February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote...

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans multiple areas pertaining to nationals as well as refugees in Lebanon. She has contributed to various projects on voter behavior, local development, oil and gas, and socioeconomic assessments. Prior to joining LCPS, Mourad was a researcher at the American University of Beirut, where she primarily worked on projects with UNDP and UNHCR. Mourad holds a master’s degree in Economics from the American University of Beirut as well as a bachelor’s degree in Economics with a minor in Finance and Legal Studies from the Lebanese American University. Daniel Garrote Sanchez is a senior researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. His areas of work include refugees’ access to job opportunities and social services, development of lagging regions in Lebanon, and citizens’ preferences on government spending. Prior to joining LCPS, he served as a labor market and migration consultant for the World Bank and the Ministry of Labor of Saudi Arabia. He also worked for six years as an economic researcher at the Central Bank of Spain covering a range of macroeconomic topics such as fiscal policy, labor markets, and deleveraging. There, he published several papers and represented the institution in international fora. Daniel holds a master's degree in Public Administration and International Development from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. LCPS Policy Brief The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies February 2019 Number 39 E xecutive Summary On 6 May 2018, Lebanon’s parliamentary elections were held according to a new electoral law which encompasses elements of proportional representation. The law was ostensibly passed to improve national representation in the parliament and provide new political actors and civil society groups with an opportunity to compete against established political parties. Despite high hopes for greater voter mobilization and more competitive races, only 49.7% of eligible voters cast their ballots and established parties retained control of the national legislature. This policy brief examines voter turnout and voter behavior using a countrywide opinion survey of 1,200 respondents conducted in the fall of 2018. The results of the survey show that voting decisions are affected by voters’ age, occupational status, and political affiliation. More importantly, results show a high degree of voter loyalty, with about 90% of voters casting ballots for the same party in both 2009 and 2018. The survey also highlights the practice of vote buying, with 40% of voters reporting incidents of vote buying in their neighborhoods and 20% acknowledging personal receipt of handouts. The results show that constituents who are most affected by vote buying have a low socioeconomic status, few political connections, and a strong sectarian identity. This brief's findings highlight the importance of combating youth voter apathy through awareness campaigns that steer them toward engaging in the electoral process. Moreover, this brief focuses on challenges presented by vote buying and recommends enhancing the anonymity of the voting process as well as the drafting and application of laws that penalize parties and candidates who resort to illegal activities to mobilize voters. ا ل م ر ك ز ا ل ل ب ن ا ن ي ل ل د ر ا س ا ت

Transcript of February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote...

Page 1: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

Voter Turnout and VoteBuying in the 2018 Parliamentary ElectionsJana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez

About the authorsJana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her workspans multiple areas pertainingto nationals as well as refugees inLebanon. She has contributed tovarious projects on voter behavior,local development, oil and gas,and socioeconomic assessments.Prior to joining LCPS, Mourad was a researcher at the AmericanUniversity of Beirut, where sheprimarily worked on projects withUNDP and UNHCR. Mourad holds a master’s degree in Economicsfrom the American University ofBeirut as well as a bachelor’s degree in Economics with a minorin Finance and Legal Studies fromthe Lebanese American University.

Daniel Garrote Sanchez is a seniorresearcher at the Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies. His areas of workinclude refugees’ access to job opportunities and social services,development of lagging regions inLebanon, and citizens’ preferenceson government spending. Prior tojoining LCPS, he served as a labormarket and migration consultantfor the World Bank and the Ministry of Labor of Saudi Arabia.He also worked for six years as aneconomic researcher at the CentralBank of Spain covering a range ofmacroeconomic topics such as fiscal policy, labor markets, anddeleveraging. There, he publishedseveral papers and representedthe institution in internationalfora. Daniel holds a master's degree in Public Administrationand International Developmentfrom the Harvard Kennedy Schoolof Government.

LCPS Policy BriefThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies

February 2019 Number 39

Executive SummaryOn 6 May 2018, Lebanon’s parliamentary elections were held according to anew electoral law which encompasses elements of proportional representation.The law was ostensibly passed to improve national representation in the parliament and provide new political actors and civil society groups with anopportunity to compete against established political parties. Despite highhopes for greater voter mobilization and more competitive races, only 49.7%of eligible voters cast their ballots and established parties retained control ofthe national legislature.

This policy brief examines voter turnout and voter behavior using a countrywide opinion survey of 1,200 respondents conducted in the fall of2018. The results of the survey show that voting decisions are affected by voters’ age, occupational status, and political affiliation. More importantly, results show a high degree of voter loyalty, with about 90% of voters castingballots for the same party in both 2009 and 2018. The survey also highlightsthe practice of vote buying, with 40% of voters reporting incidents of votebuying in their neighborhoods and 20% acknowledging personal receipt ofhandouts. The results show that constituents who are most affected by votebuying have a low socioeconomic status, few political connections, and astrong sectarian identity.

This brief's findings highlight the importance of combating youth voter apathy through awareness campaigns that steer them toward engaging in the electoral process. Moreover, this brief focuses on challenges presented byvote buying and recommends enhancing the anonymity of the voting processas well as the drafting and application of laws that penalize parties and candidates who resort to illegal activities to mobilize voters.

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا

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IntroductionOn 6 May 2018, Lebanon held its first parliamentary elections in nine years.The polls were held in accordance with a new electoral law enacted in 2017,which encompasses elements of proportional representation and, for the firsttime in the republic’s history, permitted members of the Lebanese diaspora tovote from their countries of residence. The law was hailed as an opportunityto improve representation and allow new political actors and civil societygroups to compete with traditional political parties. Despite this, establishedpolitical parties were successful in preserving their control over the nationallegislature, as only one candidate who is a member of a new political groupthat is not affiliated with an established party emerged victorious.

In light of the results of the 2018 parliamentary elections and in orderto better assess voter behavior, the International Republican Institutecommissioned the Lebanon Public Opinion Survey 2018 (LPOS 2018) followingconsultations with the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. The survey targeted1,200 respondents, was distributed equally between genders, and is repre-sentative of the confessional and regional distribution of Lebanese citizens.1

Based on the survey data, this policy brief examines voter turnout as well asvoting behavior, taking into account recorded and reported incidents of votebuying. The findings presented in this policy brief are based on descriptivestatistics and regression analysis resulting from the LPOS 2018.

Comparing Official Voter Turnout Tally with Survey Findings The 2018 elections saw 49.7% of 3.7 million eligible voters—including some83,000 expatriates—cast ballots,2 a decrease from 53.4% in 2009.3 Officialturnout figures differ from participation rates recorded in the LPOS 2018, inwhich 77.5% of respondents reported having cast a ballot. The disparitybetween the survey results and recorded turnout at polling stations may bedue to differences in socioeconomic characteristics of citizens—as the LPOS

2018 is only representativeof the sectarian and regionaldistribution of citizens but not,for example, their incomeand education levels—and/or

misreporting on behalf of respondents. In spite of this disparity, similarpatterns are observed in terms of confessional and regional differences, whichsupport the use of the LPOS 2018 for comparative analysis.

High Variance in Voter TurnoutFurther analysis of voter turnout reveals significant variations in votingpatterns across sects, districts, and country of residence (residents in Lebanonvs. diaspora). According to the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities, Shiavoters had the highest turnout rate (54%), followed by Druze (53%) and

2Lebanese Ministry of Interiorand Municipalities. 2018.

https://tinyurl.com/y7yezg36

1The sample was distributedequally among genders with600 males and 600 femalessurveyed; is representative ofconfessional distribution with320 Sunnis, 310 Shia, 470Christians, and 100 Druzesurveyed; and is representativeof geographical distributionwith 80 respondents from Akkar,70 from Baalbek-Hermel, 120from Beirut, 80 from Bekaa, 480from Mount Lebanon, 70 fromNabatiyeh, 170 from the North,and 130 from the South.

3National Democratic Institute.2009. ‘Final Report on TheLebanese ParliamentaryElection.’https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Lebanese_Elections_Report_2009.pdf

… 49.7% of 3.7 million eligible voters—including some 83,000 expatriates—castballots, a decrease from 53.4% in 2009

رئاودلا يف عارتقالا ةبسن‘ .’ىرغصلاو ىربكلا ةيباختنالا

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections 3

Maronites (52%). Christian minorities (24%), Armenian Orthodox (25%) andArmenian Catholic (26%) voters had the lowest turnout rates. Large geographicaldisparities were also apparent with Keserwan, Jbeil, and Hermel seeing thehighest turnout rates and Beirut, Tripoli, Bcharre, Zgharta, Koura, Bint Jbeil,Hasbaya, and Rachiaya the lowest. The two most densely populated citiesin Lebanon (Beirut and Tripoli) rank among those with the lowest electoralparticipation rates. Moreover, diaspora voters who were able to vote fromtheir country of residence had a higher participation rate. While 56% ofregistered voters among the diaspora voted, as noted previously, only 49.7%of those residing in Lebanon did so.

Determinants of Voter Turnout: Older, Unemployed, and PoliticalParty Members Tend to Vote MoreAccording to the results of the LPOS 2018 (annex 1), the decision to cast a ballotis significantly influenced by three individual characteristics: Age, occupationalstatus, and political party affiliation.

Survey results show that youth4 disenfranchisement is widespread, as olderLebanese tend to vote more than their younger counterparts. This observationcomports with global trends, which demonstrate that youth voter apathy ishigh compared to other age groups.5 For instance, the sixth wave of theWorld Value Survey conducted from 2010 to 2014—covering 59 countries,representing all regions of the world—shows significant variations in votingpatterns between voters 25 yearsof age or younger and voters 26years of age or older. Whenasked ‘Do you vote in nationalelections?’ 63% of respondents26 years of age or older (asopposed to 43% of those 25 years old or younger) reported that they alwaysvote and 14% of older voters reported never voting in comparison to 33% ofyounger ones. The LPOS 2018 shows that occupational status affects votingbehavior—with the unemployed more likely to vote. Finally, members ofpolitical parties, compared to other voters, are more likely to vote.

Voters Are Highly LoyalDespite the electoral challenge presented by civil society groups during the2018 parliamentary elections, the electorate largely supported establishedparties at the ballot box. Party loyalty is prevalent among voters, as 90% ofthose who voted for a specific political party in 2009 cast their ballot for thesame party in 2018. The remaining voters either cast their ballots for anotherparty or abstained from voting altogether.

Voter loyalty is dominant across all political party supporters (figure 1).The Amal Movement was successful in retaining 95% of its 2009 voters,

... youth disenfranchisement is widespread, as older Lebanese tend to vote more than their younger counterparts

4For purposes of the analysis,youth are categorized as thoseaged 30 years or younger.

5International Institute forDemocracy and ElectoralAssistance. 2016. ‘VoterTurnout Trends around theWorld.’ https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/voter-turnout-trends-around-the-world.pdf.

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making it the party with the highest level of voter loyalty. The Amal Movementwas followed by Hezbollah, with 92% of voters maintaining their loyalty in2018; the Lebanese Forces (LF), which maintained 92% of its voters; andthe Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), which maintained 90%. The FutureMovement and Progressive Socialist Party (PSP), although also benefitingfrom a high degree of loyalty, were more penalized by their traditional voters.

Among 2009 Future Movementvoters, 78% maintained theirloyalty to the party, while 13%voted for another party and9% did not vote altogether.Among 2009 PSP voters, 78%

maintained their loyalty to the party, while 10% voted for another partyand 13% did not vote.

4

Party loyalty is prevalent among voters, as 90% of those who voted for a

specific political party in 2009 casttheir ballot for the same party in 2018

Figure 1

How voters for each party in 2009 cast their ballot in 2018

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%Amal

MovementHezbollah Lebanese

ForcesFree

PatrioticMovement

FutureMovement

ProgressiveSocialistParty

Source International Republican Institute’s Lebanon Public Opinion Survey (2018).

Same Vote Changed Vote No Vote

2.5%2.5%

95%

4%4%

92%

4%4%

92%

7%

3%

90%

9%

13%

78%

12%

10%

78%

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections 5

The LPOS 2018 results demonstrate path dependence in voting patterns.Eligible voters who cast ballots in 2009 were significantly more likely to vote in2018, and the same is true for those who did not vote in 2009.6 Almost two-thirdsof eligible voters who abstained from voting in 2009 also did not vote in 2018.This totals nearly just over 1 million7 voters who were neither engaged in theelectoral process nor mobilized by political party or civil society candidates.Regarding those who abstainedfrom voting in 2009 but decidedto cast a ballot in 2018, the LFmanaged to capture 7% of theirvote while Hezbollah, the FutureMovement, and the FPM managed to each capture 6% (figure 2).

Vote Buying: A Common Practice Similar to the 2009 elections, the 2018 elections were conducted amid allegationsof fraud and irregularities committed by various political parties and electoralcandidates.8,9 Electoral violations were reported during the campaigning seasonas well as on election day. These violations and allegations entailed parties’and candidates’ management of the electoral process and campaigns, the useof violence, voter intimidation, the distribution of aid as bribes, and non-adherence to the period of electoral silence.10

The LPOS 2018 assesses one element of the reported irregularities prevalentin the elections, namely, vote buying. Data from the survey is used to identifythose constituents most affected by this practice.

6This is shown in the secondmodel in annex 1. The modeldiscards the youth (thoseaged below 30 years) andincludes a new variable,namely, whether or not aperson voted in the 2009parliamentary elections.

7National Democratic Institute.2009. ‘Final Report on theLebanese ParliamentaryElection.’ https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Lebanese_Elections_Report_2009.pdf.

Almost two-thirds of eligible voterswho abstained from voting in 2009also did not vote in 2018

Figure 2

How voters who did not vote in 2009 voted in 2018

Source International Republican Institute’s Lebanon Public Opinion Survey (2018).

AmalMovement

1%

Future Movement

6%

Hezbollah

6%

Progressive Socialist Party

3%

Free Patriotic Movement

6%Lebanese Forces

7%

Did Not Vote

62%

Other Parties

9%

8Lebanese Association forDemocratic Elections. 2018.

https://tinyurl.com/ycomp4jn

9alyaN dna hallatA imaS

.8102 .aegaeGينانبللا يباينلا سلجملا

ديدمتلا نيب :9002-7102ةداعتسال قيرط ةطراخغيرفتلاو

يعيرشتلا هيرودلسلجملا.يباقرلاو

yciloP rof retneC esenabeL.seidutS

يلوالا ةيعمجلا ريرقت‘’.عارتقالا موي مييقتل

10Lebanese Association forDemocratic Elections. 2018.

https://tinyurl.com/ycomp4jn

يلوالا ةيعمجلا ريرقت‘’.عارتقالا موي مييقتل

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Vote buying is defined as the process by which gifts in the form of moneyor goods are provided in order to persuade constituents to vote in a certainmanner, mobilize on election day, or abstain from voting.11 Even though thenew electoral law adopted elements of proportional representation, it fostersclientelistic networks via different means, the most pertinent of which arecasting a preferential vote and redefining the boundaries of electoral districtsin line with confessional stipulations outlined under the Taef Accord. Thesenetworks are further reinforced by the fact that although a segment of theLebanese electorate votes based on confessional and/or ideological convictions,another segment bases its choice on the services or handouts that candidates

provide in exchange for votingfor a specific list or candidate.The practice of clientelismimpairs democracy, as insteadof voters holding politiciansaccountable, political parties

have the upper hand in rewarding or penalizing voters for their electoralchoices.12

Possible tradeoffs between vote buying and public service provision areunderscored in the literature. For example, it has been demonstrated thatpreferences for targeted transfers and vote buying are linked to the inabilityof politicians to make reliable promises to citizens.13 Moreover, countrieswhere non-programmatic political parties prevail tend to be the most proneto the practice of vote buying.14 This is applicable to Lebanon, where politicalparties rely on confession and ideology rather than programs to secure votes.

According to the LPOS 2018 results, 40% of voters report incidents of votebuying in their neighborhoods. When directly asked about whether theypersonally received handouts in exchange for their votes, only 20% respond

affirmatively. This percent-age is lower than the former,as even if a small fraction ofa neighborhood is targeted byvote buying, a larger segment

of its residents can observe the provision of handouts to their neighbors. Thegap can also be related to biases against self-reported vote buying. In anycase, these numbers remain indicative of the broad presence of vote buyingin the 2018 elections.

Reports of vote buying vary across governorates, with the highest degreereported in the North and the lowest in the South and Baalbek-Hermel(figure 3). Low reporting of vote buying in the South and Baalbek-Hermelmay be due to biases, misreporting, or the fact that these regions have majorityShia residents, who according to the data and literature are less likely to betargeted for vote buying. The literature emphasizes how Shia political groups

6

Even though the new electoral lawadopted elements of proportional

representation, it fosters clientelistic networks via different means …

According to the LPOS 2018 results, 40% of voters reported incidents of

vote buying in their neighborhoods

11Hicken, A. 2011. ‘Clientelism.’Annual Review of PoliticalScience 14: 289–310Schaffer, F. and A. Schedler.2007. ‘What is Vote Buying?’in Elections for Sale: TheCauses and Consequences ofVote Buying, ed. by F.Schaffer, Boulder, Colorado:Lynn Rienner.Nichter, S. 2008. ‘Vote Buyingor Turnout Buying? MachinePolitics and the Secret Ballot.’American Political ScienceReview 102: 19–31.

13Keefer, P., and R. Vlaicu.2008. ‘Democracy, Credibility,and Clientelism.’ Journal ofLaw, Economics, andOrganization 24: 371-406.Hanusch, M.; P. Keefer, R. Vlaicu.2016. ‘Vote Buying or CampaignPromises? Electoral StrategiesWhen Party Credibility isLimited.’ IDB Working PaperSeries, No. IDB-WP-691,Inter-American DevelopmentBank (IDB), Washington, DC.

12Atallah, S. and Z. El-Helou.2018. ‘Lebanese Elections:Clientelism as a Strategy toGarner Votes.’ Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies.http://www.lcps-lebanon.org/featuredArticle.php?id=134

14Kitschelt, H. 2000. ‘LinkagesBetween Citizens and Politiciansin Democratic Polities.’Comparative Political Studies33: 845-879.

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections 7

manage and cater to the various needs of their constituencies. The two mostprominent Shia political parties operate in opposing manners. The AmalMovement is rooted in Lebanese public institutions and provides its supporterswith state resources whereas Hezbollah’s patronage networks functionindependently of state agencies by establishing and managing institutionsoffering services including education, health, urban development, micro-credit, agriculture, religion,culture, and sports.15 The liter-ature emphasizes the socialcontract Hezbollah has forgedwith its constituents, whichis more long-term in naturethan ‘contracts’ forged by other parties with their constituents and centerson providing social services. This suggests that Hezbollah does not need toprovide handouts or engage in vote buying in the lead-up to election day inorder to secure votes. In brief, it can be argued that the votes among Shiaconstituents are captured long before elections are held.

The LPOS 2018 shows that low-income16 individuals are more likely to reportvote buying and receive handouts compared to upper and middle class voters(figure 4).

Figure 3

Vote buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Election

50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%0%

Percen

t Who

Receive

d a Han

dout

Percent Who Observed Vote Buying in Neighborhood

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Source International Republican Institute’s Lebanon Public Opinion Survey (2018).

Baalbek-Hermel

Akkar

Bekaa

Beirut

South

North

Nabatiyeh

Total

Mount Lebanon

15Harb M. 2008. ‘Faith-BasedOrganizations as EffectiveDevelopment Partners?Hezbollah and Post-WarReconstruction in Lebanon.’In: Clarke G., Jennings M.(eds) Development, CivilSociety and Faith-BasedOrganizations. InternationalPolitical Economy Series.Palgrave Macmillan, London.

16Income levels were derivedfrom the LPOS 2018 question‘Please tell me which answerbest describes your currenteconomic situation’ wherebyrespondents had to chooseone of the following fouroptions: 1) I have troublefeeding myself and my familyand buying even the mostessential things for survival;2) I have enough means forsurvival, but I do not haveenough money for extrathings; 3) I am able to affordthings like new clothes andeating at restaurants but notoften; 4) I am able to affordthings like new clothes andeating out and also supportother members of my familywho are not able to do thesethings. Respondents wereclassified as follows: low-income if they choose thefirst option, lower-middleincome if they choose thesecond, middle-income if theychoose the third, and upper-income if they choose thefourth.

The LPOS 2018 shows that low-income individuals are more likely to report votebuying and receive handouts comparedto upper and middle class voters

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Parties appear to resort to vote buying for the purpose of maintainingloyal voters rather than garnering votes from swing voters. The LPOS 2018results show that those who did not vote in 2009 are less likely to reporthandouts in 2018, compared to those who voted in 2009 (figure 5). This findingsupports the turnout buying model as opposed to the vote buying model.

According to the turnoutbuying model, parties offercompensation to loyal votersso that they only need tomonitor whether a targetedvoter casts a ballot or not.

This accounts for the difficulty in monitoring swing voters, as it must bedetermined whether swing voters cast ballots and verified for which partythey voted.

Parties appear to resort to vote buying for the purpose of maintaining loyal voters rather than garnering votes

from swing voters

Figure 4

Vote buying by income levels

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%Percent Who Received a Handout Percent Who Observed Vote Buying

in Neighborhood

Source International Republican Institute’s Lebanon Public Opinion Survey (2018).

Note 95% confidence intervals are included in order to assess whether differences are statisticallysignificant or not.

Low Income Lower-Middle Income Middle Income Upper Income

35%

I

18%

I 16% 18%

I I

44%

I 42%

I 39%

I31%

I

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections 9

Moreover, voters who do not deem vote buying to be a corrupt practiceare more likely to report handout receipts than those who do (figure 6).

Figure 5

Reports of handout receipt in 2018 by voting status in 2009

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%Percent Who Received a Handout

Source International Republican Institute’s Lebanon Public Opinion Survey (2018).

Note 95% confidence intervals are included in order to assess whether differences are statisticallysignificant or not.

Voted in 2009 Did Not Vote in 2009

Figure 6

Reports of handout receipt in 2018 according to corruption perception

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%Percent Who Received a Handout

Source International Republican Institute’s Lebanon Public Opinion Survey (2018).

Note 95% confidence intervals are included in order to assess whether differences are statisticallysignificant or not.

Not a Corrupt Practice A Corrupt Practice

21%

I

12%

I

32%

I

18%

I

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Taking into consideration determinants of vote buying, four importantfactors stand out, namely, income, political networks, sectarian identity, andconfession. Income is negatively correlated with vote buying whereby poorercitizens are more likely to receive handouts than those with a higher socio-economic status. This negative relationship is supported by findings from theliterature that draw on the high marginal utility of income that lower-incomevoters exhibit, thus making them more prone to selling their votes.17 Similarly,political networks are inversely related to vote buying: Voters with fewpolitical networks are more likely to report receiving handouts.18 Accordingto the literature, even though it is easier to buy the votes of core supporterswho are characterized as having strong political networks as opposed to swingvoters,19 it is easier to influence voters who do not exhibit strong ideologicalaffiliations than voters who do have strong ideological affiliations.20 Bycontrast, sectarian identity has a positive effect: The stronger the identity,the higher the likelihood of receiving handouts. This finding supports earlier

sections of this brief regardingparties targeting loyal votersand reiterates that politicalparties target voters withstrong sectarian identities21

and those who are more likelyto be loyal. Finally, sect has a significant effect whereby Shia voters are theleast likely to report vote buying. However, this is likely due to regionalpatterns as shown above, where the governorates with the minimal degree ofvote buying, specifically the South and Baalbek-Hermel, are Shia dominated(annex 2).

Conclusion and RecommendationsThe positive projections associated with the adoption of a new electoral lawwere trumped by a low voter turnout amid electoral infractions. This briefemphasizes two major findings resulting from the LPOS 2018: Youth voterapathy and the prevalence of vote buying.

As shown in the survey results, youth are most disconnected from electionsas reflected by their low voterturnout compared to oldervoters. As such, efforts tomobilize youth and engage

them in the electoral process are vital. Such efforts comprise awarenesscampaigns that explain the importance of youth support for candidates andthe importance of their vote on election day.

10

Income is negatively correlated with votebuying whereby poorer citizens are morelikely to receive handouts than thosewith a higher socioeconomic status

… efforts to mobilize youth and engagethem in the electoral process are vital

17Stokes, S., T. Dunning, M.Nazareno, V. Brusco. 2013.Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism:The Puzzle of DistributivePolitics. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.Dixit, A., and J. Londregan.1996. ‘The determinants ofsuccess of special interests inredistributive politics.’ TheJournal of Politics 58:1132—55.

18The effect of political networksdisappears once regionaleffects are controlled for.

19Dixit, A., and J. Londregan.1996. ‘The determinants ofsuccess of special interests inredistributive politics.’ TheJournal of Politics 58:1132—55.

20Stokes, S., T. Dunning, M.Nazareno, V. Brusco. 2013.Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism:The Puzzle of DistributivePolitics. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.

21The prominence of respondents'sectarian identity wasmeasured by the degree towhich they identify with theirconfessional group.

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections 11

Moreover, the LPOS 2018 findings show the prevalence of vote buyingand the degree to which handouts are given in exchange for votes. As such,it is important to isolate the act of voting from electoral infringements. Thiscan be achieved by making voting more confidential though creating largerand mixed-sect polling centers, thus securing the anonymity of voters andreducing the monitoring capacity of brokers. Laws must be drafted,adopted, and enforced which penalize political parties and candidates thatpractice vote buying, which would allow the electorate to vote not based onshort-term benefits in exchange for their votes but on political programs andpolitical ideology.

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LCPS Policy Brief12

Annex 1Voter turnout regression

Voted in 2009

Age

Age Squared

Female

Years of Education

Years of Education

Squared

Received Handout

Sectarian Identity

Political Networks

Political Party

Unemployment

Self-Employed

Wage-Employed

Homemaker

Economic Situation

Shia

Maronite

Greek Orthodox

Greek Catholic

Armenian Orthodox

VariablesModel 1 (Logit)Voted in 2018

Model 2 (Logit)Sub-Sample +29 Years OldVoted in 2018

0.139***

(0.0337)

-0.00133***

(0.000358)

-0.485***

(0.185)

-0.143

(0.100)

0.00976**

(0.00462)

0.443*

(0.236)

0.0864

(0.0833)

0.0223

(0.0973)

0.849***

(0.304)

0.803*

(0.465)

-0.112

(0.352)

0.299

(0.345)

0.539

(0.393)

0.195

(0.122)

0.904***

(0.283)

0.488*

(0.291)

0.484

(0.383)

1.451**

(0.590)

1.116*

(0.667)

3.095***

(0.259)

-0.0196

(0.0695)

1.88e-05

(0.000669)

-0.170

(0.298)

-0.00679

(0.128)

0.00507

(0.00604)

0.272

(0.356)

0.121

(0.131)

-0.132

(0.142)

1.000**

(0.507)

-0.278

(0.972)

-1.153

(0.724)

-0.656

(0.745)

-0.612

(0.786)

0.110

(0.178)

0.373

(0.439)

0.496

(0.425)

1.178**

(0.520)

1.679**

(0.826)

1.453*

(0.872)

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections 13

Minority Christian

Druze

Baalbek-Hermel

Beirut

Bekaa

Mount Lebanon

Nabatiyeh

North

South

Constant

Observations

VariablesModel 1 (Logit)Voted in 2018

Model 2 (Logit)Sub-Sample +29 Years OldVoted in 2018

0.993

(1.177)

0.412

(0.373)

-0.359

(0.534)

-1.259***

(0.405)

-0.229

(0.501)

-1.393***

(0.415)

-1.663***

(0.483)

0.272

(0.424)

-0.457

(0.439)

-1.826**

(0.898)

1,135

-0.353

(1.298)

0.194

(0.543)

-0.358

(0.844)

-1.767**

(0.696)

0.398

(0.948)

-1.239*

(0.712)

-0.755

(0.849)

0.00748

(0.724)

0.0151

(0.782)

0.939

(1.927)

818

Standard errors in parentheses

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Page 14: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

LCPS Policy Brief14

Annex 2Vote buying regressions

Voted in 2009

Age

Age Squared

Female

Years of Education

Years of Education

Squared

Shia

Maronite

Greek Orthodox

Greek Catholic

Armenian Orthodox

Armenian Catholic

Minority Christian

Druze

Sectarian Identity

Cross-Sectarian

Networks

Political Networks

Unemployed

Self-Employed

Wage-Employed

VariablesModel 1 (Logit)Received Handout

0.0426

(0.0415)

-0.000425

(0.000452)

0.133

(0.219)

-0.0205

(0.109)

0.00308

(0.00491)

-1.221***

(0.260)

-0.328

(0.243)

-0.196

(0.404)

-0.513

(0.467)

-

1.568

(0.985)

2.313*

(1.200)

-1.389***

(0.465)

0.227**

(0.0977)

-0.0701

(0.0895)

0.220**

(0.111)

0.214

(0.507)

-0.104

(0.429)

0.00902

(0.415)

Model 2 (Logit)Sub-Sample+ 29 Years OldReceived Handout

0.821**

(0.402)

0.150*

(0.0789)

-0.00138*

(0.000761)

0.154

(0.284)

0.0352

(0.125)

0.00217

(0.00587)

-1.573***

(0.361)

-0.272

(0.287)

-0.237

(0.402)

-0.729

(0.571)

-

1.848**

(0.917)

1.783

(1.237)

-1.575***

(0.569)

0.136

(0.116)

-0.141

(0.115)

0.193

(0.126)

-0.293

(0.876)

0.422

(0.592)

0.696

(0.603)

Model 3 (Logit) -Sub-Sample + 29 YearsOld (Region FE)Received Handout

0.678*

(0.404)

0.167**

(0.0810)

-0.00157**

(0.000774)

0.240

(0.300)

-0.00382

(0.128)

0.00371

(0.00598)

-0.0948

(0.537)

-0.376

(0.357)

-0.492

(0.450)

-0.476

(0.608)

-

1.837*

(0.940)

1.531

(1.277)

-1.546**

(0.661)

-0.0353

(0.122)

-0.188

(0.130)

0.0510

(0.134)

-0.156

(0.854)

0.606

(0.604)

0.687

(0.617)

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Voter Turnout and Vote Buying in the 2018 Parliamentary Elections 15

Homemaker

Economic Situation

Baalbek-Hermel

Beirut

Bekaa

Mount Lebanon

Nabatiyeh

North

South

Constant

Observations

VariablesModel 1 (Logit)Received Handout

-0.236

(0.469)

-0.449***

(0.137)

-1.829

(1.167)

833

Model 2 (Logit)Sub-Sample+ 29 Years OldReceived Handout

0.274

(0.632)

-0.450***

(0.164)

-6.076***

(2.178)

608

Model 3 (Logit) -Sub-Sample + 29 YearsOld (Region FE)Received Handout

0.322

(0.637)

-0.429**

(0.177)

-

-0.0287

(0.611)

-1.534*

(0.796)

0.159

(0.546)

-0.852

(0.753)

0.611

(0.501)

-2.535***

(0.964)

-5.609**

(2.227)

569

Standard errors in parentheses

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Page 16: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

LCPS Policy Brief16

LCPSAbout the Policy BriefA Policy Brief is a short piece regularly published by LCPS that analyzes keypolitical, economic, and social issues and providespolicy recommendations to a wide audience of decision makers and thepublic at large.

About LCPSFounded in 1989, theLebanese Center for PolicyStudies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisanthink-tank whose missionis to produce and advocatepolicies that improve goodgovernance in fields suchas oil and gas, economic development, public finance,and decentralization.

Contact InformationLebanese Center for Policy StudiesSadat Tower, Tenth floorP.O.B 55-215, Leon Street,Ras Beirut, LebanonT: + 961 1 799301F: + 961 1 [email protected]

Page 17: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

يذيفنت صخلمديدج يباختنا نوناقل اقفو ةينانبللا ةيباينلا تاباختنالا تيرجأ ،8١٠٢ رايأ6 يفليثمتلا نيسحتل ايرهاظ نوناقلا رارقإ مت دقو .يبسنلا ليثمتلا رصانع ىلع لمتشييندملا عمتجملا نم تاعومجمو ددج نييسايس نيلعاف ءاطعإو ناملربلا يف ينطولا

ةئبعتب ةريبكلا لامآلا نم مغرلابو .ةمئاقلا ةيسايسلا بازحألا دض سفانتلل ةصرفنيبخانلا نم %7،٩4 طقف عرتقا ،ةيسفانت رثكأ ةيباختنا تاقابسبو نيبخانلل ربكأ .ةينطولا ةيعيرشتلا ةئيهلا ىلع ةرطيسلاب ةمئاقلا بازحألا تظفتحاو ،نيلهؤملا

مادختساب ،نيبخانلا كولسو عارتقالا ةبسن يف اذه ةسايسلا صخلم رظنيىلع لمتشا ،8١٠٢ ماعلا فيرخ يف دالبلا ىوتسم ىلع يرجأ يأرلل عالطتسا

نسب رثأتي عارتقالاب رارقلا نأ ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا ةجيتن رهظتو .بيجتسم٠٠٢١ةجرد رهظت جئاتنلا نأ هركذ ريدجلا نم .يسايسلا هئامتناو ،ينهملا هعضوو ،بخانلايسايس بزحل اوتوص نيذلا نم %٠٩ نأ ثيح نيبخانلا فوفص يف ءالولا نم ةيلاعطلست .8١٠٢ ماعلا يف هسفن بزحلل مهتوصب اولدأ ،٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف نيعم%٠4 ةدافإ عم ،تاوصألا ءارش ةسرامم ىلع ءوضلا اضيأ ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا

مهيقلت نع مهنم %٠٢ رارقإو ،مهئايحأ يف تاوصأ ءارش تالاح نع نيبخانلا نممهيدل تاوصألا ءارشب ارثأت رثكألا نيبخانلا نأ جئاتنلا رهظتو .ايصخش تاميدقت .ةيوق ةيفئاط ةيوهو ،ةليلق ةيسايس طباورو ،ةيندتم ةيعامتجاو ةيداصتقا ةناكم

نيبخانلا ثارتكا مدعل يدصتلا ةيمهأ ىلع ءوضلا صخلملا اذه جئاتن طلستةيلمعلا يف طارخنالا وحن مههجوت يتلا ةيعوتلا تالمح لالخ نم بابشلا،تاوصألا ءارش اهضرفي يتلا تايدحتلا ىلع صخلملا زكريو امك .ةيباختنالاةغايص ىلإ ةفاضإلاب ،ةيباختنالا ةيلمعلا يف عارتقالا ةيرس زيزعتب يصويوةطشنأ ىلإ نوؤجلي نيذلا نيحشرملاو بازحألا بقاعت يتلا نيناوقلا قيبطتو .نيبخانلا دشح لجأ نم ةعورشم ريغ

باتكلا نعيف ةيداصتقا ةثحاب يه دارم ىنجلمشي .تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملاتالاجملا نم ديدعلا يثحبلا اهلمعنينطاوملاب ةصاخلا ةيومنتلاتمهاس ثيح ،نانبل يف نيئجاللاوكولس لوح ةعونتم عيراشم يفطفنلاو ،ةيلحملا ةيمنتلاو ،نيبخانلاةيعامتجالا تامييقتلاو ،زاغلاوىلإ اهمامضنا لبق .ةيداصتقالاوتناك ،تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملايف ةيكريمألا ةعماجلا يف ةثحابعيراشم يف تكراش ثيح ،توريبةدحتملا ممألا جمانرب عم ةيثحبةيماسلا ةيضوفملاو يئامنالا.نيئجاللا نوؤشل ةدحتملا ممألليف رتسيجامةداهشىنج لمحتويف ةيكريمالا ةعماجلا نم داصتقالايف سويرولاكبلا ةداهشو توريبةينانبللا ةعماجلا نم داصتقالا .ةيكريمالا

ثحاب وه زيشناس يتوراغ لاينادينانبللا زكرملا يف يسيئرهلمع لاجم لمشيو .تاساردلل

صرف ىلع نيئجاللا لوصح ةلأسم،ةيعامتجالاتامدخلاو لمعلايتلا قطانملا ةيمنت ىلإ ةفاضإلاب،نانبل يفيئامنإ فلخت نم يناعتةلصتملا نينطاوملا تايلضفأوهمامضنا لبق .يموكحلا قافنإلابتامدخ لايناد مدق ،زكرملا ىلإقوسبلصتت لئاسم يف ةيراشتسإةرازوو يلودلا كنبلل ةرجهلاو لمعلااضيألمعو .ةيدوعسلا يف لمعلايداصتقا ثحابك تاونس تس ةدملىطغف،ينابسإلا يزكرملا كنبلا ىدل

،يلكلا داصتقالا اياضق نم ةفئاطقاوسأو ،ةيلاملا ةسايسلا لثمدقو ،ةينويدملا صيلقتو ،لمعلاةسسؤملا لثمو ىتش تالاقم رشنلايناد لمحيو.ةيلودلا لفاحملا يف

ةماعلا ةرادإلا يف رتسيجام ةداهشيدنك ةيلك نم ةيلودلا ةيمنتلاو.درفراه ةعماجل ةعباتلا مكحلا نوؤشل

LCPS تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملاThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studiesةماع ةسايس صخلم

٩3 مقر ددعلا٩١٠٢ طابش

ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسنتاباختنالا يف تاوصألا8102 ماعلل ةيباينلازيشناس يتوراغ لاينادو دارم ىنج

Page 18: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

ةماع ةسايس صخلم2

ةمدقمتيرجأ دقو .تاونس٩ دعب ىلوألا ةيباينلا هتاباختنا نانبل ىرجأ ،8١٠٢ رايأ6 يفليثمتلا نم رصانع لمش ،7١٠٢ ماعلا يف نس ديدج يباختنا نوناقل اقفو تاباختنالايف ةينانبللا ةيلاجلا دارفأل حمس ،ةيروهمجلا خيرات يف ىلوألا ةرمللو ،يبسنلاهرابتعاب نوناقلاب ديشأ دقو .هيف نوميقي يذلا دلبلا نم تيوصتلاب بارتغالا

يندملا عمتجملا تاعومجملو ددج نييسايس نيلعافل حامسلاو ليثمتلا نيسحتل ةصرفةيسايسلا بازحألا تحجن ،كلذ نم مغرلابو .ةيديلقتلا ةيسايسلا بازحألا عم سفانتلابحجنت مل ذإ ،ةينطولا ةيعيرشتلا ةئيهلا ىلع اهترطيس ىلع ظافحلا يف ةمئاقلا

.دوجوم بزحب ةطبترم ريغ ةديدج ةيسايس ةعومجم ىلإ يمتنت ةدحاو ةحشرم ىوسنيبخانلا كولس مييقت ةيغبو ،8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا جئاتن ءوض ىلع

دعب ،ماعلا يأرلل ءاصقتسا ءارجإب يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا ضوف ،لضفأ لكشبيواستلاب نيعزوم ،بيجتسم٠٠٢١ فدهتسا ،تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا عم تارواشماقفوو١.نيينانبللا نينطاوملل يقطانملاو يفئاطلا عيزوتلا نوسكعيو ،نيسنجلا نيبيفو ،عارتقالا ةبسن يف ةسايسلا صخلم رظني ،ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا تانايبل

يتلاو ةلجسملا تاوصألا ءارش تالاح رابتعالا نيعب ذخألا عم ،نيبخانلا كولستاءاصحإ ىلع اذه ةسايسلا صخلم يف اهميدقت مت يتلا جئاتنلا زكترتو .اهب ديفأ .نانبلب صاخلا ماعلا يأرلا ءاصقتسا نع ةجتانلا رادحنالا ليلاحت ىلعو ةيفصو

ةساردلا جئاتن عم ةيمسرـلا عارـتـقالا ةـبسن ةـجـيـتـن ةـنراـقـمةيئاصقتسالا

مهيف نمب ،بخان نويلم7،3 لصأ نم %7،٩4 ءالدإ8١٠٢ ماعلا تاباختنا تدهشيف ةلجسملا %4,35 ـلا ةبسن نع اضافخنا لكش ام٢،مهتاوصأب ،برتغم٠٠٠38ةلجسملا ةكراشملا بسن نع عارتقالا ةبسنل ةيمسرلا ماقرألا فلتخت٩٠٠٢.3 ماعلا

نع اودافأ نيبيجتسملا نم %5،77 ثيح ،نانبلب صاخلا ماعلا يأرلا ءاصقتسا يفنوكي دق .مهتاوصأب مهئالدإءاصقتسالا جئاتن نيب توافتلاةـلـجسمـلا عارـتــقالا ةــبسنونع اجتان عارتقالا زكارم يفصئاصخـلا يف تاــفالــتــخا

يفئاطلا عيزوتلا طقف سكعي ءاصقتسالا نإ ذإ-نينطاوملل ةيداصتقالاو ةيعامتجالايميلعتلاىوتسملا وأ لخدلا ىوتسم الثم سكعي ال هنكل ،نينطاوملل يقطانملاو،توافتلا اذه نم مغرلابو .نيبيجتسملا نع ةباينلاب ئطاخلا غالبإلا وأ /و - مهب صاخلامعدت يتلا،ةيقطانملاو ةيفئاطلا تافالتخالا ىوتسم ىلع ةهباشم طامنأ ظحالت .نراقملا ليلحتلل ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا مادختسا

تيوصتلا طامنأ يف ةريبك تانيابتربع تيوصتلا طامنأ يف ةريبك تانيابت عارتقالا بسن ليلحت يف قمعتلا رهظيتانايبل اقفوف .(بارتغالا لباقم نانبل يميقم) ةماقإلا دلبو ،ةيضقألاو ،فئاوطلا

،بخان نويلم7،3 لصأ نم %7،94 ىلدأام ،مهتاوصأب ،برتغم00038 مهيف نمب

ةلجسملا %4.35 ـلا ةبسن نع اضافخنا لكش9002 ماعلا يف

1روكذلا نيب يواستلاب ةعزوم ةنيعلا٠٠6 كانه ثيح ثانإلاوةبيجتسم٠٠6و ركذ بيجتسمعيزوتلل ةلثمميه امك .ىثنأ٠٢3 كانه ثيح يفئاطلا

ةينسلا ةفئاطلا نم بيجتسم٠74و ةيعيشلا ةفئاطلا نم٠١3و٠٠١و ةيحيسملا ةفئاطلا نميه امك .ةيزردلا ةفئاطلا نمثيح يفارغجلاعيزوتلل ةلثممراكع نم بيجتسم٠8 كانهنم٠٢١و لمرهلا-كبلعب نم٠7ونم٠84و عاقبلا نم٠8و توريب٠7١وةيطبنلا نم٠7و نانبل لبج.بونجلا نم٠3١و لامشلا نم

3National Democratic Institute.

2009. ‘Final Report on TheLebanese Parliamentary

Election.’https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Lebanese_Election

s_Report_2009.pdf

2.8١٠٢ .تايدلبلاو ةيلخادلا ةرازورئاودلا يف عارتقالا ةبسن‘.’ىرغصلاو ىربكلا ةيباختنالا63gzey7y/moc.lruynit//:sptth

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،(%45) ىلعألا عارتقالا ةبسن ةعيشلا نيعرتقملا ىدل ،تايدلبلاو ةيلخادلا ةرازو،(%4٢) ةيحيسملا تايلقألا ىدل ناكو .(%٢5) ةنراوملاو ،(%35) زوردلا مهيلي.ىندألا عارتقالا بسن (%6٢) كيلوثاكلا نمرألاو ،(%5٢) سكوذوثرألا نمرألاوبسن لمرهلاو ،ليبجو ،ناورسك ليجست عم ،اضيأ ةرهاظ ةيفارغج تانيابت تناكوتنبو ،ةروكلاو ،اترغزو ،يرشبو ،سلبارطو ،توريب تلجس نيح يف ،ىلعألا عارتقالاةيناكسلا ةفاثكلا امهيف ناتللا ناتنيدملا عقتو .ىندألا بسنلا ايشارو ،ايبصاحو ،ليبجفضأ .ةيباختنا ةكراشم بسن لقأ تلجس يتلا كلت نيب (سلبارطو توريب) ىلعألاناك مهتماقإ دلب نم تيوصتلا نم اونكمت نيذلا بارتغالا يف نيعرتقملا نأ كلذ ىلإيف نيلجسملا نيبخانلا نم %65 توص نيح يفو .ىلعأ ةكراشم ةبسن مهيدل.نانبل يف نيميقملا نم هالعأ روكذم وه امك %7،٩4 ىوس توصي مل ،بارتغالا

نع نولطاعلاو ،انس ربكألا صاخشألا ليمي :نيعرتقملا ةبسن تاددحمرثكأ تيوصتلا ىلإ ةيسايسلا بازحألا ءاضعأو ،لمعلاعارتقالاب رارقلا رثأتي ،(١ قحلملا) نانبلب صاخلا ماعلا يأرلا عالطتسا جئاتنل اقفوىلإ ءامتنالاو ،ينهملا عضولاو ،نسلا :يهو ،ةيدرف صئاصخ ثالثب ريبك لكشب.يسايس بزح

عساو تيوصتلا نع4بابشلا عانتما نأ ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا جئاتن رهظترغصألا مهئارظن نم رثكأ تيوصتلا ىلإ انس ربكألا نوينانبللا ليمي ذإ ،راشتنالا

ثارتكا مدع نأ رهظت يتلا ةيملاعلا تاهاجتالا عم ةنيبلا هذه ىشامتت .انسةسداسلا ةجوملا رهظت ،الثم5.ىرخأ ةيرمع تائف عم ةنراقم عفترم بابشلاادلب٩5 لمشو4١٠٢و٠١٠٢ نيماعلا نيب يرجأ يذلا-ميقلل يملاعلا حسمللنيعرتقملا نيب عارتقالا طامنأ يف ةريبك تاتوافت-ملاعلا قطانم عيمج نولثمي،نود اـمو اــماــع5٢ نيغلاـبـلااماع6٢ نيغلابلا نيعرتقملاولاؤس حرــط ىدــل .قوــف اـــموتاباختنالا يف نوتوصت له‘%34 لباقم) قوف امو اماع6٢ نيغلابلا نيبيجتسملا نم %36 دافأ ،’؟ةينطولا

ربكألا نيبخانلا نم %4١و ،امئاد نوتوصي مهنأ (نود ام و اماع5٢ نيغلابلا نم.انس رغصألا نيبخانلا نم %33 عم ةنراقم ،اموي اوتوصي مل مهنأب اودافأ انس

يف رثؤي ينهملا عضولا نأ اضيأ نانبلب ةصاخلا ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا رهظت.توصي نم رثكأ اونوكي نأ ىلإ لمعلا نع نيلطاعلا ليم عم -عارتقالا كولس

.نيرخآ نيبخان عم ةنراقم ربكأ ةيسايسلا بازحألا ءاضعأ عارتقا لامتحا ناك ،اريخأ

نيبخانلا فوفص يف ريبك ءالوتاباختنالا لالخ يندملا عمتجملا تاعومجم هتلكش يذلا يباختنالا يدحتلا نم مغرلابقيدانص يف ةمئاقلا بازحألا ريبك لكشب نوبخانلا معد ،8١٠٢ ماعلا يف ةيباينلانيذلا نم %٠٩ نأ ذإ ،نيبخانلا فوفص يف اعئاش بازحألل ءالولا دعيو .عارتقالا

يف هسفن بزحلل مهتوصب اولدأ ،٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف نيعم يسايس بزحل اوتوص

3 8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف تاوصألا ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسن

عساو تيوصتلا نع بابشلا عانتماىلإ انس ربكألا نوينانبللا ليمي ذإ ،راشتنالاانس رغصألا مهئارظن نم رثكأ تيوصتلا

4بابشلا فنصي ،ليلحتلا ضارغألامو اماع٠3 نيغلابلا صاخشألاك.نود

5International Institute forDemocracy and ElectoralAssistance. 2016. ‘Voter

Turnout Trends around theWorld.’ https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/voter-turnout-trends-arou

nd-the-world.pdf.

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ةماع ةسايس صخلم44

اوعنتما وأ رخآ بزح حلاصل مهتاوصأب اولدأ امإف ،نيعرتقملا يقاب امأ .8١٠٢ ماعلا.تيوصتلا نع

ةيسايسلا بازحألا عيمج يديؤم فوفص يف ايغاط نيعرتقملا ءالو دعياوتوص نيذلا نم %5٩ ىلع ةظفاحملا يف لمأ ةكرح تحجن دقف .(١ مسرلا)ىلعأ تزاح يتلا ةيسايسلا ةعومجملا كلذب تناكو ،٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف اهحلاصل

نيبخانلا نم %٢٩ ءاقب عم ،لمأ ةكرح هللا بزح ىلتو .نيبخانلا ءالو تايوتسمماعلا يف هل مهئالو ىلعةينانبللا تاوقلا مث ،8١٠٢%٢٩ ىـلـع تظـفاــح يتــلا

ينطولا رايتلاو ،اهيبخان نم%٠٩ ىلع ظفاح يذلا ،رحلا

لبقتسملا راـيـت اـمأ .مـهـنـمدقف ،ءالولا نم لاع ىوتسم امهتزايح نم مغرلاب ،يكارتشالا يمدقتلا بزحلاوماعلا يف لبقتسملا رايت يبخان نيب نمو .نييديلقتلا امهيبخان لبق نم رثكأ ابقوعبزحل مهنم %3١ توص نيح يف ،بزحلل مهئالو ىلع مهنم %87 ظفاح ،٩٠٠٢ظفاح،يكارتشالا يمدقتلا بزحلا يبخان نيب نمو .تيوصتلا نع اوعنتما %٩و رخآ

مل %٢١و ،رخآ بزحل %٠١ توص نيح يف ،بزحلل مهئالو ىلع مهنم 87%.اوتوصي

فوفص يف اعئاش بازحألل ءالولا دعيبزحل اوتوص نيذلا نم %09 نأ ذإ ،نيبخانلا

اولدأ ،9002 ماعلا يف نيعم يسايس8102 ماعلا يف هسفن بزحلل مهتوصب

١ مسرلايف بازحألا نم لك حلاصل اوتوص نيذلا نيبخانلا تيوصت8102 ماعلا يف ءاج فيك9002 ماعلا

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

%2.5%2.5

%95

%4%4

%92

%4%4

%92

%7

%3

%90

%9

%13

%78

%12

%10

%78

تاوقلاهللا بزحلمأ ةكرحةينانبللا

ينطولا رايتلارحلا

بزحلالبقتسملا رايتيمدقتلايكارتشالا

.(8102) نانبل لوح يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا هارجأ يذلا ماعلا يأرلا عالطتساردصملا

تيوصت الفلتخم تيوصتتيوصتلا سفن

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5 8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف تاوصألا ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسن

.عارتقالا طامنأ يف راسملا يف ةيعبت ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا جئاتن رهظتماعلا يف اوعرتقا نيذلا نيلهؤملا نيبخانلل ريثكب رثكأ حجرملا نم ناك ،يلاتلابةبسنلاب اضيأ حصي رمألاو ،8١٠٢ ماعلا يف مهتاوصأب اددجم اولدي نأ٩٠٠٢اوعنتما نيذلا نيلهؤملا نيبخانلا يثلث وحنف٩٠٠٢.6 ماعلا يف اوتوصي مل نيذللاذه لكشي .8١٠٢ ماعلا يف اضيأ اوتوصي مل ،٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف تيوصتلا نعمتت مل وأ ةيباختنالا ةيلمعلا يف اوطرخني مل7بخان٠٠٠،٠٠٠،١ هعومجم ام ابيرقتقلعتي ام يف .يندملا عمتجملا نم وأ ةيسايسلا بازحألا يحشرم نم مهتئبعتماعلا يف تيوصتلا اوررق نكل ،٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف تيوصتلا نع اوعنتما نيذلابنيح يف ،مهتاوصأ نم %7 ىلع لاصحتسالا نم ةينانبللا تاوقلا تنكمت ،8١٠٢ىلع لاصحتسالا رحلا ينطولا رايتلاو ،لبقتسملا رايتو ،هللا بزح نم لك نكمت.(٢ مسرلا) اهنم 6%

ةعئاش ةسرامم :تاوصألا ءارششغ معازم طسو8١٠٢ ماعلا تاباختنا تيرجأ ،٩٠٠٢ ماعلا تاباختنا رارغ ىلعنع ديفأ8،٩.تاباختنالا يحشرمو ةيسايسلا بازحألا فلتخم اهتبكترا تافلاخموهذه توطنا دقو .تاباختنالا موي كلذكو ،تالمحلا مسوم لالخ ةيباختنا تاكاهتناتالمحلاو ةيباختنالا ةيلمعلل نيحشرملاو بازحألا ةرادإ ىلع معازملاو تاكاهتنالالكش ىلع تادعاسملا عيزوتو ،نيبخانلا بيهرتو ،فنعلا لامعتساو ،ةيباختنالا٠١.يباختنالا تمصلا ةرتفب ديقتلا مدعو ،ىواشر

يف يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا هارجأ يذلا نانبلب صاخلا ماعلا يأرلا ءاصقتسا ميقيةعئاش تناك يتلاو اهنع ديفأ يتلا تافلاخملاب صاخ ادحاو ارصنع8١٠٢ ماعلا فيرخةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا نم تانايب مدختست .تاوصألا ءارش وهو ،تاباختنالا يف.ةسرامملا هذهب ارثأت رثكألا نيبخانلا ديدحت لجأ نم اضيأ

7National Democratic Institute.

2009. ‘Final Report on theLebanese Parliamentary

Election.’ https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Lebanese_Elections_Report_2009.pdf.

٦يناثلا جذومنلا يف اذه رهظياذه ذخأي ال .١ قحلملا يف(اماع٠3 ـلا نود) بابشلا جذومنلاةريغتم نمضتيو ،رابتعالا نيعبصخشلا ناك اذإ ام يهو ،ةديدجةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف توص دق.ال مأ٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف

8لجأ نم ةينانبللا ةيعمجلا.8١٠٢ .تاباختنالا ةيطارقميدمييقتل يلوألا ةيعمجلا ريرقت‘’.عارتقالا مويnj4pmocy/moc.lruynit//:sptth

9سلجملا عجعج .ن و هللاطع .س

:7١٠٢ -٩٠٠٢ ينانبللا يباينلاقيرط ةطراخ غيرفتلاو ديدمتلا نيب

هيرودل سلجملا ةداعتسال.8١٠٢ .يباقرلاو يعيرشتلا.تاساردللينانبللا زكرملا

01لجأ نم ةينانبللا ةيعمجلا.8١٠٢ .تاباختنالا ةيطارقميدمييقتل يلوألا ةيعمجلا ريرقت‘’.عارتقالا مويnj4pmocy/moc.lruynit//:sptth

.(8102) نانبل لوح يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا هارجأ يذلا ماعلا يأرلا عالطتساردصملا

ةكرحلمأ1%

يمدقتلا بزحلايكارتشالا3%

هللا بزح6%

ةينانبللا تاوقلا7%

رحلا ينطولا رايتلا6%

لبقتسملا رايت6%

تيوصت ال26%

ىرخأ بازحأ9%

٢ مسرلا

9002 ماعلا يف اوتوصي مل نيذلا نوبخانلا8102 ماعلا يف توص فيك

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ةماع ةسايس صخلم6

لام لكش ىلع اياده ريفوت متي اهبجومب يتلا ةيلمعلاب تاوصألا ءارش فرعييف ةئبعتلا لجأ نم وأ ،نيعم لكشب تيوصتلاب نيبخانلا عانقا لجأ نم ،علس وأيباختنالا نوناقلا نوك نم مغرلابو١١.تيوصتلا نع عانتمالا وأ ،تاباختنالا مويلئاسو ربع ةينئابزلا تاكبشلا ززع دقف ،يبسنلا ليثمتلا نم رصانع دمتعا ديدجلا

ةيباختنالا رئاودلا دودح ميسرت ةداعإو ،يليضفتلا توصلاب ءالدإلا اهمهأ ،ةفلتخمهذه ززعتتو .فئاطلا قافتا بجومب ةددحملا ةيفئاطلا ماكحألا عم ىشامتي امبءانب توصي نيينانبللا نيبخانلا نم اءزج نأ نم مغرلاب هنأ عقاو لعفب رثكأ تاكبشلاساسأ ىلع اهرايخ ىرخأ ةحيرش ينبت ،ةيجولويديإ وأ/و ةيفئاط تاعانق ىلعحشرم وأ ةحئاللتيوصتلا لباقم نوحشرملا اهرفوي يتلا تاميدقتلا وأ تامدخلا

نوبخانلا بساحي نأ نم الدبو ،ةيطارقميدلا ةيلمع ةينئابزلا ةسرامم قيعت .نيعمبازحألا عتـمـتت ،نيـيساـيسلاوأ نيبخاـنـلا ةأفاـكـم ةـطـلسبمهتارايخ ىـلـع مـهـتـبـقاـعـم٢١.ةيباختنالا

ءوضلا تايبدألا طلستومت ،الثم .ةماعلا تامدخلا ريفوتو تاوصألا ءارش نيب ةلمتحم تاضياقم ىلعةردق مدعب طبترم تاوصألا ءارشو ةفدهتسملا تاليوحتلا ليضفت نأ نايبتيتلا نادلبلا نأ ،كلذ ىلإ فضأ3١.نينطاوملل ةقوثوم دوعو عطق ىلع نييسايسلاةضرع رثكألا نوكت نأ ىلإ ليمت جمارب عبتت ال يتلا ةيسايسلا بازحألا اهيف ىغطتةيسايسلا بازحألا لوعت ثيح ،نانبل ىلع اذه قبطي4١.تاوصألا ءارش ةسراممل.تاوصألا نيمأت لجأ نم ،ةيباختنالا جماربلا نم الدب ،ايجولويديإلاو ةفئاطلا ىلع

ءارش تالاح نع نيبخانلا نم %٠4 دافأ ،ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا جئاتنل اقفوتاميدقت اوقلت دق اوناك اذإ امع ةرشابم اولئس نيحو .مهئايحأ يف تاوصأ

ةبسنلا هذه يتأتو .باجيإلاب مهنم %٠٢ طقف باجأ ،مهتاوصأ لباقم ايصخشنم نيعم يح نم ريغص ءزج فادهتسا مت ول ىتحف ،اهتقبس يتلا كلت نم ىندأتاوصأ ءارش ةيلمع بقارت نأ نكمي هناكس نم ربكأ ةحيرش نإف ،تاوصألا ءارش لالخغالبإلا مدع نع ةجتان تازيحتب ةطبترم اضيأ ةوجفلا نوكت نأ نكميو .نيرخآلا ناريجلا

.تاوصألا ءارش نع يتاذلاارشؤم اذه ىقبي ،كلذ عمءارش ةـيـلـمـع لوصح ىـلــععساو قاطن ىلع تاوصألا

.8١٠٢ ماعلا تاباختنا يفىلعأ ليجست عم ،تاظفاحملا نيب تاوصألا ءارشب غالبإلا ىوتسم فلتخي

.(3 مسرلا) لمرهلا-كبلعبو بونجلا يف هاندأو لامشلا يف غالبإلا نم ىوتسماجتان لمرهلا-كبلعبو بونجلا يف تاوصألا ءارش نع يندتملا غالبإلا نوكي دقوناكسلا نم ةيبلاغ قطانملا هذه ىدل نوك وأ ،ئطاخ غالبإ نعو ،تازيحت نع.تاوصألا ءارشل مهفادهتسا لامتحا لقي تايبدألاو تانايبلل اقفو نيذلا ،ةعيشلايف ةيعيشلا ةيسايسلا تاعومجملا اهدمتعت يتلا ةقيرطلا ىلع تايبدألا ددشت

ديدجلا يباختنالا نوناقلا نوك نم مغرلابززع دقف ،يبسنلا ليثمتلا نم رصانع دمتعا

ةفلتخم لئاسو ربع ةينئابزلا تاكبشلا

،ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا جئاتنل اقفوءارش تالاح نع نيبخانلا نم %04 دافأ

مهئايحأ يف تاوصأ

11Hicken, A. 2011. ‘Clientelism.’

Annual Review of PoliticalScience 14: 289–310

Schaffer, F. and A. Schedler.2007. ‘What is Vote Buying.’in Elections for Sale: The

Causes and Consequences ofVote Buying, ed. by F.

Schaffer, Boulder, Colorado:Lynn Rienner.

Nichter, S. 2008. ‘Vote Buyingor Turnout Buying? MachinePolitics and the Secret Ballot.’

American Political ScienceReview 102: 19–31.

13Keefer, P., and R. Vlaicu.

2008. ‘Democracy, Credibility,and Clientelism.’ Journal of

Law, Economics, andOrganization 24: 371-406.

Hanusch, M.; P. Keefer, R. Vlaicu.2016. ‘Vote Buying or CampaignPromises? Electoral Strategies

When Party Credibility isLimited.’ IDB Working Paper

Series, No. IDB-WP-691,Inter-American DevelopmentBank (IDB), Washington, DC.

12Atallah, S. and Z. El-Helou.2018. ‘Lebanese Elections:Clientelism as a Strategy to

Garner Votes.’ Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies.

http://www.lcps-lebanon.org/featuredArticle.php?id=134

14Kitschelt, H. 2000. ‘LinkagesBetween Citizens and Politicians

in Democratic Polities.’Comparative Political Studies

33: 845-879.

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7 8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف تاوصألا ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسن

قرطب زربألا نايعيشلا نابزحلا لمعي .اهتيبلتو اهيبخانل ةفلتخملا تاجايتحالا ةرادإاهيديؤمل رفوتو ،ةينانبللا ةماعلا تاسسؤملا يف ةخسرتم لمأ ةكرحف .ةفلتخمةروصب لمعت هللا بزحب ةصاخلا ةيبوسحملا تاكبش نيح يف ،ةلودلا نم دراوم،ةـلودـلا تارادإ نـع ةـلـقــتسمتاسسؤم رـــيدــــتو ئشنــــتو،ميلعتلا اهنمض نم تامدخ مدقت،يندـمـلا رـيوـطـتـلاو ،ةــحصلاو،ةعارزـلاو ،ةرـيـغصلا ضورـقـلاو5١.ةضايرلاو ،ةفاقثلاو ،نيدلاو

دقعـلا ىـلـع تاـيـبدألا ددشتوةنراقم ،هتعيبطب ادمأ لوطأ وه يذلا ،هيبخان عم هللا بزح هماقأ يذلا يعامتجالا

قلعتي ام يف اهزكارمو اهيبخان عم ىرخألا بازحألا اهتماقأ يتلا’دوقعلا‘ عمريفوت ىلإ ةجاحب سيل هللا بزح نأ ىلإ اذه ريشيو .ةيعامتجالا تامدخلا ريفوتبموي ىلإ ةيدؤملا ةرتفلا لالخ تاوصألل ءارش ةيلمع يف طارخنالا وأ تاميدقتىلع ءاليتسالا متي هنإ لوقلا نكمي ،راصتخاب .تاوصألا نيمأت لجأ نم باختنالا.تاباختنالا ءارجإ نم ليوط تقو لبق ةعيشلا نيبخانلا فوفص يف تاوصألا

ادادعتسا رثكأ مه6١ضفخنملا لخدلا يوذ دارفألا نأ ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا رهظتنومتني نيذلا نيبخانلا عم ةنراقم ،تاميدقت يقلتو تاوصألا ءارش نع غالبإلل.(4 مسرلا) ةطسوتملاو ايلعلا نيتقبطلا ىلإ

3 مسرلا

8102 ماعلا تاباختنا يف تاوصألا ءارش

.(8102) نانبل لوح يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا هارجأ يذلا ماعلا يأرلا عالطتساردصملا

%50

%45

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%30

%25

%20

%15

%10

%5

%0%70 %60 %50 %40 %30 %20 %10 %0

توريب

اميدقت اوقلت نيذلا %ت

يحلا يف تاوصأ ءارش اودهاش نيذلا %

عاقبلا

راكع

لمرهلا-كبلعب

بونجلا

لامشلا

هيطبنلاعومجملا

نانبل لبج

يوذ دارفألا نأ ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا رهظتغالبإلل ادادعتسا رثكأ مه ضفخنملا لخدلاةنراقم ،تاميدقت يقلتو تاوصألا ءارش نعنيتقبطلا ىلإ نومتني نيذلا نيبخانلا عمةطسوتملاو ايلعلا

٦1نم لخدلا تايوتسم ءاقتسا متةساردلا يف دراولا لاؤسلايرابخا ءاجرلا‘ وهو ،ةيئاصقتسالالضفأ لكشب فصي باوج يأثيح ،’يلاحلايداصتقالا كعضودحأ رايتخا نيبيجتسملا ىلع ناكهجاوأ (١ :ةيلاتلا ةعبرألا تارايخلا

يتلئاعو يسفن ماعطإ يف ةبوعصةيرورضلا رومألا رثكأ ىتح ءارشونم يفكي ام يدل (٢ ؛دومصلل

ام يدل سيل نكل ،دومصلا لبس؛ةيفاضإ رومأل لاملا نم يفكيرومأ ةفلك لمحت ىلع رداق انأ (3يف لكألاو ةديدج سبالم لثمانأ (4 ؛ابلاغ سيل نكلو ،معاطملا

لثم رومأ فيلاكت لمحت ىلع رداقيف لكألا وأ ةديدجلا سبالملانيرخآ دارفأ ةلاعإ اضيأو ،جراخلا

مايقلا ىلع نيرداق ريغ ةرسألا نمفينصت متو .رومألا هذهب:يلاتلا لكشلا ىلع نيبيجتسملا

نإ ضفخنملا لخدلا يوذ نمةقبطلا نمو ،لوألا رايخلا اوراتخااوراتخا لاح يف ايندلا ةطسوتملاةقبطلا نمو ،يناثلا لامتحالالامتحالا اوراتخا نإ ةطسوتملايف ايلعلا ةقبطلا نمو ،ثلاثلا.عبارلا لامتحالا اوراتخا لاح

15Harb M. (2008). Faith-BasedOrganizations as EffectiveDevelopment Partners?Hezbollah and Post-War

Reconstruction in Lebanon.In: Clarke G., Jennings M.(eds). Development, CivilSociety and Faith-Based

Organizations. InternationalPolitical Economy Series.

Palgrave Macmillan, London.

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ءايفوألا نيبخانلا ىلع ظافحلا فدهب تاوصألا ءارش ىلإ أجلت بازحألا نأب ودبيةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا جئاتن رهظت .نيحجرأتملا نيبخانلا نم تاوصألا عمج نم الدباوديفي نأ مهل احيجرت لقألا نم ناك٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف اوتوصي مل نيذلا ءالؤه نأمسرلا)٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف اوتوص نيذلا عم ةنراقم ،8١٠٢ ماعلا يف تاميدقت نع.تاوصألا ءارش جذومن لباقم ،عارتقالا بسن ءارش جذومن ةجيتنلا هذه معدت .(5

بسن ءارش جذوـمـنـل اـقــفوةأفاكم بازحألا مدقت ،عارتقالايفتكتو ،ءايفوألا نيبخانللبخانلا ىلدأ اذإ ام ةبقارمب.ال مأ هتوصب فدهتسملا

ام دكأتلا بجي ذإ ،نيحجرأتملا نيبخانلا ةبقارم ةبوعص رابتعالا نيعب جذومنلا اذه ذخأياوماق بزح يأ حلاصل ققحتلاو امك ،مهتوصب نوحجرأتملا نوبخانلا ىلدأ اذإ.تيوصتلاب

ةماع ةسايس صخلم8

4 مسرلا

لخدلا تايوتسم بسحب تاوصألا ءارش

.(8102) نانبل لوح يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا هارجأ يذلا ماعلا يأرلا عالطتساردصملا

.ال مأ ةيئاصحالا ةيحانلا نم ةيمهأ تاذ تافالتخالا تناك اذإ ام مييقت لجأ نم ةقث لصاوف %59 نيمضت متةظحالم

%60

%50

%40

%30

%20

%10

%0

%35

I

%18

I%16%18

II

%44

I%42

I%39

I%31

I

يحلا يف تاوصأ ءارش تاميدقت تلقت يتلا%

ايلع ةقبطىطسو ةقبطةيندتم ىطسو ةقبطضفخنملا لخدلا يوذ

تاوصألا ءارش ىلإ أجلت بازحألا نأب ودبيالدب ءايفوألا نيبخانلا ىلع ظافحلا فدهبنيحجرأتملا نيبخانلانم تاوصألا عمج نم

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9 8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف تاوصألا ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسن

تاوصألا ءارش نأ نوربتعي ال نيذلا نوبخانلا ديفي نأب حجري هنأ ،كلذ ىلإ فضأ.(6 مسرلا) كلذك هنوربتعي نيذلا عم ةنراقم ،تاميدقت مهيقلت نع ةدساف ةسرامم

5 مسرلا

9002 ماعلا يف تيوصتلا عضو بسحب ،8102 ماعلا يف تاميدقت يقلت لوح ريراقت

6 مسرلا

داسفلا لوح تاروصتلا بسحب،8102 ماعلا يف تاميدقت يقلت لوح تادافإ

.(8102) نانبل لوح يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا هارجأ يذلا ماعلا يأرلا عالطتساردصملا

.ال مأ ةيئاصحالا ةيحانلا نم ةيمهأ تاذ تافالتخالا تناك اذإ ام مييقت لجأ نم ةقث لصاوف %59 نيمضت متةظحالم

تاميدقت اوقلت نيذلا %

%25

%20

%15

%10

%5

%0

%40

%35

%30

%25

%20

%15

%10

%5

%0

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I

%12

I

%32

I

%18

I

٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف اوتوصي مل٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف اوتوص

.(8102) نانبل لوح يلودلا يروهمجلا دهعملا هارجأ يذلا ماعلا يأرلا عالطتساردصملا

.ال مأ ةيئاصحالا ةيحانلا نم ةيمهأ تاذ تافالتخالا تناك اذإ ام مييقت لجأ نم ةقث لصاوف %59 نيمضت متةظحالم

تاميدقت اوقلت نيذلا %

ةدساف ةسرامم يهداسفلاب مستت ةسرامم تسيل

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ةماع ةسايس صخلم10

يهو ،ةمهم لماوع ةعبرأ زربت ،رابتعالا نيعب تاوصألا ءارش تاددحم ذخأ دنعاطابترا لخدلا طبتريو .ةفئاطلاو ،ةيفئاطلا ةيوهلاو ،ةيسايسلا تاكبشلاو ،لخدلا

تاميدقت اوقلتي نأ ارقف رثكألا نينطاوملل رثكأ حجري ثيح ،تاوصألا ءارشب ايبلسهذه معدتو .ىلعأ يداصتقاو يعامتجا عضوب نوعتمتي نيذلا ءالؤه عم ةنراقمةيلاعلا ةيشماهلا ةعفنملا ىلع زكرت يتلا تايبدألا نم جئاتن ةيبلسلا ةقالعلاعيب ىلإ اليم رثكأ مهلعجي ام ،ىندألا لخدلا يوذ نيبخانلا ىدل رهظت يتلا لخدلل:تاوصألا ءارش ةيلمعب ةيسايسلا تاكبشلا ةيسكع ةقالع عمجت ،لثملاب7١.مهتاوصأ8١.تاميدقت يقلت نع اوديفي نأ لقأ ةيسايس تاكبش مهيدل نيذلا نيبخانلل حجري

،نييساسألا نيديؤملا تاوصأ ءارش لهسلا نم هنوك نم مغرلاب ،تايبدألل اقفونيبخانلا عم ةنراقم ،ةيوق ةيسايس تاكبشب مهعتمت ةيصاخب نوزيمتي نيذلاةيجولويديإ تاءامتنا نع نورهظي ال نيذلا نيبخانلاب ريثأتلا لهسألا نم٩١،نيحجرأتملا

،لباقملا يفو٠٢.ةيوق ةيجولويديإ تاءامتنا مهيدل نيذلا نيبخانلا عم ةنراقم ،ةيوقاريثأت١٢ةيفئاطلا ةيوهلا ىدل

ةـيوـهـلا تناـك اـمـلـك :اــيوــقيقلـت لاـمـتـحا دادزا ،ىوـقأةجيتنلا هذه معدت .تاميدقتةقباسلا تارقفلا يف ءاج امنوك ةهجل صخلملا اذه نم

نيبخانلا فدهتست ةيسايسلا بازحألا نوكلو ،ءايفوألا نيبخانلا فدهتست بازحألا.ءايفوأ اونوكي نأ رثكأ مهل حجري نيذلاو ،ةيوق ةيفئاط تايوهب نوعتمتي نيذلانع ديفي نم لقأ مه ةعيشلا نيبخانلا نأ ثيحب ،امهم اريثأت ةفئاطلا ىدل ،اريخأ

رهاظلا وحنلا ىلع ،ةيقطانم طامنأ نع حجرألا ىلع جتان اذه نأ ريغ .تاوصألا ءارشاميس ال ،تاوصألا ءارش نم ىندألا ةجردلا اهيدل يتلا تاظفاحملا ثيح ،هالعأ

.(٢ قحلملا) ةيعيش ةيبلاغ تاذ يه ،لمرهلا -كبلعبو بونجلا يف

تايصوتلاو ةمتاخلاةبسن ،ديدج يباختنا نوناق دامتعاب ةطبترملا ةيباجيإلا تاعقوتلا ىلع ىغط دقل

نيتجيتن ىلع ءوضلا صخلملا اذه طلسي .ةيباختنا تافلاخم طسو ةيندتم عارتقاةالابم ال :امه ،نانبلب صاخلا ماعلا يأرلا ءاصقتسا نع نيتحشار نيتيساسأ

راشتـناو باـبشلا نـيـبـخاـنـلا.تاوصألا ءارش

جئاـتـن يف رــهــظــي اــمــكنأ ،ةـيـئاصقـتسالا ةساردـلا

ةبسن لالخ نم نيبتي ام بسحب ،تاباختنالا نع الاصفنا رثكألا مه بابشلاةليآلا دوهجلا نإف ،هيلعو .انس ربكألا نيبخانلا عم ةنراقم مهيدل ةيندتملا عارتقالادوهج نمضتتو .ةيويح دعت ةيباختنالا ةيلمعلا يف مهكارشاو بابشلا دشح ىلإ

موي مهتوص ةيمهأو ،نيحشرملل بابشلا معد ةيمهأ حرشت ةيعوت تالمح ةلثامم.تاباختنالا

،تاوصألا ءارشب ايبلس اطابترا لخدلا طبترينأ ارقف رثكألا نينطاوملل رثكأ حجري ثيحنيذلا ءالؤه عم ةنراقم تاميدقت اوقلتي

ىلعأ يداصتقاو يعامتجا عضوب نوعتمتي

بابشلادشح ىلإ ةليآلا دوهجلا نإةيويح دعت ةيباختنالا ةيلمعلا يف مهكارشاو

17Stokes, S., T. Dunning, M.Nazareno, V. Brusco. 2013.

Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism:The Puzzle of Distributive

Politics. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.Dixit, A., and J. Londregan.1996. ‘The determinants of

success of special interests inredistributive politics.’ The

Journal of Politics 58:1132—55.

19Dixit, A., and J. Londregan.1996. ‘The determinants of

success of special interests inredistributive politics.’ The

Journal of Politics 58:1132—55.

20Stokes, S., T. Dunning, M.Nazareno, V. Brusco. 2013.

Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism:The Puzzle of Distributive

Politics. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.

81ةيسايسلا تاكبشلا ريثأت يفتخيتاريثأتلا رابتعالا نيعب ذخؤت نيح.ةيقطانملا

12ةيفئاطلا ةيوهلا زورب سايق متىدم ساسأ ىلع نيبيجتسمللىلإ ادانتسا مهسفنأب مهفيرعت

.مهتفئاط

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11 8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف تاوصألا ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسن

تاوصألا ءارش راشتنا رهظت ةيئاصقتسالا ةساردلا جئاتن نأ ،كلذ ىلإ فضأءالدإلا ةيلمع داعبإ مهملا نم ،هيلعو .تاوصألا لباقم تاميدقتلا ءاطعإ ىدمورثكأ تيوصتلا لعج لالخ نم كلذ قيقحت نكميو .ةيباختنالا تابعالتلا نع توصلاب

لافغإ نمضي ام ،ةطلتخم فئاوط نمضتتو ربكأ عارتقا زكارم دامتعا ربع ةيرسذافنإو دامتعا ردجي امك .دصرلا ىلع ءاطسولا ةردق صيلقتو ،نيعرتقملا ةيوهءارشب نوموقي نيذلا نيحشرملاو ةيسايسلا بازحألا ةبقاعم ىلإ ةليآلا نيناوقلاةيسايسلا جماربلا ىلع ءانب اوتوصي نأ نيبخانلل حمسيس يذلا رمألا ،تاوصألالباقم دمألا ةريصقـلا عـفاـنـمـلا ساسأ ىـلـع سيـلو ،ةـيساـيسلا اـيـجوـلوـيدـيإلاو.مهتاوصأ

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ةماع ةسايس صخلم12

-(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)٢ جذومنلااماع٩٢ + ةيعرف ةنيع

8١٠٢ ماعلا يف توص(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)١ جذومنلا

8١٠٢ ماعلا يف توص تاريغتملا

٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف توص

نسلا

نسلل يرذجلا عيبرتلا

ىثنأ

ةساردلا تاونس ددع

تاونس ددعل يرذجلا عيبرتلاةساردلاتاميدقت ىقلت

ةيفئاط ةيوه

ةيسايس تاكبش

يسايس بزح

ةلاطب

صاخلا هباسحل لمعي

رجأب لماع

لزنم ةبر

يداصتقالا عضولا

ةعيش

ةنراوم

سكوذوثرأ مور

كيلوثاك مور

سكوذوثرأ نمرأ

1 قحلملاعارتقالا ةبسن تارادحنا

0.139***

(0.0337)

-0.00133***

(0.000358)

-0.485***

(0.185)

-0.143

(0.100)

0.00976**

(0.00462)

0.443*

(0.236)

0.0864

(0.0833)

0.0223

(0.0973)

0.849***

(0.304)

0.803*

(0.465)

-0.112

(0.352)

0.299

(0.345)

0.539

(0.393)

0.195

(0.122)

0.904***

(0.283)

0.488*

(0.291)

0.484

(0.383)

1.451**

(0.590)

1.116*

(0.667)

3.095***

(0.259)

-0.0196

(0.0695)

1.88e-05

(0.000669)

-0.170

(0.298)

-0.00679

(0.128)

0.00507

(0.00604)

0.272

(0.356)

0.121

(0.131)

-0.132

(0.142)

1.000**

(0.507)

-0.278

(0.972)

-1.153

(0.724)

-0.656

(0.745)

-0.612

(0.786)

0.110

(0.178)

0.373

(0.439)

0.496

(0.425)

1.178**

(0.520)

1.679**

(0.826)

1.453*

(0.872)

Page 29: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

13 8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف تاوصألا ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسن

نيسوق نيب ةيرايعملا ءاطخأ

١.٠<p * ،5٠.٠<p ** ،١٠.٠<p ***

-(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)٢ جذومنلااماع٩٢ + ةيعرف ةنيع

8١٠٢ ماعلا يف توص(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)١ جذومنلا

8١٠٢ ماعلا يف توص تاريغتملا

ةيحيسم ةيلقأ

زورد

لمرهلا-كبلعب

توريب

عاقبلا

نانبل لبج

ةيطبنلا

لامشلا

بونجلا

ةتباث

تاظحالم

0.993

(1.177)

0.412

(0.373)

-0.359

(0.534)

-1.259***

(0.405)

-0.229

(0.501)

-1.393***

(0.415)

-1.663***

(0.483)

0.272

(0.424)

-0.457

(0.439)

-1.826**

(0.898)

1,135

-0.353

(1.298)

0.194

(0.543)

-0.358

(0.844)

-1.767**

(0.696)

0.398

(0.948)

-1.239*

(0.712)

-0.755

(0.849)

0.00748

(0.724)

0.0151

(0.782)

0.939

(1.927)

818

Page 30: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

ةماع ةسايس صخلم14

3 جذومنلا(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)اماع٩٢ + ةيعرف ةنيع -(ةقطنملل ةتباثلا راثآلا)تاميدقت ىقلت

٢ جذومنلا(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)اماع٩٢ + ةيعرف ةنيع -تاميدقت ىقلت

١ جذومنلا(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)تاميدقت ىقلت تاريغتملا

٩٠٠٢ ماعلا يف توص

نسلا

نسلل يرذجلا عيبرتلا

ىثنأ

ةساردلا تاونس ددع

ددعل يرذجلا عيبرتلاةساردلا تاونسةعيش

ةنراوم

سكودوثرا مور

كيلوثاك مور

سكودوثرأ نمرأ

كيلوثاك نمرأ

ةيحيسم تايلقأ

زورد

ةيفئاط ةيوه

فئاوطلل ةرباع تاكبش

ةيسايس تاكبش

لمعلا نع لطاع

صاخلا هباسحل لماع

2 قحلملاتاوصألا ءارش تارادحنا

0.0426

(0.0415)

-0.000425

(0.000452)

0.133

(0.219)

-0.0205

(0.109)

0.00308

(0.00491)

-1.221***

(0.260)

-0.328

(0.243)

-0.196

(0.404)

-0.513

(0.467)

-

1.568

(0.985)

2.313*

(1.200)

-1.389***

(0.465)

0.227**

(0.0977)

-0.0701

(0.0895)

0.220**

(0.111)

0.214

(0.507)

-0.104

(0.429)

0.821**

(0.402)

0.150*

(0.0789)

-0.00138*

(0.000761)

0.154

(0.284)

0.0352

(0.125)

0.00217

(0.00587)

-1.573***

(0.361)

-0.272

(0.287)

-0.237

(0.402)

-0.729

(0.571)

-

1.848**

(0.917)

1.783

(1.237)

-1.575***

(0.569)

0.136

(0.116)

-0.141

(0.115)

0.193

(0.126)

-0.293

(0.876)

0.422

(0.592)

0.678*

(0.404)

0.167**

(0.0810)

-0.00157**

(0.000774)

0.240

(0.300)

-0.00382

(0.128)

0.00371

(0.00598)

-0.0948

(0.537)

-0.376

(0.357)

-0.492

(0.450)

-0.476

(0.608)

-

1.837*

(0.940)

1.531

(1.277)

-1.546**

(0.661)

-0.0353

(0.122)

-0.188

(0.130)

0.0510

(0.134)

-0.156

(0.854)

0.606

(0.604)

Page 31: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

15 8١٠٢ ماعلل ةيباينلا تاباختنالا يف تاوصألا ءارشو عارتقالا ةبسن

3 جذومنلا(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)اماع٩٢ + ةيعرف ةنيع -(ةقطنملل ةتباثلا راثآلا)تاميدقت ىقلت

٢ جذومنلا(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)اماع٩٢ + ةيعرف ةنيع -تاميدقت ىقلت

١ جذومنلا(ةيحجرألا متيراغول)تاميدقت ىقلت تاريغتملا

رجأب لماع

لزنم ةبر

يداصتقالا عضولا

لمرهلا -كبلعبتوريب

عاقبلا

نانبل لبج

ةيطبنلا

لامشلا

بونجلا

ةتباث

تاظحالم

0.00902

(0.415)

-0.236

(0.469)

-0.449***

(0.137)

-1.829

(1.167)

833

0.696

(0.603)

0.274

(0.632)

-0.450***

(0.164)

-6.076***

(2.178)

608

0.687

(0.617)

0.322

(0.637)

-0.429**

(0.177)

-

-0.0287

(0.611)

-1.534*

(0.796)

0.159

(0.546)

-0.852

(0.753)

0.611

(0.501)

-2.535***

(0.964)

-5.609**

(2.227)

569

نيسوق نيب ةيرايعملا ءاطخأ

١.٠<p * ،5٠.٠<p ** ،١٠.٠<p ***

Page 32: February 2019 Number 39 LCPS Policy Brief for Policy Studies · Jana Mourad and Daniel Garrote Sanchez About the authors Jana Mourad is an economic researcher at LCPS. Her work spans

ةماع ةسايس صخلم16

ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلم لوحوه ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلملكشب ردصت ةريصق ةروشنمينانبللا زكرملا نع مظتنمعيضاوم للحت تاساردلل

ةيعامتجاو ةيداصتقاو ةيسايسيف تايصوت مدقتو ةيساسأةحيرشل ةماعلا تاسايسلارارقلا عانص نم ةعساو.ماع هجوب روهمجلاو

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا لوحينانبللا زكرملا سسأتوه .٩8٩١ ماع يف تاساردلل

،توريب يف هرقم ثاحبألل زكرمةدياحمو ةلقتسم هترادإ

ةرصانمو جاتنإ هتمهم ،ايسايسىلإ ىعست يتلا تاسايسلايف ديشرلا مكحلا نيسحت،ةيزكرماللا لثم تالاجمةيلاملاو ،ةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلاو.زاغلاو طفنلاو ةماعلا

انب لاصتإللتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملارشاعلا قباطلا ،تاداسلا جرب

نويل عراش ،55-5١٢ .ب.صنانبل ،توريب سأر

+ ١٠3٩٩7١١6٩ :ت+ ٢٠3٩٩7١١6٩ :ف

[email protected]

LCPS