concerned that the eutrophication in Phewa Lake has progressed since then. Thus, it is necessary to establish the water environment management plan and wastewater management plan in Phewa Lake area or Pokhara city.

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Table 5-9 Result of the water quality survey in Phewa Lake conducted by other authorities

Item pH SS mg/L

BOD mg/L

COD mg/L

DO mg/L

Bacteria MPN/100

ml

E. Coli MPN/100

ml

T-N mg/L

T-P mg/L

2002 - - 1.14 2.08 - 5,900 ※1 10 ※1 2.46 0.06 2014 - - 3.57 10.79 11.9 - - 1.79 0.05 2016 7.50 - 2.5 5.7 7.9 - 70 1.78※2 - 2017 6.72 - 1.82 - - - - - -

Japanese standard

6.5-8.5 No more than 5

- No more than 3

No less than 7.5

No more than 1,000

- No more than 0.2

No more than 0.01

Note 1 Unit: cfu Note 2 Total of NH3-N, NO3-N and NO2-N Source: Enviroment Protection Plan in Phewa Lake, 2002, JICA Final Report Detailed Engineering Design of Phewa Lake Wastewater Management Project, DWSSM, 2014 Water quality study by DHM-2072, Nepal, 2016, Ministry of Population and Environment

Water quality assessment in the lakes of Pokhara Valley, 2017, Tribhuvan University Water Quality Survey for Water Environment in Pokhara The study team conducted the water quality survey twice in the dry season (2019 March / April)

and the rainy season (2019 August) for confirming the environmental water quality in Pokhara. The result of the survey is described below.

1) Result of the Water Quality Survey for Water Environment in Pokhara i) Method of the Water Quality Survey

Sampling locations are 2 points near the existing STP, at 2 points near Phewa Lake and at 2 points in Seti river.

The study team conducted the water quality analysis on site. Besides, the study team outsourced the water quality analysis in accordance with standard methods to the accredited water laboratory in Kathmandu.

Water quality parameters for on-site analysis (12 parameters) and for water quality analysis in laboratory (9 parameters) are shown in Table 5-10 and Table 5-11, respectively.

Table 5-10 Parameter and Analysis Method for On-Site Analysis (Conducted by the study team)

Parameter Analysis Method Parameter Analysis Method

Water Temperature

Platinum Temperature Sensor （Including Multi Water Quality Checker）

Nitrate

Reduction and Naphthylethylenediamine Visual Colorimetric Method（PACKTEST）

pH Glass Electrode Method （Including Multi Water Quality Checker） Phosphate

4-Aminoantipyrin Visual Colorimetric Method with Enzyme（PACKTEST）

DO Polarographic Method （Including Multi Water Quality Checker）

Total Coliform

Simple Test Paper for Fecal Coliform（SUNCOLI No.6）

EC Four AC electrode method （Including Multi Water Quality Checker）

Fecal Coliform

Simple Test Paper for Fecal Coliform（SUNCOLI No.6）

Turbidity LED forward 30°transmission/scattering method （Including Multi Water Quality Checker）

Color Visual Colorimetric Method

Ammonia Indophenol Blue Visual Colorimetric Method（PACKTEST） Odor Simple Sensory Test


138

Table 5-11 Parameters and Analysis Methods for Analysis in Laboratory (Conducted by Outsourcing)

Parameter Analysis Method Parameter Analysis Method

pH Glass Electrode Method Total Nitrogen Kjeldahl Nitrogen Method

Suspended Solids Filtration Method CODCr Open Refulx Method

Total Solids Gravimetric Method BOD5 5 day method Total

Phosphate Ammonium Molybdate Method Fecal Coliform

Most Probable Number (MPN) Method

Oil and Grease Diethyl Ether Extraction Method


ii) Result of Water Quality Survey in Pokhara

Location of sampling points for water quality analysis is shown in Figure 5-7 and the result of the water quality survey is shown in Table 5-12.

139


Figure 5-7 Location of the sampling points for Water Quality Analysis in Pokhara

Sewerage service area（planned） Sewage treatment plant（planned）

No.１: Leachate from the sludge treatment plant (Before leachate flows into Seti River)

No.3: Seti river (Ramghat）

No.4: Seti River（Bagar Simpani）

No.6: Phewa lake （The discharge point from the side ditch）

1km

No.5: Phewa lake（The discharge point from the side ditch）

No.2: Seti river（Buchibudwa ） Approximately 50 m downstream from the discharge

poing of No.1）

Sewage treatment plant（Proposed）

140

Tabl

e 5-

12 R

esul

t of W

ater

Qua

lity

Surv

ey in

Pok

hara

Sour

ce: J

ICA

Stud

y Te

am

Envi

ronm

enta

l Sta

nda

rdW

aste

wat

er

qual

ity

stan

dard

Mar

ch 2

7A

ugu

st 8

Ma r

ch 2

7A

ugu

st 8

Mar

ch 2

7A

ugu

st 8

Mar

ch 2

7A

ugu

st 8

Mar

ch 2

7A

ugu

st 8

Mar

ch 2

7A

ugu

st 8

Par

amete

rU

nit

1. O

n S

ite A

nal

ysis

Wat

er

Tem

pera

ture

℃23.3

28.2

20.7

23.0

20.1

23.3

19.7

24.5

23.7

31.4

22.9

31.1

pH

-8.2

8.1

7.9

8.2

8.3

8.2

8.2

8.3

7.8

8.0

8.2

8.0

DO

mg/

L7.4

3.1

8.9

6.1

8.8

6.1

8.7

4.6

7.5

5.0

7.7

4.9

EC

mS/cm

7.4

98.2

00.3

30.2

10.2

90.2

00.2

90.1

60.3

60.1

00.1

00.0

5Turb

idity

NTU

73

152

36

230

37

220

48

140

40

11

517

Am

monia

mg-

N/L

500

1000

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2

or

less

0.2

0.2

or

less

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.5

Nitra

tem

g-N

/L

50

2　

or

less

0.5

0.2

or

less

0.2

0.2

or

less

0.2

0.2

or

less

0.5

0.2

or

less

0.2

0.2

or

less

Phosp

hat

em

g-P

/L

20

100

0.2

0.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.1

0.0

50.0

5C

olif

orm

CFU

/m

l500

466

Too m

any

70

Too m

any

24

17

Too m

any

Too m

any

38

Too m

any

Fecal

Colif

orm

CFU

/m

l300

Too m

any

21

Too m

any

28

Too m

any

76

Too m

any

11

11

Too m

any

Colo

rTC

U2,0

00

2,0

00

10

10

10

20

10

20

20

50

10

20

Odor

-N

o s

mell

No s

mell

No s

mell

No s

mell

No s

mell

a lit

tle s

mell

No s

mell

No s

mell

a little s

mell

of

fish

No s

mell

No s

mell

No s

mell

2.O

ffic

al A

nal

ysis

<G

enera

l Item

>pH

-8.6

8.9

7.9

8.6

8.0

8.7

8.1

8.6

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.2

6.5-

8.5

5.6-

8.6

Tota

l Susp

ended S

olid

sm

g/L

76

52

27

166

40

259

75

69

22

10

32

320

0

Tota

l Solid

sm

g/L

4,0

76

4,8

22

179

277

169

358

205

151

189

54

78

75

<O

rgan

ic M

atte

r etc

.>

CO

DC

rm

g/L

448

633

2 o

r le

ss2 o

r le

ss2 o

r le

ss2 o

r le

ss2 o

r le

ss3

12

72 o

r le

ss3

BO

D5

mg/

L65

300

3 o

r le

ss3 o

r le

ss3 o

r le

ss3 o

r le

ss3 o

r le

ss3 o

r le

ss4

3 o

r le

ss3 o

r le

ss3 o

r le

ss1(

Cla

ss A

A),

2（C

lass

A）

,3(

Cla

ss B

)16

0

Tota

l N

itro

gen

mg-

N/L

578

639

72

32

31

51

43

0.1(

Cla

ssⅠ

), 0.

2(C

lassⅡ

),0.

4(C

lassⅢ

), 0.

6(C

lassⅣ

),1(

Cla

ssⅤ

)※5

120

Tota

l P

hosp

hat

em

g-P

/L

18.6

11.2

0.1

00.0

30.0

20.0

70.0

30.0

40.2

00.0

10.0

40.0

10.

005

(Cla

ssⅠ

), 0.

01(C

lass

Ⅱ),

0.03

(Cla

ssⅢ

), 0.

05(C

l ass

Ⅳ),

0.1(

Cla

ssⅤ

)※5

16

Oil

& G

reas

em

g/L

611

31 o

r le

ss

31 o

r le

ss

41 o

r le

ss

41 o

r le

ss

21 o

r le

ss

5(m

iner

al oi

l), 3

0（an

imal

and

vege

tabl

efa

ts）

<B

acte

ria.

>

Fecal

Colif

orm

MP

N/100m

l9.2

×10

39.2

×10

32.4

×10

32.3

×10

24.6

×10

22.4

×10

31.5

×10

24.6

×10

24.6

×10

32.0

×10

4.6

×10

29.3

×10

※A

s C

olif

orm

50M

PN

/100m

l(C

lass

AA

)1000M

PN

/100m

l(C

lass

A)

※A

s C

olif

orm

3×

10

5M

PN

/100m

l

Note

:※

1 S

ample

is

take

n a

t th

e locat

ion just

befo

re leac

hat

e f

low

s in

to S

eti r

iver. D

ischar

ge f

low

rat

e in M

arch 2

7 a

nd in A

ugu

st 2

7 a

re a

ppro

xim

ately

10L/m

in a

nd 2

5L/m

in, re

spective

ly.

※2 S

ample

is

take

n a

t th

e locat

ion o

f 50m

dow

nst

ream

fro

m P

1.

※3 S

ample

is

take

n a

t th

e locat

ion in t

he P

hew

a la

ke w

here

was

tew

ater

is just

dis

char

ged f

rom

sid

e d

itch f

or

road

.※

4 S

ample

is

take

n a

t th

e locat

ion in t

he P

hew

a la

ke w

here

was

tew

ater

is just

dis

char

ged f

rom

sid

e d

itch f

or

road

.※

5 E

nvi

ronm

enta

l st

andar

ds

for

the lak

e d

esi

gnat

ed b

y M

inis

try

of

the E

nvi

ronm

ent

in J

apan

as

the lak

e w

here

phyt

opla

nkt

on b

room

may

occurs

.

<Refe

rence:>

Wat

er

Qual

ity

Sta

nda

rd in J

apan

Lak

e W

ater

(Phew

a　Lak

e)

No.5

※3

-N

o.6

※4

-B

agar

Sim

pan

i

Kin

d o

f Sam

ple

Sam

ple

No.

Locat

ion

Sam

plin

g D

ate

Leachate

of

Slu

dge

Tre

atm

ent

Pla

nt

No.1

※1

Bac

hib

uduw

a

Riv

er

Wat

er

(Seti R

iver)

No.2

※2

Bac

hib

uduw

a

No.3

Ram

ghat

No.4

141

The condition of each sampling point in the dry season (March 27) and in the rainy season (August

8) is shown in Picture 5-3.

Picture 5-3 Condition of Each Point at the Sampling

Dry season：Sampling in March 27

Rainy season：Sampling in August 8

Sampling Point No.1 Sampling Point No.2 Sampling Point No.3

Dry season：Sampling in March 27

Rainy season：Sampling in August 8

Sampling Point No.4 Sampling Point No.5 Sampling Point No.6


142

As shown in Picture 5-3, it was confirmed that the flow rate of Seti River of the rainy season increased massively, compared with the dry season. The water level in Phewa Lake in the rainy season is also approximately 0.5 or 1 m higher than that in the dry season. The following are results of the water quality survey.

- Regarding Sample No.1, color, BOD, CODCr, T-N and T-P in leachate from the STP, are as follows;

• Dry season: Color: approximately 2,000 TCU, BOD 65 mg/L, CODCr 448mg/L, T-N 578 mg/L and T-P 19 mg/L

• Rainy season: Color: approximately 2,000 TCU, BOD 300 mg/L, CODCr 633 mg/L, T-N 639 mg/L and T-P 11 mg/L

• The concentration of BOD, T-N and T-P are higher compared with the national minimum effluent standard in Japan (BOD: 160mg/L, T-N: 120mg/L, T-P: 16mg/L)

• The leachate from the sludge and solid waste disposal site is treated at the lagoon. • The difference of the result in BOD between rainy season and dry season are considered

as 1) the amount of runoff from the surface of waste disposal site in the rainy season increased 2) retention time for leachate in the lagoon became shorter due to increase of leachate in rainy season, then BOD removal rate became lower.

- Sample No.4 (Bagar Simpani) is located at the junction between Seti River and Yandi River at the northern part of city center and Sample No.3 (Ramghat) is located in the city center. Besides, Sample No.2 (Buchibuduwa) is located at the southern part of the city center. Turbidity of each point in the rainy season was approximately 3 times or more of that in the dry season as shown below;

• No.4 Dry season: 48NTU, Rainy season: 140NTU • No.3 Dry season: 37NTU, Rainy season: 220NTU • No.2 Dry season: 36NTU, Rainy season: 230NTU

- From the concentration of fecal coliform at three (3) points, more fecal coliform is detected at down stream of Seti River. 2.4×103 (MPN/100ml) of fecal coliform was detected at No. 2 and No.3 where locate in the midstream and downstream. The result of the water quality survey is within type-B of Japanese environmental quality standard (level to be drinking water by advanced water treatment) but it is higher than type-A (level to be drinking water by conventional water treatment).

- Regarding the T-N in sampling point No.5 and No.6, the concentration of T-N are 5 mg/l and 4mg/L, respectively in the dry season and they are 1mg/L and 3mg/L, respectively in the rainy season. The concentration of T-N in both points is higher than 0.01mg/L which is type-II (level to be drinking water by advanced water treatment) of the environmental quality standard for lakes and ponds in Japan.

- The concentration of T-P in sampling point No.5 and No.6 are 0.2mg/L and 0.4mg/L

143

respectively in the dry season as well as the result of T-N and the concentration of T-P in both points is higher than 0.01mg/L which is type-II (level to be drinking water by advanced water treatment) of the environmental quality standard for lakes and ponds in Japan.

- High concentration of fecal coliform was detected in Seti River and there is a possibility that wastewater flows in the river. Thus, development of the wastewater treatment system is required.

- High concentration of T-N and T-P are detected at the inlet of the side ditch to Phewa Lake. If no countermeasure is taken, the eutrophication will be progressed in the lake and it is required to develop the wastewater management system as well as the environmental monitoring system urgently.

Ground water quality survey in Pokhara To know the groundwater quality in Pokhara, the groundwater quality survey was conducted at 3

private wells in Pokhara in the rainy season (August 2019) by simple water quality test kit. 3 private wells are in Lakeside area along Phewa Lake, which are inside of the proposed sewerage area planned by DWSSM.

The result of the groundwater quality survey is shown on Table 5-13. The result passes the environmental quality standard for ground water in Japan and the drinking water quality standard in Nepal but NH4 and NO3, which are indicators of pollution by wastewater, was detected as well as fecal coliform. The result shows that the groundwater along Phewa Lake is not highly contaminated but wastewater may affect the groundwater.

Table 5-13 Result of ground water quality survey in Pokhara

Sampleing No./ Standad NH4 NO3 PO4 Bacteria Fecal Coliform

Sampleing No. 1 0.5mg/L 10mg/L 0mg/L 11 cfu / mL 2 cfu / mL

Sampleing No. 2 0.5mg/L 1mg/L 0mg/L 40 cfu / mL 2 cfu / mL

Sampleing No. 3 0.5mg/L 0.5mg/L 0mg/L 2 cfu / mL 0 cfu / mL

Japanese ground water

environmental standard

(reference)

44mg/L

The drinking water standard in

Nepal (reference) 1.5mg/L 50mg/L 0 MPN/100 mL

Note: The Japanese environmental standard stipulates that the amount of nitrogen shall be 10 mg/L in nitrate-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen. However, the on-site water quality test by simple test kit measures the concentration of NO3. Therefore, the figure of NO3 as the Japanese standard, shown in the table, is converted to concentration of NO3. Source: JICS Study team

Birgunj

General Description of the city A new WWTP, the design population of approximately 140 million (design year in 2035), is under

144

preparation at the west side of the city center in Birgunj supported by ADB. Its test run has started in August 2019. The facility consists of 1) WWTP with 10,000 m3/d (design daily average sewage amount) that locates in the south edge of the city near the Indian border, 2) Two community plants in the north side of the city, and 3) New sewer network in the west side of the city center. The outside of the sewerage covered area and no sewer connection households / entities continue the on-site sanitation for wastewater management. Figure 5-8 shows the location of the WWTPs in Birgunj.


Figure 5-8 Location Map of WWTPs in Birgunj

Sirsiya River

3km

WWTP

CST2

CST1

Singa River

Boundary of Birgunj City

Planned WWTP and planed community plant (CST)

Sewerage area

145

Current condition of sewerage system and on-site treatment Table 5-14 shows the coverage ratio of Sewerage and On-site Sanitation in Birgunj.

Table 5-14 Coverage Ratio of Sewerage and On-site Sanitation in Birgunj

Items Pervasion (%)

Sewerage treatment system 0 (WWTP is under the Test run and the house connection work is on-going)

Black water treatment 100

There was no household that connects to sewerage system in Birgunj in July 2019 and on-site

sanitation has been conducted. Since the new WWTP has been built in the west side of city center, house connection to sewer network is being implemented in the sewerage service area.

1) Current condition of Sewerage system

As aforementioned, construction of the new WWTP was completed for the west side of the city center and test run for the plant has been started in August 2019. The house connection for sewer network is on-going and wastewater generated in the west side of the city center will be treated in the plant.

Although BMC is the responsible agency for O&M, the formation of the O&M system is under preparation and has not been established yet. The contractor implements the O&M work for a year after the completion of the construction work. Therefore, BMC will concrete the O&M system and organization during the contractor’s O&M period along with technical guidance from the contractor. Sewerage tariff collection has not been started yet. Tariff collection may be necessary to secure the budget for O&M.

Currently, it is urgent 1) to complete the house connections to sewer network, 2) to develop the O&M system, and 3) to secure the budget for O&M by tariff collection.

The following are the current situation, according to the project office for Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP), which is in charge of the construction work for the sewerage system.

i) General Item

- BMC implements Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP) supported by ADB.

- The project consists of Package 1 and Package 2, and Package 1 includes the constrcution of road, stromwater drainage and sewerage system. Package 2 includes the final disposal site for solid waste.

- Project budget for Package 1 is approximately NPR 30 million. - The construction work on Package 1 was completed in August 2019 and the work progress

of Package 2 is approximately 50%.

146

- After the completion of the WWTP, the house connection to sewer network is started.

ii) Sewerage System

- The project for sewerage system is for the half area of the west side in the city. - Proposed sewerage area and the location of the WWTPs is shown on Figure 5-8. - Separate sewer system is adopted. - The design population is 1.4 million, design daily average sewage amount is 10,000 m3/day,

peak factor is 2.5 and design hourly maximum sewage amount is 25,000 m3/day for sewer and grit chamber.

- A WWTP was planned in the south side of the city at the beginning of the project. But some of the target areas were not able to secure the appropriate depth of the sewer. Therefore, 2 community plants were added on upstream of the area. (design capacity: 5,000 m3/day, anaerobic treatment tank)

- The scope of the work for sewerage system in Package 1 is to construct 1 WWTP, 2 community plants and sewer network.

- Stabilization pond method is proposed for the WWTP on Figure 5-9 and mechanical aerator is not adopted.

- Design effluent qualities are 50 mg/L for BOD and 100 mg/L for SS and they are not satisfied with the Nepali effluent standard (no more than 50mg/L for BOD and 50mg/L for SS), but the plant is designed for practically operational and manageable level.

- The depth of the inlet pump well in the WWTP is 9 meters. 5 sets of pump are installed and the number of operating pumps is controlled according to influent flow.

- Commercial electricity power source is used for pumps, but a backup generator (150 kVA) is also installed.

- Concrete pipe is applied for Dia. 250 mm or more, and HDPE pipe is applied for less than Dia. 250 mm.

Source: JICA study team

Figure 5-9 Sewage treatment flow in Birgunj.

147

Picture 5-1 WWTP

Anaerobic pond

Aerobic pond


2) Current condition of on-site sanitation

There is no STP for septic tank sludge. Present on-site sanitation treatment method is as follows as of 2019. Untreated sludge, openly dumped, affects the water environment in the area. Since the WWTP covers the limited part of the city and the continuous utilization of on-site sanitation is necessary, it is urgent to establish the regular sludge collection and treatment system.

- There is no sludge disposal site and the collected sludge is dumped in a vacant area. - Sludge form the septic tank is collected by a private company and BMC. There is no contract

between the private company and BMC.

- BMC owns a vacuum truck (tank capacity: 4 m3) and the private company also owns one. - There is no system for registration and license of private companies to BMC regarding the

sludge collection and disposal.

- When BMC collects the sludge, NPR 6,000 is charged to the household per vehicle. - The municipal vacuum truck collects the sludge three times in a day on average.

Future plan for on-site sanitation system

There is no future plan for the disposal of the sludge from on-site sanitation. There is no other sewerage plans and no future plan for on-site sanitation. Since the present sewerage coverage area is limited, it is necessary to prepare the master plan for development and the improvement of sewerage and on-site sanitation.

Janakpur

Summary of the City There is no sewerage system in Janakpur. On-site sanitation is, therefore, applied for wastewater

management in the city. There is no specific project for a sewerage system and sludge treatment for on-site sanitation.

148

Current condition of wastewater management 1) Basic information

Table 5-15 shows the coverage ratio of the sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Janakpur. There is no sewage treatment in Janakpur.

Table 5-15 Coverage ratio of the sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Janakpur.

Items Pervasion (%)

Sewerage system 0

On-site sanitation Approx. 100


2) On-site sanitation

There is no public sludge disposal site for the sludge of on-site sanitation. JsMC does not collect sludge from household. The sludge collection work is conducted by private companies. There is no contract between JsMC and private sludge collection companies. The companies collect sludge from on-site sanitation facility in households / entities on-demand basis. The collected sludge might be disposed in vacant areas, and its disposal work is not managed / monitored by JsMC. There is no registration / business permission system of such private companies. It is, therefore, difficult for JsMC to manage the private companies’ activities.

Untreated sludge from on-site sanitation affects the water environmental conservation under the circumstances. Since there is no specific sewerage treatment plan and on-site sanitation has to be utilized for wastewater treatment in the city, development of the regular sludge collection system from on-site sanitation and the proper sludge treatment are needed.

Future plan No future plan for development of sewerage system and on-site sanitation. It is necessary to prepare

the master plan for the development and the improvement plan on both sewerage system and on-site sanitation.

Butwal General Description of the city There is no sewerage system in Butwal. On-site sanitation is, therefore, applied in Butwal. There is

no specific sewerage plan and sludge disposal plan of on-site sanitation.

Current condition of wastewater management 1) Current condition

Table 5-16 shows the coverage ratio of sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Butwal. There is no sewerage system and on-site sanitation is used for wastewater management in the city.

149

Table 5-16 Coverage ratio of sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Butwal Items Pervasion (%)

sewerage treatment system 0

on-site treatment system Approx. 100


2) Current condition of on-site sanitation

There is no sludge disposal site managed by BsMC for the sludge of on-site sanitation. The current condition of the sludge management is described as follows.

- Sludge of on-site sanitation is collected by private sludge collection companies and disposed in a community forest. Tipping fee is paid by the companies to the community forest.

- There is no STP which is managed by the BsMC. - The community forest is managed by one of the forest conservation groups in Butwal. Its main

income is gained by selling timbers.

- As of 2019, only this community forest accepts the sludge of on-site sanitation. - 8 private sludge collection companies make agreements with the community forest for sludge

disposal. 5 trucks, in average, dispose the sludge at the forest in a day.

- Private sludge collection companies pay NPR 5,000 per month to the community forest for tipping fee.

- There is no registration / business permission system of such private companies. It is, therefore, difficult for BsMC to manage the private companies’ activities.

Picture 5-4 Sludge disposal site and its situation in Butwal

Sludge disposal site

Sludge disposal situation Source: JICA Study Team

Future plan No future plan for development of sewerage system and on-site sanitation. It is necessary to prepare

the master plan for the development and the improvement plan on both sewerage system and on-site sanitation.

150

Hetauda Summary of the City The population of Hetauda is 170 thousand. East Rapta River flows across the city center from north

to west and Kara River flows across the city center from east to west. Currently, approximately 800 households connect to the existing combined sewer. The sewage from

household flows down to three existing WWTPs (not in operation) by gravity and it is discharged to East Rapta River and Kara River directly. On-site sanitation is spread in areas where is not covered by the sewerage system. Figure 5-10 shows the locations of wastewater management facilities in Hetauda.

Boundary of Hetauda City Current sewage management area

WWTP (is not used) STP Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 5-10 Locations of Wastewater management facilities in Hetauda

Current condition of wastewater management 1) Coverage

Table 5-17 shows the coverage ratio of sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Hetauda. Currently, 800 households connect to the existing sewerage system. On-site sanitation is spread in other areas.

WWTP No.1

WWTP No.2

STP

East Rapta River

East Rapta River

Kara River

3km

151

Table 5-17 Coverage ratio of sewerage system and on-site sanitation in Hetauda Items Pervasion (%)

Sewerage system 3

On-site sanitation 97


2) Sewerage system

The current condition of sewerage system in Hetauda is described below. Since the sewerage area is limited and the existing WWTPs are not working, it is urgently required to rehabilitate the exiting WWTPs and to prepare a plan for sewerage expansion.

i) General item

- The Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) supported by ADB, a project for construction of urban facilities including sewerage facilities, was conducted in Hetauda city from 2002 to 2009.

- Department of infrastructure development in HsMC is in charge of sewerage system and on-site sanitation. However, there is no practical O&M activity because WWTPs are not working.

- Sewerage tariff is not collected. - The project conducted by ADB is as follows;

• 3 WWTPs • Installation of sewer network: approximately 13 km • House connection to sewer network in sewerage service area • Procurement of sewer cleaning vehicles and vacuum trucks

ii) Current condition of existing sewerage facility

- Figure 5-10 shows the location of three 3 WWTPs. (Same treatment flow is applied for the 3 STPs)

- Sewage flows down to the 3 WWTPs by gravity. - Combined sewer is adopted. - Concrete pipe is used for sewer and the design maximum earth cover is 3 meters. - Treatment process of the 3 WWTPs are shown on Figure 5-11. - Anaerobic treatment tanks are made by rectangular RC tank. (STP No.1: approximately

10m×10m×5m (approximately 500 m3), STP No.2: approximately 10m×10m×5m (approximately 500 m3), STP No.3: approximately 20m×20m×5m (approximately 2,000 m3)

- Pumps are not used in the WWTPs. - Anaerobic treatment and natural purification method are applied for sewage treatment, so

that the treatment process does not require electricity.

- As WWTPs are damaged by the earthquake in 2015, they are not able to be in operation. In

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addition, de-sludge is difficult due to structure of anaerobic tank. Therefore, the WWTPs are not utilized.

- Since 3 WWTPs are not operable, untreated sewage is discharged to rivers directly.


Figure 5-11 Treatment flow of 3 WWTPs in Hetauda

3) Current condition of on-site sanitation The sludge disposal site for on-site sanitation is located on the west side of Hetauda city, where is

in a solid waste landfill site owned by the HsMC. The operation system for sludge collection and disposal is similar to Pokhara. Since the leachate management is not conducted, the disposed sludge may affect the water environment.

The current condition of the sludge disposal site is as follows:

- Sludge disposal site is in the solid waste disposal site managed by a private company contracted with HsMC. (The location is shown on Figure 5-10.)

- Sludge is disposed without treatment as well as leachate. - HsMC owns 2 vacuum trucks. - HsMC lends the 2 trucks to the private sludge collection companies. - HsMC selects a private company for solid waste and sludge collection and the O&M work for

the solid waste disposal site. The selected company concludes a five-year contract for the business right with HsMC.

- The company charges NPR 3,500 per 4m3 for sludge collection to households. - HsMC dose not receive tipping fee from the company. - 3 trips of vacuum trucks in average haul the sludge to the disposal site in a day.

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Picture 5-5 WWTP and Sludge disposal in Hetauda

Anaerobic treatment tank of WWTP

Sludge disposal site Source: JICA Study Team

Future plan for sewerage system and on-site sanitation There is no future plan for sewerage treatment system and on-site sanitation including expansion and

rehabilitation of the existing WWTPs. It is necessary to prepare the master plan for the development and the improvement plan on both sewerage treatment system and on-site sanitation.

Interview survey on Wastewater Management To grasp the current condition of wastewater management in households and hotels, interview surveys

were conducted in the 5 cities (Pokhara, Birgunj, Janakpur, Butal and Hetauda). The outline of the survey results is shown below. Detailed information is summarized in Appendix-4.

As for Kathmandu, JICA conducted a similar survey in 2017 and summarized it in “Study on Sewage Management in Kathmandu”. Therefore, conditions in the Kathmandu Valley are described as well based on the past JICA report.

Kathmandu Valley

Based on the report of Sewage Management in Kathmandu Valley, JICA, 2017, the conditions of wastewater of the Kathmandu Valley are shown as follows.

Structure of septic tank and soak pit

- According to the surveyed 20 cases, there were 8 septic tanks (with bottom plate) and 12 cases with a soaking pit (without bottom plate).

- Among the septic tanks, 4 tanks have effluent outlet, and the other 4 tanks have no effluent outlet. - As for the septic tank without effluent outlet, wastewater may leak from the tank and wastewater

is penetrated into the ground because the actual de-sludge frequency is significantly less than required one calculated by the tanks’ volume.

- The capacity of the septic tank with effluent outlet is approximately 0.8 m3 (intermediate value for 3 respondents) per capita.

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- The capacity of the septic tank without effluent outlet is approximately 1.1 m3 (intermediate value for 4 respondents) per capita.

- The capacity of the soak pit is approximately 0.2 m3 (intermediate value for 12 respondents) per capita.

Treatment Process Figure 5-12 shows the on-site sanitation system in household. Approximately 70% of the respondents

are categorized in Type 1. Shares of Type 2 and Type 3 are 10% and 20% respectively.


Figure 5-12 On-site System in house

Septic Tank / Soak Pit

Toilet Water

When sludge become full, sludgeis withdrawn by vaccum truck

other watste water To side drainage

wastewater is soaked into ground

Type 1


Toilet Water



Type 2

To side drainage



Toilet water

other watste water



Type 3

To side drainage

155

De-sludge

- The frequency of de-sludge of a septic tank with effluent outlet (intermediate value of 3 respondents) is about 3 years.

- The frequency of de-sludge of a septic tank without effluent outlet (intermediate value of 4 respondents) is about 4 years.

- The frequency of de-sludge of a septic soak pit (intermediate value of 12 respondents) is about 4 years.

Issue

Although the on-site sanitation facility is called as septic tank, most tanks are in bottom less and it is similar to an improved pit latrine. Since the wastewater is penetrated into the ground directly, soaked wastewater may affect the groundwater quality. It is not appropriate for the densely populated area. To conserve the groundwater quality, periodical de-sludge system and modification of the tank (to impermeable) are necessary. The mentioned situation is common for all the target cities.

Situation in Pokhara The results of interviews for 30 households and 10 hotels are as follows. Type of toilet

- All households have toilets in their homes and there is no household in open defecation condition or using bucket for toilet.

- All households have flush toilets. - Wastewater from the toilet is treated in septic tank / soak pit. - Some households and/or hotels install several septic tanks / soak pits.

Water used for toilet

- Many households use tap water (supplied by NWSC) in their toilets, but there are some cases to use groundwater (hand pump) owned by each house.

- Especially for hotels with large capacity, they use own water sources (deep wells), and tap water is not used for toilet flash.

Structure of septic tank and soak pit Figure 5-13 shows the structure of the septic tank and soak pit based on the interview. All households

and hotels recognize that a septic tank is a tank having bottom plate and side walls, and there is no effluent outlet for the treated water.

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Figure 5-13 Structure of the septic tank and soak pit based on the interview

The frequency of de-sludge of septic tanks in most of households and hotels are less, comparing with the estimated storable years based on the result of the survey. It is, therefore, doubtful that the wastewater leaks into the ground. The capacity of the septic tank and soak pit is as follows.

- The capacity of the septic tank per capita in a household is approximately 2 m3. (intermediate value for 12 respondents)

- The capacity of the soak pit per capita in a household is approximately 2 m3. (intermediate value for 15 respondents)

- The capacity of the septic tank per capita in a hotel is approximately 2 m3. (intermediate value for 6 respondents)

- The capacity of the soak pit per capita in a hotel is approximately 2 m3. (intermediate value for 7 respondents)

On-site treatment In general, wastewater from toilet is not discharged directly to the gutter. Basically it is treated in the

septic tanks, then the treated water is stored in the water tank. For the cases of soak pit and/or bottom less septic tank, the wastewater is penetrated into the ground.

Grey water (wastewater from kitchen, washing, shower, etc.) is basically disposed by separate line. Although the grey water is discharged sometimes to the drainage directly, black water (wastewater from toilet) is treated in the septic tank or the soak pit.

Figure 5-14 shows the on-site sanitation process. Approximately 75% of respondents are categorized to Type 2. Most of wastewater including grey water is treated in the septic tank or the soak pit. Type 1 that grey water is discharged into road side ditch directly is 25%.

WastewaterNo outlet

Bottom SlabNo leakage

A A

Overview of Septic Tank

Wastewater

B B

Overview of Soak Pit

Soaked into ground

Bricks or gravels

Secton A-A Secton B-B

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Figure 5-14 Sewage treatment method in general household

Figure 5-15 shows the treatment process of hotels. Approximately 90% of hotels answers that grey water is treated in the soak pit and then penetrated into the ground (Type 2). 10% of the respondents answers that grey water discharges directly into the road side ditch. (Type 1)


Toilet Water




Type 1


Toilet Water




Type 1


Toilet Water



Type 2

To side drainage

wastewater is soaked into groundOther waste water

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Figure 5-15 Sewage treatment method in hotels

De-sludge 15% of the respondents conduct de-sludge from the tank and the other respondents have not conduct

de-sludge. Although de-sludge has not been conducted for a long time for the most of septic tanks without effluent outlet, it is inconsistent that no over flow occurs in the tank. Thus, the owners of the tank suppose that no bottom plate is installed in their tanks.

When necessary, households call the private company to conduct de-sludge. Its cost is NPR 1,100 per 1 m3 of sludge (intermediate value from 5 respondents). The reason for de-sludge is that the tank is full of sludge. However, scheduled de-sludge is not conducted in any households.

All hotels in respondent conduct de-sludge of the tank. The de-sludge work is done by a private company, and its cost is NPR 900 per 1 m3 of sludge (intermediate value from 4 respondents), which is cheaper than the sludge collection price for household. Hotels do not also conduct scheduled de-sludge. The de-sludge is conducted when the tank is full of sludge.

Interest for sewerage system Most of households and hotels are interested in the sewerage system and they respond that they want

to connect the sewerage system if it is affordable to pay for the connection. The reasons are 1) that they want to use the space for septic tanks and soak pits for other purposes, 2) that they want to contribute to environmental conservation, 3) that they want to improve the living standards.

The result of willingness to pay for sewerage system in a month are; 1) Free of charge: 1 household 2) NPR 0 to 150/month: 6 household 3) NPR 150 to 300/month: 1 household


Toilet Water



Type 2

To side drainage

wastewater is soaked into groundOther waste water

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Picture 5-6 Septic tank at household and hotel in Pokhara City

Septic tank at household (Lakeside District)

Septic tank at hotel (Baraki Hotel, Lakeside District)


Birgunj

Based on the results of interviews with 4 households and 1 hotel, the characteristic points are described below.

Water used for toilet 4 out of 5 respondents from household and hotel use water from their own water source (hand pump

etc.) for the toilet, because groundwater in Birgunj is enough and hand pumps are disseminated more than Pokhara.

Treatment method All households and hotel surveyed drain grey water directly to the ditch. Three households and one

hotel treat black water in the septic tank and the treated water was stored in the water tank or the treated water was drained into the ditch. (There is no case of soak pit within the surveyed households and hotel.)

Since the hand pump wells are domestic water source, awareness for groundwater conservation is higher than the Pokhara’s case. However, there are many cases of less experience of de-sludge at the households.

De-sludge Only 1 out of 5 households conducts the de-sludge from the tank. Other households have not conducted de-sludge.

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Picture 5-7 Discharge situation of wastewater in Birgunj

Toilet and septic tank

Domestic wastewater discharges (Bhanshar near boundary of India)

Gutter next to house to discharge domestic wastewater

(Gharidarwa)


Janakpur

Based on the result of interviews with 4 households and 1 hotel, the characteristic findings are described below. In the interviewees housing plots, there are 5 septic tanks and 1 soak pit.

Water used for toilet All the households and hotels use water from their own water source (hand pump, etc.) for toilet,

because groundwater in Janakpur is enough and hand pumps are disseminated.

Treatment method All the households and hotels treat black water in septic tank and/or soak pit. As for grey water, 1

household discharges it into ground though soak pit. However, the others discharge is to road side ditch.

De-sludge 4 out of 5 respondents have experinces of de-sludge. It is more than the case of Pokhara and Birgunj.

Picture 5-8 Septic Tank and Hand Pump

Latrine and septic tank to be constructed in a house (Balmiki Nagar)

Hand pump adjacent to toilet

(Balmiki Nagar, depth is 75m) Source: JICA Study Team

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Butwal Based on the results of interviews with 4 households and 1 hotel, the characteristic points are

described below. Water used for toilet

All households and hotel used tap water (provided by NWSC) for toilet.

Treatment method Figure 5-16 shows the wastewater treatment method of households and hotel. In all the households

and hotel, black water is disposed in soak pit. Thus, soaked water may affect the groundwater quality. In all households and hotel, grey water is drained directly into the road side ditch.


Figure 5-16 Waste water treatment method of general household and hotels

De-sludge 1 out of 5 respondents has experiences of de-sludge of the tank. The others have no experience of de-

sludge.

Picture 5-9 Drainage situation and hotel’s soak pit in Butwal

Drainage situation of house（Suwar）

※Pipes for domestic wastewater are connected to ditches.

Soak pit at the hotel

(Hotel Avenue, Golpark) Source: JICA Study Team

Hetauda

Based on the results of interviews with 4 households and 1 hotel, the characteristic points are

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described below. - 3 households and 1 hotel in the sewerage area discharge grey water into the sewers. One case in

no-sewerage area drain the grey water directly into the road side ditch.

- All surveyed households and hotel treat black water in septic tank / soak pit. - 3 households and 1 hotel in the sewerage area also use the septic tank or the soak pit, due to

instruction of HsMC (black water connection is prohibited).

- Following are the reason why HsMC does not allow to discharge black water to sewer. • If black water is discharged into sewer, sewer house connections will be clogged. • HsMC is installing inlet chambers (Picture 5-10) under walkways to make pipe cleaning

easier.

• HsMC permits the house connection to sewer after the inlet chamber installation.

Picture 5-10 Sewer inlet chamber and septic tank

Sewer inlet chamber

Entrance of Hotel Samawa

Under entrance, 2 septic tanks are installed.


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Present conditions and future plans of sewerage and on-site sanitation Table 5-18 shows the present conditions and future plans of sewerage and on-site sanitation in the 6

cities.

Table 5-18 Present Condition and Future Plans of Sewerage and On-site Sanitation Facilities

City Kathmandu Valley Pokhara Butwal Hetauda Biugunj Janakpur

Population By Census (2011)※1 2,517,023 408,298 140,568 154,887 244,092 163,306

Plan (2031)※2 Approx. 3,850,000

Approx. 570,000

Approx. 200,000

Approx. 190,000

Approx. 340,000

Approx. 200,000

Sewerage management

system

Current

Coverage of sewage Approx. 70% 0% 0% Approx. 3% 0% 0%

Collection type Interceptor - - Combined - -

WWTP

Treatment Capacity

Approx. 16,000 m3/d - - Approx.

320m3/d※4 - -

Treatment type

Activated sludge process

（Oxidation ditch

process）

- -

Septic tank + Natural

purification process

- -

Organization in charge KUKL/HPCIDBC - - HsMC office - -

Plan （2030）

Coverage of sewage Approx. 70% Approx. 62%※3 - - Approx. 45% -

Collection type Interceptor,

Combined sewer system

Separate sewer system※3 - - Separate sewer

system -

WWTP

Treatment Capacity

Approx. 500,000 m3/d

Approx.73,000 m3/d※3 - - Approx.10,000

m3/d -

Treatment type

Activated sludge process

Activated sludge

process※4 - - Lagoon -

On-site sanitation

Current

Coverage of on-site sanitation Approx. 30% Approx. 100% Approx.

100% Approx. 97% Approx. 100% Approx. 100%

Existence or absence of sludge disposal site Absence Existence Absence Existence Absence Absence

Organization in charge - PMC office - HsMC office BMC office -

Plan （2030）

Coverage of on-site sanitation Approx. 30% Approx.

38%※3 - - Approx. 55% -

Existence or absence of Future Plan

Absence Absence Absence Absence Absence Absence

※1 Population of Census in 2011 ※2 Forecasted Population described in Chapter 7. ※3 In case, DWSSM plan is implemented. ※4 Detail of treatment capacity is unknown, but it is assumed as 800, family, 5 people per household, and sewage quantity is 80 LCD


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Problem and Issue for Wastewater Management In Pokhara, nitrogen and fecal coliforms are detected in the groundwater even if they are in allowable

level for the Nepal drinking water quality standards and the Japanese environmental standards for groundwater quality. In Seti River, the concentration of fecal coliforms exceeds the Japanese environmental standards for river water quality type A (level to be drinking water by conventional water treatment). At the inlet of drainage channel to Phewa Lake, T-N and T-P concentration exceeds the Japanese environmental standards for lake water quality standards typeⅡ (to be drinking water by advanced water treatment). As for the discharged leachate from sludge disposal site, 400mg/L of BOD (Japanese minimum effluent standards: 160mg/L, Nepal effluent standards: 50mg/L) is detected and it is discharged into river directly.

In Birgunj, Janakpur, Butwal and Hetauda, fecal coliforms and nitrate which exceeds the Nepal drinking water quality standards are detected at tube wells and / or water taps.

The result of the survey indicates that ground water, drainage channel and river may be contaminated by untreated wastewater. Although some cities have installed sewerage system as a countermeasure, it is still difficult to introduce sewerage in the entire cities area. To solve the water pollution problem, necessary countermeasures are taken immediately. Present issues are summarized as follows.

Common issues for wastewater management It has been clarified that Local Governments are responsible for the management of environment and

sanitation by the Local Government Operation Act established in 2017. However, development of the system for local municipalities has been delayed and the management system for on-site sanitation is rarely prepared. Installation and O&M of on-site sanitation facilities is depended on the each household, entity and private sludge collection companies, and there is no activities in the view of the regional water environment conservation and its monitoring. Hence, it is necessary to urgently develop on-site sanitation system and water environment management system including system maintenance for each local municipality. Even some cities where sewerage system is introduced, on-site sanitation system improvement is required in all target cities due to the difficulty of installing the sewerage system in entire cities.

On the other hand, KVWSMB and KUKL is proceeding to construct sewerage facilities and develop O&M in Kathmandu Valley. In other 5 cities, there is no specific sewerage treatment plan for the future, or the existing sewerage covers limited areas only. In Birgunj and Hetauda, where the sewerage has been introduced, O&M system has been still under development including sewerage tariff collection. In cities where sewerage has already been introduced or planned, it is necessary to establish O&M system immediately.

Kathmandu Valley has a sewerage plan in widespread area, while other cities do not have sewerage and on-site sanitation facilities plan. It is required for the 5 cities excluding Kathmandu Valley to prepare the wastewater management master plan including development of organizational framework. As for on-site sanitation, Kathmandu Valley is not exceptional case since there is no specific on-site sanitation improvement plan.

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Table 5-19 showed the common issues of wastewater management in each cities. And significant issues on each cities are mentioned in 5-5-2.

Table 5-19 Common issues for wastewater management

Problem Issue / Challenges Improvement Methods 1. Issues on public health ・ Drinking water source (Hand

pump well, deep well, etc.) pollution due to E-colis or nitrate nitrogen. E-coli and nitrate nitrogen are detected at water source and water tap.

・ A potential health risk for the residents is concerned by E-coli and nitrate nitrogen.

・ Negative impact for the living

environment and tourist resources by odors and landscape deterioration.

Clarification of sewerage area and on-site sanitation area as well as roles of implementing agency

・ Mapping of sewerage / on-site sanitation areas

・ Estimating wastewater amount ・ Improvement plan of facilities /

equipment / implementation system ・ Plan for operation and maintenance

system

・ Preparation of the wastewater management master plan

・ Clarification of implementing agency

Improvement of on-site sanitation system ・ Introduction of the promotive plan to

renovate on-site sanitation from soak pit to septic tank.

・ Improvement of gray water treatment ・ Scheduled de-sludge and cleaning of

septic tank. ・ Management for the scheduled de-

sludge. ・ Construction of appropriate sludge

treatment facilities and its O&M. ・ Establishment of the sustainable

financial system for renewal of facilities and equipment, and O&M.

・ Establishment of system for monitoring and management of outsourced sludge collection / treatment service.

・ Financial subsidy system to renovate on-site sanitation from soak pit to septic tank

・ System for requesting the residents to de-sludge regularly (Municipal ordinance).

・ Procurement of the necessary equipment for conducting the regular de-sludge as well as establishment of sludge collection / operation management system (Including the collaboration with private sector).

・ Construction of sludge treatment facilities and establishment the operation management system (Including private sector collaboration)

・ Establishment of monitoring system for the sludge collection, treatment, disposal and environmental

Installation of sewerage system and development of O&M system

・ Collection of wastewater by sewer. ・ Appropriate wastewater treatment at

WWTP. (collected by sewer system) ・ Establishment of an appropriate O&M

system for sewerage facilities, improvement of the sewerage coverage, leakage prevention, overflow prevention from sewer pipes and improvement of effluent quality from WWTP.

・ Formulation of sustainable financial system for facility renewal and O&M by tariff collection.

・ Establishment of Organization for the sewerage management and environmental monitoring.

・ Developing sewerage master plan including facility construction and operation maintenance management.

・ Introduction of sewerage tariff system.

・ Training of facility construction and O&M.

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Problem Issue / Challenges Improvement Methods 2. Issues on environmental

management ・ The water quality level to be

maintain is unclear because there is no water quality environmental standard and indicator of ground water / river / lakes and marshes.

・ It is difficult to understand water environment changes over time because there is no regularly water environment confirm system.

・ Enactment of the environmental

standards ・ Development of the environmental

monitoring system

・ Proposal of environmental standards considering the characteristics of Nepal and other countries’ examples.

・ Environmental standard examples in other countries and proposals of environmental standards considering the characteristics of Nepal

・ Consultation at the meeting regarding to environmental standards.

・ Legislation of environmental standards

・ Establishment of the monitoring system that meet environmental standards and procure for necessary equipment


Kathmandu Valley

Sewerage coverage rate in Kathmandu Valley is 70%, but the most collected wastewater is discharged into rivers without treatment. On-site sanitation is estimated for about 30% of households / entities. Public agencies are not involved in the management of on-site sanitation. Hence, sludge collecting private companies conduct open dumping of collected sludge.

Total population in the Kathmandu Valley reached 3 million with high population density. Its untreated wastewater discharged in rivers and wastewater penetrated in ground may affect the water environment.

Although the present water supply is about 146,000m3/d, the water supply volume is planned to be increased for about 500,000m3/day by the Melamchi water supply project. According to this water supply improvement, generated wastewater in Kathmandu Valley will be dramatically increased.

Since improvement measures are need to cope with the current inappropriate wastewater treatment condition and the increased wastewater volume, KVWSMB and KUKL started the construction project of the WWTPs for a capacity of about 500,000m3/day by 2030. This project may greatly improve the wastewater treatment condition in Kathmandu Valley. Presently, it is necessary to implement the project appropriately.

On the other hand, it is difficult to introduce the sewerage system to all households / entities in target area. On-site sanitation facilities will remain in some part of target area. Therefore, related local municipalities, KVWSMB and KUKL have to improve sewerage and on-site sanitation system simultaneously.

Pokhara Sewerage is not introduced and wastewater is managed by on-site sanitation in entire city area. As for

sewerage, facilities construction plan is prepared on the west side of the city. The sewerage plan has

167

been still in basic plan stage and it has not yet reached the project implementation stage. Even if the planned sewerage system is installed, its service area is limited and it is difficult to cover the entire city with sewerage. It is necessary to have further sewer expansion and / or improvement of on-site sanitation.

The site consisting of 9 lakes including Phewa Lake is registered in Ramser Convention. This registration was made for conserving the ecosystem and biodiversity in the lakes. However, the environmental management and the project implementation systems have not yet been developed. Due to the concern of eutrophication in Phewa Lake, the introduction of environmental improvement system is urgently required.

Although the sludge disposal site for on-site sanitation locates in a part of the landfill site, the leachate management is insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to have a proper treatment facility of sludge collected from on-site sanitation facilities. Table 5-20 shows major issues in wastewater management in Pokhara.

Table 5-20 Issues for wastewater management in Pokhara

Problem Issue / Challenges Improvement Methods 1. Issues on environmental

management ・ Regarding water environment

conservation in Pokhara, the water quality level to be maintain is unclear because environmental standards are not established.

・ Same as common items for others

・ Establishment of environmental

standards based on registration of the Ramser Convention

・ Same as common items for others.

・ Clarification of environmental living

conditions for waterfowl and biological conditions survey.

・ Clarification of plants and animals to be preserved

・ Same as common items for others.

2. Issues on progress of the proposed sewerage project

・ The basic plan of sewerage in the west side of Pokhara was formulated but it has been interrupted. For this reason, improvement activities have not progressed.

・ Securing the construction cost

of the facility ・ Development of project

implementation system ・ Establishment of O&M system

of the sewerage.

・ Clarification of area for sewerage and

on-site sanitation (formulation of master plan)

・ Establishment of implementation organizations

・ Consultation with Nepal Government and development partners on the construction cost

・ Prepare O&M plan 3. Issue on on-site sanitation ・ On-site sanitation facilities are

permeable. ・ Scheduled de-sludge is not

conducted. There is a risk for overflow infiltration into the ground.

・ Leachate of sludge disposal site affects the river environment.


・ Same as common items for

others

・ Clarification of area for sewerage and

on-site sanitation (formulation of master plan)



168

Birgunj The new WWTP has been constructed in the west side of the city center and O&M system for the

sewerage is under development. Since the technical management system and the plan for O&M including tariff collection for sustainable business operation are not established, a proper O&M plan is urgently required.

Issues are as described in the common issues. Especially, development of appropriate sludge collection and treatment system is urgently required since there is no disposal site designated by the BMC.

Janakpur There is neither WWTP nor STP in Janakpur. It is necessary to establish the master plan for the

improvement of waste water management. Since there is no STP same as Birgunj, it is necessary to develop the system for the sludge collection and treatment system.

Butwal There is neither WWTP nor STP in Butwal. The sludge from on-site sanitation is disposed in the

forest, but BsMC is not managing the O&M work and the environmental conditions for the site. The establishment of the master plan for the improvement of wastewater management is required same as Janakpur and it is urgently required to develop STP for the sludge of on-site sanitation.

Hetauda

A small sized WWTPs are introduced although they are not operable. As of 2019, the collected sewage is bypassed WWTPs and it is discharged to rivers without treatment. It causes the burden on the environment. Thus, the rehabilitation of the WWTPs are urgent issues in Hetauda.

The STP for on-site sanitation is located in the existing solid waste disposal site same as Pokhara. However, the site is not equipped with a leachate treatment system. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an appropriate facility for the sludge treatment.

Chapter 6

Environmental and Social Considerations

169

Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Considerations Systems and Organizations on Environmental and Social Considerations in Nepal

Act on Environmental and Social Considerations The Environmental Impact Assessment in Nepal (hereinafter called “EIA”) is regulated under the

Environmental Protection Act, 2054 (1997) and Environmental Protection Rules 2054 (1997) (hereinafter called “EPR”).

The responsible authority is Ministry of Forest and Environment (hereinafter called “MoFE”). There are Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 in response to project contents and scales. When a project is applicable for EPR Schedule 1, the project is examined under Initial Environment Examination (hereinafter called “IEE”) process, and when the project is applicable for EPR Schedule 2, the project is examined under EIA process.

Application flow of Scoping Documents (hereinafter called “SD”), Terms of Reference (hereinafter called “ToR”), and the application flow for EIA report is as shown in Figure 6-1.

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment in Nepal

Figure 6-1 Application Procedure to SD, ToR and EIA report

170

Source: IEE Guideline for Health Sectors in Nepal

Figure 6-2 Application Procedure to IEE report

171

EIA/IEE Applied projects The classification of the applicable project for EIA and IEE on water supply and sewerage system are

as shown in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1 Applicable Projects for EIA and IEE on water supply and sewerage system IEE (Schedule-1) EIA (Schedule-2) 【Drinking Water】EPR rule-3 1. Collection of rain-water and use of water sources (springs/wetlands) located within the same area.

Not more than 200 ha More than 200 ha

2. The use of Surface water sources Source capacity not More than 4 ft3 /s

Source capacity more than 4 ft3 /s

The use of its entire part during the dry season. Use not more than 50% of water flow

Use more than 50% of water flow

3. Water processing More than 25L/s --- 4. Recharging of the total aquifer for development of underground water sources.

Not more than 50% More than 50%

5. Construction of water tunnels. All --- 6. Displacement for the operation of water supply scheme. 25 to 100 persons More than 100 persons 7. Settlement on the upper reaches of water sources. Not more than 50 persons More than 50 persons 8. Supply of drinking water 5,000 to 50,000 persons More than 50,000 persons 9. Supply of drinking water upon connecting of new sources. 10,000 to 100,000 persons More than 100,000 persons 10. River training and diversion activities More than 1 km －

11. Water Supply System with Sewage Management Facilities All － 12. Over mining of biologically or chemically polluted point and non-point sources or underground water sources that may be affected by them.

All

13. Operation of multi-purpose projects relating to sources of drinking sewage which consumes the sources.

More than 25L/s

【Waste Management】EPR rule-3 1. Waste management activities to the undertaken with the objective of providing services

2,000 to 10,000 persons More than 10,000 persons

2. Following activities relating to waste emitted from houses and residential areas:

(a) Filling of land with more than One Thousand tons of waste per year.

100 to 1,000t/year More than 1,000t/year

(b) Activities relating of transfer station and resources recovery Not more than 3 ha More than 3 ha (c) Selecting, picking, disposing, and recycling waste through chemical, mechanical or biological techniques

Not more than 2 ha More than 2 ha

(d) Activity relating to compost plans 1 to 5 ha More than 5 ha (e) Operations of sewerage schemes All －

(f) Construction of Sewage scheme More than 5 million NPR (g) Burying of waste emitted from an urban area More than 10,000 persons

3. Construction of waste plant, waste recovery plant, a site for filling accumulating or burying waste, a site to store the waste, a waste treatment facility.

All

4. Following activities relating to lethal waste:- －－ (a) Emission and management of any radioactive Substance Half age exceeding 25 years. (b) Emission and management of any lethal chemical － All (c) Final disposal management of biological lethal Substances － Health Center, Hospital, or

Nursing Home with at least 25 beds.

(d) Activity relating to the purpose of incinerating or recycling any lethal Substance

－ 1 ha or more of land

Source: G Drinking Water and H Waste Management in EPR Schedule-1 and Schedule-2

172

Necessary documents for IEE and EIA approval Necessary documents for IEE and EIA approval are shown in Table 6-2 and Table 6-3.

Table 6-2 Necessary documents for IEE approval (Schedule-3) No. Items 1 Name and address of the individual or institution preparing the report, 2 (a) General introduction

(b) Relevancy of the proposal 3 Procedure to be adopted while preparing the report 4 Policies, laws, Rules and manuals to be taken into account while preparing the report 5 (a) Time for Preparation of the reports:

(b) Estimated budget for Preparation of the reports: 6 Deleted 7 Specific impact of implementation of the proposal on the environment:

(a) Social and economic: (b) Cultural and physical: (c) Chemical: (d) Biological:

8 Alternatives for the implementation of the proposal: (a) Design (b) Project site (c) Technology, procedure of operation, time schedule, raw material to be used. (d) Other matters.

9 Matters concerning the prevention of the impact of the implementation of the proposal on the environment. 10 Matters to be monitored while implementing the proposal 11 Other necessary matters.

Source: EPR Schedule-3

Table 6-3 Necessary documents for EIA (Schedule-4) No. Items 1 Name and address of the individual or institution preparing the report 2 General introduction of the proposal: 3 Data needed for the preparation of the report and procedure of collecting them: 4 Policies, laws, Rules and manuals to be taken into account while preparing the report: 5 (a) Time for Preparation of the Report:

(b) Estimated budget for Preparation of the Report: (c) Necessary

6 Scope determined for the preparation of the report. 7 Impact on the environment on the implementation of the report:

(a) Social and economic (b) Cultural and physical (c) Chemical (d) Biological

8 Other alternatives for the implementation of the proposal: (a) Design (b) Project site (c) Technology, procedure of operation, time-schedule and raw materials to be used. (d) Environment management system. (e) Whether or not the risks resulting from the implementation of the proposal can be accepted. (f) Other matters.

9 Measures to remove any negative impact that may be noticed while implementing the proposal. 10 Particulars of the cost and returns of the proposal. 11 Matters to be monitored while implementing the proposal. 12 Relevant information, reference lists, bibliography, annexes, maps, photographs, table and shirts, graphs and

173

No. Items questionnaires to be mentioned at the time of preparing the report.

Source: EPR Schedule-4

Land acquisition in Nepal

Land acquisition procedure Land acquisition is carried out based on Land Acquisition Act 2034 (1977) in Nepal. The procedure

for acquiring a private land is different from the way to acquire a public land.

Private land: The private land price is evaluated by District Land Management Office of Ministry of Land Reform and Management based on Land (survey and measurement) Act 2019 (1963). Agriculture land is ranked in 4 stages (High/Medium/Less Fertile Agriculture, and No use for Agriculture) by fertilities. This land classification is evaluated by indicators such as the access to irrigation and road, production of crops, etc. Land acquisition causes agricultural production losses, so the amount of compensation and the alternative lands are planned by the land fertilities to be acquired.

Regarding commercial and residential areas, are ranked in 5 stages, by indicators of access to road, water, electricity, etc.

Public land: The project is able to rent the public land based on Land Leasing Policy 2014. In case of water supply and sewerage fields by NWSC, NWSC contracts with the District Land

Management Office at the Ministry of Land Reform and Management, and pays the leasing fee (0.25 % of the current land price) to the District Land Management Office. Leasing terms are 5 years, 20 years or 30 years, but the project can extend the term by an agreement with the District Land Management Office.

Complaint handing mechanism The article 11 in Land Acquisition Act 2034 (1997) stipulates that landowners who have objections

to land acquisition are able to complain for the land acquisition process as follows:

- The land acquisition is notified by a chief district officer, in Municipality office. - Landowners may file complaints with the Ministry of Home Affairs (hereinafter called “MoHA”)

through chief district officer, explaining the reasons, within a time-limit of seven days from the date of the publication of the notice.

After receiving complaints, MoHA grants a district court for exercising local investigations,

summoning witnesses, recording statements or procuring document and the district court deliberates the contents of the complaints. The decision by MoHA on complaints shall be pronounced ordinarily within 15 days from the date of receipt of such complaint.

174

Environmental Quality Standards in Nepal Environmental standards for air quality

Environmental standards for air quality are as shown in Table 6-4.

Table 6-4 Environmental standards for air quality Items Standards Unit Test Method

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)

24 hours 230 µg/m3 High Volume Sampling

PM10 24 hours 120 µg/m3 Low Volume Sampling Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Annual 50 µg/m3 Diffusive Sampling 24 hours 70 µg/m3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Annual 40 µg/m3 Diffusive Sampling 24 hours 80 µg/m3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8hours 10,000 µg/m3 To be determined before 2005

15 minutes 100,000 µg/m3 Indicative Sampling Lead Annual 0.5 µg/m3 Atomic Absorption

Spectrometry Benzene Annual 20 µg/m3 Diffusive Sampling

Note : 24 hours values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days standard may be exceeded but not on 2 consecutive days 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies (2005).

Source: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal, 2003

Environmental standards on noise Environmental standards on noise are as shown on Table 6-5. Detail investigation is necessary for

zone clarification when a project is implemented.

Table 6-5 Environmental standards on noise Unit：dB

Day time(9 am- 6 pm)

Night time(6 pm-9 am)

Silent Zone 50 40 Industrial Area 75 70 Business Area 65 55

Rural Residential Area 45 40 Urban Residential Area 55 50 Mixed Residential Area 63 55

Source: Noise Level Status in Siddharthanagar Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal

175

Effluent standards Environmental standards on water quality are not established in Nepal. Effluent standards in Nepal is,

however, as shown on Table 6-6, Table 6-7 and Table 6-8 in accordance with EPR Article 15.

Table 6-6 Effluent standard-1 (Effluent standard for Industrial water discharging to surface water)

Items Unit Tolerance limit Total Suspended Solids（TSS） mg/L 30-200

Particle size of TSS － Shall pass 850μm pH － 5.5 to 9.0

Temperature － Shall not exceed 40 degree in any of the stream within 15 meters downstream from the effluent outlet

BOD at 20℃ mg/L 30-100 Oils and grease mg/L 10

Phenolic compounds mg/L 1.0 Cyanides (as CN) mg/L 0.2 Sulphides (as S) mg/L 2.0

Radioactive materials

α emitters c/mL 10-7 β emitters c/mL 10-8

Insecticides － Absent Fluorides (as F) mg/L 2.0

Total residual chlorine mg/L 1 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 0.2

Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L 2.0 Hexavalent chromium(as Cr) mg/L 0.1

Copper (as Cu) mg/L 3.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.1

Mercury (as Hg) mg/L 0.01 Nickel (as Ni) mg/L 3.0

Selenium(as Se) mg/L 0.05 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 5

Ammonical nitrogen mg/L 50 COD mg/L 250 Silver mg/L 0.1

Source: Notification published in the Gazette published on 17 Baishakh 2058.

Table 6-7 Effluent standard-2 (Effluent standard for Industrial water discharging to sewerage system)

Items Unit Tolerance limit Total Suspended Solids（TSS） mg/L 600

pH － 5.5－9.0 Temperature － less than 45℃ BOD at 20℃ mg/L 400

Oils and grease mg/L 50 Phenolic compounds mg/L 10

Cyanides (as CN) mg/L 2 Sulphides (as S) mg/L 2.0

Chloride(Cl) mg/L 1,000 Insecticides －不検出

Sulfates（SO4） mg/L 500 Fluorides (as F) mg/L 10 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 1.0

176

Items Unit Tolerance limit Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L 2.0 Total chromium mg/L 2.0 Copper(as Cu) mg/L 3.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.1


Selenium (as Se) mg/L 0.05 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 5

Ammonical nitrogen mg/L 50 COD mg/L 1,000 Silver mg/L 0.1

Total Dissolved Solids（TDS） mg/L 2,100 Mineral Oils mg/L 10

Inhibition of nitrification test at 200ml/L － less than 50%


Table 6-8 Effluent standard-3 (Effluent standard for discharging water from WWTP to surface water)

Items Unit Tolerance limit Total Suspended Solids（TSS） mg/L 50

Particle size of TSS － Shall pass 850μm pH － 5.5－9.0

Temperature － Shall not exceed 40 degree in any of the stream within 15 meters downstream from the effluent

outlet BOD at 20℃ mg/L 50

Oils and grease mg/L 10 Phenolic compounds mg/L 1.0

Cyanides (as CN) mg/L 0.2

Sulphides (as S) mg/L 2.0 Radioactive materials

α emitters c/mL 10-7 β emitters c/mL 10-8 Insecticides － Absent

Total residual chlorine mg/L 1 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 0.2

Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L 2.0 Hexavalent chromium(as Cr) mg/L 0.1

Copper(as Cu) mg/L 3.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.1


Selenium (as Se) mg/L 0.05 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 5

Ammonical nitrogen mg/L 50 COD mg/L 250 Silver mg/L 0.1


Solid waste Solid waste collection and treatment in Nepal are regulated in Solid Waste Management Act 2068

(2011). It stipulates that a Local Government is responsible for the waste collection, treatment and final

177

disposal.

Ramsar Convention Phewa Lake and its surrounding area of Pokhara is registered on the Ramsar Convention Wetland,

but special environmental standards and special effluent standards have not been determined yet as well as regular environmental standards for lake water. PMC also has not notified special ordinances / regulations to conserve the environment.

Therefore, there is no special management or additional requirement for Ramsar sites for the environmental conservation.

Chapter 7

Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Water Supply

179

Chapter 7 Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Water Supply

7-1 Goals for Water Supply in Nepal Overall Goal

Table 7-1 and Table 7-2 show the SDGs for the water supply system, which are aforementioned in Chapter 2.

Table 7-1 Goals and achievement status in SDG-6

SDG No. Indicators Goals (2030) Achievement situation (2015)

6.1.1 Household with access to piped water supply 90% 49.5%

6.1.2 Basic water supply rate 99% 87%

6.1.3 Households with E.coli risk in household water 0% 82.2%

6.1.4 Households with E.coli risk in source water 0% 71.1% 6.1.5 Population using safe drinking water 90% 15% 6.1.6 Turbidity 5NTU 30NTU 6.4.5 NRW 5% 20%

Source: Sustainable Development Goals Baseline Report, National Planning Commission, 2017

Table 7-2 Goals of Water Supply Service Level (2030) Clarification Level Average Liter per Capita per Day (LCD)

Water Supply

High Class 100-150LCD

Middle Class 65-100LCD

Basic Class 45-65LCD

Substandard Class 25-45LCD

Source: Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan

Achievement status and issues on overall goal

Table 7-3 summarizes the achievement of SDGs. House connection water supply ratio in the Kathmandu Valley is almost 100%, but the ones in Birgunj and Janakpur are as low as 20% or less. Improvement of these two cities will contributes much to the achievement of SDGs.

Due to the lack of water quality analysis equipment and water flow meters as well as monitoring system, it is difficult to grasp the present operating status in water quality and the NRW. It is necessary to improve water quality and the NRW management system including data management.

There are several WUSCs working other than KUKL, NWSC and HWSMB in other than Birgunj and Janakpur. Therefore, it is difficult to organize the water supply management in whole city perspective. Integrated management system of service providers is required in Local Government basis.

180

Table 7-3 Achievement situation of overall goals SDG No. Indicators Situation

6.1.1

Household with access to piped water supply

Almost 100% is achieved for accessing the piped water in the Kathmandu Valley. The Melamchi Water Supply Project will improve water supply condition further. The achievement ratio in Birgunj and Janakpur is in less than 20%, so urgent countermeasures are required. Achievement ratios in other cities are approx. 70% to 90%, so it is necessary to improve gradually along with water source development.

6.1.2

Basic water supply rate Water supply volume in household is supposed to satisfy the basic level. Although the piped water supply is not installed widely in Birgunj and Janakpur, there are many hand pump wells.

6.1.3 Households with E.coli risk in household water

Regarding the water quality management, daily quality monitoring and facility operation procedures are not linked, so it is difficult to assure the water quality. Equipment and operation management related to the water quality are urgently required.

6.1.4 Households with E.coli risk in source water

6.1.5 Population using safe drinking water

6.1.6 Turbidity

6.4.5

NRW Installation of flow meter and water meter at households is not sufficiently conducted. NRW, therefore, is not calculated properly. NRW as well as water distribution flow is required to be metered and managed systematically.


7-2 Basic Policy for Water Supply System

Population Census population The census is conducted every 10 years in Nepal and the latest one was in 2011. Table 7-4 shows the

population in the target cities in accordance with the 2011 census data.

Table 7-4 Population in each area in 2011 Target Areas Population in 2011

Kathmandu Valley 2,428,187

Pokhara 402,995

Birgunj 240,922

Janakpur 162,172

Butwal 138,742

Hetauda 152,875 Source: JICA Study Team, based on data on census in 2011, Central Bureau of Statistics

Population growth rate The Census population data sorted by district is disclosed in the annual statistic year book issued by

181

Central Bureau of Statistics. Table 7-5 shows the comparison of population by district and by census year. - The total population in the Kathmandu Valley increases for approximately 50% per 10 years due to

large population inflow to the capital region. - The population of the other cities also increases due to population inflow into urban areas. However,

the population growth rate has been decreased.

Table 7-5 Population Trend after 1981 by District

Target Areas District Population in each district Population increase ratio in 10 years

1981 1991 2001 2011 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011

Kathmandu

Valley

Lalitpur 184,341 257,086 337,785 468,132 44% 49% 53%

Bhaktapur 159,767 172,952 225,461 304,651

Kathmandu 422,237 675,341 1,081,845 1,744,240

Subtotal 766,345 1,105,379 1,645,091 2,517,023

Pokhara Kaski 221,272 292,945 380,527 492,098 32% 30% 29%

Birgunj Parsa 284,338 372,524 497,219 601,017 31% 33% 21%

Janakpur Dhanusha 432,569 543,672 671,364 754,777 26% 23% 12%

Butwal Rupandehi 379,096 522,150 708,419 880,196 38% 36% 24%

Hetauda Makwanpur 243,411 314,599 392,604 420,477 29% 25% 7%

Source: Calculation by JICA Study Team, based on Statistical Year Book Nepal 2017, Central Bureau of Statistics

The Central Bureau of Statistic indicates not only the past population data, but also prediction for

2021 and 2031. The study team calculates the 10-year population growth rate and estimate the population up to 2041, based on the population data from 1981 to 2011 and prediction for 2021 and 2031 shown by the Central Bureau of statistic. Table 7-6 shows the population forecast, and Figure 7-1 shows the 10-year population growth ratio by districts. Based on the tendency of the population growth rate, 10-year population growth in 2041 becomes 6% to 10%.

Table 7-6 Population Forecast after 2011

Target Areas District Population in each district Population increase ratio

2011 2021 2031 2041 2011-2021 2021-2031 2031-2041

Kathmandu

Valley

Lalitpur 468,132 585,982 680,157 748,173 30% 18% 10%

Bhaktapur 304,651 377,660 436,553 480,208

Kathmandu 1,744,240 2,300,890 2,729,056 3,001,962

Subtotal 2,517,023 3,264,532 3,845,766 4,230,343

Pokhara Kaski 492,098 597,988 683,513 738,194 22% 14% 8%

Birgunj Parsa 601,017 729,291 834,768 901,549 21% 14% 8%

182

Target Areas District Population in each district Population increase ratio

2011 2021 2031 2041 2011-2021 2021-2031 2031-2041

Janakpur Dhanusha 754,777 852,097 937,881 1,003,533 13% 10% 7%

Butwal Rupandehi 880,196 1,091,034 1,255,541 1,330,873 24% 15% 6%

Hetauda Makwanpur 243,411 314,599 392,604 420,477 29% 25% 7%

Source: Calculation by JICA Study Team, based on Statistical Year Book Nepal 2017, Central Bureau of Statistics. Population increase ratio is calculated by JICA Study Team, based on past trends

Source: Calculation by JICA Study Team, based on Statistical Year Book Nepal 2017, Central Bureau of Statistics.

Population increase ratio is calculated by JICA Study Team, based on past trends Figure 7-1 Population Growth ratio in 10-year by district

Population Forecast in target cities The forecasted population is calculated by the mentioned population growth rate. Table 7-7 shows the

forecasted population projection in the target cities. The total population in the Kathmandu Valley in 2041 is estimated 4 million and ones of other cities are also estimated from 2 hundred thousand to 6 hundred thousand.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 2011-2021 2021-2031 2031-2041

Kathmandu Valley 3 District Kaski

Parsa Dhanusha

Rupandehi Makwanpur

183

Table 7-7 Population Forecast in target cities Target Areas 2011 2019 2021 2031 2041

Kathmandu Valley 2,428,187 3,097,263 3,264,532 3,845,766 4,230,343

Pokhara 402,995 473,922 491,654 560,485 605,324

Birgunj 240,922 281,397 291,516 332,328 358,914

Janakpur 162,172 179,038 183,254 201,580 215,690

Butwal 138,742 165,380 172,040 197,846 209,717

Hetauda 152,875 166,328 169,691 184,963 196,061 Source: JICA Study Team

Basic Policy for Water Supply Capacity Development

Development goals in 2041 Table 7-8 shows the present water supply volume (the sum of basic service providers and WUSCs)

mentioned in Chapter 4. The house connection rate in the Katmandu Valley is as high as around 100%, but the daily average water supply per capita is as low as approximately 55 LCD. The house connection rates in Birgunj, Janakpur are less than 20%, but the daily average water supply per capita is more than 100 LCD. In other cities, both the house connection rate and the daily average water supply per capita are relatively high as 70% and 90 LCD respectively.

To achieve the previously mentioned SDGs, following basic policy is recommended for development of the water supply facility.

Basic policy for the development of the water supply capacity - To increase the house connection rate in steps up to 95% by 2041 in all target cities. - To achieve 150 LCD of the daily average water consumption per capita, improving in steps by

2041. - To reduce NRW rate to 10% (revenue water rate at 90%) by 2041 through NRW reduction

activity such as replacement of transmission / distributing pipes, etc. - To achieve 167 LCD of the daily average water supply per capita (167 LCD=150 LCD/90%). - To implement 24-hour water supply continuously.

Note) Since many households have their own wells, 100% of house connection is difficult to be achieved. Therefore, the recommended target is 95%. Although SDGs for the NRW rate is 5%, taking consideration of the current situation, it is difficult to achieve the goal. Therefore, 10% is recommended.

The gradual improvement of house connection rate and the daily average water supply per capita is

proposed as shown in Table 7-9. Although commercial and governmental water are necessary, the table indicates simply the average water supply amount per the projected population.

184

Ta

ble

7-8

Pres

ent W

ater

Sup

ply

Con

ditio

ns

Targ

et A

reas

Estim

ated

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

Popu

latio

n

(201

9)

Estim

ated

wat

er su

pply

pop

ulat

ion

(201

9)

Estim

ated

wat

er

serv

ice

rate

Aver

age

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

Bas

ic se

rvic

e

prov

ider

WU

SC

Tota

l B

asic

serv

ice

prov

ider

WU

SC

Tota

l Pe

r hou

seho

ld

popu

latio

n

Per w

ater

supp

ly

popu

latio

n

(m3 /d

）

(m3 /d

）

(m3 /d

）

(peo

ple)

(p

eopl

e)

(peo

ple)

(p

eopl

e)

(%)

(LC

D)

(LC

D)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 14

5,90

0 25

,562

17

1,46

2 3,

097,

263

2,55

7,29

5 51

1,24

3 3,

068,

538

99

55

56

Pokh

ara

44,8

90

9,82

3 54

,713

47

3,92

2 18

7,08

6 19

6,45

3 38

3,53

9 81

11

5 14

3

Birg

unj

7,80

0

7,

800

281,

397

47,8

50

47,8

50

17

28

163

Jana

kpur

2,

570

2,57

0 17

9,03

8 23

,208

23

,208

13

14

11

1

But

wal

20

,500

3,

720

24,2

20

165,

380

75,0

00

74,4

09

149,

409

90

146

162

Het

auda

13

,500

1,

969

15,4

69

166,

328

80,0

00

39,3

86

119,

386

72

93

130

Tota

l 23

5,16

0 41

,074

27

6,23

4 4,

363,

328

2,97

0,43

9 82

1,49

1 3,

791,

930

87

63

73

Sour

ce: J

ICA

Stu

dy T

eam

185

Tabl

e 7-

9 R

ecom

men

ded

Targ

et o

f Wat

er S

uppl

y Im

prov

emen

t

Targ

et A

reas

Cur

rent

stat

e (2

019)

G

oal (

2031

) G

oal (

2041

) W

ater

serv

ice

rate

Av

erag

e w

ater

supp

ly

amou

nt p

er c

apita

per

day

W

ater

serv

ice

rate

Av

erag

e w

ater

supp

ly

amou

nt p

er c

apita

per

day

W

ater

serv

ice

rate

Av

erag

e w

ater

supp

ly

amou

nt p

er c

apita

per

day

(%

) (L

CD

) (%

) (L

CD

) (%

) (L

CD

)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 95

56

95

11

2 95

16

7

Pokh

ara

81

143

88

155

95

167

Birg

unj

17

163

56

165

95

167

Jana

kpur

13

11

1 54

13

9 95

16

7

But

wal

90

16

2 93

16

5 95

16

7

Het

auda

72

13

0 84

14

9 95

16

7 N

ote:

Set

cur

rent

est

imat

ed w

ater

serv

ice

rate

in K

athm

andu

Val

ley

as 9

5%.

Sour

ce：

JIC

A S

tudy

Tea

m

186

Design water supply amount Table 7-10 shows the estimated average water supply amount for 2031 and 2041, which is calculated

from the forecasted population, the house connection rate and the average water supply amount per capita per day. In addition, Table 7-11 shows shortage of water supply capacity in 2031 and 2041, which is calculated from the design water supply amount and the existing capacity (including facilities in which development plan is concreted). In the Katmandu Valley requiring large improvement for water volume, the water demand in 2041 will be fulfilled with the phase-3 of Melamchi water supply project. In other cities, it is necessary to develop the water supply capacity by 10,000~50,000 m3/day, in order to achieve the improvement target of 2041. Shortage of the capacity of the existing facilities is estimated as follows. - The existing capacity in KUKL, NWSC and HWSMB is estimated by the water supply record in

2019. - The existing capacity of WUSC is estimated by the design population and 50 LCD (daily average

water supply amount per capita.) - Melamchi project phase-1 in the Kathmandu Valley and the Grant Aid project in Pokhara are

counted on the existing capacity. - The existing capacity may be deteriorates year by year, but it is assumed that the facilities as well

as capacities are well maintained up to 2041.

187

Tabl

e 7-

10 D

esig

n w

ater

supp

ly a

mou

nt in

targ

et c

ities

Targ

et A

reas

2031

20

41

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er

serv

ice

rate

Wat

er

supp

lied

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

amou

nt (L

CD

)

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

amou

nt

(m3 /d

)

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er

serv

ice

rate

Wat

er

supp

lied

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

amou

nt (L

CD

)

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

amou

nt

(m3 /d

)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 3,

845,

766

95%

3,

653,

478

112

409,

190

4,23

0,34

3 95

%

4,01

8,82

5 16

7 67

1,14

4

Pokh

ara

560,

485

88%

49

3,22

7 15

5 76

,450

60

5,32

4 95

%

575,

058

167

96,0

35

Birg

unj

332,

328

56%

18

6,10

4 16

5 30

,707

35

8,91

4 95

%

340,

968

167

56,9

42

Jana

kpur

20

1,58

0 54

%

108,

853

139

15,1

31

215,

690

95%

20

4,90

6 16

7 34

,219

But

wal

19

7,84

6 93

%

183,

997

165

30,3

60

209,

717

95%

19

9,23

1 16

7 33

,272

Het

auda

18

4,96

3 84

%

155,

369

149

23,1

50

196,

061

95%

18

6,25

8 16

7 31

,105

So

urce：

JIC

A S

tudy

Tea

m

188

Tabl

e 7-

11 W

ater

supp

ly a

mou

nt, w

hich

is sh

orte

d in

targ

et c

ities

in 2

041

Targ

et A

reas

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

amou

nt (m

3 /d)

Exis

ting

faci

lity

capa

city

(m3 /d

) C

apac

ity sh

orta

ge(m

3 /d)

2031

20

41

Bas

ic se

rvic

e pr

ovid

er

WU

SC

Und

er

deve

lopm

ent

Tota

l 20

31

2041

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 40

9,19

0 67

1,14

4 14

5,90

0 25

,562

17

0,00

0 34

1,46

2 -6

7,72

8 -3

29,6

82

Pokh

ara

76,4

50

96,0

35

44,8

90

9,82

3 4,

230

58,9

43

-17,

507

-37,

092

Birg

unj

30,7

07

56,9

42

7,80

0

7,

800

-22,

907

-49,

142

Jana

kpur

15

,131

34

,219

2,

570

2,57

0 -1

2,56

1 -3

1,64

9

But

wal

30

,360

33

,272

20

,500

3,

720

24,2

20

-6,1

40

-9,0

52

Het

auda

23

,150

31

,105

13

,500

1,

969

15,4

69

-7,6

81

-15,

636

Sour

ce：

JIC

A S

tudy

Tea

m

189

Comparison of forecasted water demand with other survey in Katmandu Valley Government of Nepal implemented the project for Bagmati River improvement from 2015 to 2018,

supported by ADB. In the project, the water demand in the Katmandu Valley is predicted. The prediction is conducted based on the population growth rate of 4.5% /year (2011 – 2015) and its decreasing to 3.5% / year (2030 – 2035), in 2 scenario of water demand for high (914 thousands m3/d) and low (652 thousands m3/d). In the high scenario, the average water supply amount per capita per day is 168 LCD, which is similar to the mentioned one in previous clauses. On the other hand, 120LCD is proposed for the low scenario, which is much lower than ones proposed by this study team. Table 7-12 summarizes the high scenario water demand in the project for Bagmati River improvement.

Table 7-12 Water supply demand prediction of the Katmandu Valley in the project for

Bagmati River improvement Item 2025 2030 2035

(1) Predicted population 4,288,000 5,093,000 6,049,000 (2) House connection rate 80% 85% 90% (3) Service population 3,430,400 4,329,050 5,444,100 (4) Domestic water usage（m3/d） 295,010 417,750 585,240 (5) Average domestic water consumption per

capita per day（LCD） (4) / (3) 86 96 107

(6) Other water consumption（m3/d） 59,000 104,440 146,310 (7) Total water consumption（m3/d） (4) + (6) 354,010 522,190 731,550 (8) NRW rate 30% 25% 20% (9) NRW（m3/d） (10) x (8) 151,719 174,063 182,888 (10) Design water supply amount (m3/d） (7) + (9) 505,729 696,253 914,438 (11) Average water consumption per capita per

day（LCD） (7) / (3) 103 121 134

(12) Daily average water supply amount per capita（LCD） (10) / (3) 147 161 168

Note: (11) and (12) are the average value of the whole city, which is sum of household water and other water demands divided

by water service population

Source: JICA summarized the report of improvement project in Bagmati River

Table 7-13 shows the difference of water demand between the estimated one by the study team and

proposed one in the project for Bagmati River improvement. Since the project for Bagmati River improvement proposes 900,000m3/d of the water demand, the difference is so large in a view of total daily average water supply amount. However, the design daily average water supply amount per capita is almost the same as the estimated one by the study team. Such large difference in total water demand is mainly derived by the difference of forecasted population.

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Table 7-13 Differences of water supply prediction with the project for Bagmati River improvement

Item Project for Bagmati River improvement This JICA Study Remarks

(1) Population in 2011 which is prediction base line

2,429,279 2,428,187 Borderline of the Katmandu Valley is seemingly different, but population estimation is almost the same

(2) Population growth rate Population growth rate is 4.5% per year (2011 to 2015), and will be gradually reduced to 3.5% per year (2030 to 2035)

Population growth rate in 10-year as below based on prediction of Central Bureau of Statistics 2011～2021：30% 2021～2031：18% 2031～2041：10% This is about 2.6～1.0% per year totally.

Design population growth in the project for Bagmati River improvement is larger than that of Central Bureau of Statistics.

(3) Final planned year’s population

6,049,000 (2035) 4,230,343 (2041) Value difference is derived from the population growth rates

(4) Final planned year’s average water supply amount per capita per day

168LCD (2035) 167LCD (2041) The value is almost same.


As the result of comparison above, the water demand described in clause (2) is proposed because of

the reasons below.

- The water demand prediction in the project for the Bagmati River improvement could be estimated in safer side (larger estimation), because a dam construction which is difficult to expand later.

- A water supply facility is able to be expanded in steps according to growth of water demand. - The population forecast of the study team is based on data of the Central Bureau of Statistics.

Therefore, its forecast is more compatible with other infrastructure development plans. - Although the total water demand is much different between the 2 predictions, the design average

water supply amount per capita per day is almost same.

Basic Policy for O&M System Development All basic service providers have various issues in terms of O&M as mentioned in Chapter 4, and the

comprehensive improvement is necessary for including water quality, water supply amount, NRW, groundwater management, expansion of the facility / financial resource, training for operator, business plan / facility design capacity, etc. In addition, it is also necessary to introduce ICT for O&M management in KUKL and NWSC in which business scale is larger. Moreover, development of O&M system is necessary for not only basic service providers but also WUSCs. And each local municipality is required to integrate the information for the entire municipality administrative area.

In order to achieve the SDGs, house connection rate, water quality and NRW will be main targets to

191

be prioritized. Based on the background, the basic policy for O&M System Development is recommended below.

The basic policy for O&M System Development - The Water quality assurance system reflecting water treatment and disinfection is developed

through periodical water quality tests. - Water production, distribution and consumption are metered. According to the obtained data,

water distribution management is conducted to reflect the data to water production / distribution system.

- Implementation system to reduce the NRW is developed. - Groundwater monitoring system is developed to assure sustainable groundwater utilization. - Financial resource is secured for sustainable O&M and expansion of facility. - System for efficient training of operators and integrated data management is developed. - Integrated system is developed for each local municipality to manage water supply operation for

basic service providers and WUSCs.

In KUKL and NWSC, the number of employees is insufficient to the planned number. Therefore,

recruiting new staff members is necessary as well as education system. 7-3 Issues and Recommendation for water supply system

Local Government administration system (Municipality office) The water supply should be managed by the Local Governments. However, it is difficult for

municipalities to grasp the overall situation in the city boundary since there are many WUSCs other than the basic service provider such as KUKL, NWSC and WSMB. Due to following reasons, it is necessary to formulate integrated information system for water supply conditions or to form integrated body of water supply. - The construction of water supply facility is assisted by DWSSM and the Provincial Governments.

The completed facilities are handed over to Local Governments or WUSCs. However, the Local Governments is not well involved in a construction project. Because such information of water supply facility construction is rarely shared with municipalities, it is difficult for the municipalities to grasp the water supply condition and needs of development.

- DWSSM and the Provincial Government consider the Local Government / WUSC as the responsible of O&M for the water supply. Since DWSSM and the Provincial Government rarely conduct O&M, it is also difficult for DWSSM and the Provincial Government to have O&M status on water supply.

- Although Local Governments are responsible for water supply management, it is difficult for them to formulate a master plan and to manage information all over the city due to numerous service providers.

- Small WUSCs are sometimes inefficient for O&M and it is difficult for them to renew the facilities.

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To keep the efficiency, integration of WUSCs is necessary.

Integration of service providers (WUSCs) will make the business efficiency promoted in water resources and human resources. To have more efficient system, wider area management system of water supply is recommended. Merging WUSCs into KUKL, NWSC and HWSMB is one of options for efficient operation. Such integration should be well discussed among stakeholders.

In the Katmandu Valley, KUKL operates the water supply beyond administrative boundaries of multiple Local Governments. It is, therefore, inappropriate and difficult for a municipality to manage the KUKL’s O&M data. It is recommended that KVWSMB manages the O&M data in the Katmandu Valley, including information of WUSCs.

O&M Capacity of KUKL and Facility Capacity in Kathmandu Valley Melamchi water supply project will increase the water supply capacity by 510 thousand m3/d. Its

prompt completion is an essential issue to achieve the goal in 2041. Since overall water supply capacity in Katmandu Valley will be 681 thousand m3/d, it will satisfy the recommended demand of water supply in 2041(671 thousand m3/d).

Improvement of O&M Capacity for KUKL is necessary especially for water distribution, NRW and water quality managements. Since JICA and KUKL has agreed on implementing technical assistance project, it should be implemented promptly.

Besides, as KUKL service is large in area and population, digital data management system is recommended to be introduced. To introduce such technology, it is recommended to be included in the planned technical assistance project of JICA.

O&M management capacity of NWSC NWSC is required to improve the capacity to assure the water production, water distribution and

water quality. Since the nationwide uniformed tariff system is applied, the balance of income and expenditure become uneven between cities depending on size of the city and service population. Moreover, overall financial improvement is required to overcome the accumulated deficit. Issues to be tackled by NWSC are summarized below. - To have an appropriate system of water distribution and NRW management. The management

should include block management and construction of water reservoir (tank capacity is more than 8 hours in daily maximum water distribution flow).

- To have a groundwater monitoring and management system. Despite of utilizing groundwater for water supply in Birgunj and Janakpur, monitoring of groundwater is not conducted. It is, therefore, difficult to confirm the sustainability of groundwater usage.

- To have a daily water leak detection and repair program, and rehabilitation plan of deteriorated pipelines to reduce NRW. NWSC assumes the NRW ratio as 30%, but it is estimated and not accurate.

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- To assure the water quality through daily water quality check and improved procedure of facility operation. Clarifying necessary water quality indicator by frequency like daily, monthly and yearly, facility operating procedures should be improved.

- To have sufficient skills for slow filtration operation, which is under construction in Pokhara by the Japan’s Grant Aid.

- To make small scale branch office efficient such as Birgunj and Janakpur through enlarging business scale and service population as well as financial improvement.

- To have a systematic arrangement for technical information on the existing facility, such as O&M logger book, water distribution network drawings, WTP process and water flow drawings. Those technical information is needed for O&M and asset management. And it contribute also to training of new staff members.

- To have an ICT system for management of data such as water flow, water consumption, water quality fluctuation, customer information and balance of income / expenditure. Because NWSC’s scale of business is relatively large, ICT system will improve the operation efficiency.

For tackling the above-mentioned issues, NWSC needs to conduct the activity for improvement of

O&M management promptly. For achieving this, it is effective to conduct a technical assistance of a development partner, and it is recommended to conduct the technical assistance in the target cities as a pilot area. It is also recommendable to have a technical assistance in Biratnagar where a Japan’s Grant Aid Project is planned to be implemented.

Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Pokhara The construction project for 41 thousand m3/d WTP and 3 water reservoirs is under implementation

by the Japan’s Grant Aid. It will improve the water supply capacity to 49 thousand m3/d for NWSC. Moreover, stability of water distribution and turbidity in rainy season are expected to be improved. It is the 1st step project for the capacity improvement and it is presently the most important issue to finish the construction work as scheduled.

Once the effectiveness of the mentioned project is confirmed including capability of O&M, additional development program should be commenced as the 2nd and 3rd steps, targeting the achievement of 95% in house connection ratio and realization of 167 LCD of water supply. To secure the water source for the additional projects later than the 2nd step, PMC and NWSC need to continue the survey to secure new water sources.

On the other hand, Japan’s grant aid project plans to utilize the existing transmission line installed along Seti River. However, a part of the pipeline is weak for flood and it is necessary to implement the repair work for the weak point and conduct the periodical maintenance work.

Table 7-14 shows recommended stepwise development of facilities in Pokhara.

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Table 7-14 Stepwise development in Pokhara Stage Target year Goal・Target Contents of the work

1st stage Under construction

Completion

in 2021

Improvement of water quality, distribution conditions in the existing NWSC water supply areas Water supply population：405,881 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：121LCD Design daily average water supply amount：49,120m3/d

・Water treatment facility：construction of 41,000m3/d capacity ・Reservoirs / overhead tanks： construction of total 6,000m3 capacity ・Replacement/expansion of transmission and distribution pipes

2nd stage

2031 Water supply population：493,227 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：155LCD Design daily average water supply amount：76,450m3/d Achieving by expansion of NWSC water supply areas and neighboring areas

・Construction of water resources, reservoirs / overhead tanks necessary for increasing water supply for 17,507 m3/d

・Expansion / development of distribution pipelines

・Improvement of transmission lines of NWSC

3rd stage

2041 Water supply population：575,058 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：167LCD Design daily average water supply amount：96,035m3/d Development of water supply areas mainly focusing on water unserved areas

・Construction of water resources, reservoirs /overhead tanks necessary for increasing water supply for 19,585 m3/d

・Expansion / development of distribution pipelines


Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Birgunj

Current house connection ratio in Birgunj is 17%. Facility construction to improve the house connection ratio is urgently required. To have more efficiency and impact, improvement works in the existing NWSC’s service areas locating at city center is recommended as the 1st step.

Many hand pump wells are installed in the city, and residents are able to access water for free. Under this circumstances, some households might not connect to the charged NWSC service. Therefore, it is recommended to improve gradually with a public awareness survey for house connection.

At the 1st stage, the target will be to improve the house connection ratio up to 56% and water supply up to 165 LCD. It is recommended to develop mainly in NWSC service area as well as its neighboring area. After confirmation of the public willingness in house connection and O&M capability, it is recommended to prepare a further improvement plan for house connection up to 95% and water supply up to 167 LCD as the 2nd step improvement. The availability of groundwater is supposed to be sufficient. Therefore, it is possible to improve the house connection ratio by tube wells and overhead tanks.

To achieve the goals in 2031 (30,707 m3/d) and 2041 (56,942 m3/d), NRW is required to be reduced to 10% by 2041, and also water supply capacity needs to be promoted to 22,907 m3/d by 2031, and 49,142 m3/d by 2041. Although the existing water supply of NWSC is 7,800 m3/d, water resource capacity is 16,704 m3/d which is about 54% of the design water supply amount in 2031. Therefore it is recommended to start the improvement from capacity enhancement of water reservoirs / overhead tanks for the existing wells. Table 7-15 shows the recommendation for phased development plan in Birgunj. There are two existing WUSCs suspending the operation. It is ideal to include the rehabilitation work

195

for the existing WUSCs in phased development plan.

Table 7-15 Stepwise development in Birgunj Stage Target

year Goal・Target Contents of the work

1st stage 2031 Water supply population：186,104 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：165 LCD Design daily average water supply amount：30,707m3/d Achieving by expansion of NWSC water supply areas and neighboring areas

・Construction of overhead tanks for in existing wells (Total capacity of tanks is 5,600 m3 which corresponds to 8-hour of pumping capacity in existing wells (16,704m3/d).

・Construction of pump stations（the daily average water supply amount (30,707m3/d) is fulfilled by adding 14,003m3/d）and overhead tanks of which total capacity is more than 4700 m3 ・Expansion of distribution pipelines

2nd stage 2041 Water supply population：340,968 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：167 LCD Design daily average water supply amount：56,942m3/d Development of water supply areas mainly focusing on water unserved areas.

・Construction of water resources, reservoirs / overhead tanks necessary for increasing water supply to 26,235 m3/d

・Expansion / development of distribution

pipelines


Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Janakpur

Current house connection ratio in Janakpur is 13% and the situation and issues are similar to that in Birgunj. Thus, the same policy as Birgunj is recommended.

At the 1st stage, the target will be to improve the house connection ratio up to 54% and water supply up to 139 LCD. It is recommended to develop mainly in NWSC service area as well as its neighboring area. After confirmation of effectiveness and O&M condition, it is recommended to prepare the plan for further improvement to have 95% of house connection and 167 LCD of water supply.

To achieve design water supply goals in 2031 (15,131 m3/d) and 2041 (34,219 m3/d), NRW is required to be reduced to 10% by 2041, as well as facility construction for additional capacity for 12,561 m3/d by 2031 and 31,649 m3/d by 2041. Although the existing water supply amount of NWSC is 2,570 m3/d, the existing water resource capacity is 9,792 m3/d. It is able to cover 64% of the design water supply amount in 2031. Therefore it is recommended to start the improvement from capacity enhancement of water reservoirs / overhead tanks for the existing wells. Table 7-16 shows recommended phased development of facilities in Janakpur.

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Table 7-16 Phased development in Janakpur Stage Target


1st stage 2031 Water supply population：108,853 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：139 LCD Design daily average water supply amount：15,131m3/d Achieving by expansion of NWSC water supply areas and neighboring areas

・Construction of overhead tanks installed in existing wells (Total capacity of tanks is 3,300m3 corresponding to 8-hour of pumping capacity of existing wells (9,792m3/d).

・Construction of pump stations（the daily average water supply amount (15,131 m3/d) is fulfilled by adding 5,339 m3/d）and overhead tanks of which total capacity is more than 5,100 m3 ・Expansion of distribution network.

2nd stage

2041 Water supply population：204,906 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：167 LCD Design daily average water supply amount：34,219 m3/d Development of water supply areas mainly focusing on water unserved areas.

・Construction of water resources, reservoirs / overhead tanks necessary for increasing water supply to 19,088 m3/d

・Expansion/development of distribution

network.


Water supply capacity of NWSC facility in Butwal

The daily average water supply per capita is estimated at 240 LCD in NWSC service area due to large NRW (45% estimated by NWSC Butwal Branch). Reduction of NRW is urgently required. If reduced, the existing facilities are sufficient to supply the water in the entire city. Although the existing water supply amount of NWSC is 20,500 m3/d, water resource capacity is 46,104 m3/d which is enough for Butwal in 2041. Thus, it is possible to achieve 24-hour water supply in the city by improvement of storage capacity of

water distribution reservoirs / overhead tanks and additional distribution pipelines. Therefore, those facilities construction is prioritized rather than water sources development.

To achieve design water supply goals in 2031 (30,360 m3/d) and 2041 (33,272 m3/d), NRW is required to be reduced to 10% by 2041, as well as additional capacity for 6,140 m3/d by 2031 and 9,052 m3/d by 2041. Those improvement should be additional distribution reservoirs / overhead tanks and expansion of distribution networks. Table 7-17 shows recommended stepwise development of facilities in Butwal.

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Table 7-17 Stepwise development in Butwal Stage Target


1st stage 2031 Water supply population：183,997 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：165 LCD Design daily average water supply amount：30,360m3/d Achieving by expansion of NWSC water supply areas and its surrounding areas

・Construction of reservoirs / overhead tanks (Total capacity of tanks is 10,200m3 corresponding to 8-hour of Design daily average water supply amount (30,360m3/d).

・Expansion of distribution pipes system

2nd stage 2041 Water supply population：199,231 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：167 LCD Design daily average water supply amount：33,272m3/d Development of water supply areas mainly focusing on water unserved areas.

・Construction of reservoirs / overhead tanks (Total capacity of tanks is 11,100 m3 corresponding to 8-hour of Design daily average water supply amount (33,272 m3/d).

・Expansion of distribution pipe network


O&M capacity and facility capacity of water supply system in Hetauda O&M conditions of HWSMB is similar to ones of NWSC. In case of HWSMB, the financial balance

is relatively good. For O&M, similar improvement as NWSC is needed in a long term. In a short term, it is recommended to share O&M and improvement information with NWSC and to participate workshop / seminars to be held for NWSC.

To achieve design water supply goals in 2031 (23,150 m3/d) and 2041 (31,105 m3/d), NRW is required to be reduced to 10% by 2041, as well as additional capacity for 7,681 m3/d by 2031 and 15,636 m3/d by 2041. Although the existing water supply amount of HWSMB is 13,500 m3/d, water resource capacity is 22,896 m3/d which is almost equal to the design water supply amount in 2031. Therefore it is recommended to start from additional construction of water reservoirs / overhead tanks to implement 24-hour water supply. Table 7-18 shows recommended stepwise development of facilities in Hetauda.

Table 7-18 Stepwise development in Hetauda

Stage Target year Goal・Target Contents of the work

1st stage 2031 Water supplied population：155,369 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：149LCD Design daily average water supply amount：23,150m3/d Achieving by expansion of HWSMB water

supply areas and neighboring areas

・Reservoirs / overhead tanks development（Total capacity of reservoirs is 7720 m3 corresponding to 8-hour of Design daily average water supply amount(23,150m3/d) ・Expansion of distribution networks

2nd stage 2041 Water supplied population：155,369 Design daily average water supply amount per capita：167LCD Design daily average water supply amount：31,105m3/d Development of water supply areas mainly focusing on water unserved areas.

・Construction of water resources, reservoirs / overhead tanks, and expansion / expansion of distribution network necessary for increasing water supply to 7955 m3/d


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7-4 Priority issue and Recommendation for water supply system Priority issue

Priority issues are selected by following criteria. Table 7-19 shows summary of recommendation as urgent activities for the issues. It is recommended to formulate projects in accordance with prepared budget and conditions of implementing organization. - Necessary actions to achieve the goals of 2031 is urgently conducted. - Since the Melamchi water supply project is on-going and the technical assistance project has been

in preparation by JICA for Kathmandu Valley, a new projects’ formulation is not urgently required for the Kathmandu Valley.

- The Japan’s Grant Aid project is on-going in Pokhara. It is recommended to formulate a new construction project after completion of the said grant aid project. Thus, a new projects’ formulation is not urgently required for facility construction in Pokhara.

- Appropriate O&M of the existing facilities as well as water distribution, NRW, water quality managements is the 1st priority issue of NWSC. Before implementing new facilities construction, NRW reduction, estimated over 30%, should be improved. Therefore, the technical assistance project regarding the improvement O&M is urgently required for NWSC.

- Improvement of the house connection ratio is significantly important for achieving SDG 6.1.1. Improvement of Birgunj and Janakpur will contribute much to the SDG achievement. Thus, improvement of water supply system in Birgunj and Janakpur is the 2nd and 3rd priority recommendations.

- House connection ratio of Hetauda is lower than that of Butwal. Growth of water service population of Hetauda is also larger than that of Butwal. Thus, it is recommended that improvement of Hetauda water supply is more prioritized than Butwal.

- The improvement of the water supply system in Butwal is the 5th priority recommendation. However, NRW reduction is urgently required. It is recommended to overcome the issue of NRW reduction through the technical assistance to NWSC which is proposed as the 1st priority recommendation.

Table 7-19 Recommended Assistance Priority Recommendation Summary Pre-condition / risk

1 O&M improvement Project for NWSC

Technical Assistance To improve water distribution, NRW management, water quality management, WTPs management, wells and groundwater management. To determine Pilot branch offices, and the achievement is disseminate into all NWSC branch offices. The partnership between NWSC and Local Governments is recommended to be clearer for more collaborated development of water supply.

Pre-condition - NWSC completes the staff recruitment plan. - Operating condition of existing water supply

facilities in NWSC does not get worse. - NWSC procures necessary chemicals for the

project. Risk - If the condition of water sources changed by

climate change, the objectives are not satisfied.

- It is difficult to have the project effective if the achievements are not disseminated into all NWSC branches.

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Priority Recommendation Summary Pre-condition / risk 2 The Improvement

of Water Supply System in Birgunj

Grant Aid project To construct new tube wells, overhead tanks, and distribution pipes. At 1st stage, implementing the construction work for water supply facilities in the existing water service areas of NWSC and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 186,104 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 165 LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 30,707 m/d

Pre-condition - Operating condition of existing water supply

facilities in NWSC does not get worse. - Proposed construction site is prepared by

Nepali side. Risk - If the condition of water sources changed by



3 The Improvement Plan of Water Supply System in Janakpur

Grant Aid project To construct new tube wells, overhead tanks, and distribution pipes. At 1st stage, implementing the construction work for water supply facilities in the existing water service areas of NWSC and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 108,853 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 139 LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 15,131m3/d






4 The Improvement Plan of Water Supply System in Hetauda

Grant Aid project To construct new tube wells, overhead tanks, and distribution pipes. At 1st stage, implementing the construction work for water supply facilities in the existing water service areas of HWSMB and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 155,369 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 149 LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 23,150m3/d


facilities in HWSMB does not get worse - Proposed construction site is prepared by




5 The Improvement Plan of Water Supply System in Butwal

Grant Aid project To renew distribution pipes of NWSC in Butwal to reduce NRW. At the 1st stage, implementing the construction work for the existing service areas of NWSC and surrounding areas. To achieve service population at 183,997 in 2031, daily average water supply amount per capita at 165LCD, and daily average water supply amount at 30,360m3/d







Recommendation for stakeholders in Nepal It is recommended for stakeholders in Nepal to take following actions for efficient / effective

implementation of water supply services.

Since DWSSM and the Provincial Governments implement the construction for middle / large scale water supply facility, it is difficult for Local Governments to lead the project independently. Instead of the system for implementing the construction directly by DWSSM and the Provincial Governments, it is recommended for DWSSM and the Provincial Governments to dispatch advisors for the project implementation and to subsidize the project cost to the Local Government in order

200

to enhance Local Governments’ independence. In parallel, the partnership between NWSC and Local Governments is recommended to be clearer for more collaborated development of water supply.

Local Governments have to establish the water supply management system for whole city area and it is necessary to develop the capacity for planning, design and construction supervision on water supply system.

The size of a WUSCs is small. It is, therefore, difficult to secure budgets for rehabilitation to be necessary in the future. It is recommended for WUSCs to integrate the business activity with others (alliance among WUSCs, integrated with KUKL, NWSC and HWSMB) to have efficient O&M.

Along with expansion of water supply service, the shortage of staff in the basic providers will be worse. Since it is a significant issue for the technical assistance projects, recruiting should be continued by the basic service providers.

Recommendation for development partners


In order to improve the house connection ratio and water supply amount, the facilities construction is inevitable. However, O&M capacity of the basic water service providers is not sufficient especially for management of water distribution, NRW, water quality, ground water and asset. Therefore, it is recommended to have a technical cooperation together with the assistance for facility construction.

As for the technical cooperation for NWSC, it is recommended to conduct it through pilot site system. As the pilot sites, following are recommended.

- Pokhara, where the Japan’s Grant Aid is conducted - Butwal, which has a rapid sand filter treatment system and a high urgency in NRW reduction - Birgunj and Janakpur, which are required to have groundwater management system - Biratnagar, where JICA presently plans to formulate a new Grant Aid Project

The study clarifies that the shortage of storage volume of water reservoirs / overhead tanks are a significant and common issue for 24-hour supply. It is recommended to include the construction of water reservoirs / overhead tanks when a facility construction project is conducted. If lands are unavailable for the water reservoirs / overhead tanks, it is recommended that pumps’ capacity at the water source be designed in accordance with hourly maximum water flow to have sufficient water flow in peak time.

Chapter 8

Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Wastewater Management

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Chapter 8 Implementation Policy and Recommendation on Wastewater Management

8-1 Goals for Wastewater Management in Nepal 8-1-1 Overall goal

Table 8-1 and Table 8-2 shows the SDGs for the wastewater management, which are aforementioned in Chapter 2.

Table 8-1 Goals and achievement status in SDG-6 SDG No. Indicators Goals（2030） Achievement

situation (2015)

6.2.1 Household using improved sanitation

facilities which are not shared 95% 60%

6.2.2 Proportion of population using latrine 98% 67.6%

6.2.3

Local authority areas that have declared

Open Defecation Free (hereinafter called

ODF)

99% 41%

6.2.4 Sanitation coverage 99% 70%

6.2.5 Urban households with toilets connected to

sewer systems/ proper on-site sanitation 90% 30%

6.3.1 Proportion of untreated domestic

wastewater 65% 99%

6.3.2 Household using improved sanitation

facilities which are not shared 10% 99%

Source: Sustainable Development Goals Baseline Report, National Planning Commission, 2017

Table 8-2 Goals of wastewater service level (2030) Clarification Level Contents

Wastewater

management

Improved Service Each household has one or more toilets

(impermeable). Safe handling without

environmental impact problems. There are also

regular cleaning and O&M and management

records.

Basic Service Each household has a toilet (impermeable). Safe

handling without environmental impact

problems. There is a management record of

cleaning and O&M.

Limited Service There is a communal toilet (penetration) within

202

Clarification Level Contents

10m. Insufficient management records for

cleaning and O&M (requires sludge removal

from pits, etc.).

No Service There is no clear separation of living space and

faeces. O&M have not been implemented.

(Outdoor excretion etc.)

Source: Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan

8-1-2 Achievement status and issues on overall goal

Table 8-3 summarizes the achievement of SDGs. It is reported that the sewerage coverage in the Kathmandu Valley is 70%. However, the most of wastewater is discharged without adequate treatment. Thus, the achievement of the overall goal is approximately 12%. In Hetauda, the sewerage is introduced, but the coverage area is quite small and the collected sewage is discharged into rivers without treatment. Its contribution to SDGs is also little. In Birgunj, although sewerage system is introduced, it is under test-run for the new WWTPs.

In the other cities, on-site sanitation is widely adopted and sewerage system is not introduced. However, no periodical cleaning for the facilities is conducted and black water of on-site sanitation is often soaked into the ground. Since the generated sludge from on-site sanitation is disposed without treatment, impacts on water environment are anticipated.

Therefore, it is required to construct the adequate sewerage or on-site sanitation system and to establish appropriate management systems of O&M in all target cities.

Table 8-3 Achievement situation of overall goals SDG No. Indicators Situations

6.2.1

Household using improved

sanitation facilities which are

not shared

Accurate statistics have not been confirmed. However, as

much as 100% of population have a toilet in all target

cities. In addition, improved sanitation coverage ratio

might be high because flush toilets including pour flash

type are widespread. 6.2.2

Proportion of population using

latrine

6.2.3

Local authority areas that have

declared Open Defecation Free

(hereinafter called ODF)

As mentioned above, almost 100% of population have

toilets in target cities.

Most households are equipped with sewerage or on-site

sanitation. 6.2.4 Sanitation coverage

6.2.5

Urban households with toilets

connected to sewer systems/

proper on-site sanitation

Sewerage coverage in Kathmandu Valley is 70%.

However, most wastewater is discharged without

treatment. Its water treatment capacity is only 12% of the

generated wastewater amount. 6.3.1 Proportion of untreated

203

SDG No. Indicators Situations

domestic wastewater Almost all sludge generated by on-site sanitation in

Kathmandu valley is discharged into rivers without

treatment. In other cities, on-site sanitation is widely

spread. However, little treatment is observed for generated

sludge in the on-site sanitation. In Hetauda, the sewerage

is installed. However, the collected sewage is discharged

into rivers without treatment.

Therefore, there is a big gap between the SDGs and

present achievement.

6.3.2

Untreated industrial

wastewater ratio


8-2 Basic Policy for Wastewater Management 8-2-1 Population

As described in Chapter 7, the total population in the Kathmandu Valley will reach 4 million in 2041. Ones in other cities is predicted to be 2 hundred thousand to 6 hundred thousand in 2041. Table 8-4 shows the forecasted population in the target cities.

Table 8-4 Population Forecast in target cities Target Areas 2011 2021 2031 2041

Kathmandu Valley 2,428,187 3,097,263 3,264,532 3,845,766

Pokhara 402,995 473,922 491,654 560,485

Birgunj 240,922 281,397 291,516 332,328

Janakpur 162,172 179,038 183,254 201,580

Butwal 138,742 165,380 172,040 197,846

Hetauda 152,875 166,328 169,691 184,963 Source: JICA Study Team

8-2-2 Generated wastewater amount

Generated wastewater almost equals to water consumption. Thus, the estimated wastewater amount is predicted as shown in Table 8-5, according to the estimated water consumption described in Chapter 7. In the Kathmandu Valley, it is about 600,000 m3/d in 2041, and in the other cities approximately 30,000 m3/d to 90,000 m3/d as well. In addition, Table 8-6 shows the comparison of average wastewater amount and the capacity of the existing WWTPs (including planned ones).

In the Kathmandu Valley, the sewage treatment capacity will be sufficient in 2031 while it will be shorted in 2041. In the other cities, additional capacity for the wastewater management is necessary by 30,000 m3/d to 40,000 m3/d.

204

Tabl

e 8-

5 Es

timat

ed w

aste

wat

er p

er d

ay in

targ

et c

ities

Targ

et A

reas

2031

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er su

pply

serv

ice

area

N

on-w

ater

supp

ly se

rvic

e ar

ea

Tota

l wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(g

ener

ated

was

tew

ater

am

ount

) (m

3 /d)

Wat

er

Serv

ice

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(m3 /d

)

NR

W

Rat

io

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Non

-wat

er su

pply

po

pula

tion

Estim

ated

wat

er

supp

ly a

mou

nt (m

3 /d)

NR

W

Rat

io

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 3,

845,

766

3,65

3,47

8 40

9,19

0 20

%

327,

352

192,

288

9,61

4 0%

9,

614

336,

966

Pokh

ara

560,

485

493,

227

76,4

50

20%

61

,160

67

,258

3,

363

0%

3,36

3 64

,523

Birg

unj

332,

328

186,

104

30,7

07

20%

24

,566

14

6,22

4 7,

311

0%

7,31

1 31

,877

Jana

kpur

20

1,58

0 10

8,85

3 15

,131

20

%

12,1

05

92,7

27

4,63

6 0%

4,

636

16,7

41

But

wal

19

7,84

6 18

3,99

7 30

,360

20

%

24,2

88

13,8

49

692

0%

692

24,9

80

Het

auda

18

4,96

3 15

5,36

9 23

,150

20

%

18,5

20

29,5

94

1,48

0 0%

1,

480

20,0

00

Targ

et A

reas

2041

Popu

latio

n

Wat

er su

pply

serv

ice

area

N

on-w

ater

supp

ly se

rvic

e ar

ea

Tota

l wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(g

ener

ated

was

tew

ater

am

ount

) (m

3 /d)

Wat

er

Serv

ice

popu

latio

n

Des

ign

aver

age

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(m3 /d

)

NR

W

Rat

io

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Non

-wat

er se

rvic

e po

pula

tion

Estim

ate

wat

er su

pply

am

ount

(m3 /d

) N

RW

R

atio

Wat

er

cons

umpt

ion

(m3 /d

)

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 4,

230,

343

4,01

8,82

5 67

1,14

4 10

%

604,

030

211,

518

10,5

76

0%

10,5

76

614,

606

Pokh

ara

605,

324

575,

058

96,0

35

10%

86

,432

30

,266

1,

513

0%

1,51

3 87

,945

Birg

unj

358,

914

340,

968

56,9

42

10%

51

,248

17

,946

89

7 0%

89

7 52

,145

Jana

kpur

21

5,69

0 20

4,90

6 34

,219

10

%

30,7

97

10,7

84

539

0%

539

31,3

36

But

wal

20

9,71

7 19

9,23

1 33

,272

10

%

29,9

45

10,4

86

524

0%

524

30,4

69

Het

auda

19

6,06

1 18

6,25

8 31

,105

10

%

27,9

95

9,80

3 49

0 0%

49

0 28

,485

Sour

ce: J

ICA

Stu

dy T

eam

205

Tabl

e 8-

6 Sh

orta

ge o

f sew

erag

e tre

atm

ent c

apac

ity in

targ

et c

ities

Targ

et A

reas

Plan

ned

was

tew

ater

am

ount

(m3 /d

) C

apac

ity o

f wor

king

faci

lity

(m3 /d

) C

apac

ity e

xces

s and

def

icie

ncy

(m3/

d)

2031

20

41

Exis

ting

Cap

acity

Fa

cilit

y ca

paci

ty

unde

r con

stru

ctio

n

Faci

lity

capa

city

unde

r pla

nnin

g To

tal

2031

20

41

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y 33

6,96

6 61

4,60

6 16

,000

48

4,00

0 50

0,00

0 16

3,03

4 -1

14,6

06

Pokh

ara

64,5

23

87,9

45

45,0

00

45,0

00

-19,

523

-42,

945

Birg

unj

31,8

77

52,1

45

10,0

00

10,0

00

-21,

877

-42,

145

Jana

kpur

16

,741

31

,336

0

-16,

741

-31,

336

But

wal

24

,980

30

,469

0

-24,

980

-30,

469

Het

auda

20

,000

28

,485

32

0 32

0 -1

9,68

0 -2

8,16

5 N

ote

1: W

aste

wat

er tr

eatm

ent i

s not

impl

emen

ted

in H

etau

da, d

ue to

faci

lity

troub

le o

f WW

TP.

Not

e 2:

“Fa

cilit

y ca

paci

ty u

nder

pla

nnin

g” is

val

ues o

f fac

ilitie

s of w

hich

pre

F/S

is c

ompl

eted

. N

ote

3: “

Faci

lity

capa

city

und

er p

lann

ing”

of P

okha

ra is

a v

alue

exc

ludi

ng in

terc

epte

d ra

in w

ater

. So

urce

: JIC

A S

tudy

Tea

m

206

8-2-3 Basic policy for wastewater management capacity development Although sewerage or on-site sanitation are widely spread in the target cities, wastewater treatment

is rarely conducted. Untreated sewage and sludge might affect the water environment. Since a gaps between the present conditions and the SDGs, especially house connection to appropriate sewer and/or accessibility to appropriate on-site sanitation, is very large, prompt countermeasures are required. As for the countermeasure, parallel development for on-site sanitation with sewerage is necessary due to ①sewer construction takes long years, ②sewerage is not efficient in small / rural / remote communities.

Basic policy for the improvement of sewerage capacity is recommended as follows.

Basic policy for the development of sewerage capacity - To construct necessary facilities and to procure necessary equipment in order to achieve 90% of

the appropriate wastewater management service rate in 2041. - To define basic service (impermeable, safe treatment to the environment) or higher level as the

appropriate wastewater management service. - To clarify the covering area of sewerage and on-site sanitation (preparation of a master plan for

wastewater management). - To introduce sewerage in high population density areas and to develop on-site sanitation in low

population density area. - To develop on-site sanitation system even in urban area as an urgent and short term project, due to

①improvement of water environment is urgently required, ②sewerage construction takes long years.

- To introduce regulations / local ordinances for the residents’ obligation on sewer house connection and/or scheduled de-sludge of on-site sanitation, as well as clear identification of covering area of sewerage.

- To introduce facilitation plans for the residents to improve their on-site sanitation from permeable (soak pit) to impermeable (septic tank), such as subsidization scheme from Local Government.

- To keep the effluent standards at WWTPs. - To collect periodically the sludge generated in on-site facility and to treat it by appropriate

treatment methods satisfying the effluent standards.

8-2-4 Basic Policy for O&M System Development Influent and effluent quality is monitored at the existing WWTP in the Kathmandu Valley. However,

effluent quality dose not satisfy the effluent standards, due to overload operation of the plant. In Hetauda, scheduled effluent quality monitoring is not conducted. In Birgunj, since the sewerage system has just been started, O&M system is under development process.

PMC and HsMC provide the sites of sludge disposal for on-site sanitation. However, the leachate management is not conducted by PMC and HsMC as well as entrusted private companies for the disposal site operation. Appropriate management related to regular de-sludge, collection and disposal is required

207

for all target cities. In terms of the implementation agency, KUKL implements O&M of the sewerage system in the

Kathmandu Valley. In other cities, Local Governments have to provide O&M of both sewerage and on-site sanitation. It is necessary for the mentioned organization to establish adequate O&M systems urgently.

Basic policy for the development of O&M system on wastewater management is recommended as follows.

The basic policy for O&M System Development - To identify clearly the implementation / supervisory agencies on sewerage and on-site sanitation

by wastewater management master plan. - To collaborate with private sectors regarding sludge collection / disposal as well as facility

operation for on-site sanitation. - To have a capacity to assure the effluent quality through appropriate implementation of periodical

(daily, monthly and annually basis) effluent quality test. - To evaluate the impact / effectiveness of wastewater management through periodical water quality

monitoring of groundwater, rivers and lakes. - To secure the financial resources for sustainable O&M of sewerage and on-site sanitation.

8-3 Issues and Recommendation for wastewater management 8-3-1 Local Government administration system (Municipality office) and wastewater

management implementation agency O&M of wastewater management is a part of the responsibilities of Local Government. As for the

Kathmandu Valley, KUKL is conducting the operation of sewerage system under KVWSMB. It is reasonable and efficient for KUKL to collect the sewerage tariff together with water tariff. In the other cities, it is urgently necessary to establish O&M organization for sewerage system. In the circumstances, following are recommended. - KUKL is required to improve O&M capacity for WWTPs and sewer network. - In Kathmandu Valley, it is efficient to supervise the on-site sanitation by an associated body of

multiple municipalities. Realistically, it is recommended for KUKL to be responsible for on-site sanitation, too.

- In Hetauda and Birgunj, it is necessary to establish sewerage management organization enabling efficient capacity development and tariff collection.

- In the other cities having no sewerage, it is also necessary to establish a management organization of on-site sanitation and a promoting organization of sewerage.

- Local Government has to manage not only effluent quality of WWTP / STP but also water environment such as groundwater, rivers and lakes. To expect effective supervision of wastewater management, a separated organization is necessary for the environmental management.

208

- Sludge collection / disposal for on-site sanitation is conducted by the private sector. To keep the business opportunity of the private sector, a collaboration under public-private partnership system should be considered.

- In case of sewerage, the resident obligation to have sewer house connection will be necessary. In case of on-site sanitation, obligation of periodical de-sludge is necessary as well. To realize it, it is recommended for Local Government to establish regulations / local ordinances for such resident’s obligations.

8-3-2 Service charges collection system Stable financial resources are required for the sustainable O&M on wastewater management. Tariff

collection is one of the effective ways for securing the financial resources. Water tariff schedule in KUKL and NWSC clearly stipulates that 50% of water tariff will be collected as sewerage service charges. (collected from only customers of sewerage)

KUKL is able to collect sewerage tariff together with the water tariff. However, it is difficult for the other cities because NWSC and HWSMB do not provide the sewerage services. Thus, the sewerage tariff collection should be conducted by the Municipalities. To realize it, discussions between the Municipalities and NWSC / HWSMB is recommended.

Due to private sector involvement in on-site sanitation sludge collection and disposal, the tariff enabling environment management is not able to be determined by Local Government. To secure the sufficient finance, it is necessary to discuss with the private partners. Following is an example procedure of tariff collection. - The residents pay the sludge collection fee to the Municipality office. - The residents order the de-sludge service to a private company after the payment. - The private company collects and disposes of the sludge. - Fee of the private company is paid by the Municipality. - The Municipality undertakes environmental monitoring as well as leachate management by the

balance of collected tariff.

8-3-3 O&M Capacity of KUKL and Facility Capacity in Kathmandu Valley Sewerage plan in Kathmandu Valley accommodates the design wastewater amount in 2031 and the

prompt completion of the project is required. Improvement program for O&M capacity enabling operation of WWTP is also required for KUKL. O&M capacity development program is recommended to be conducted after facilities construction. 8-3-4 Facility Construction in Pokhara

The stretch of Phewa Lake located in Pokhara is a registered wetland in Ramsar Convention and water environment should be conserved for bio-diversity. Since the environmental monitoring and management are rarely conducted, the environmental management system including wastewater

209

management is urgently needed. However, it is difficult to introduce sewerage in the entire city in short period. Therefore, a zoning plan for sewerage and on-site sanitation is necessary. To realize it, it is recommended to implement the water environment management master plan including the wastewater management in Pokhara. The project should contains the review of the proposed WWTP plan, feasibility / pre-feasibility study on the necessary projects.

8-3-5 Facility Construction in Birgunj Prompt completion of the sewerage system and establishment of O&M system is required for BMC.

As for the further extension of the sewerage system, it is recommended to formulate a plan after confirmation of efficiency and effectiveness of the present system.

Because it is difficult to introduce the sewerage all over the city, it is recommended to have a wastewater management master plan for zoning the sewerage and on-site sanitation areas as well as a plan of sludge treatment. 8-3-6 Facility Construction in Janakpur

Since there is no specific sewerage plan and on-site sanitation improvement plan in Janakpur, preparation of wastewater management master plan is suggested.

8-3-7 Facility Construction in Butwal

Since Butwal is similar to Janakpur in situation, preparation of wastewater management master plan is suggested.

8-3-8 Facility Construction in Hetauda

There are small sized WWTPs in Hetauda although they are not operable due to facilities’ troubles. Rehabilitation work for the existing WWTPs and proper operation for sewerage are urgently required. Further expansion of sewerage is recommended to be conducted after confirmation of the effectiveness of the said rehabilitation and the improved operation.

Since it is difficult to introduce the sewerage system all over the city, preparation of wastewater management master plan is also suggested. 8-4 Priority issue and recommendation for wastewater management 8-4-1 Priority issue

Since the planned sewerage system will be sufficient in Kathmandu Valley, it is not urgently required to formulate a new sewerage plan in this area.

Since water quality conservation in Phewa Lake is urgently required for Pokhara and wastewater flow will be increased by the new water supply facility to be constructed by Japan’s Grant Aid, the preparation of water environment management master plan as well as wastewater management master plan are urgently required. It is recommended as the 1st priority recommendation.

210

In Birgunj, the 1st step requirement is to appropriate and prompt commencement of the existing sewerage system. Further expansion should be taken after confirmation of efficiency and effectiveness of the existing system. A new project is not urgently required.

In Hetauda, the 1st step requirement is to rehabilitate the existing WWTPs. A new project is not urgently required as well as Birgunj.

Although commencement of wastewater master plan is recommended in Janakpur and Butwal, they are recommended to start after confirmation of effectiveness of Pokhara’s one.

Accordingly, the recommended assistance to development partner is as shown in Table 8-7 for Pokhara.

Table 8-7 Recommended Assisatnce

Priority Recommendation Summary Pre-condition / risk

1 Master Plan for water environment management in Pokara city and Phewa Lake

Development survey typed Technical Assistance project Preparation of the Master Plan for water environment management on Pokhara city and Phewa Lake (water quality monitoring / management, and wastewater management), Pre-F/S for priority projects, establishment of ordinances, setting up the implementation organization to enable commencement of a specific project.

Pre-condition - Organizations in PMC for water environment

management and wastewater management are identified clearly and necessary staff members are allocated.

- Registration to Ramsar convention is maintained. Environmental conservation around Phewa lake and surrounding is prioritized issue in Nepal / PMC.

- Planed site of WWTP is secured. Risk - If the condition of water sources changed by

climate change, the objectives are not satisfied. - It is necessary to modify the activity plan if large

scale development is conducted on upper side of water basin, especially for industrial and agricultural development.


8-4-2 Recommendation for stakeholders in Nepal It is recommended for stakeholders in Nepal to take following actions for efficient / effective

implementation of wastewater management.

(1) There is no environmental quality standard on river, lake, pond and groundwater. Therefore, no target and indicator is available for managing the environment. The environmental quality standards are recommended to be prepared.

(2) Required water environment for fauna and flora to be conserved is specified for Phewa Lake and its surrounding area. If necessary, corresponding environmental quality standards and effluent standards are recommended.

(3) Since the construction for sewerage system is implemented by MoWS, it is difficult for Local Governments to lead the project independently. Instead of the system for implementing the construction directly by MoWS, it is recommended for MoWS to dispatch advisors for the project implementation and to subsidize the project cost to the Local Government.

211

(4) Local Governments are urgently required to establish the implementation system for water environment management as well as wastewater management, together with capacities for planning, design and construction supervision on sewerage system.

8-4-3 Recommendation for development partners


(1) It is needless to say that the facility construction is necessary for improving wastewater

management system. However, O&M capacity of the Local Governments is not sufficient. Therefore, it is recommended to have a technical cooperation together with the assistance for facility construction.

(2) It is difficult to introduce the sewerage system in the entire city immediately. Moreover, it is difficult to secure the efficiency of sewerage system in low population density area. Therefore, it is recommended to prepare a master plan that clarifies zoning of sewerage and on-site sanitation areas and local ordinances to clarify residents’ obligation and Local Governments’ responsibility.

[Appendix]

Appendix

Appendix-1 Survey Team Member Appendix-2 Schedule of Survey Appendix-3 Meeting List Appendix-4 Water Quality and Water Resources Survey Appendix-5 The Result of Interview Survey regarding

Current Situation of Waste Water Treatment in Each City

Appendix-6 LIST OF WUSC Appendix-7 Record of workshop in Kathmandu and Pokhara

Appendix-1 Survey Team Member

A-1-1

Appendix-1 Survey Team Member

Katsumi FUJII

Project Manager/Water Supply and

Sewerage Plan

Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd.

Kazuhiko NAKAMURA

Deputy Project Manager/Water Supply

Facility Plan


Tsuyoshi ONOZATO

Sewerage facility plan


Kimiko TAMOTSU

Organization/ O&M / Financial plan


Kazuhiro ISHIURA

Environmental Social Consideration


Appendix-2 Schedule of Survey

A-2-1

Appendix-2 Schedule of Survey

1 1st Field Survey

No Date Activity

Fujii, Tamotsu, Ishiura Nakamura, Onozato

1 2019.3.14

Thu

Departure from Tokyo and arrival at Kathmandu (Nakamura, Onozato)

2 2019.3.15

Fri

Meeting with candidates subcontractor for water quality analysis

3 2019.3.16

Sat

Internal meeting / Document preparation

4 2019.3.17

Sun

Departure from Tokyo and arrival at

Kathmandu (Fujii, Tamotsu)

Meeting with candidates subcontractor for

water quality analysis

5 2019.3.18

Mon

JICA

Meeting at JICA Nepal Office, Internal meeting

6 2019.3.19

Tue

KUKL, NWSC MoWS

Kick off Meeting at KUKL, NWSC and MoWS

7 2019.3.20

Wed


8 2019.3.21

Thu

KUKL, NWSC KVWSMB PID

Meeting at KUKL, NWSC and KVWSMB PID for general conditions and request of

information

9 2019.3.22

Fri

Move to Pokhara

10 2019.3.23

Sat

Site observation for the Project for Water Supply Improvement in Pokhara

11 2019.3.24

Sun

NWSC DWSSM

Meeting at NWSC Pokhara branch, DWSSM Pokhara branch and Pokhara Municipality.

12 2019.3.25

Mon

Site observation at dumping site and sludge disposal site in Pokhara. Conducting the

interview survey. Data collection at DWSSM Pokhara branch.

A-2-2

No Date Activity


13 2019.3.26

Tue

Data collection from NEA Pokhara and

Pokhara Municipality

Conducting interview survey and

transmission pipeline survey

14 2019.3.27

Wed

Move to Butwal NWSC

Conducting interview survey and water

quality survey. Data collection at NWSC

Pokhara branch.

15 2019.3.28

Thu

NWSC DWSSM

Meeting and data collection from

NWSC, DWSSM, NEA Butwal and

Municipality

NWSC

Site observation at new water resource,

meeting with NWSC Pokhara branch and

wrapping up the result of the interview

survey

16 2019.3.29

Fri

NWSC

Site observation current water supply

systems in Butwal, and meeting with

NWSC Butwal

DWSSM NWSC

Meeting with NWSC Pokhara branch and

DWSSM

17 2019.3.30

Sat

Move to Kathmandu

Move to Butwal

18 2019.3.31

Sun

Preparation of Midterm belief report and

document works

NWSC

Data collection at NWSC Butwal, site visit

on existing WTP and water quality sampling

19 2019.4.1

Mon

JICA

Midterm belief meeting with JICA,

consultative meeting with Nepal side

WASH experts

DWSSM WUSC

Visiting Butwal Municipality, sludge

disposal site, WTP, Intake, DWSSM and

WUSCs.

A-2-3

No Date Activity


20 2019.4.2

Tue

HWSMB

Move to Hetauda, and meeting with

HWSMB

NWSC

WUSC

Conducting interview survey, data collection

at NWSC Butwal branch and visiting WUSC

21 2019.4.3

Wed

HWMB

Greeting with Mayor, site observation and

meeting with HWMB

NWSC

Jhumsa kola

Conducting data collection at NWSC

Butwal branch and visiting the new water

resource (Jhunsa kola)

22 2019.4.4

Thu

HWMB

Data Collection from HWMB,

Municipality and NEA

HWSMB

Move to Hetauda and visiting HWSMB.

23 2019.4.5

Fri

Site observation of sewerage management and solid waste management , and meeting with

Municipality

24 2019.4.6

Sat

Move to Birgunj, greeting for Mayor

Internal meeting / Document

preparation

25 2019.4.7

Sun

NWSC ADB

Data collection from NWSC,

Municipality, ADB Project site

observation of wastewater management

Water quality sampling and site survey

26 2019.4.8

Mon

NWSC

Meeting with NWSC and NEA, site

observation

Data collection at HWSMB and interview

survey in Hetauda

27 2019.4.9

Tue

Move to Janakpur


survey in Hetauda

A-2-4

No Date Activity


28 2019.4.10

Wed

DWSSM

Meeting with Municipality and DWSSM,

site observation

NWSC

Move to Birgunj, visiting NWSC Birgunj

Branch and construction site on sewage

treatment plant

29 2019.4.11

Thu

NWSC

Meeting with NWSC, Municipality and

NEA

Water quality sampling and site survey in

Birgunj

30 2019.4.12

Fri

Site observation and document works

Data collection at NWSC Birgunj Branch

and interview survey in Birgunj

31 2019.4.13

Sat

Move to Kathmandu


preparation

32 2019.4.14

Sun


33 2019.4.15

Mon

NWSC

Meeting with NWSC and data collection

Data collection at NWSC Birgunj Branch

and interview survey in Birgunj

34 2019.4.16

Tue NWSC KUKL

Departure from Tokyo and arrival at

Kathmandu (Ishiura), data collection from

NWSC and KUKL

Move to Janakpur

35 2019.4.17

Wed

( )

NEA MoHP

Departure from Kathmandu (Tamotsu)

data collection from NEA and MoHP

Data collection at NWSC Janakpur Branch

and Water quality sampling and site survey

in Janakpur

36 2019.4.18

Thu

( )

Arrival at Tokyo (Tamotsu)

Work in Hotel due to Bandas

Due

to Bandas, Document preparation in hotel.

A-2-5

No Date Activity


37 2019.4.19

Fri

Meeting with Ministry of Forest and

Environment


and interview survey in Janakpur

38 2019.4.20

Sat


preparation


preparation

39 2019.4.21

Sun

Meeting with Mayor of Janakpur


and existing well survey in Janakpur

40 2019.4.22

Mon

Site Observation at Water Treatment Plant

and Sewage Treatment Plant

Kathmandu

Move to Kathmandu

41 2019.4.23

Tue

Preliminary inspection of the hotel for the

workshop venue

NWSC DWSSM

ENPHO

Data collection at NWSC head office and

DWSSM. Meeting with ENPHO and water

quality laboratory in Kathmandu

42 2019.4.24

Wed

JICA

Report field survey result to JICA

NWSC KUKL


KUKL

43 2019.4.25

Thu

NWSC

Data collection at NWSC head office

NWSC KUKL


KUKL

44 2019.4.26

Fri

ADB

Meeting with ADB

NWSC KUKL


KUKL

45 2019.4.27

Sat

Back to Japan

A-2-6

2 2nd Field Survey

No Date Activity


1 2019.8.1

Thu

Departure from Tokyo and arrival at Kathmandu (Fujii, Nakamura, Tamotsu and Ishiura)

2 2019.8.2

Fri

JICA

Meeting at JICA Nepal Office, Internal meeting and meeting with the subcontractor for

water quality analysis

3 2019.8.3

Sat


4 2019.8.4

Sun

NWSC MoWS

Meeting at NWSC and MoWS

5 2019.8.5

Mon

Move to Pokhara

6 2019.8.6

Tue

Validation workshop in Pokhara

7 2019.8.7

Wed

NWSC

Data collection at NWSC Pokhara branch. Departure from Tokyo and arrival at Pokhara

via Kathmandu (Onozato)

8 2019.8.8

Thu

NWSC

Conducting interview survey and water quality survey. Data collection at NWSC Pokhara

branch.

9 2019.8.9

Fri

NWSC

Data collection at NWSC Pokhara branch.

10 2019.8.10

Sat

Documents preparation

Move to Butwal

11 2019.8.11

Sun

Meeting with Pokhara Municipality

NWSC

Data collection at NWSC Butwal and water

quality sampling

12 2019.8.12

Mon

WUSC

Meeting with WUSC

WTP

Meeting with a local well drilling company.

Site visit at WTP

13 2019.8.13

Tue

Meeting with Pokhara Municipality

HWSMB

Move to Hetauda and visiting HWSMB.

A-2-7

No Date Activity


14 2019.8.14

Wed

Move to Birgunj

Water quality sampling and site survey

15 2019.8.15

Thu

NWSC

Meeting with Mayor of Birgunj and

NWSC Birgunj

Data collection at HWSMB, interview

survey and additional water quality survey in

Hetauda

16 2019.8.16

Fri

Site observation in Birgunj


survey in Hetauda

17 2019.8.17

Sat

Move to Janakpur

NWSC

Move to Birgunj, visiting NWSC Birgunj

Branch.

18 2019.8.18

Sun

NWSC

Meeting with Mayor of Janakpur and

NWSC Janakpur

Data collection at NWSC Birgunj Branch ,

Water quality sampling and site survey in

Birgunj

19 2019.8.19

Mon

Site observation in Janakpur

Data collection at NWSC Birgunj Branch,

interview survey and additional water

quality survey in Birgunj

20 2019.8.20

Tue

Move to Kathmandu

Move to Janakpur

21 2019.8.21

Wed

Water Aid,

Meeting with Water Aid and Embassy of

Finland


and Water quality sampling and site survey

in Janakpur

22 2019.8.22

Thu

UNICEF

Meeting with UNICEF

Data collection at NWSC Janakpur Branch,

site survey and additional water quality

survey in Janakpur.

A-2-8

No Date Activity


23 2019.8.23

Fri

Meeting with World Bank

Move to Kathmandu

24 2019.8.24

Sat


25 2019.8.25

Sun

DWSSM

Meeting with DWSSM

KUKL-PID DWSSM

Meeting with KUKL-PID and DWSSM

26 2019.8.26

Mon

WHO

Meeting with WHO

KUKL

Meeting with KUKL and water quality

analysis company

27 2019.8.27

Tue

Validation workshop in Kathmandu

28 2019.8.28

Wed

JICA UN-

HABITAT KUKL

Meeting with JICA, UN-HABITAT and

KUKL

JICA

Report field survey result to JICA

29 2019.8.29

Thu

Departure from Kathmandu

Departure from Kathmandu (Nakamura)

Confirmation of water quality analysis

30 2019.8.30

Fri

Back to Japan

Back to Japan (Nakamura)

Confirmation of water quality analysis

31 2019.8.31

Sat

Document preparation

32 2019.9.1

Sun

Document preparation

33 2019.9.2

Mon

Meeting with water quality analysis

company

34 2019.9.3

Tue


company

A-2-9

No Date Activity


35 2019.9.4

Wed


company

36 2019.9.5

Thu

Departure from Kathmandu (Onozato)

Appendix-3 Meeting List

A-3-1

Organization / Name Post

Kathmandu

Ministry of Water Supply (MoWS)

Mr. Madhav Belbase Secretary

Mr. Tej Raj Bhatta Joint Secretary

Mr. Sunil Kumar Das Director General /Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management

Mr. Dibakar Ghimire Engineer / Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management

Ministry of Urban Development MoUD High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization

Er. Yogendra Chitrakar Deputy Project Manager,

Ms. Anjita Rajbanshi Laboratory Chief

Ministry of Health and Population

Mr. Sunilkaj Sharme Director

Ministry of Forest and Environment

Mr. Jwala Shrestha Under Secretary & Chief, Environmental Impact Study Section

Mr. Gopal Prakash Bhattarai Deputy Derector General, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation

Mr. Tulsi Narayan Maharjan

Environment Standard and Monitoring Section

Nepal Water Supply Company (NWSC)

Dr. Bhupendra Prasad General Manager

Mr. Ishuwar Prasad Chief Technical Division

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL)

Dr. Mahesh Bhattarai General Manager

Mr. Bijaya Man Shrestha Deputy Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Rahindra Pokrel Deputy Manager

Mr. Tilak Mohan Bhandari Team Leader/ Water Management Consultant

Mr. Surya Roka Pump Operator in Bode WTP

Mr. Prembhakta Thaha, Pump Operator in Bode WTP

Mr. Ujjwal Shrestha Assistant Manager in Meramuchi WTP

Mr. Puranjan Nepal Laboratory Assistant

A-3-2

Organization / Name Post Nepal Electricity Authority Kathmandu Regional Office

Er. Anirudra Prasad Yadav Chief Engineer FIE

Asia Development Bank

Mr. Shiva Prasad Paudel Assistant Project Officer, Nepal Resident Mission

Embassy of Finland

Mr. Jari Laukka Counsellor

Ms. Kamana Gurung Coordinator

UN-HABITAT

Mr. Noboru Zama Associate Expert – Climate Change

UNICEF

Mr. Tameez Ahmad, PhD Chief, WASH

Mr. Dandi Ram Bishawakarma WASH Specialist

World Bank

Ms. Rubika Shrestha Water Supply & Sanitation Specialist

WaterAID

Ms. Tripti Rai Country Manager

Mr. Kabindra Pudasaini Program Manager Recovery and Resilient WASH

Tribhuvan University

Mr. Gangasagar Bhattarai Researcher

Pokhara Metropolitan City

Pokhara Municipality

Mr. Man Bde GC Mayor

Mr. Sovit Khadle Director Engineer

Mr. Hemanta Sharma Chief Engineer

Mr. Bhuvaneshwar Timilsina Environmental Officer

Mr. Arjun B. Neupane Social Development Officer

Mr. Mahendra Bahadur Godar Water Supply and Sewerage Officer

Mr. Nirmalmansigh Bhandari Environmental Officer

Mr. Sarada Mahan Kaphle Senior Engineer

DWSSM Department Water Supply and Sewerage Management Pokhara Branch

Mr. Shevendra Jha Acting Specialist Engineer

NWSC NWSC Pokhara Branch

Mr. Niran Maharjan Branch Manager

Mr. Dineshawar Prasad Yadav Technical Officer

Mr. Jivanath Gewali Financial Manager

Ms. Junmaya Pun Sr. Assistant for installation work

NWSC NWSC Hemja Branch

A-3-3

Organization / Name Post Mr. Rakesh Roit Branch Manager

Butwal Sub Metropolitan City

Butwal Municipality

Mr. Shiva Raj Subedi Mayor

Ms. Goma Achenya Deputy Mayor

Mr. Suman Shrertha Senior Engineer

DWSSM DWSSM Butwal Branch

Mr. Raj Kumar Chaudher Director Chief

NWSC NWSC Butwal Branch

Mr. Mohan Account Officer

Mr. Bijay Shrestha Chief Engineer

Mr. Budharatna Maharjan WTP Manager

Hetauda Sub Metropolitan City

Hetauda Municipality

Mr. Hari Baheuder Mahal Mayor

Mr. Krishna Bahaeer Adeiram Manager

Mr. Pheir Prasad Timalsina Social Development Division Manager

Mr. Supendra Karic Health Coordinator

Hetauda Water Supply Management Board (HWSMB)

Mr. Sudarshan Dhakal Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Asagar Ansari Technical Officer

Mr. Sanjay Neupane Administration Officer

Birgunj Metropolitan City

Municipality Birgunj

Mr. Vijaya Kumar Sarawagi Mayor

Mr. Sunil Karna Engineer, Chief of Wat San Section

Mr. Umesh Basnet Chief Administrative Officer

Mr. Suman Shrestha Senior Officer, Planning Department

Mr. Aravinda Gupta Member of Executive Council

Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environment Improvement Project (STUEIP)

Mr. Shailenda Shresthe Project Manager

NWSC NWSC Birganj Branch

Mr. Chandeshwar Shah Branch Manager

Janakpur Sub Metropolitan City

Janakpur Municipality

Mr. Lal Ksishor Sah Mayor

Ms. Sita Priyar Chief Administrative Officer

A-3-4

Organization / Name Post Mr. Birendrakumar Gadau Deputy Project Manager

NWSC NWSC Janakpur Branch

Mr. Binod Mishra Branch Manager

JICA JICA Nepal Office Mr. Kozo Nagami Senior Representative

Mr. Yoji Toriumi Representative

Ms. Bidhya Pokhrel Senior Program Officer

JICA KUKL WASH JICA Expert KUKL WASH Program

Mr. Takashi Saiki JICA Expert KUKL WASH Program

Mr. Palpasa Prajapati JICA KUKL WASH Program Engineer

Ms. Alek Poudel JICA KUKL WASH Program Coordinator

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Final ReportJanakpur, Butwal and Hetauda. 2. Water supply...

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