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U`myn`rpjisn dgh Dmm`tr`py

U`myn`rpjisn is d pjysikdm pjbg`nbg`g wjbrb d ndtbridm ndyjdvb n`rb tjdg `gb krystdm strukturb (i.b. LKK, CKK & JKU). D ndtbridmtjdt sj`ws p`myn`rpjisn bxists ig n`rb tjdg `gb typb `c spdkb mdttikb

ig tjb s`mih stdtb.Ic tjb kjdgfb ig strukturb is rbvbrsilmb witj tbnpbrdturb `r

prbssurb, tjbg tjb p`myn`rpjik kjdgfb is ag`wg ds dmm`tr`py. Xjbprbvdimigf krystdm strukturb hbpbghs `g l`tj tjb tbnpbrdturb dgh tjbbxtbrgdm prbssurb. @gb cdnimidr bxdnpmb is c`ugh ig kdrl`g? frdpjitb is

tjb stdlmb p`myn`rpj dt dnlibgt k`ghiti`gs, wjbrbds hidn`gh isc`rnbh dt bxtrbnbmy jifj prbssurbs.

Ir`g t`` kdg bxist ig n`rb tjdg `gb krystdm strukturb dgh tjbkjdgfb is rbvbrsilmb. Xjb hiccbrbgt dmm`tr`pbs `c ir`g drb hbsifgdtbh witj

Frbba mbttbrs.M`w tbnpbrdturb ir`g is LKK dgh is kdmmbhDMUJD ir`g ( Cb).Dt 945K, Cb kjdgfbs t` FDNND ir`g () Cb wjikj is CKK.Curtjbr jbdtigf ugtim dt 4855K, tjb CKK Cb, rbvbrts t` tjb LKK

c`rn. Xjis jifj tbnpbrdturb c`rn is HBMXD ir`g ( Cb) dgh it is stdlmbup t` tjb nbmtigf p`igt `c ir`g (42;6K).

Ly k``migf, tjb rbvbrsb kjdgfbs `kkur.

Xjb civb n`st inp`rtdgt kjdgfbs kdg lb rbnbnlbrbh ?

[`mih [`muti`g ButbktIK Butbkt@IH UbritbktIK Ubritbkt@IH

Xjbrb drb 2 pjdsbs ig tjb ir`g kdrl`g pjdsb hidfrdn, wjikj drbmiquih, cbrritb, dustbgitb, hbmtdcbrritb, dgh tjb cictj pjdsb is tjb c`rn ig

wjikj tjb igs`mulmb kdrl`g bxists.Xjis ndy lb tjb nbtdstdlmb igtbrstitidm k`np`ugh Cb;K, `r

tjb stdlmb c`rn frdpjitb. Xjis hidfrdn is ig cdkt d hudm pjdsbhidfrdn.

[igkb k`npmbtb stdlimity is hiccikumt t` dkjibvb, Cb;K is tjb n`rbmiabmy pjdsb t` c`rn. J`wbvbr, ughbr kbrtdig cdv`rdlmb k`ghiti`gs, tjbjifjbr kdrl`g dmm`ys kdg c`rn frdpjitb, fivigf tjb usbcum frby kdstir`gs.

Ig prdktikb, ir`g kdrl`g dmm`ys drb usbh witj d minitbh kdrl`g

k`gtbgt, s` tjb ir`g kdrl`g pjdsb hidfrdn bxtbghs `gmy t` tjb vdmub `cK > 3.36%. Xjis kdrl`g k`gtbgt k`rrbsp`ghs t` tjb Cb;K ig tjb

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nbtdstdlmb systbn. Xjbrbc`rb, tjb rifjt jdgh sihb l`ughdry migb `c tjb

nbtdstdlmb pjdsb hidfrdn rbprbsbgts 455% Cb;K.Xjis hidfrdn is tjbrbc`rb `ctbg rbcbrrbh t` ds tjb Cb-Cb;K systbn.Kbnbgtitb is d nbtdstdlmb pjdsb, wjikj `g pr`m`gfbh jbdtigf

lrbdas up igt` Ir`g+ Frdpjitb. Xjus, tjb hidfrdn kdgg`t lb kdmmbh dgBquimilriun hidfrdn, lut d Ujdsb Hidfrdn.

Cb-K Hifrdn

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\bdkti`gs `kkurrigf ig tjb Cb-Cb;K systbnUbritbktik@kkurs dt X > 489;K lbtwbbg 5.45 5.24%K.@kkurs lbtwbbg Miquih (M) dgh Hbmtd-Cbrritb () fivigf Dustbgitb ().

M(5.2 %)+ (5.4 %)PPPP (5.4: %)[igkb tjb rdgfb is vbry minitbh, tjis pdrt `c tjb hidfrdn is `c mittmbighustridm inp`rtdgkb ig pmdig kdrl`g stbbms.

Butbktik@kkurs dt X > 4486K lbtwbbg

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-dustbgitb - s`mih s`muti`g `c K ig CKK Cb

Igtbrstitidm s`mih s`muti`g `c kdrl`g hiss`mvbr ig C.K.K ir`g Xjb ndxinun s`mulimity `c K is

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Ndfgbtik pr`pbrtibs? -cbrritb is ndfgbtik lbm`w 63: K, dustbgitb is g`g-ndfgbtik

Xjb bccbkt `c kdrl`g k`gtbgt `g tjb pr`pbrtibs C`r jyp` butbkt`ih stbbms sm`wmy k``mbh cr`n tjb dustbgitik stdtb,

tjb hbkrbdsigf pbrkbgtdfb `c cbrritb dgh tjb igkrbdsigf pbrkbgtdfb`c pbdrmitb, rbsumts ig dg igkrbdsb ig tbgsimb strbgftj dgh jdrhgbss.Xjb huktimity (pbrkbgtdfb bm`gfdti`g) hbkrbdsbs.

C`r jypbr butbkt`ih stbbms, igkrbdsigf tjb dn`ugt `c kdrl`g,hbkrbdsbs tjb pbrkbgtdfb `c pbdrmitb dgh igkrbdsbs tjb pbrkbgtdfb

`c kbnbgtitb. Xjis igkrbdsbs tjb jdrhgbss. J`wbvbr, tjb tbgsimbstrbgftj dgh huktimity drb stimm m`w sigkb tjb kbnbgtitb stimm c`rnsdm`gf frdig l`ughdribs, ndaigf it bdsibr c`r d krdka t` pr`pdfdtbdm`gf d frdig l`ughdry.

Ujdsb trdgsc`rndti`gs. Aigbtiks.Ujdsb trdgsc`rndti`gs (kjdgfb `c tjb nikr`strukturb) kdg lb

hivihbh igt` tjrbb kdtbf`ribs?

Hiccusi`g-hbpbghbgt witj g` kjdgfb ig pjdsb k`np`siti`g `rgunlbr `c pjdsbs prbsbgt (b.f. nbmtigf, s`mihicikdti`g `c purbnbtdm, dmm`tr`pik trdgsc`rndti`gs, rbkrystdmmizdti`g, btk.)

Hiccusi`g-hbpbghbgt witj kjdgfbs ig pjdsb k`np`siti`gs dgh/`rgunlbr `c pjdsbs (b.f. butbkt`ih trdgsc`rndti`gs)

Hiccusi`gmbss pjdsb trdgsc`rndti`g pr`hukbs d nbtdstdlmb pjdsbly k``pbrdtivb sndmm hispmdkbnbgts `c dmm dt`ns ig strukturb (b.f.ndrtbgsitik trdgsc`rndti`g)

Ujdsb trdgsc`rndti`gs h` g`t `kkur igstdgtdgb`usmy. Hiccusi`g-

hbpbghbgt pjdsb trdgsc`rndti`gs kdg lb rdtjbr sm`w dgh tjb cigdmstrukturb `ctbg hbpbgh `g tjb rdtb `c k``migf/jbdtigf.

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Xjb pr`kbss `c pjdsb trdgsc`rndti`g igv`mvbs?

Gukmbdti`g `c tjb gbw pjdsb - c`rndti`g `c stdlmb sndmm pdrtikmbs(gukmbi) `c tjb gbw pjdsb. Gukmbi drb `ctbg c`rnbh dt frdigl`ughdribs dgh `tjbr hbcbkts.

Fr`wtj `c gbw pjdsb dt tjb bxpbgsb `c tjb `rifigdm pjdsb[upbrjbdtigf / [upbrk``migf

Rp`g kr`ssigf d pjdsb l`ughdry `g tjb k`np`siti`g tbnpbrdturbpjdsb hidfrdn pjdsb trdgsc`rndti`g t`wdrhs bquimilriun stdtb isighukbh.

Lut tjb trdgsiti`g t` tjb bquimilriun strukturb tdabs tinb dghtrdgsc`rndti`g is hbmdybh.

Hurigf k``migf, trdgsc`rndti`gs `kkur dt tbnpbrdturbs mbss tjdgprbhiktbh ly pjdsb hidfrdn? supbrk``migf.

Hurigf jbdtigf, trdgsc`rndti`gs `kkur dt tbnpbrdturbs frbdtbrtjdg prbhiktbh ly pjdsb hidfrdn? supbrjbdtigf. Hbfrbb `c supbrk``migf/supbrjbdtigf igkrbdsbs witj rdtb `c

k``migf/jbdtigf. Nbtdstdlmb stdtbs kdg lb c`rnbh ds d rbsumt `c cdst tbnpbrdturb

kjdgfb. Nikr`strukturb is str`gfmy dccbktbh ly tjb rdtb `c k``migf. Lbm`w wb wimm k`gsihbr tjb bccbkt `c tinb `g pjdsb trdgsc`rndti`gs

usigf ir`g-kdrl`g dmm`y ds dg bxdnpmb.

Xinb Xbnpbrdturb Xrdgsc`rndti`g XXX hidfrdn

Mbt us k`gsihbr butbkt`ih rbdkti`g ds dg bxdnpmb

butbkt`ih rbdkti`g? (5.63 wt% K)

(5.5

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Xjis hidfrdn, g`tb cirst tjdt tjb butbkt`ih tbnpbrdturb 6

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Dg dktudm is`tjbrndm jbdt trbdtnbgt kurvb (DLKH) is supbrinp`sbh`g tjb is`tjbrndm trdgsc`rndti`g hidfrdn c`r d butbkt`ih ir`gkdrl`g dmm`y.

Sbry rdpih k``migf `c dustbgitb t` d tbnpbrdturb is ighikdtbh ly tjb

gbdr-vbrtikdm migb DL, dgh tjb is`tjbrndm trbdtnbgt dt tjistbnpbrdturb is rbprbsbgtbh ly tjb j`riz`gtdm sbfnbgt LKH.

Xjb trdgsc`rndti`g `c dustbgitb t` pbdrmitb lbfigs dt tjbigtbrsbkti`g, p`igt K , dgh jds rbdkjbh k`npmbti`g dt p`igt H

Dt tbnpbrdturbs oust lbm`w tjb butbkt`ih, rbmdtivbmy tjika mdybrs `cl`tj tjb cbrritb dgh Cb;K pjdsbs drb pr`hukbh1 tjis

nikr`strukturb is kdmmbh k`drsb pbdrmitb, dgh tjb rbfi`g dt wjikj itc`rns is ighikdtbh t` tjb rifjt `c tjb k`npmbti`g kurvb `g Cifurb44.2. Dt tjbsb tbnpbrdturbs, hiccusi`g rdtbs drb rbmdtivbmy jifj,sukj tjdt hurigf tjb trdgsc`rndti`g kdrl`g dt`ns kdg hiccusbrbmdtivbmy m`gf histdgkbs, wjikj rbsumts ig tjb c`rndti`g `c tjika

mdnbmmdb. Vitj hbkrbdsigf tbnpbrdturb, tjb kdrl`g hiccusi`g rdtb hbkrbdsbs,

dgh tjb mdybrs lbk`nb pr`frbssivbmy tjiggbr. Xjb tjig mdybrbhstrukturb pr`hukbh ugtim 285 K is tbrnbh cigb pbdrmitb.

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Ic trdgsc`rndti`g tbnpbrdturb is m`w bg`ufj (285K) ldigitbrdtjbr tjdg cigb pbdrmitb c`rns.

C`r X ~ ;55-285K, uppbr ldigitb k`gsists `c gbbhmbs `c cbrritbsbpdrdtbh ly m`gf kbnbgtitb pdrtikmbs

C`r X ~

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Ndrtbgsitb ? Ndrtbgsitb c`rns wjbg dustbgitb is rdpihmy k``mbh(qubgkjbh) t` r``n X.

It c`rns gbdrmy igstdgtdgb`usmy wjbg tjb rbquirbh m`w tbnpbrdturb

is rbdkjbh. It hbpbghs `g tjb k``migf tbnpbrdturb g`t tjbhiccusi`g.

Ndrtbgsitb is nbtdstdlmb - kdg pbrsist ighbcigitbmy dt r``ntbnpbrdturb, lut wimm trdgsc`rn t` bquimilriun pjdsbs `g dggbdmigfdt dg bmbvdtbh tbnpbrdturb.

Ndrtbgsitb kdg k`bxist witj `tjbr pjdsbs dgh/`r nikr`strukturbs igCb-K systbn

[igkb ndrtbgsitb is nbtdstdlmb g`g-bquimilriun pjdsb, it h`bs g`tdppbdr ig pjdsb Cb-K pjdsb hidfrdn

Dustbgitb-t`-ndrtbgsitb is hiccusi`gmbss dgh vbry cdst. Xjb dn`ugt`c ndrtbgsitb c`rnbh hbpbghs `g tbnpbrdturb `gmy.

BZDNUMB U\@LMBN

Rsigf tjb is`tjbrndm trdgsc`rndti`g hidfrdn c`r dg ir`gkdrl`gdmm`y `c butbkt`ih k`np`siti`g , spbkicy tjb gdturb `c tjb cigdmnikr`strukturb (ig tbrns `c nikr`k`gstitubgts prbsbgt dgh dppr`xindtbpbrkbgtdfbs) `c d sndmm spbkinbg tjdt jds lbbg sulobktbh t` tjbc`mm`wigf tinbtbnpbrdturb trbdtnbgts.

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Ig bdkj kdsb dssunb tjdt tjb spbkinbg lbfigs dt 635 K dgh

tjdt it jds lbbg jbmh dt tjis tbnpbrdturb m`gf bg`ufj t` jdvb dkjibvbhd k`npmbtb dgh j`n`fbgb`us dustbgitik strukturb.

(d) \dpihmy k``m t` ;25 K, j`mh c`r 458s, dgh qubgkj t` r``n

tbnpbrdturb.(l) \dpihmy k``m t`

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jypbrbutbkt`ih (4.