Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Aeromagnetic Sun-eyingMark Pilkington

Agricola, Georgius (1494-1555)Allan Chapman

AlfVen WavesChristopher Fin/ay

AlfVen, Hannes Olof Gosta (1908-1995)Carl-Gunne Falthammar and David Gubbins

Alfven's Theorem and the Frozen Flux ApproximationPaul H. Roberts

Anelastic and Boussinesq ApproximationsStanislav I. Braginsky and Paul H. Robens

Amsotropy, ElectricalKarslen Bahr

Antidynamo and Bounding TheoremsFriedrich Busse and Michael Proctor

Archeology. Magnetic MethodsArmin Schmidt

ArcheomagnetismDonald D. Tarling

Auroral OvalStephen Milan

Baked Contact TestKenneth L. Buchan

Bangui AnomalyPatrick T. Taylor

Barlow, Peter (1776-1862)Emmanuel Dormy

Baneis, Julius (1899-1964)Karl-Heinz Glaflmeier and Manfred Siebert

Bauer, Louis Agricola (1865-1932)Gregory A. Good

XV

XXV

1

3

6

7

11

20

21

23

31

33

35

39

40

42

42

Bemmelen, Wiilem van (1868-1941)Art R. T. Jonkers

Bemon, E. R.David Loper

Bingham StatisticsJeffrey J. Love

BiomagnetismMichael D. Fuller and Jon Dobson

Blackett. Patrick Mavnard Stuart. Baronof Chelsea (1887-1974)

Michael D. Fuller

Bullard, Edward Crisp (1907-1980)David Gubbins

Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of TerrestrialMagnetism

Gregory A. Good

Carnegie. Research VesselGregory A. Good

ChampStefan Maus

Chapman, Sydney (1888-1970)Stuart R.C. Ma I in

Coast Effect of Induced CurrentsTed Lilley

CompassArt R.T. Jonkers

Conductivity GeothermometerTed Lilley

Conductivity. Ocean Floor MeasurementsSteven Constable

Convection. ChemicalDavid Loper

Convection. Nonmagnetic RotatingAndrew Soward

Core Composition

44

44

45

48

53

54

56

58

59

61

61

66

69

71

73

74

77William F. McDonough

vii i

Core ConvectionKeke Zhang

Core DensityGuy Masters

Core MotionsKathryn A. Whaler

Core OriginFrancis Nimmo

Core Properties. PhysicalFrank D- Stacey

Core Properties. Theoretical DeterminationDavid Price

Core TemperatureDavid Price

Core TurbulenceBruce Stiffen and Hiroaki \fatsui

Core Viscosity-'Lidunka Vocadlo

Core, Adiabatic GradientOrson L. Anderson

Core, Boundary7 LayersEmmanuel Dormy; Paul H. Roberts, and Andrew Soward

Core, Electrical ConductivityFrank D. Stacey

Core. Magnetic InstabilitiesDavid R. Fearn

Core, Thermal ConductionFrank D. Stacey

Core-Based Inversions for the Main Geomagnetic FieldDavid Gubbins

Core-Mantle Boundary Topography, Implications for DynamicsAndren' Soward

Core-Mantle Boundary Topography, Seismology7

Andrea Morelli

Core-Mantle Boundary; Heat Flow AcrossStephane Labrosse

Core-Mantle Coupling, ElectromagneticRichard Holme

Core-Mantle Coupling. ThermalJeremy Bloxham

Core-Mantle Coupling. TopographicDominique Jault

Cowling. Thomas George (1906-1990)Leon Mestel

Cowling's TheoremFriedrich Busse

Cox, Allan V. (1926-1987)Kenneth P. Kodama

Cruslal Magnetic FieldDhananjay Ravat

D1" and F-LayersDavid Gubbins

CONTENTS

80

82

84

89

91

94

98

10!

104

106

111

116

117

120

122

124

125

127

130

132

135

137

138

139

140

145

D" as a Boundary LayerDavid Loper

D". AnisotropyMichael Kendall

D", CompositionQuentin Williams

D". Seismic PropertiesThome Lay

Delia Porta. Giambattista (1535-1615)Allan Chapman

DemagnetizationJaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi

Depth to Curie TemperatureMi i a Rajaram

Dipole Moment VariationCatherine Constable

Dynamo WavesGraeme R. Sarson

Dvnamo. BackusAshley P. Willis

Dynamo, BraginskyGraeme R. Sarson

Dynamo, Bullard-GellmanGraeme R. Sarson

Dynamo. DiskJack A. Jacobs

Dynamo, GailitisAgris Gailitis

Dvnamo, HerzenbergPaul H. Roberts

Dynamo. Lowes- WilkinsonFrank Lowes

Dynamo, Model-ZRainer Hollerbach

Dynamo, PonomarenkoPaul H. Roberts

Dynamo. SolarEugene N. Parker

Dynamos. ExperimentalAndreas Tilgner

Dynamos. FastMichael Proctor

Dynamos. KinematicPhilip W. Livermore

Dynamos, Mean-FieldKarl-Heinz Raedler

Dynamos, PeriodicDavid Gubbins

Dynamos, Planetary and SatelliteDavid J. Stevenson

Earth Structure. Major DivisionsBrian Kennett

145

146

149

151

156

156

157

159

161

163

164

166

167

169

170

173

174

175

178

183

186

188

192

200

203

208

CONTENTS

Elsasser, Walter M. (1904-1991)Eugene A7. Parker

EM Modeling, ForwardDmitry- B. Avdeev

EM Modeling, InverseGary D. Egbert

EM. Industrial UsesGraham Heinson

EM. Lake-Bottom MeasurementsAdam Schuliz

EM. Land UsesLouise Pellerin

EM. Marine Controlled SourceNigel Edwards

EM. Regional StudiesOliver Ritier

EM: Tectonic InterpretationsMalcolm Ingham

Environmental MagnetismBarbara A. Maher

Environmental Magnetism, Paleornagnetic ApplicationsAndrew P. Roberts

Equilibration of Magnetic Field, Weak- and Strong-FieldDynamos

Keke Zhang

Euler DeconvolulionAlan B. Reid

First-Order Reversal Curve (FORC) DiagramsAdrian R. Mimrorlhy and Andrew P. Roberts

Fisher StatisticsJeffrey J. Love

Fleming, John Adam (1877-1956)Shaun J. Hardy

Fluid Dynamics ExperimentsJonathan M. Aurnou

Galvanic DistortionKarsten Bahr

Gauss" Determination of Absolute IntensityStuart R-C. Malm

Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)Karl-Hein: Glaftmeier

Gellibrand. Henry (1597-1636)Stuart R.C. Malm

Geocentric Axial Dipole HypothesisMichael W. McElhinny

GeodynamoChris Jones

Geodynamo. Dimensional Analysis and TimescalesDavid Gubbins

Geodynamo. Energy SourcesSiephane Labrosse

Geodynamo: Numerical Simulationsf~- . t s^i

214

215

219

223

227

228

231

242

245

248

256

262

263

266

272

273

274

277

278

279

280

281

287

297

300

302

Geodynamo. Symmetry- PropertiesDavid Gubbins

Geomagnetic Deep SoundingRoger Banks

Geomagnetic Dipole FieldFrank Lowes

Geomagnetic ExcursionJack A. Jacobs

Geomagnetic Field. AsymmetriesPhillip L. McFadden and Ronald T. Merrill

Geomagnetic HazardsAlan W.P. Tliomson

Geomagnetic JerksSusan Macmillan

Geomagnetic Polarity ReversalsAlain Mazaud

Geomagnetic Polarity Reversals. ObservationsBradford M. Clement

Geomagnetic Polarity TimescalesWilliam Lowrie

Geomagnetic PulsationsKarl-Heinz Glaftmeier

Geomasnetic Reversal Sequence, Statistical StructurePhillip L. McFadden

Geomagnetic Reversals. ArchivesJean-Pierre Valei and Emilia Herrero-Bervera

Geomagnetic Secular VariationIngo Wardinski

Geomagnetic Spectrum. SpatialFrank Lowes

Geomagnetic Spectrum, TemporalCatherine Constable

Geomagnetism, History ofArt R.T. Jankers

Gilbert. William (1544-1603)Allan Chapman

Gravitational TorqueJean-Louis Le Mouel

Gravity-lnertio Waves and Inertial OscillationsKeith Aldridge

Gruneisen's Parameter for Iron and Earth's CoreOrson L. Anderson

Halley, Edmond (1656-1742)Sir Alan Cook

Hansteen. Christopher (1784-1873)Johannes M. Hansteen

Harmonics. SphericalDenis Winch

Harmonics. Spherical CapG. y Haines

Hartmann. Georg (1489-1564)

ix

306

307

310

311

313

316

319

320

324

328

333

335

339

346

350

353

355

360

362

364

366

375

376

377

395

397Gary A. Glatzmaier Allan Chapman

X

HelioseismologyMichael J. Thompson

Higgins-Kennedy ParadoxFriedrich Basse

Humboldt. Alexander Von (1759-1859)Friedrich Busse

Humboldt. Alexander Von and Magnetic StormsG.5. Lakhina. B.T. Tsiinttani. W.D. Gonzalez, and S. Alex

IAGA. International Association of Geomagnetismand Aeronomy

David Kerridge

Ideal Solution TheoryDario Alfe

IGRF, Internationa] Geomagnetic Reference FieldSusan Macmillan

Induction ArrowsOliver Ritter

Induction from Satellite DataSteven Constable

Inhomogeneous Boundary Conditions and the D\namoKeke Zhang

Inner Core AnisotropyXiaodong Song

Inner Core CompositionLiditnka I'ocadlo

Inner Core OscillationKeith Aldridge

Inner Core RotationPaul G. Richards and Anyi Li

Inner Core Rotational DynamicsMichael G. Rochester

Inner Core Seismic VelocitiesAnnie Saurian

Inner Core Tangent CylinderRainer Hotterbach and David Gubbins

Inner Core. PKJKPHanneke Pauls sen

Instrumentation, History ofGregory A. Good

Interiors of Planets and SatellitesGerald Schubert

Internal External Field SeparationDenis Winch

IonosphereArthur D. Richmond

Iron SulfidesLeonardo Sagnotti

Jesuits, Role in GeomagnetismAgustin Udias

Kircher. Athanasius (1602-1680)Oriol Cardus

Langel. Robert A. (1937-2000)

CONTENTS

398

401

402

404

407

408

411

412

413

416

418

420

422

423

425

427

430

433

434

439

448

452

454

460

463

465

Laplace's Equation. Uniqueness of SolutionsDavid Gubbins

Larmor, Joseph (1857-1942)David Gubbins

Lehmann, Inge (1888-1993)David Gubbins

Length of Day Variations. DecadalRichard Holme

Length of Day Variations. Long-TermL. y Morrison and F.R. Stephenson

Lloyd, Humphrey (1808-1881)Deanis Weaire and J.M.D. Coey

Magnetic Anisotropy. Sedimentary' Rocks and Strain AlterationPeter D. Weiler

Magnetic Anomalies for Geology and ResourcesColin Reeves and Juha V. Korhonen

Magnetic Anomalies. Long WavelengthMichael E. Pumcker

Magnetic Anomalies, MarineJames R. Heirtzler

Magnetic Anomalies, ModelingJafar Arkani-Hamed

Magnetic DomainsSusan L. Halgedahl

Magnetic Field of MarsJafar Arkani-Hamed

Magnetic Field of SunSteven M. Tobias

Magnetic IndicesJeffrey J. Love and K.J. Reniick

Magnetic Mineralogy. Changes due to HeatingBernard Henry

Magnetic Properties, Low -TemperatureAndrei Kosterov

Magnetic Proxy ParametersMark J. Dekkers

Magnetic Remanence. AnisotropyAnn M. Hirt

Magnetic ShieldingGary R. Scott

Magnetic Surveys, MarineMaurice A. Tivey

Magnetic Susceptibility, AnisotropyFrantisek Hrouda

Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy, Effects of HeatingJaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi

Magnetic Susceptibility, Anisotropy. Rock FabricEdgardo Canon-Tapia

Magnetic Susceptibility (MS). Low-FieldBrooks B. Ellwood

Magnetization, Anhysteretic Remanem

466

468

468

469

471

472

475

477

481

483

485

490

502

505

509

512

515

525

535

540

542

546

560

564

566

572Michael E. Pumcker Bruce M. Moskowitz

CONTENTS

Magnetization. Chemical Rernanent (CRM)Shaul Levi

Magnetization. Depositional RemanentJa ime L -rnitia -Fu cuga uch i

Magnetization. Isothermal RemanentMike Jackson

Maanetization, Natural Remanent (NRM)Mimi J. Hill

Magnetization, Oceanic CrustJulie Carlut and Helene Horen

Magnetization, Piezoremanence and Stress DemagnetizationStuart Alan Gilder

Magnetization. Remanent, Ambient Temperature and BurialDepth from Dyke Contact Zones

Kenneth L. Buchan

Magnetization. Remanent. Fold TestJaime U/TUtia-Fticugauchi

Magnetization. ThermoremanentOzden O-demir

Magnetization. Thermoremanent, in MineralsGitnther Kletetschka

Magnetization. Viscous Remanent (VRM)David J. Dunlop

MagnetoconvectionKeke Zhang and Xinhao Liao

Magnetohydrodynamic WavesChristopher F inlay

MaanetohvdrodvnamicsPout H- Roberts

Magnetometers, Laboratoryffvn Williams

Magnetosphere of the EarthStanley H'.H. Copley

MagnetostratigraphyWilliam Lowrie

MagnetotelluricsMartyn Unsworth

MagsatMichael E. Pitrncker

Main Field Maps\fioara Mandea

Main Field ModelingMioara Mandea

Main Field. Ellipticiry CorrectionSmart R.C. Malm

Mantle, Electrical Conductivity. MineralogyTomoo Katsura

Mantle, Thermal ConductivityFrank D. Stacey

Matuyama, Motonori (1884-1958)\fasaru Kono

Melting Temperature of Iron in the Core. Experimental

580

588

589

594

596

599

603

607

609

616

621

630

632

639

654

656

664

670

673

674

679

683

684

688

689

689

Melting Temperature of Iron in the Core. TheoryDavid Price

Microwave Paleomagnetic TechniqueJohn Shaw

Nagata, Takesi (1913-1991)Masaru Kono

Natural Sources for Electromasnetic Induction StudiesNils Olsen

NeeL Louis (1904-2000)Pierre Rochetle

Xondipole FieldCatherine Constable

Xondynamo TheoriesDavid J. Stevenson

Norman. Robert (flourished 1560-1585)Allan Chapman

Observatories. OverviewSusan Macmillan

Observatories. InstrumentationJean L. Rasson

Observatories. AutomationLawrence R. Newiti

Observatories. InrermagnetJean L. Rasson

Observatories. Program in AustraliaPeter A. Hopgood

Observatories. Program in the British IslesDavid Kerridge

Observatory Program in FranceMioara Mandea

Observatories. Program in USAJeffrey J. Love and J.B. Townshend

Observatories in AntarcticaJean-Jacques Schott and Jean L. Rasson

Observatories in Benelux CountriesJean L. Rasson

Observatories in CanadaLawrence R. A'em'tt and Richard Coles

Observatories in ChinaDongmei Yang

Observatories in East and Central EuropePave! Hejda

Observatories in GermanyHans-Joachim Linthe

Observatories in IndiaGiirbax S. Lakhina and S. Alex

Observatories in ItalyMassimo Chiappini

Observatories in Japan and AsiaToshihiko lyemori and Heather McCreadie

Observatories in Lalin America

xi

692

694

6%

696

700

701

704

707

708

711

713

715

111

720

721

722

723

725

726

727

728

729

731

733

733

734Giioyin Shen Luiz Muniz Ban-eto

xii

Observatories in New Zealand and the South PacificLester A. Tomtinson

Observatories in Nordic CountriesTruls Lynne Hansen

Observatories in RussiaOleg Troshichev

Observatories in Southern AfricaPieter KoKe

Observatories in SpainMiquel Torta and Josep Balllo

Ocean. Electromagnetic EffectsStefan Matts

Oldham, Richard Dixon (1858-1936)Johannes Schweitzer

0rstedNils Olsen

Oscillations, TorsionalMathieif Dumberry

Paleointensity: Absolute Determinations Using SinglePlagioclase Crystals

John A. Tarduno, Rory D. Cottrell. and Alexei V. Smirnov

Paleointensity7, Absolute. TechniquesJean-Pierre Valet

Paleointensity, Relative, in SedimentsStefanie Brachjeld

Paleomagnetic Field Collection MethodsEdgardo Canon-Tapia

Paleomagnetic Secular VariationSteve P. Lund

PaleomagnetismRonald T. Merrill and Phillip L. McFadden

Paleomagnetism, Deep-Sea SedimentsJames E, T, Channel!

Paleomagnetism. ExtraterrestrialMichael D. Fuller

Paleomagnetism. Orogenic BeltsJohn D.A. Piper

Parkinson, Wilfred DudleyTed Lilley

Peregrinus, Petrus (flourished 1269)Allan Chapman

Periodic External FieldsDenis Winch

Plate Tectonics, ChinaXixi Zhao and Robert S. Coe

Pogo (OGO-2. -4 and -6 Spacecraft)Joseph C. Cain

Polarity' Transition. Paleomagnetic RecordKenneih A, Hoffman

Polarity' Transitions: Radioisotopic DatingBrad S. Singer

Pole. Key Paleomagnetic

CONTENTS

735

736

737

739

739

740

742

743

746

749

753

758

765

766

776

781

788

801

807

80S

809

816

828

829

834

839

Potential Yorticity and Potential Magnetic Field TheoremsRaymond Hide

Precession and Core DynamicsPhilippe Cardin

Price, Albert Thomas (1903-1978)Bruce A. Hobbs

Principal Component Analysis in PaleomagnetismJeffrey J. Love

Project MagnetDavid G. McMillan

Proudman-Taylor TheoremRaymond Hide

Radioactive Isotopes, Their Decay in Mantle and CoreV. Rama Murthy

Reduction to PoleDhananjay Ravat

Repeat StationsSusan Macmillan

Reversals. TheoryGraeme R. Sarson

Rikitake, Tsuneji (1921-2004)Y. Honkura

Ring CurrentThomas E. Moore

Robust Electromagnetic Transfer Functions EstimatesGary D. Egbert

Rock MagnetismRonald T. Merrill

Rock Magnetism, Hysteresis MeasurementsDavid Krdsa and Karl Fabian

Rock Magnetometer. SuperconductingWilliam S. Goree

Runcorn. S. Keith (1922-1995)Neil Opdyke

Runcorn '$ TheoremAndrew Jackson

Sabine, Edward (1788-1883)David Gubbins

Seamount MagnetismJames R. Heirtzier and K.A. Nazarova

Secular Variation ModelChristopher G.A. Harrison

SediDavid Loper

Seismic PhasesBrian Kennett

Seismo-Electromagnetic EffectsMalcolm J.S. Johnston

Shaw and Microwave Methods. Absolute PaleointensityDetermination

John Shaiv

Shock Wave Experiments

840

842

844

845

850

852

854

856

858

859

862

863

866

870

874

883

886

888

890

891

892

902

903

908

910

912Kenneth L. Buchan Thomas J. Ahrens

CONTENTS

Spinner MagnetometerJin Pokorny

Statistical Methods for Paleovector AnalysisJeffrey J. Love

Storms and Substorms. MagneticMark Lester

Superchrons, Changes in Reversal FrequencyJack A. Jacobs

SusceptibilityEduard Perrovsky

Susceptibility. Measurements of SolidsZ.S. Tetveldem&Ban, R.L. Fuller, and M. Greenblan

Susceptibility; Parameters. AnisotropyEdgardo Canon-Tapia

Taylor's ConditionRainer Hollerbach

Thellier. Emile (1904-1987)David J. Dunlop

Thermal WindPeter Olson

Time-Averaged Paleomagnetic FieldDavid Gubbins

Time-Dependent Models of the Geomagnetic FieldAndre\v Jackson

Transfer FunctionsMartyn Unsworth

920

922

926

928

931

933

937

940

942

945

947

948

953

Transient Em InductionMaxwell A. Meju and Mark E. Everett

True Polar Wander\~mcenl Counilht

ULVZ. Ultra-Low Velocity ZoneEd J. Camera and \L Thome

UnitsDavid Gubbins

Upward and Downward ContinuationDhananjay Raval

Variable Field Translation BalanceDavid Krasa, Klaus Petersen. and Nikolai Peiersen

Verhoogen, John (1912-1993)Peter Olson

Vine-Matthews-Morley HypothesisMaurice A, Tivey

Volcano-Electromagnetic EffectsMalcolm J.S. Johnston

Voyages Making Geomagnetic MeasurementsDavid R. Barraclough

Watkins, Xorman David (1934-1977)Brooks B. Elhvood

Wesmard DriftRichard Holme

Color Plates

Subject Index

xii i

954

956

970

973

974

977

979

980

984

987

992

993

997

ion