Fecal, Blood, and Urine...
Transcript of Fecal, Blood, and Urine...
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Fecal, Blood, and Urine
Examinations
Floron C. Faries, Jr. DVM, MS
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Objectives – Fecal Examinations
Discuss the reasons why fecal samples are
important to diagnosis
Describe the techniques for collecting and
preserving a fecal sample
Describe the direct smear examination
Describe the flotation examination
Describe the gross examination
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Fecal Examinations
Reveal presence of parasites
Worm eggs
Worm larvae
Protozoal encysted and motile stages Cysts and trophozoites
Suspect G-I parasitic diseases
Diarrhea – with or without blood
Weight loss
Anemia
Decrease production
Stunted growth and development
Infertility
Abortions
Death
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Fecal Collection
Collect relatively fresh feces
Collect from rectum
Collect from environment
Free from debris of environment
Preserve in refrigerator
Plastic or glass jar/vial
Plastic cup
Plastic bag
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Fecal Direct Smear
Advantages
Quick process
Preferred for motile parasites
Worm larvae and protozoal trophozoites
Disadvantages
No concentration of eggs, larvae, and cysts
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Fecal Direct Smear Procedure
1. Small amount of feces on glass slide
2. Mix with drop of saline
3. Place cover slip on mixture
4. Observe under microscope
Feces with drop of saline Feces and saline mixture
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Fecal Flotation
Advantages
Concentration of eggs and cysts
Disadvantages
More complex
Time consuming
Fecal debris gravitates to bottom
Heavier than specific gravity of solution
Eggs and cysts rise to top
Lighter than specific gravity of solution
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Fecal Flotation Procedure
1. Collect feces with insert and place in vial
2. Add flotation solution (salt or sugar) (>1.2)
3. Close vial and mix thoroughly
Use of insert filters the fiber by inside strainer
Insert not used, strain solution through mesh
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
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4. Fill vial with more solution until positive meniscus forms
5. Place cover slip on meniscus
6. Wait 10-15 minutes
7. Place cover slip on slide
Observe under microscope
Step 4 Step 5 Step 7
10-15 minutes
Wait
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Fecal Gross Examination
Clinical findings
Abnormal color and consistency
Black
Red
Loose
Watery
Mucus
Blood
Undigested food
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Objectives – Blood Examinations
Discuss the importance of blood samples in the diagnosis of certain diseases
Describe the method for collecting blood from animals
Describe the methods for preserving blood samples
Describe blood smears
Describe hemoglobin tests
Describe blood cell counts
List other types of blood tests
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Elements of Blood
Plasma fluid
Cells
Nutrients
Waste materials
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Cells
Erythrocytes – red blood cells (RBC)
Leukocytes – white blood cells (WBC)
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Thrombocytes – platelets
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Blood Collection
Drawn from vein
Tourniquet, thumb pressure
Needle and syringe
Bleeding needle – draining tube
Bleeding needle – vacuum tube
Caution – RBC hemolysis
Refrigeration
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Whole Blood
Coagulates and blood separates Clot (cells, fibrin) and serum (fluid)
Heat enhances clotting
Centrifuge enhances separating
Anticoagulant added and blood separates
RBC, WBC (buffy coat), plasma
Centrifuge enhances separating
Anticoagulants
Heparin
Oxalate
Citrate
EDTA
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Blood Tests
Within 15 minutes
Microscopic wet blood smear on slide
Parasites
Within 24 hours
Microscopic blood in cell slide (CBC)
Cell counts per ml
RBC
WBC
Platelets
Microscopic stained blood smear on slide
WBC differential percentages
Parasites
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Tube RBC hematocrit (Ht)
Packed cell volume (PCV)
Tube RBC sedimentation rate
Colorimeter hemoblobin (Hb)
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Plasma – Serum Tests
(Blood Chemistry, Metabolic, Culture)
Protein
Glucose
Minerals
Electrolytes
Enzymes
Antibodies
Antigens
Hormones
Toxins
Infectious agents
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Objectives – Urine Examinations
Discuss the importance of urinalysis in confirming a
diagnosis
Describe the steps for collecting urine from livestock
and small animals
Describe the steps in physical examinations of urine
Describe chemical examination of urine
Describe the steps in microscopic examination of urine
Perform physical, chemical and microscopic
examinations of urine under the supervision of a
veterinarians
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Urine Examinations
Collection
Physical examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination
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Methods of Collection
Spontaneous micturition
Manual compression of bladder
Catheterization
Cystocentesis
Cystocentesis on male dog
Catheterization on male dog
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Physical Examination
Quantity
Specific gravity
Refractometer
Urinometer
Color
Yellow to dark amber
Red (wine), brown (tea), or black (coffee)
Odor
Mild to strong
Sour or sweet
Consistency
Clear to cloudy
Flocculant or opaque
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Chemical Examination
pH Dogs and cats (<7)
Horses and ruminants (>7)
Albumin
Glucose
Bile
Acetone
Calcium
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
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Microscopic Examination
Stained slide (direct microscope)
or non-stained slide (phase microscope)
RBCs
WBCs
Microorganisms
Yeast, fungi, and bacteria
Epithelial cells
RBC Bacteria
WBC
Fungi
Epithelial Cells
Yeast
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Fat globules
Precipitated crystals
Acidic
Akaline
Fat Globules in Urine
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Acidic Crystals
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate
Cystine Tryosine Amorphous
Urates (Na, K, Mg, or Ca salts)
Sodium Urate Leucine Uric Acid
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Alkaline Crystals
Triple phosphates (Struvite)
Calcium Carbonate
Amorphous Phosphate
Ammonium Biurate
Dicalcium Phosphate
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Conclusion
Analysis of blood, feces, and urine reveals:
Health status
Diagnosis
Health improvement means
Preventive measures