Published by The American Physiological SocietyIntegrating the Life Sciences from Molecule to Organism

The PhysiologistThe Physiologist

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One of my mostunhappy experiences asan undergraduate atDuke Univ. was myEnglish compositionclass first semesterfreshman year. Afterexcelling in high school,I fully expected to bePhi Beta Kappa in col-lege. Imagine my cha-grin when I received anF on my first theme inEnglish comp! I care-fully prepared my sec-ond theme on which Ialso received an F (butit was “much betterthan the first”). Thistraumatic experience certainly validat-ed my choice to major in chemistryinstead of the humanities.

Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Courses

Recently, this chemistry majorturned physiologist has been involvedin the development and implementa-tion of a truly interdisciplinary coursefor undergraduate students of allmajors. During the fall of 2010, theUniv. of South Dakota (USD)embarked on a new course for allupper-class students that would meetthe requirements of the South DakotaBoard of Regents for an upper levelwriting course with an emphasis onglobalization. I was chosen to be one ofthe faculty facilitating the course,

known as XDIS forcross-disciplinary, withtwo faculty membersfrom different disci-plines and a graduatestudent from Englishas the writing fellowworking as a team. Inorder to strengthen stu-dent writing skills inthe course, the teachingfaculty had to gradeessays (108 studentsand three faculty orabout 36 essays everytwo weeks). This kindof interdisciplinaritywas not something thatI had ever trained for or

thought that I would be needed for! Asthe student who eventually got a C inEnglish comp in college, who wouldhave thought that I would become thegrader for this interdisciplinary classof students of numerous majors atUSD (natural science, social science,education including physical educa-tion, business, fine arts, and humani-ties). This opportunity has certainlydrawn out the “renaissance woman”aspects in this physiologist!

Traditionally, many basic biomed-ical scientists have been trained invery specific areas in the research lab-oratory as either graduate students orpostdoctoral fellows and then havebeen lucky enough to find academicpositions with varying requirementsfor teaching. Those of us trained as

Volume 55, No. 1 - February 2012www.the-aps.org

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Targeting Relevance:The Challenges of Interdisciplinary Teaching

and LearningBarbara E. Goodman

Arthur C. Guyton Educator of the Year 2011Sanford School of Medicine of the Univ. of South Dakota

INSIDE

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Barbara E. Goodman

Guyton Educator of the Year

Targeting Relevance: The Challenges of

Interdisciplinary Teaching

and Learning

Barbara E. Goodman 1

APS News

APS Council Holds Fall Council

Meeting in Jacksonville, FL 7

APS Ethical Standards

Reporting of Studies Using Animal

and Human Subjects in APS

Journals: How the Society Protects

Authors from Ethical Minefields

Bill Yates and Kim E. Barrett 8

Membership

New Regular Members 11

New Graduate Student Members 13

New Undergraduate Student

Members 14

Recently Deceased Member 14

New Affiliate Members 14

Education

APS Promotes Physiology to

Mid-Level Educators at National

Convention 15

APS Presents Awards for the Best

Physiology Projects at Local

Middle and High School Science

Fairs 16

People & Places

Rasgado-Flores Presents Lectures 16

Frontera Named Inaugural Chair 16

Mentoring Forum

Why and How to Get Involved

with the American Physiological

Society 17

Science Policy

APS Leadership Meets with

NIH Officials 19

IOM Offers More Guidelines

for Chimpanzee Research; NIH

to Review its Portfolio 19

Congress Finalizes FY 2012

Research Budgets 21

NIH to Adopt New Guide

January 1, 2012 21

AAALAC Announces

Implementation Plans for

the Guide 21

APS Comments on Managing

NIH Resources 22

APS Comments on the 21st

Century Bioeconomy 23

Senior Physiologists’ News 25

Current Calls for Papers 27

Experimental Biology

2012 Program 28

Wine Wizard 33

Meetings & Congresses 34

APS Membership Application 35

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Contents

The PhysiologistThe Physiologist

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systems physiologists may bemoan thefact that many of the younger cellularand molecular physiologists have aweak understanding of the physiologyof the whole organism. Thus, they maybe less secure in preparing to teachphysiology broadly than the systemsphysiologists have been. However, therealities of today’s curricula are thatoften times faculty are asked to teachin interdisciplinary blocks or courses.This not only challenges us to becomemore broadly trained physiologists andbiomedical scientists but also morebroadly trained scholars.

In 2009, the Association of AmericanMedical Colleges and Howard HughesMedical Institute released a report oftheir partnership to examine the natu-ral science competencies of graduatingphysicians by the Scientific Founda-tions for Future Physicians (SFFP)Committee that they formed includingeducators from small colleges, largeuniversities, and medical schools (1).One of the goals of the SFFP in regardsto premedical course requirements is toallow undergraduate institutions todevelop more interdisciplinary andintegrative science courses that willbreak down departmental barriers andfoster interdisciplinary approaches toscience education. This competency-based approach is designed to developentering medical students who aremore evenly prepared for the study ofmedicine and to allow medical schoolcurricula to concentrate more on thegrowing scientific knowledge needed forthe practice of medicine. Similarly, theCommittee on Undergraduate BiologyEducation to Prepare ResearchScientists for the 21st Century of theNational Research Council of theNational Academy of Science recog-nized in its 2003 Bio 2010 report onTransforming Undergraduate Educa-tion for Future Research Biologists thatadditional concepts in mathematics,physical, and information sciencesshould be emphasized in biology cours-es and life science examples should beused in mathematics and physical sci-ence courses (2). The report recom-mends that university administratorssupport the development of an interdis-ciplinary course in biology with collabo-ration between mathematics and sci-ence faculty. In addition in the reportof the 2009 national conference entitled“Vision and Change in UndergraduateBiology Education: A Call to Action”organized by the American Association

for the Advancement of Science withsupport from the National ScienceFoundation, four action items wereidentified: the need for integrating coreconcepts and competencies throughoutthe undergraduate science curriculum;the requirement for greater focus onstudent-centered learning; the mandate

to promote campus-wide curricula forchange; and the encouragement to fullyengage the biology community in imple-menting change (10). The Vision andChange report identifies several modelsof interdisciplinarity, including an evi-dence-based interdisciplinary approachto undergraduate biology educationincorporating concepts of physics,chemistry, and mathematics into biolo-gy courses and using case-studyapproaches that help to integratesocial, environmental, and ethical con-cerns into the life sciences (10).Furthermore, the SFFP committeebelieves that at both the level of under-graduate schools and of medicalschools, interdisciplinary approacheswill be important to these new direc-tions in science education (1). Thus,graduates of PhD programs in the bio-medical sciences who become futurefaculty will need to be able to expandtheir teaching personas to be able tocommunicate with diverse scholars andto develop courses far different from thedisciplines in which they were trained.

So why is there a growing emphasison interdisciplinary teaching and learn-ing? Research in cognition and instruc-tion has found that interdisciplinarylearning strongly enhances four differ-ent cognitive abilities (6). The first abil-ity that is fostered is recognizing andunderstanding alternate viewpoints. Itis easier for the learner to understandand analyze problems from differentpoints of view when exposed to differentperspectives during the learningprocess. The second ability strength-ened is being able to develop betterstructural knowledge of problems andbeing able to analyze them at a higherlevel of Bloom’s taxonomy (applying,analyzing, evaluating). The broaderunderstanding of the issues from inter-

disciplinary learning augments criticalthinking and the ability to learn at ahigher cognitive level. The third abilityenhanced is student integration of con-flicting insights from different disci-plines. Different interpretation ofissues by different disciplines expandsthe perspective of the learner in being

able to deal more knowledgeably withissues. The fourth ability strengthenedis helping students to develop an inter-disciplinary understanding of problemsand questions. Interdisciplinary learn-ers are better at evaluating how theylearn and what they learn. In summa-ry, the gains for students from interdis-ciplinary learning include a broaderunderstanding of the problem due to amore comprehensive and holistic treat-ment of key concepts, an advancementof metacognitive skills (knowing aboutknowing) and critical thinking, andability to integrate and assimilateknowledge transfer to other contexts(4). Thus, interdisciplinary learningleads to the strong critical thinking andwriting skills that are generally toutedas major goals of most teaching effortsin higher education.

Faculty members are being asked tobecome more involved in designing cur-ricula that are interdisciplinary andintegrative. The National Center forScience and Civic Engagement hassponsored Science Education for NewCivic Engagements and Responsibili-ties (SENCER) institutes since 2001 tosupport faculty curriculum initiativesthrough a National Science Founda-tion’s Course, Curriculum, andLaboratory Improvement Programnational dissemination track (7). TheUniv. of South Dakota sent a team of sixfaculty members to a SENCER summerinstitute in 2003 to design a new two-semester laboratory course for non-sci-ence majors on the theme of Science:The Core of Discovery based on theMissouri River Institute at USD andthe explorations of Lewis and Clark.The faculty team included a physiolo-gist (me), two chemists, a physicist, anhistorian, and a science education facul-ty member. The course was initially

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“Research in cognition and instruction hasfound that interdisciplinary learningstrongly enhances four different cognitiveabilities.”

designed to have two natural sciencefaculty members and a social sciencefaculty member team-teaching (not tag-team teaching) the course throughout

the semester. While the curriculum-design team spent many hours design-ing the student learning objectives, theteaching and learning activities, andthe student assessments, unfortunatelythe course was never offered due to bothequipment and faculty costs. The insti-tution found it to be not cost effective toallocate three faculty members forteaching one course.

The XDIS course mentioned abovewas designed by a team of approximate-ly a dozen faculty members from differ-ent disciplines over the summer toreplace a signature program at USDknown as IdEA (InterdisciplinaryEducation and Action). The IdEA pro-gram initially required students to takethree courses outside of their majorbased on a theme (generally a founda-tion course, a specialty course, and asmall enrollment capstone course withan action component: service learning,research, or creative activity). Over theyears, due to student dissatisfaction andthe large demand for faculty involve-ment, the program changed to requireonly the foundation and capstone cours-es. By the summer of 2010, the IdEAprogram had been disbanded and theXDIS course had been created. A newactive learning classroom for 108 stu-dents was built; 12 students sit at eachof nine U-shaped tables. Each table hasmonitors at the end that can projectindividual computers. Students aredivided into teams of six for the entiresemester and work together on severalprojects and numerous in-class discus-sions. While the XDIS course is stillevolving into a course that is lessdemanding on both the students and thefaculty, a decision was recently made bythe administration to cancel the coursein favor of the major programs offeringtheir own upper-level courses with therequirement for a research paper and aglobalization component.

Since I have been involved in the

XDIS course since its inception andhave now taught three semesters (withone more coming up spring 2012), Iwould like to mention some of the

advantages and disadvantages of thisapproach to truly interdisciplinaryteaching and learning. The primaryreality that XDIS has faced is that ourupper-class undergraduate studentsbelieve that any course (particularlyany required course) that does notapply directly to their major is a wasteof time. Thus, even though changeshave been made every semester tomake the course more palatable andmore useful to the students’ futurecareers, student course evaluationshave continued to be unfavorable. Thefirst semester of XDIS was facilitatedby a physiologist (me) and a politicalscientist (with a strong interest in neu-roscience). The topic was happinessand we had the students read cognitivepsychologist’s Daniel Gilbert’sStumbling on Happiness as the basisfor discussion and essays (3). Thesemester had too many essays andassignments to be written by studentsand graded by the faculty and havingthe students work in groups to write aresearch paper on some aspect of happi-ness was rather disastrous for achiev-ing a cohesive end product. Two issuesfor course evaluations were also theprevious student negative reputation ofthe IdEA program and the failure of thefaculty to convince the students thatworking together in cross-major groupswould really help them with skills thatthey need for jobs after college.

The second semester, I was pairedwith a philosophy professor who hadmajored in chemistry in college. We cutmany of the writing assignments butkept the same textbook and theme andstill required the groups to write agroup paper on happiness. Eventhough we kept mentioning skills thatthe students were learning that wouldbe useful to them in the future, theywere still not convinced that the coursewas worth their time. The third semes-ter, I was still paired with the philoso-

phy professor and we once again cutthe number of assignments as we insti-tuted a new pedagogy that has beenbetter received by some of the students.The course theme this semester wasbased on being able to evaluateresources to see if they are fact or fic-tion and no textbook was used. Theclass was divided into formal teamsand the principles of team-based learn-ing were being used including requir-ing readings before class followed byindividual and group readiness assess-ment tests (4). Each component of thecourse was much more carefully tied tothe overall goals of having the studentswrite an individual research paper andhaving them learn how to work ininterdisciplinary teams. After thereadiness assessment tests on themajor topics (finding and evaluatinginformation and arguments; ModernLanguage Association (MLA) rules andrelativism; writing, rhetoric, andPowerpoint; and teamwork, freedom,and compromise), the students in theclass voted on topics in the news to beinvestigated and discussed during classtime using online and providedresources (evolution, cutting state sup-port for education and increasingtuition, alcohol on Native Americanreservations, fashion, smoking on cam-pus, drinking age of 18 for 3.2% beer,etc.). While the course just finished,the students complained much less fre-quently this semester and were defi-nitely engaged in the discussions in theclassroom. Thus, it is possible thatmodifications in XDIS over the threesemesters may have made it a lessonerous requirement. However, in con-clusion, curricular changes need thesupport of an institution’s administra-tion to be given appropriate time toevaluate reasonable student outcomesto see if they have succeeded or failedin meeting their goals.

Interdisciplinary Medical Student Courses

In addition to encouraging interdisci-plinary teaching and learning efforts atthe undergraduate level, the SFFP sug-gests that faculty integrate the teach-ing of physical, chemical, mathemati-cal, and biological sciences in medicalschools through integrated, non-departmental approaches (1). TheLiaison Committee for MedicalEducation, the accrediting body for USmedical schools, has long been encour-aging increased active learning oppor-

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“.....curricular changes need the support ofan institution’s administration to be givenappropriate time to evaluate reasonable stu-dent outcomes to see if they have succeededor failed in meeting their goals.”

tunities for medical students includingcase-based and problem-based learningactivities to add clinical relevancy tothe foundational basic science informa-tion. Here at the Sanford School ofMedicine of the Univ. of South Dakota,we are in the middle of a curriculumreform that will result in merging thecourse material from the traditionalfirst two years of medical school (first-year courses based on normal, healthyhumans; second-year courses based onunhealthy humans) into about a year-and-a-half of two cores of foundationmaterial followed by system blocks thataddress the learning objectives former-ly found in physiology, histology, phar-macology, pathology, and microbiology.In this new curriculum, the facultyteams are required to offer no morethan 16 hours of lecture per week andto incorporate team-based, problem-based, and case-based learningapproaches to assist student learning.The students will also have weeklyopportunities throughout the 18months to participate in clinical experi-ences. While every basic science facul-ty member is aware that adding clini-cal relevance to one’s presentation tothe medical students is a must, thisintegrative interdisciplinary approachto facilitating learning is aimed atenhancing student learning by provid-ing obvious connections to their futurecareers the first time that medical stu-dents learn the material. The SanfordSchool of Medicine is a community-based medical school, and there are noclinical faculty members located on thebasic science campus while the clinicalcampuses are 25, 60 or 400 miles away.The new curriculum design effort isrequiring that teams of teaching facul-ty from the multiple disciplines includ-ed in each block talk with and plan theblocks in conjunction with clinical fac-ulty members. This has proven to be avery time-consuming endeavor.

Along with all of these stronglyencouraged changes in pre-medical andmedical curricula, the assessment toolsincluding the Medical CollegeAdmissions Test for undergraduates andthe US Medical Licensing Exam forfuture doctors have also been changing.The MR5 Committee (MR5: 5thComprehensive Review of the MedicalCollege Admission Test® (MCAT®))revising the MCAT has proposedchanges that will reflect changes in med-ical education (7). The test will evaluatestudent understanding of concepts in the

natural sciences generally taught in biol-ogy, general chemistry, organic chem-istry, physics, and biochemistry. There isa new second section on social andbehavioral sciences that will include con-cepts from introductory psychology, soci-ology, and behavioral sciences includingmental processes and behavior. The newthird section will require analysis ofinformation from passages from thesocial sciences and humanities whichmay address various issues such asethics and philosophy, cross-culturalstudies and population health. TheUSMLE Step 1 exam has already beenmodified to feature a number of integra-tive vignette-type questions to assist themedical students in blending the materi-al from a number of different disciplinestaught during the first two years of med-ical school. “Step 1 (of the USMLE) isconstructed from an integrated contentoutline that organizes basic science con-tent according to general principles andindividual organ systems” (9).

These varied experiences havetaught me several useful requirementsfor faculty members to consider beforebecoming involved in curricula reformand redesign. When one embarks oncurricular redesign projects, the cur-riculum team should be guaranteedsupport from the administration for theoutcomes of the project for at leastthree to five years after the design andimplementation phase. Financial com-mitments to the pedagogical and facul-ty requirements and support duringstudent adjustment to the new initia-tives must be solid in order to get pastthe early growth phases of the new cur-ricula. Furthermore, throughout one’shigher education career, faculty mem-bers from multiple disciplines andcareer paths need to be able to interactregularly to broaden everyone’s per-spectives on teaching and learning.When diverse faculty cannot speak thesame language of education, introduc-tion of interdisciplinary curricularchanges becomes much more difficult.One way to encourage faculty from dif-ferent disciplines to interact in educa-tional venues is to have strong admin-istrative support and appropriaterewards for faculty who commit extratime and effort into becoming outstand-ing teachers. Thus, time and effortspent sharing how to enhance studentlearning will be more valued by indi-vidual faculty and by their supervisors.Graduate students who are seekingcareers as future faculty should be

strongly encouraged to learn aboutteaching and to practice teaching whilestill graduate students or early post-doctoral fellows. These trainees shouldalso continue to relate to trainees fromother disciplines in order to gain anappreciation for the similarities anddifferences in approaches to teachingand learning. Trainees and junior fac-ulty should be challenged to participatein honors seminars and other topic-based courses outside of their disci-plines in order to maintain their broadundergraduate understandings of prob-lem solving to enhance their futureinterdisciplinary and integrative teach-ing. The professional scientists of thefuture may be required to teach topicsoutside of their discipline area withnon-science colleagues who approachscholarship in different ways.

Many physiologists are already beingrequired/encouraged to participate inthe design and implementation ofinterdisciplinary and integrative teach-ing and learning experiences withother natural science colleagues, aswell as social science and humanitiescolleagues in undergraduate programs.Some of the reasons behind theseendeavors involve attempts at improv-ing student learning and others involveexternal factors such as governing andaccreditation bodies. Various assess-ment tools are being developed andused to evaluate specific advances instudent cognitive learning due to inter-disciplinary teaching. In addition,many medical schools utilize variousactivities requiring team-based, prob-lem-based, and case-based learning toenhance the critical thinking and life-long learning skills of the future doc-tors. Thus, medical school physiolo-gists are also working closely with col-leagues in other biomedical science dis-ciplines and with clinicians to modifycurricula in medical schools. All ofthese initiatives support strong educa-tion/training in liberal arts for futurecareers as faculty members in manyinstitutional settings. Even the formerundergraduate chemistry majors mightfind themselves grading researchpapers written in the ModernLanguage Association (MLA) formatabout the deterrent effect of capitalpunishment vs. life in prison.Interdisciplinary teaching is clearlychallenging and requires willingnessamong faculty members to sometimessucceed and sometimes fail as oneattempts to approach student learning

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from multiple perspectives. Thus,assessment of student outcomes frominterdisciplinary and integrative teach-ing efforts is a must before new curric-ula are finalized.

It is a great honor for me to havebeen chosen the Arthur C. GuytonEducator of the Year for 2011. As anundergraduate chemistry major atDuke Univ., I initially planned on goingon to either medical or veterinaryschool. I was lucky enough to have awork-study job running the Egyptiansand rat breeding facility for noted ani-mal physiologist Knut Schmidt-Nielsenduring my sophomore through senioryears; however, I never had time totake a physiology course as an under-graduate. I had my first physiologycourse in 1973 at Auburn Univ. wherewe used Guyton’s Textbook of MedicalPhysiology as the required text. Thatcourse really turned me on to physiolo-gy! Based on these initial exposures tophysiology, I decided that what I really

wanted to be when I grew up was aphysiologist and not a practitioner.Thus, I began applying to PhD pro-grams in physiology and the rest is his-tory. Thank you Dr. Schmidt-Nielsenand Dr. Guyton! �

References1. AAMC-HHMI Scientific Founda-

tions for Future Physicians (Report ofthe AAMC-HHMI Committee), 2009(http://www.hhmi.org/grants/pdf/08-209_AAMC-HHMI_report.pdf).

2. BIO 2010: TransformingUndergraduate Education for FutureResearch Biologists, National AcademiesPress, Washington, DC, 2003.

3. Gilbert, Daniel. Stumbling onHappiness, Alfred A. Knopf, New York,NY, 2006.

4. Ivanitskaya, Lana, DeborahClark, George Montgomery, and RonaldPrimeau. Interdisciplinary Learning:Process and Outcomes. “InnovativeHigher Education” 27(2): 95-111, 2002.

5. Michaelsen, Larry K., ArlettaBauman Knight, and L. Dee Fink.Team-based Learning: A TransformativeUse of Small Groups in CollegeTeaching, Stylus Publishing, LLC., 2004.

6. Repko, Allen F. “AssessingInterdisciplinary Learning Outcomes,”Academic Exchange Quarterly, Fall2008.

7. Report of MR5 Committee.ht tp : / /www.aamc.org /mcat2015 ,12/15/2011.

8. Science Education for New CivicEngagements and Responsibilities.http://www.sencer.net.

9. USMLE. http://www.usmle.org/s t e p - 1 / # c o n t e n t - d e s c r i p t i o n ,12/15/2011.

10.Vision and Change inUndergraduate Biology Education: ACall to Action. AAAS and NSF,http://www.visionandchange.org/,12/23/2011.

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Plan Now to Attend APS Career Development Sessions at EB2012

Trainee Symposium: E-Media Tools for theProfessional Scientist (sponsored by the Trainee Advisory Committee)Organizers: Jennifer Bomberger and Erica Dale-NagleWednesday, April 25; 10:30 AM-12:30 PM

Using e-media to Find Funding OpportunitiesChristopher Dant (Dartmouth Univ.)

E-medial Tools for TeachingAaron Bunker (Morningside College)

Social Media in the Life SciencesKristy Meyer (Sigma-Aldrich)

Ethical Implications of Social MediaNatalie Brown (Happy Place Marketing)

Careers Symposium: Do I Need Another Degree?Organizers: John D. Imig and Sonya D. CoaxumMonday, April 23, 10:30 AM-12:30 PM

Benefits and Opportunities in Science for a JDDegree

Blair Taylor, (San Diego, CA)Opportunities in Academia for Scientists With anMBA degree

Matthew Kluger, (George Mason Univ.)Physiology and Public Health: What Can an MPHDegree Do?

Robert Carter III, (US Army)Public Policy and Career Opportunities inPhysiology

Sarah K. England (Univ. of Iowa)

Mentoring Symposium: Conflict Resolution: How toKeep Everyone Happy!Organizers: Roy L. Sutliff and Angela J. GrippoWednesday, April 25; 8:00-10:00 AM

Squashing SquabblesPatrick O. Smith (Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center)

Disagree and Advance Your Career: NonviolentApproaches for Dealing With Your Superior

Barbara A. Horwitz (Univ. of California, Davis)Overcoming Laboratory Disagreements From aTrainee Perspective

Jennifer Sasser (Univ. of Florida)

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The APS Council held their fall meet-ing at the Sawgrass Marriott in PonteVedra Beach, FL November 3-4, 2011.Council received reports from thePublications, Finance, Membership,Education, and other Committees. APSstaff members Marsha Matyas, RobertPrice, Alice Ra’anan, and Rita Schemanjoined the meeting to assist with thecommittee report presentations.

The Publications Committee reportedthat Gary Sieck, Mayo Clinic College ofMedicine, has been appointed as thenext Editor of Physiology. Dennis Brown,Editor, Physiological Reviews was reap-pointed for a second three-year term.

The Publications Committee reportedthat the 2010 Journal Impact Factors forPRV was 28.417, which was ranked high-est among all physiology journals (andone of the highest ranked among all bio-medical journals, at 6th place). TheCommittee also reported that AJP-Hearthas published 18 audio podcasts(http://ajpheart.physiology.org/) and AJP-Renal has published four audio podcasts(http://ajprenal.physiology.org/).

The Finance Committee presentedCouncil with the projected final 2011budget and the proposed 2012 budget,both of which were accepted andapproved by Council.

The Education Committee reportedthat the next Professional SkillsTraining Course will be held inJanuary 2012 and is entitled “Writingand Reviewing for Scientific Journals.”This four-day course teaches partici-pants about the manuscript writing,submitting, and reviewing processes as

participants receive critiques on theirfirst-author draft manuscripts. A newProfessional Skills course will be pre-sented in March—”Networking at aScientific Meeting.”

Based on a recommendation from theDaggs Award Committee, Councilapproved the selection of APS memberBarbara Horwitz, Univ. of California,Davis, as the 2012 Daggs Awardee. Shewill receive her award at the 2012 APSBusiness Meeting on Tuesday, April 24at EB12.

In January 2011, APS convened astrategic planning meeting with repre-sentation from the APS Council,Section Advisory Committee, TraineeAdvisory Committee, and APS staff.Based on the Strategic Plan Reportdeveloped from the meeting (http://www.the-aps.org/publications/tphys/tphys8x11.pdf), five task forces wereformed to address each key area identi-fied in the Strategic Plan report. Thefive task forces formed addressed thefollowing strategic priority areas: 1)develop strategies to strengthen theSociety’s publications in a changingworld; 2) enhance opportunities for sci-entific interaction and exchange; 3)actively work to attract, meet the needsof, engage, and retain membership sub-groups; 4) increase efforts to ensureawareness of, and advocacy for, the dis-cipline of physiology; and 5) increasethe exposure to physiology in life sci-ences and health sciences education.Each task force had an initial confer-ence call and presented a preliminaryreport to Council.

Additional details of the Council’s2011 fall meeting will be presented tothe membership at the 2012 APSBusiness Meeting. The BusinessMeeting will be held at EB12 onTuesday, April 24, at 6:00 PM in the SanDiego Convention Center. All APSmembers are encouraged to attend.

Council Action Items• Council approved the recommenda-tions of the Finance Committee accept-ing the 2011 estimated budget andapproved the 2012 proposed budget.• Council unanimously approved a rec-ommendation from the PublicationsCommittee to increase the honorariapaid to the Editor-in-Chief and theAssociate Editors of the APS journals.• Council unanimously approved amotion to transfer 26 regular membersto emeritus membership status.• Council unanimously approved theselection of Barbara Horwitz as the2012 Daggs Awardee.• Council unanimously approved sub-mitting a symposium proposal to theFEPS meeting as organized by APSPresident Joey Granger.• Council unanimously approved amotion to donate $10,000 to the FASEBcentennial fund to support FASEB’sadvocacy efforts.• Council unanimously approved amotion to maintain a US affiliationwith the IUPS and to pay $20,785 tothe IUPS to cover the Society’s share ofthe IUPS dues. �

APS News

Back Row (l-r): Ken Baldwin, Ann Schreihofer, Ida Llewellyn-Smith, Ron Lynch, John Chatham, JR Haywood,David Brooks, Alan Sved, Jane Reckelhoff, Thomas Pressley, Usha Raj, Jeff Sands. Front Row (sitting l-r): PamCarmines, Peter Wagner, Sue Barman, Joey Granger, Patricia Molina.

APS Council Holds Fall Council Meeting in Jacksonville, FL

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Why does APS care about ethicalstandards?

As a scholarly publisher, APS has aresponsibility to ensure not only thenovelty, but also the integrity of theresearch that is published in the pagesof our journals. Integrity of the scien-tific literature is vital for a number ofreasons. First, science is an iterativeprocess, and physiology is no exceptionto this rule. Thus, advances must reston the research that came before. If thelatter is untrustworthy for any reason,it may hamper our ability to move thefield forward and to uncover insightsinto the mechanisms of health and dis-ease. Second, many, if not most, physi-ologists are dependent on funding fromfederal and other sources to pursuetheir research goal. Often very sub-stantial sums are expended, and thetaxpayers that finance a considerableportion of biomedical research are enti-tled to expect application of the highestethical standards to the work that is sosupported. As the tangible end productof such funded research, papers pub-lished in APS and other journalsshould be beyond reproach. Third, inmany countries, federal, as well aslocal, regulations govern the conduct ofresearch, and especially the use of ani-mal and human subjects therein.

Animal subjects research is a particu-lar concern for the APS. Not only doesthe subject matter of physiology oftenmandate testing of our hypotheses inintegrative, such as animal, models, butthis imperative also makes the Society,and its publications, subject to specialscrutiny. Indeed, activist groups thatare vocal in their opposition to animalexperimentation routinely scan ourjournals to detect any studies that theyconsider may have been conductedusing inappropriate approaches. Theseissues have led the APS to be especiallyvigilant in ensuring that animal studiesare consistent with all appropriate poli-cies and standards.

Physiologists also often conductstudies using human subjects, be theypatients with a specific condition orhealthy volunteers. Even if studies areperformed in the context of routineclinical care and/or can be considered torepresent a minimal, if any, risk to the

subjects, it is still important that read-ers can appreciate that all appropriatemeasures were taken to protect thesubjects involved from risks both totheir safety and their privacy.However, for both human and animalexperimentation, the APS is usuallynot in a position to judge directlywhether the work reported is in accor-dance with appropriate standards andregulations. We rely heavily on theopinion of institutional bodies, particu-larly to explain the acceptability of thestudy in question in the local context.

APS’ ethical standards for experi-ments conducted on animal andhuman subjects

APS’ ethical standards for experi-ments performed on animals are artic-ulated in the “APS Guiding Principlesfor the Care and Use of VertebrateAnimals in Research and Training”(http://www.the-aps.org/pa/resources/policyStmnts/paPolicyStmnts_Guide.htm). These principles require that pro-cedures conducted on animal subjectsmust be prospectively approved by anoversight body such as an institutionalanimal care and use committee(IACUC), unless the laws in place inthe country where the research is per-formed specifically exclude the speciesutilized in the study. For example, in theUnited States, it is expected thatresearch conducted on vertebrate ani-mals will be approved by an IACUC priorto the work being initiated. APS requiresthat authors include a statement in theirmanuscript stipulating that the relevantoversight body approved the researchconducted on animals. Furthermore,APS requires that appropriate anesthet-ics be used during animal surgeries, andthat analgesics and/or other techniquesbe used to minimize discomfort and pain(including postsurgical pain) exceptwhen the intervention would compro-mise experimental goals. In such cases,the oversight body must specificallyapprove the exclusion of measures toalleviate pain. Furthermore, it is expect-ed that appropriate endpoints will beselected for the study, and that animalswill be humanely euthanized in accor-dance with the American VeterinaryMedical Association’s Guidelines on

Euthanasia prior to death related toexperimental manipulations. APS willonly publish experiments with death asan endpoint if euthanasia would compro-mise the experimental goals and theoversight body has specifically approvedthis exception.

Research on human subjects pub-lished in APS journals must conform tothe most recent revision of the WorldMedical Association’s “Declaration ofHelsinki—Ethical Principles forMedical Research Involving HumanSubjects” (http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/). Themost fundamental principle is respectfor the individual (Article 8), their rightto self-determination and the right tomake informed decisions (Articles 20,21 and 22) regarding participation inresearch, both initially and during thecourse of the research. Furthermore,the relevant ethics committee in thecountry where the work is conductedmust approve research performed onhuman subjects. In the United States,this ethics committee is called an“institutional review board” or IRB.APS expects authors to include a state-ment in their manuscript stating thatapproval of the ethics committee wasobtained before the work commenced.

Identification and review of ethi-cal issues related to research con-ducted on animal and human sub-jects

A reviewer, editor, or staff member inthe Publications Office can identifypotential ethical concerns related to ani-mal or human subjects research in amanuscript submitted to an APS jour-nal (or indeed, one that has alreadyappeared in print). These concerns arethen brought to the attention of theEditor-in Chief of the journal, who isrequired to inform the Chair or Vice-Chair of the APS PublicationsCommittee as well as the APS EthicsOfficer. The latter two individuals man-age any needed investigation arisingfrom the initial concern. At this point,review of a submitted manuscript is sus-pended until the ethical concern isresolved. Typically the Ethics Officerconsults confidentially with experts todetermine the validity of the concern;

APS Ethical StandardsReporting of Studies Using Animal and Human Subjects in APS Journals:

How the Society Protects Authors from Ethical MinefieldsBill Yates, Department of Otolaryngology, Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA

and Kim E. Barrett, Department of Medicine, Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA

the Chair of the APS Animal Care andExperimentation Committee is involvedwhen concerns relate to the use of ani-mals in a study. The most common issuethat triggers an ethical review is omis-sion of a statement that the work wasreviewed and approved by the relevantoversight committee. Concerns havealso been raised about animal studiesthat failed to adequately describe anes-thetics used during surgery or anal-gesics administered to relieve postsurgi-cal pain, as well as studies that useddeath as an endpoint. Other possibleissues that may trigger an ethicalreview of studies on animals are the useof prolonged restraint or atypical hous-ing or husbandry conditions.

In some cases, the concern is rapidlydismissed because it is determined tobe erroneous. For example, if concernswere raised by a reviewer about thelack of IACUC approval for a studyconducted on Drosophila in the UnitedStates, the concern would be dismissedbecause the use of this invertebratespecies is not regulated. In other cases,the concern is relayed to the authors,who are asked to address the issue.For instance, if the use of postsurgicalanalgesia was not described in themanuscript, the authors may bequeried about this omission. If it isdetermined that the concern was relat-ed to an insufficient level of detail indescribing procedures that were con-ducted, such as the omission of adescription of the postsurgical care ofanimals, the authors are asked torevise the paper to clarify preciselyhow the study was conducted. In somecircumstances, authors may be askedto submit a copy of their protocolapproved by the oversight body or aletter from the director of the oversightbody (e.g., the Chair of an IACUC) toverify their assertions that the proce-dures had been prospectivelyapproved. It is common for APS torequest such verification for studiesemploying death as an endpoint, stud-ies that excluded postsurgical analge-sia, or those that incorporated non-standard procedures such as prolongedrestraint. Documentation provided byan author is handled confidentially,and is never released to a third party.Once APS is satisfied that the studywas conducted ethically and in accor-dance with procedures approved by theoversight body, the scientific peerreview of the manuscript will continue.

Minimizing the risk of an ethicalconcern being identified regard-ing procedures conducted on ani-mal and human subjects

It is understandably distressing foran author to be questioned about theprocedures that he/she has employed inworking with animal or human sub-jects. However, in the vast majority ofcases, ethical concerns raised duringthe review of a manuscript submittedto an APS journal are dismissedbecause it is determined that the prob-lem was related to an inadequate orincomplete description of the relevantprocedures. As noted above, an ethicalreview is automatically triggered if rel-evant manuscripts fail to include astatement indicating that the appropri-ate oversight body approved the work.Thus, most ethical concerns can beavoided by disclosing salient informa-tion. For example, when reporting astudy conducted on animals, all phar-maceutical agents that were adminis-tered, including pre- and post-operativetreatments, should be indicated, andthe time course of treatment should bedescribed. Any nonpharmaceuticalmethods used to alleviate pain and dis-tress, such as gradual acclimation forstudies involving restraint, should alsobe discussed. A complete descriptionof the method-ology used dur-ing a study,including tech-niques includ-ed to assureanimal welfare,will allay mostpotential ethi-cal concerns ofreviewers, edi-tors, and read-ers. Of course,this will alsopermit othersto repeat thework or buildupon it. If astudy includesnon-standardprocedures con-ducted on ani-mal or humansubjects, it isprudent to con-sult with thejournal editorprior to sub-mission of themanuscript for

advice on how to describe the work, aswell as assurances that can be prospec-tively provided to avoid ethical con-cerns that could be raised during thereview process.

Possible sanctions when ethicalproblems are identified

In rare cases, concerns are not allevi-ated following consultation with theauthors of a submitted or publishedmanuscript, despite the receipt of ani-mal or human protocols and supportinginformation. In these cases, the APShas reason to believe that the studiesreported were not in compliance withAPS guiding principles and/or the legalframework that regulates such studiesin the country or countries where thework was completed. Under these cir-cumstances, the APS usually has alegal, as well as a moral, obligation topursue the investigation further,including by directly communicatingwith the relevant authorities at theinstitution(s) where the work was com-pleted. An example of such a situationwould be when the manuscript speci-fies that a particular technique ortreatment was employed,but a reviewof the protocol reveals that the use ofthe technique was not approved by theIACUC, IRB or equivalent. Discovery

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012APS Ethical Standards

Make Plans Now to Attend the Refresher Course at EB2012

2012 Refresher Course on EndocrinologySponsored by APS Education CommitteeOrganizers: Clintoria Williams, and MichaelRyanSaturday, April 21; 8:00 AM-12:00 PM

Brain-Gut InteractionsShanthi Srinivasan, (Emory Univ.)

Adipocyte-Islet InteractionsTBD

Islet-Brain InteractionsStephan C. Woods, (Univ. of Cincinnati)

Mechanisms of Current Drug Therapies inDiabetes

Peter M. Thule, (Emory Univ./Atlanta VAMedical Center)

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012

of such an infraction may prompt rejec-tion of the manuscript in question ifstill under review, or retraction if thepaper has been published. In severecases, the APS may choose to sanctionthe authors involved by imposing a banon submissions from the authors, aswell as the ability to serve as a review-er, for any APS journal for a specifiedperiod (typically one to two years).While punitive, these measures protectboth the society, as well as the integri-ty of the literature we publish, and canbe an important proactive measure indeflecting the attentions of animalrights activists.

Why APS’ strict adherence to ethi-cal guidelines benefits authors

Authors react to questions abouttheir animal and human subjects pro-tocols with a range of emotions rangingfrom mild dismay to considerable angerand indignation. However, it is impor-tant to remember that our proceduresprotect not only the APS and its publi-

cations, but also the authors them-selves. Particularly in the case of sim-ple errors and omissions, an ounce ofprevention in terms of clarifying thework actually performed can easilyavoid many pounds of grief when read-ers or, worse, activists and/or the mediaraise concerns about the work once it isin the public arena. In our view,authors should be reassured by the factthat APS so carefully scrutinizes man-uscripts for their compliance with ourpolicies before the work has appearedin print. While we cannot catch every-thing, the combined review by editors,peer reviewers, editorial staff and copy-editors, and members of thePublications and/or Animal Care andExperimentation Committees repre-sents a powerful approach to avoidingat best embarrassment, and at worstlegal challenges. Inquiries can likewiserepresent a useful trigger to initiate aconversation with students andtrainees about standards for conduct-ing and reporting work with human or

animal subjects. Even if a more seriousissue is identified that leads ultimatelyto rejection and/or sanctions, it is farpreferable to relay this to one’s institu-tion in a timely fashion, such that cor-rections to process can be made andany liability for repayment of federalfunds that may have supported unap-proved research can promptly beaddressed without penalties.Certainly, those charged with researchcompliance within an institution, if notthe authors themselves, should begrateful for an early warning of loom-ing problems.

Bill Yates is Chair of the APS AnimalCare and Experimentation Committee.

Kim Barrett is the former Chair andcurrent Vice-Chair of the APS

Publications Committee.

APS Ethical Standards

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012

Hanna E. AbboudUniv. of Texas HSC, San Antonio

Christine Marie AdreaniMerck, Rahway, NJ

Eitaro AiharaUniv. of Cincinnati, OH

Takayuki AkimotoUniv. of Tokyo, Japan

Ugur AksuIstanbul Univ., Turkey

Mike AlthausJustus-Liebig Univ., Germany

Amy C. Arnold*Vanderbilt Univ., TN

Duncan AstleUniv. of London, UK

Joseph AvruchMassachusetts Gen. Hospital, Boston

Alaa S. AwadPenn State College of Med.

Pooneh BagherUniv. of Oxford, UK

Rodrigo BarrosUniv. of Houston, TX

Aaron BeedleUniv. of Georgia

Ralph BeitelUniv. of California, San Francisco

Graziela Torres BlanchFoar/Unesp, Araraquara, Brazil

Thane BlinmanChildren’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA

Victoria M. BolotinaBoston Univ., School of Medicine, MA

Konstantin BolshakovSt. Petersburg Univ., Russian Fed.

Farran BriggsDartmouth Med. School, Lebanon, NH

Grant ButtUniv. of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Jennifer CannonAugusta State Univ., GA

Brian Ernest CarlsonMedical College of Wisconsin

Maile L. Ceridon*Navy, Pensacola, FL

Bomee ChungGerman Inst. of Human Nutrition

Caroline CobineUniv. of Nevada School of Med., Reno

Scott Thomas CooperUniv. of Wisconsin, La Crosse

Howard E. CoreyGoryeb Children’s Hosp., NJ

Albert Guy Crenshaw Ctr. for Musculoskeletal Res., Sweden

Adrian Gerard CumminsThe Queen Elizabeth Hosp.,Woodville South, Australia

Traci A. CzyzykMayo Clinic of Arizona, Scottsdale

Louise DeldicqueKuleuven, Heverlee, Belgium

Seth D. DepuyUniv. of Virginia, Charlottesville

C. Forbes DeweyMassachusetts Inst. Tech., Cambridge

Vibhu Dhawan Univ. of Missouri, Columbia

Edgar A. DiazHarvard Univ., Boston, MA

Gary DiffeeUniv. of of Wisconsin, Madison

Michael Edward DisantoRowan Univ., Camden, NJ

Paul James DonaldsonUniv. of Auckland, New Zealand

Micah John DrummondUniv. of Utah

David Joseph DurganBaylor College of Med., Houston, TX

Katerina DvorakUniv. of Arizona, Tucson

John Michael Eme*Univ. of North Texas, Denton

Yun FanUniv. of North Texas, Fort Worth

Melissa FarnhamMacquarie Univ., NSW, Australia

Fabeha FazalUniv. of Rochester Med. Center, NY

Nadeem FazalChicago State Univ., IL

Luciano Gonçalves FernandesUniv. Fed. Rural Do Rio De Janeiro,Brazil

Mark R. FreyChildren’s Hosp., Los Angeles, CA

Bingmei M. FuCity College of New York, NY

Naoto FujiiUniv. of Oregon

Vijay Chaitanya GantaLouisiana State Univ., Shreveport

Rohit GargHosp. for Special Surgery, New York

Mary Grace GarryUniv. of Minnesota

Donald Paul GaverTulane Univ., New Orleans, LA

Nicholas Warren GilpinLouisiana State Univ., HSC

Gilles GouspillouMcGill Univ., Montreal, Canada

Megan Michelle Greenlee*Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA

Sarah GreisingMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN

Jaime N. GuzmanNorthwestern Univ., Chicago, IL

David Lee HamiltonUniv. of Dundee, UK

Hai-Chao HanUniv. of Texas, San Antonio

Erik Daniel Hanson*Victoria Univ., Melbourne, VIC,Australia

Qi HaoUniv. of California, San Francisco

Emma C. HartUniv. of Britsol, UK

Sarah HaskellUniv. of Iowa

Claudie M. HecquetUniv. of Illinois, Chicago

Mark H. HistedHarvard Med. School, Boston, MA

Adrianne HuxtableUniv. of Wisconsin, Madison

Vincent IgbokweUsmanu Danfodio Univ., Nigeria

Eghosa Edorisiagbon IyareUniv. of Nigeria, Enugu

Janna JacksonUniv. of Kentucky, Lexington

Chunhua JinGeorgia Health Scis. Univ., Augusta

Francois JouretYale Univ., New Haven, CT

Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana*St. Jude Childrens’ Res. Hosp.,Memphis, TN

Noriaki KawanishiWaseda Univ., Tokorozawa, Saitama,Japan

Michelle E. KimpleUniv. of Wisconsin, Madison

Sarah F. KnightEmory Univ., Atlanta, GA

Tsuneo KobayashiHoshi Univ., Tokyo, Japan

Maarten KoenersUniv. of Auckland, New Zealand

Aikaterini Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore, MD

Vyacheslav A. KorshunovAab Cardio. Res. Inst., Rochester, NY

MembershipNew Regular Members

*transferred from student membership

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012

Shane Edward KruseUniv. of Washington, Seattle

Narendra KumarTexas A&M HSC, Kingsville

Irena LevitanUniv. of Illinois, Chicago

Huihua LiUniv. of Pittsburgh, PA

Guohua LiangUniv. of Tennessee, Memphis

Daohong LinNew York Med. College, Valhalla, NY

David LindenCardiff Univ., Wales, UK

Silu LuUniv. of Mississippi Med. Ctr.

Madison MachtUniv. of Colorado

Rodrigo Oscar MaranonUniv. of Mississippi Med. Ctr.

Jeffrey Steven MartinUniv. of Missouri, Columbia

Tom MathesonUniv. of Leicester, UK

Louis M. Mattar*Western Washington Univ.

Maureen Ann McCallUniv. of Louisville, KY

Kevin L. McIntireVA Palo Alto HCS/Stanford Univ., CA

Raymond Quezon MigrinoPhoenix VA HCS, Phoenix, AZ

Casey A. MuellerUniv. of North Texas, Denton

Daniel K. MulkeyUniv. of Connecticut, Storrs

Gordon MurdochUniv. of Idaho, Moscow

Laszlo NagyUniv. of Debrecen, Hungary

Noriah Mohd NoorInt’l. Islamic Univ., Malaysia, Kuantan

Rossana MorabitoUniv. of Messina, Italy

Peter NeriAberdeen Univ., UK

Timothy John NessUniv. of Alabama, Birmingham

Horacio Javier NovairaJohns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD

Rossana OcchipintiCase Western Reserve Univ., OH

Ken D. O’HalloranUniv. College of Cork, Ireland

Marina Politi OkoshiFac. De Med. De Botucatu, Brazil

Elizabeth B. Oliveira-Sales*Federal Univ. of Sao Paulo, Brazil

M. Cecilia Ortiz-CapisanoHenry Ford Hosp., Detroit, MI

Tim Daniel OstrowskiUniv. of Missouri, Columbia

Ana Taveiros PaleiUniv. of Mississippi Med. Ctr., Jackson

Alexander PaliegeCharite, Univ. of Berlin, Germany

Matthew Pamenter*Univ. of California, San Diego, CA

Mark D. ParkerCase Western Reserve Univ., OH

Ranjana PatnaikI.T.B.H.U., Varanasi, India

Hongmei PengHenry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI

Laurent PerrinetCNRS UMR 6193, Marseille, France

Gregg Alan PharesWest Chester Univ., PA

Raffaele PillaUniv. of South Florida, Tampa

Stefany PrimeauxLouisana State Univ., New Orleans

Igor PrudovskyMaine Med. Ctr., Scarborough

Wei QiUniv. of Calgary, Canada

Raheleh Rahimi DarabadKentucky Lions Eye Center

Irfan RahmanUniv. of Rocheser, NY

Senthilkumar RajagopalVirginia Commonwealth Univ.

Gangaraju RajashekharIndiana Univ., Indianapolis

Dhwajbahadur RawatUniv. of South Alabama, Mobile

Stephen RobertsCentral Michigan Univ., Mt Pleasant

Jean-Sébastien Marie-Pierre RougierUniv. of Bern, Switzerland

Zahra SadraiSchepens Eye Research Inst., MA

Katherine SaulWake Forest Sch. Med., NC

David Andrew SelfFAA/Civil Aerospace Med. Inst., OK

Eric Shea-BrownUniv. of Washington, Seattle

Blythe D. ShepardJohns Hopkins Univ., MD

Ekaterina ShumilinaUniv. of Tuebingen, Germany

Patricia SilveyraPenn State College of Med., Hershey

Itender SinghUniv. of Rochester, NY

Tripat D. Singh*Pondicherry Inst. of Med. Sci., India

Natasha T. SniderUniv. of Michigan

Swapnil K. SonkusareUniv. of Vermont, Burlington

Donna Beer StolzUniv. of Pittsburgh, PA

Sri SumartiningsihSemarang State Univ., Indonesia

Anne E. TakesianChildren’s Hospital/Harvard Univ., MA

Cheng-Hao TangNat’l Museum Marine Biol and Aquarium, Taiwan

Shiue-Cheng TangNational Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu,Taiwan

Carlos A. Torres-RamosUniv. of Puerto Rico, San Juan

Aaron J. Trask*Nationwide Children’s Hospital, OH

Daniel W. Trott*Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN

Yung-Che TsengNational Taiwan Normal Univ.

Patricia Garramuno VallesUniv. Cuyo Sch. Med., Argentina

Christa Van DortMassachusetts Gen. Hosp., Cambridge

Stephen David Van HooserBrandeis Univ., Waltham, MA

Lisa VanhooseUniv. of Kansas

Ananth Kesav VellimanaWashington Univ., Saint Louis, MO

Leucio Duarte Vieira-FilhoUniv. Fed. De Pernambuco, Brazil

Yanxia WangUniv. of North Texas HSC, Fort Worth

Christopher R. WeberUniv. of Chicago, IL

Ed WhiteUniv. of Leeds, UK

Jeremiah WinterEmmanuel College,Franklin Springs, GA

Trudy L. WittGermanna Community College, VA

Andrew WolfeJohns Hopkins Univ., MD

Sheng WuJohns Hopkins Univ., MD

Hisao YamamuraNagoya City Univ., Japan

Ming YangUniv. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Zung Fan YuanTzu Chi Univ., Hualien, Taiwan

Mozow YusofUniv. of Missouri, Columbia

Membership

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012

Thales Biffe AlvesFederal Univ., Sao Paulo, Brazil

Nathan Andrew BaertschUniv. of Wisconsin, Madison

Bhavisha Bakrania Griffith Univ., Australia

Christopher T. Banek Univ. of Oregon

Megan Elizabeth Barron Univ. of California, San Diego

Elaine Barry Univ. College, Cork, Ireland

Urmi Basu Univ. of Nebraska Med. Ctr.

Jacob E. Bermudez Univ. of Michigan

Michal Bohdanowicz Hospital for Sick Children, Canada

Adam J. Bree Univ. of Michigan

Richard Michael Bruce Univ. of Birmingham, AL

Anna Busija Univ. of California, San Diego

Gail Butler Univ. of Michigan

Sandra CarvalhoInst. for Molec. and Cell. Bio., Portugal

Debora De Carvalho Univ. Estadual Paulista, Brazil

Eileen I. Chang Univ. of Florida

Aarti Rajeev Chawla Indiana Univ.

Erica N. Chirico Univ. of Claude Bernard, France

Liang-Hu ChuJohns Hopkins Univ., MD

John ClemmerUniv. of Mississippi Med. Ctr.

Daniel M. Collier Univ. of Iowa

Amy Elizabeth CollinsTulane Univ., LA

Randy Ferrell Crossland Baylor College of Med., TX

Suman Dalal East Tennessee State Univ.

Christopher Daniels East Tennessee State Univ.

Annwesa P. Dasgupta Purdue Univ., IN

Michelle Dawes Texas A&M Univ.

Matthew Scott Dicken Colorado State Univ.

William T. Donnelly Dartmouth College, NH

Joshua C. DrakeColorado State Univ.

Wenting DuGeorgia Health Sci. Univ.

Lívia Pegoraro Espinha Univ. Estadual Paulista, Brazil

Louise EvansCentre for Cardiovascular Sci., UK

Ibra Seaphus Fancher IVWest Virginia Univ.

Erin FergusonUniv. of Calgary, Canada

Lissett J. Fernandez RodriguezPrivate Univ., Antenor Orrego, Peru

Brandon Michael FranklinUniv. of Kentucky

María Alejandra GandiniNatl. Polytechnic Inst., Mexico

Daniel Dennis GardnerCentral Michigan Univ.

Emily Lane Gilbert Univ. of Mississippi

Allison Gilder Yale Univ., CT

Benoit R. Gonzales UPFR of Sports Besancon, France

Velmurugan Gopal Viswanathan Rosalind Franklin Univ., IL

Harry Sebastian GriffinUniv. of Birmingham, UK

Luzmarina Guerrero EspinoNat’l Univ., Trujillo, Peru

Rabih HaddadUniv. of Arkansas

Bradley Hammond Michigan State Univ.

Osama Harraz Univ. of Calgary, Canada

Ronee Harvey Mayo Clinic, MN

Paul M. Holloway Imperial College, London, UK

Bryan Holtz Univ. of Michigan

Patrick Steven Hosford Univ. College, London, UK

Luqia HouUniv. of Michigan

Robert William Hunter Univ. of Edinburgh, UK

Jennifer Iddings Georgia Health Sci. Univ.

Waseem Iqbal Univ. of Western Ontario

Evan C. Johnson Univ. of Connecticut

George Emmanuel Jules Meharry Medical College, TN

John George Kmetz Kent State Univ., OH

Meredith C. Kohr Indiana Univ.

Jessica Leigh Kutz Penn State Univ.

Mia-Young KwakTulane Univ., LA

Thomas Larocca Univ. of Colorado

Joshua F. Lee Univ. of Texas, Austin

Ningjing Li Darmouth College, NH

Luana Tenorio LopesSao Paulo Univ., Brazil

Ana Ludke Inst. of Cardio. Sci., Canada

Bharath ManiLoyola Univ., Chicago, IL

Fernanda Ribeiro MarinsFed. Univ. Minas Gerais, Brazil

Cintia Yuri Matsumura Univ. Estad. De Campinas, Brazil

Shruti MarwahaUniv. of Cincinnati, OH

Takashi MatsuiUniv. of Tsukuba

Evan Lee Matthews,Univ. of Delaware

Kimber Mattox Univ. of Oregon

Cameron McCarthy Georgia Health Scis. Univ.

Danielle J. McCullough Univ. of Florida

Joel Ryan McDadeUniv. of Michigan

Mikaela Lee McKenney Indiana Univ.

Neal McNeal Northern Illinois Univ.

Robert Ian MenziesUniv. of Edinburgh, UK

Scott MessengerUniv. of Western Ontario

Justin R. Miller Medical College of Wisconsin

Domagoj MladinovMedical College of Wisconsin

DAVI José De Almeida Moraes Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil

Juan Humberto Morales Univ. Autonoma De San Luis, Mexico

Jonathan Carl Mowers Univ. of Michigan

Nicole Elizabeth Moyen California State Univ., Fullerton

Patricio E. Mujica UMDNJ, NJ

Kenjiro Muta Saga Univ., IA

Shivaprakash Jagalur MuttOulu Univ., Finland

Isaac Naggar Brandeis Univ., MA

Nithya Narayanan Univ. of Louisville, KY

Regina K. NelsonUniv. of Wisconsin, Madison

MembershipNew Graduate Student Members

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012

Naveen Kumar Neradugomma Univ. of Kansas

Erika Emy Nishi Univ. Fed. De São Paulo, Brazil

Benjamin Nissen Univ. of Colorado

Donald James NobleEmory Univ., Georgia

Kelly Anne O’Connell Univ. of Maryland

Masahiro Okamoto Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan

Sara Olenich West Virginia Univ.

Rebecca ÖlkrugPhilipps-Univ., Marburg, Germany

Brannan Elizabeth O’Neill Emory Univ., Georgia

Garrett Lee Peltonen Colorado State Univ.

Isha Pradhan West Virginia Univ.

Priyanka Prathipati Univ. of Louisiana, Monroe

Carolyn Elisabeth Pritchett Penn State Univ.

Arron Thomas ProwettA.T. Still Univ., AZ

Manku Rana Simon Fraser Univ., Canada

Valerie ReevesUniv. of Kentucky

Ebony Renee Washington Remus Emory Univ., GA

Danielle Judith Reuland Colorado State Univ.

Jennifer Phyllis Richards St. Louis Univ., MO

Adam B. Robinson Brigham & Young Univ., UT

Sandra Isabel Rosado Iowa State Univ.

Nathan Rudemiller Med. College of Wisconsin

Shagdarsuren Saindelger ACH Medical Institute, Mongolia

Eva-Karin Sara Sallstedt Karolinska Inst., Sweden

Mohamed SamhanUniv. of Calgary, Canada

Joseph Santin Wright State Univ., Ohio

Rebecca Lynn ScalzoColorado State Univ.

Melissa Scroggin Louisiana State Univ.

Young Ah SeoPennsylvania State Univ.

Jiajie ShanMcGill Univ., Canada

Kadambari Chandra Shekar Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore

Ryan SheldonPurdue Univ., IN

Caroline Gusson Shimoura Federal Univ. of São Paulo, Brazil

Sayantani SinhaKent State Univ., OH

Darcee SlobodaUniv. of Michigan

Helen Smith Imperial College, London, UK

Stephanie Michelle Crader Smith Univ. of Wisconsin

Esther A Solymosi Charité, Germany

Frances Louise Soman Wright State Univ., OH

Jenny Sones Cornell Univ., NY

Iris Ann SpeigelEmory Univ., Georgia

Emily Stoops Yale Univ., CT

Ayesha SultanHannover Med. Sch., Germany

Imtiyaz Thagia,Lancaster Univ., UK

Fanny Toussaint Univ. of Montreal, Canada

Maeran Uhm Univ. of Michigan

C.J. Urso Montclair St. Univ., NJ

Charlotte W. Usselman Univ. of Western Ontario, Canada

Anna VainshteinYork Univ., Canada

Glaucia Raquel Luciano Veiga Fed. Univ. of São Paulo, Brazil

Markus Velten Wilhelms-Univ., Germany

Anand Venugopal Univ. of Kansas

Jeremy James Walsh Queen’s Univ., Canada

Joshua Wardwell Northern Illinois Univ.

Mia Ydfors Karolinska Inst., Sweden

Yuan Ying Univ. of Nebraska Med. Ctr.

Kathryn YoungBaylor Univ., TX

Hanpo Yu St. Michael’s Hospital, Canada

Zhichao Zhou Erasmus Med. Ctr., Netherlands

Membership

New Undergraduate Student Members

Kari M. Echtenkamp Univ. of Nebraska

Tiffany Kayan Juan Arizona State Univ.

Dae Kang Univ. of California, San Diego

Daniel Kurz Rutgers Univ., NJ

Dane Larson Morningside College, IA

Emily C. NessCarleton College, Birmingham, AL

Elizabeth O’Meara CA Polytech., Univ. San Luis Obispo

Egor Parkhomenko York Univ., UK

Gregory Solis Scripps Research Inst., CA

Ying Yang Colorado State Univ.

Norma K. AlkjaersigSt. Louis, MO

John W. EcksteinIowa City, IA

Findlay E. RussellTucson, AZ

Allen M. ScherSeattle, WA

John T. ShepherdMinneapolis, MN

Brian J. WhippPwoys, UK

Benjamin T. Lackey BTL & Associates, Inc., OH

Guangrong LuTexas A&M Health Sci. Ctr.

New Affiliate MembersRecently Deceased Members

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012

The APS highlighted physiology formiddle school science teachers andadministrators at the annual NationalMiddle School Association/Associationof Middle Level Education(NMSA/AMLE) Conference that washeld in Louisville, KY November 10-12.This was the first time for an APS pres-ence at this conference attended byover 4,000 teachers, administrators,and counselors from across the country.The APS Booth was extremely busyand well received with many questionsabout the Frontiers Program, the

Archive, and Careers material.APS member Jeff C. Falcone, Univ.

ersity of Louisville Department ofPhysiology and Biophysics helped leada hands-on workshop with MargaretShain, Project Coordinator, and TonyaSmith (2004 Frontiers ResearchTeacher) that gave teachers the oppor-tunity to explore the digestive systemin a new and exciting way. Teacherswere challenged to build a digestivesystem using only household items in ateacher developed unit, JunkyardDigestion (Diana Hill, 2002). The

standing room only crowd used therubric to rate each of the systems out-puts in a competitive and fun closingactivity. Jeff then challenged teachersto critique what part of the digestivesystem failed modeling the questioningtechniques that help students in upperlevel thinking strategies. Teacherreviews of the workshop were excellentand commented on the need for morehands on learning workshops thathelped teachers understand inquiryteaching methods. ��

EducationAPS Promotes Physiology to Mid-Level Educators at National Convention

Tonya Smith (2004 Frontiers Teacher) manned thebusy booth at the NMSA National Conference inLouisville, KY.

Jeff Falcone, Univ. of Louisville Dept. of Physiologyand Biophysics, questions teachers on their designmethod during the Junkyard Digestions Workshop, atthe NMSA Conference in Louisville, KY.

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APS members continue to judgeand present Science Fair Awards onbehalf of the APS at local and region-al science fairs for precollege stu-dents across the nation. The studentselected to have the best physiology-

related project receives an APS t-shirt, an APS researcher pin, and acertificate. The student’s teacherreceives the APS Women LifeScientists book and a K-12 resourcepacket.

Any APS member who participatesas a judge in a local or regional sciencefair at an elementary, middle, or highschool in their community is eligible toapply and receive an APS award pack-et. For more information, visit:http://www.the-aps.org/education/sci-encefair/index.htm or contact ScarlettaWhitsett (swhitsett@the-aps.org) in theAPS Education Office.

Daniel Alborn, an eighth grader atHoward Bishop Middle School inGainesville, FL, received an APS awardfor the best physiology project at theschool’s science fair. APS memberDeborah Scheuer of the Univ. of Floridawas the judge who presented theaward. Daniel’s project, “Investigatingthe Honeybees Sensory CapabilitiesUsing their Ability to Learn,” was alsoselected to present at the regional sci-ence fair. The teachers and sponsorswere Dr. Doherty and Mr. Jost.

James Kalan, a fifth grader at PrestonHollow Elementary School in Dallas, TXreceived an APS award for the bestphysiology project at the Preston HollowElementary School Science Fair. APSmember Connie Hsia of the Univ. ofTexas Southwestern Medical Centerwas the judge who presented the award.James’ project, “The Status of StatusQuo,” tested which type of music wouldassist people in memorizing a set ofnumbers better. The teacher and spon-sor is Dawn Pratt. �

EducationAPS Presents Awards for the Best Physiology Projects

at Local Middle and High School Science Fairs

APS member Deborah Scheuer presented an APS Science Fair award toDaniel Alborn at the Howard Bishop Science Fair. Pictured are Dr. Doherty(head of Science Fair), Deborah Scheuer, Daniel Alborn, Mr. Jost (Daniel’steacher) and Mr. Lynch, another science teacher who helps run the fair.

Rasgado-Flores PresentsLectures

Hector Rasgado-Flores, AssociateProfessor of the Department ofPhysiology and Biophysics of theRosalind Franklin University in NorthChicago imparted the 2011 SantiagoRamon y Cajal lectures at the School ofMedicine of the National AutonomousUniv. in Mexico City. He gave three con-cert/lectures entitled “Brain, Music andSense.” The lectures explored whymusic is such a powerful mood modifi-er, and the connections between mathe-matics, creativity, discovery, language,neurotransmitters and music.

Frontera NamedInaugural Chair

Walter Frontera, has been named theinaugural chair of Vanderbilt Univ.Medical Center’s newly createdDepartment of Physical Medicine andRehabilitation. He will join VUMC onApril 1, 2012. From 2006 through 2011,Frontera was professor of PhysicalMedicine and Rehabilitation at theUniv. of Puerto Rico (UPR), and servedas dean of the Faculty of Medicine.Currently, he is principal investigatorfor the Puerto Rico Clinical andTranslational Research Consortium.http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/reporter/index.html?ID=11674.

Flix R. Shardonofsky is ProfessorPediatrics in the Div. of PediatricRespiratory Medicine, Scott and WhiteChildren’s Hospital, Temple, TX. Priorto this move, Shardonofsky wasProfessor of Pediatrics at the Univ. ofTexas Health Sciences Center,Houston, TX.

Phyllis M. Wise is now VicePresident, Univ. of Illinois andChancellor, Champaign, IL. Prior tothis move Wise was Provost & VicePresident of Academic Affairs, Univ. ofWashington, Seattle, WA. �

People & Places

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Why Should You Get Involved WithAPS?

As a graduate student, postdoctoralfellow, or junior faculty member, youmay not think this is important, espe-cially if you haven’t yet decided whatarea of research you plan to study orwhether you will stay in academics orgo to industry or some other non-tradi-tional career. However, no matter yourchosen career path or stage of yourcareer, there are several reasons to beactive with the APS that you shouldconsider.

Develop a network of scientists.First of all, it is important to develop anetwork of scientists. It’s never toosoon to get to know as many scientistsas possible in your field or a field ofyour potential future interest. Thiswill help you as you look for your nextposition, whether it will be to find apostdoctoral position in academics orindustry or to begin a career (as a fac-ulty member, in an industry position, orin another career choice). The APS ismade up of more than 10,000 scien-tists, academicians, industry employ-ees, and individuals who are membersof many other careers and who arefrom the United States and around theworld. You will get to know people atyour same career stage and field ofinterest with whom you will likelycome into contact frequently duringyour whole career. In addition, you willget to know other scientists who couldbecome mentors and friends as youprogress through your career life.Many promotion and tenure commit-tees at universities require letters ofrecommendation from individuals atother institutions who know you andyour work, but are not your postdoctor-al or predoctoral advisors. Juniorinvestigators may not be thinkingabout promotions and tenure this earlyin their career. However, involvementin APS committee work could allow youto meet more senior individuals whocould impact your career many yearslater and even provide these recom-

mendations for your promotion andtenure packets.

Recommendation letters. Knowinginvestigators from around the worldwill be important as you go on to yournext position, whether that be a post-doctoral position or a faculty position, aposition in industry, or a non-tradition-al career choice. You will need recom-mendations for these positions, andmeeting individuals who are also mem-bers of APS will give you something incommon with them. These individualswill be more willing to write letters ofrecommendation if they know you andyour work and can attest to the qualityof your work. Furthermore, mostawards given by APS or other societiesrequire recommendation letters, anddeveloping relationships with other sci-entists who know your work will helpyou when applying for these types ofprograms.

Grant funding success. Another rea-son is related to grant funding success.

In case you haven’t noticed, obtaininggrants is very competitive, regardlessof whether the funding is from anational source, such as the NIH orNSF, or from a foundation, such as theJuvenile Diabetes Association orAmerican Heart Association. Thismeans that any advantage that one canhave, in addition to being able to writea really great grant, could be helpful ingetting funded. It is always helpful ifyour study section members know whoyou are, and your pedigree. This couldput you in a more favorable fundingbracket ahead of others with equallygood grants. Do not underestimate theimportance of your peers knowing whoyou are.

Have a voice in APS. A third reasonto get involved with APS is that itallows you to have a voice in what theSociety is doing. If there is an area ofscience (or politics) that you feel pas-sionate about, whether it is advocacy oreducation, there is likely to be an APScommittee that is devoted to thatendeavor. Importantly, the APS has aTrainee Advisory Committee (TAC)that is made up of trainees appointedby the sections of the APS. In addition,most standing APS committees have

Mentoring ForumWhy and How to Get Involved with the American Physiological Society

Jane F. ReckelhoffUniv. of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS

Jane F. Reckelhoff, PhD, is a Professorin the Department of Physiology atthe University of Mississippi MedicalCenter in Jackson, MS. She received aB.S. in Chemistry from the College ofWilliam & Mary, and a Ph.D. inBiochemistry from the MedicalCollege of Virginia/Virginia Com-monwealth University in 1985. Shedid two postdoctoral fellowships, oneat the University of Texas HSC inDallas and the other at West VirginiaUniversity. In 1991 she received herappointment as Assistant Professorin the Department of Physiology &Biophysics at the University ofMississippi, followed by tenure andpromotion to Associate Professor in1996 and full professor in 2001. Sheis the former Chair of the APS Womenin Physiology Committee. She cur-rently serves as one of APS’ electedCouncillors.

Jane F. Reckelhoff

positions for trainees, both postdoctoraland pre-doctoral candidates. BecauseAPS is a society that is committed tomentoring, most section steering com-mittees have positions for trainees,both postdoctoral and pre-doctoral stu-dents. In addition, there are often posi-tions on section steering committees forjunior faculty members.

Committees are fun! Finally, gettinginvolved and serving on APS commit-tees is fun! While there will be workinvolved, you will have lots of fun inter-acting with other scientists. Seeing howdifferent committees work will provideinsight into how the APS works.

Things to Consider Before YouVolunteer to Participate in APSCommittees

This may seem like a strange para-graph to include in an article askingyou to serve APS or any other society.There are many rewarding reasons tobecoming involved in APS committees,as described in the previous section.However, there are two main condi-tions under which you should reconsid-er volunteering. The first reason not toget involved is if you simply want to“pad” your curriculum vitae. Being anactive participant in a society meansthat you will be working on behalf ofthat society. If you are only volunteer-ing because it looks good on yourrecord, it will become apparent to oth-ers on the committee and at the APS,and you will be doing a disservice to thesociety and to yourself. This leads tothe second reason.

Because being active in a societyrequires work, it is important thatwhen you volunteer you are committedto not only do the work of the commit-tee to which you are assigned, but thatyou are able to do this in addition to,not in place of, the commitments thatyou already have as a graduate studentor postdoctoral fellow. Be honest withyourself about your reasons for volun-teering and whether you can trulymake the required commitment.

So How Do You Get Involved WithAPS?

The answer is to volunteer! Volunteer for committees. This timeof year, sections are calling for nomi-nees to the various standing commit-tees in the APS. The list is availableonline at www.the-aps.org/committees.This site has a list of committees, whatthe committee does in the Society, andwhat qualifications, if any, are neces-sary to be a member of the committee.There is also a list of current commit-tee members. In addition, at this web-site, there is a nomination form, anendorsement form, and a list of posi-tions available on committees for theupcoming year (click on the-aps.org/committees/nominate.htm).Fill out your Nomination Form, get anAPS member to fill out theEndorsement Form on your behalf, andsubmit it to nominations@the-aps.org.Only one endorsement form should besubmitted for each candidate form sub-mitted. These forms are due in midJanuary (for 2013 committee appoint-ments, the nominations/endorsementshave to be in by January 17, 2012).

How does the process work? In earlyFebruary, the Committee onCommittees (CoC) receives a copy of allthe candidate and endorsement forms toreview. The CoC, which is comprised ofone representative from each of the APSsections and chaired by one of the APSCouncillors, meets on Saturday morningbefore the EB meeting begins. At thismeeting, nominations are discussed foreach committee, and the final slate ofcandidates for all committee vacanciesis selected. The list of candidates is thensubmitted to Council for final approval.All nominees are notified in lateMay/early June regarding the status oftheir nomination. The committeeassignments start on January 1 of thefollowing year.

Volunteer with your section. Eachsection steering committee has aTrainee Advisory Committee memberthat sits on the APS society-wide TAC.Some sections even have their owntrainee-organized subcommittee to

involve more trainees. These sectiontrainee-focused committees do all kindsof things for the section, such as moni-tor and update the Facebook andTwitter sites for the section, help plantrainee receptions and traineeabstract-driven awards sessions spon-sored by the section. To be involvedwith your section, contact your sectionchair—if you don’t know who that is,look at the website at www.the-aps.org/sections and click on your sec-tion. There is a link to the sectionsteering committee members and thechair is listed there. Don’t be afraid tocontact this person and volunteer.

Does It Cost? If you’re worried about how much it

costs to be on an APS committee, don’t!Pay your APS dues [graduate students:$10 for 1st year, $25 for subsequentyears up to 5 years total; postdoctoralfellows: $77.50 (half of regular mem-bership for 5 years)] to be a member ofthe Society. You will likely attend EBwith your mentor (remember the traveland other awards that you could applyfor from APS if you’re a member; moreinformation about EB awards is avail-able at this website: www.the-aps.org/meetings/eb12/awards/index.htm). Most standing APS committees andsections have a face-to-face meeting atEB. If the committee meets again dur-ing the year, they will meet either byteleconference or by face-to-face, whichis supported by the Society.

Make APS Your Scientific HomeThe APS can be your scientific home

throughout your career, and gettinginvolved in the APS makes you an inte-gral part of how your society works. Sostart thinking about the APS commit-tees you would like to be nominated fornext year. Who knows, you may some-day be President of APS, and it starts byvolunteering for a committee now! �

AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to acknowledgeDrs. Michael Ryan, Barbara Alexander,and Christine Maric, from the Univ. ofMississippi Medical Center, for carefulreading and suggestions for this article.

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012Mentoring Forum

APS Leadership Meetswith NIH Officials

On October 19, 2011, APS PresidentJoey Granger, President-elect SueBarman, Past President Peter Wagnerand Science Policy Chair JohnChatham met with officials at the NIHto discuss several issues of concern toAPS members.

The first meeting was with NationalHeart, Lung and Blood Institute(NHLBI) Acting Director SusanShurin, Acting Deputy Director CarlRoth and several division directors.Discussion centered on the importantrole that basic scientists in general andphysiologists in particular play inadvancing translational research.Other topics addressed included train-ing and workforce issues and the peerreview process, particularly NHLBI’suse of stratified paylines for A0, A1 andA2 applications.

At the Division of ProgramCoordination, Planning and StrategicInitiatives (DPCPSI) the APS leader-ship met with DPCPSI Director JamesAnderson and Deputy Director of theOffice of Strategic CoordinationElizabeth Wilder. Anderson outlinedthe role that DPCPSI plays in identify-ing emerging scientific opportunities,administering the Common Fund anddeveloping resources for portfolioanalysis and program evaluation. Healso highlighted funding opportunitiesavailable through the Common Fund

(http://commonfund.nih.gov/), includ-ing the NIH Director’s EarlyIndependence Awards, New InnovatorAwards, Pioneer Awards andTransformative Research Awards.

At the Center for Scientific Review,the APS leadership met with ActingDirector Richard Nakamura, as well asDirector of the Division ofTranslational and Clinical Sciences JoyGibson and Director of the Division ofPhysiology and Pathological SciencesSy Gaarte. Discussion touched on theimportance of recruiting reviewersfrom underrepresented minoritygroups, the consequences of eliminat-ing the A2 application, and the chal-lenges presented by the new numericalscoring system, which does not alwaysaccurately reflect comments offered byreviewers.

At the National Institute for GeneralMedical Sciences (NIGMS), the APSleadership met with Acting DirectorJudith Greenberg. Greenberg high-lighted the recent NIGMS StrategicPlan for training, which includes rec-ommendations for increasing diversityin the biomedical research workforceand preparing students for careers out-side of academic bench science.Discussion also touched on the NIGMSpolicy for carefully reviewing applica-tions from grantees with more than$750, 000 in research support.

Granger, Barman, Wagner andChatham invited all of the NIH offi-cials to submit articles on relevant top-ics of interest for publication in The

Physiologist. In additional, all fourdirectors have been invited to partici-pate in a symposium at EB 2012 thatwill feature some of the issues dis-cussed at the meetings.

IOM Offers MoreGuidelines for

Chimpanzee Research

NIH to Review itsPortfolio

The IOM report sets a high bar forchimpanzee studies while at the same

time recognizing areas of researchwhere chimpanzees are still needed.

On December 15, 2011, the Instituteof Medicine (IOM) released its long-awaited report, “Assessing theNecessity of Chimpanzees inBiomedical and Behavioral Research.”(http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13257). Following a briefingwhere the key findings (http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2011/Chimpanzees/chimpslides.pdf)were presented, NIH Director FrancisCollins announced that NIH acceptedthe report and would begin implement-ing its recommendations.

Noting the two-edged sword repre-sented by chimpanzees’ closeness tohumans, the IOM panel recommendedadditional guidelines for when to per-mit research involving chimpanzees.The panel’s criteria are intended todetermine whether the research isabsolutely necessary to answer animportant research question, asopposed to when it is useful. The crite-ria address issues such as the publichealth importance of the researchquestion, availability of non-chim-panzee research models, whether theanimals are housed in a species-appro-priate habitat, whether the researchcan be performed ethically in humansubjects, and whether forgoing chim-panzee research would significantlyslow or prevent important researchadvancements.

Based on a review of current NIH-funded grants, the panel estimatedthat half of currently funded researchmight not meet these criteria andought to be phased out. The panel alsobelieves the need for chimpanzeeresearch will decrease further in the

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APS leadership visits NIH. John Chatham, Sue Barman, Joey Grangerand Peter Wagner in front of Building 1 at the NIH.

future. However, it did not endorse aban on chimpanzee research. Rather, itsaid that current and future researchthat meets the criteria should continue,and that the US should retain thecapacity for chimpanzee research toaddress future health threats in caseswhere there is no other research model.

NIH to Implement Recommendations

Immediately after the IOM reportwas issued, NIH Director FrancisCollins released a statement (http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2011/od-15.htm) endorsing its recommenda-tions. Collins also announced an inter-im moratorium on new grants for chim-panzee research while NIH reviewscurrent and proposed research usingthe new criteria. He said that the crite-ria will be applied to research withchimpanzees owned by NIH, supportedon NIH grants, or housed in NIH fund-ed facilities. According to the IOMpanel, there are 937 chimpanzees atfive NIH-supported facilities, includingfour National Primate Centers and theAlamogordo Primate Facility. Of thistotal, 612 animals are owned by theNIH, and many of the others have beenpart of various NIH-funded researchprojects. At present there are 27 extra-mural and 10 intramural researchgrants involving chimpanzees.

In accepting the report, NIH DirectorCollins said the agency will develop “acomplete plan for implementation ofthe IOM’s guiding principles and crite-ria.” A working group within NIH’sCouncil of Councils will be asked todevelop implementation plans and to“consider the size and placement of theactive and inactive populations of NIH-owned or supported chimpanzees.” Inresponse to a question about whetherNIH would retire chimpanzees not onactive research protocols meeting theIOM criteria, Collins pointed out that“retired” chimpanzees cannot bereturned to research. For that reason,he will ask the NIH working group toassess what chimpanzee populationshould be maintained to meet currentand future research needs. Collins alsosaid that the working group would con-sider research projects individuallyand would not recommend rapid termi-nation of projects where additionaldata can readily be collected to com-plete the study. A subsequent NIH pol-icy announcement (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-

12-025.html) stated that any researchprojects not deemed acceptable underthe new criteria would be phased out“in a fashion that preserves the valueof research already conducted.”

Further Criteria ProposedAlthough all proposals for research

with chimpanzees already undergo anethical review, there are no uniform cri-teria to evaluate the absolute necessityof such research. Therefore, the panelproposed a broad set of principles toapply to all research with chimpanzees,as well as specific criteria for biomed-ical research as well as behavioral andcomparative genomics research.

General Principles:1. The knowledge gained must be

necessary to advance the public’shealth.

2. There must be no other researchmodel by which the knowledge could beobtained, and the research cannot beethically performed on human subjects.

3. The animals used in the proposedresearch must be maintained in eitherethologically appropriate physical andsocial environments or in natural habi-tats.

Criteria for Biomedical Research:1. There is no other suitable model

available, such as in vitro, non-humanin vivo, or other models, for theresearch in question; and

2. the research in question cannot beperformed ethically on human subjects;and

3. forgoing the use of chimpanzees forthe research in question will signifi-cantly slow or prevent importantadvancements to prevent, controland/or treat life-threatening or debili-tating conditions.

Criteria for Behavioral andComparative Genomics Research:

1. Studies provide otherwiseunattainable insight into comparativegenomics, normal and abnormal behav-ior, mental health, emotion, or cogni-tion; and

2. all experiments are performedon acquiescent animals, in a mannerthat minimizes pain and distress, andis minimally invasive.

These recommendations seem to dif-fer from current practice in two partic-ular areas. They would not allow basicresearch even if it poses minimal risk,and they would preclude research to

benefit of chimpanzees and other apes,such as recent effort to develop anEbola vaccine. The omission of researchto benefit animal health is understand-able since the panel was charged withevaluating NIH-supported research.However, NIH Director Collins decidedto apply the guidelines not only to theresearch NIH funds, but also to ani-mals it owns and research conducted infacilities it supports. The omission ofminimally invasive basic research ismore significant. Although compara-tive genomics research was mentionedin the criteria, comparative biology,comparative psychology, and compara-tive medicine were not. Inquiries inthese areas may be beneficial to bothhuman and chimpanzee health andought to be permitted when the impacton the animal would be minor.

Summary of FindingsThe panel concluded that although

the chimpanzee “has been a valuableanimal model in past research, mostcurrent use of chimpanzees for biomed-ical research is unnecessary, based onthe criteria established by the commit-tee.” These criteria distinguishedbetween instances where chimpanzeeswere necessary to the research, asopposed to whether they were useful.Areas of research that the panelthought could be phased out includethe study of malaria, HIV/AIDS, basicimmunology, and a therapeutic vaccineand anti-viral drugs for chronic hepati-tis C infection. Other current researchareas likely to meet the new criteriainclude the development of certainmonoclonal antibodies and a vaccine toprevent hepatitis C infection. However,even in these areas there are caveats.With respect to the development ofmonoclonal antibodies, the panelbelieves that new technologies willobviate the need for chimpanzees in thefuture, but those technologies still haveto be refined and disseminated. Withrespect to a prophylactic vaccine forhepatitis C, the panel was evenly spliton the question of whether continuedchimpanzee research was necessary,leaving it up to an NIH working groupto make the final assessment.

Nevertheless, the panel cautionedthat in the future an emerging or re-emerging disease “may present chal-lenges to treatment, prevention, and/orcontrol that defy non-chimpanzee mod-els.” In addition, the committeeendorsed comparative genomics

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012Science Policy

research with chimpanzees since theirgenetic proximity to humans may shedlight on human development, diseasemechanisms, and susceptibility. Thepanel also noted that such research ismore likely to be acceptable when itrequires only blood or other biologicalsamples that have already been collect-ed or that will cause minimal pain anddistress to collect. In addition, thepanel acknowledged a need for someresearch on social and behavioral fac-tors related to disease development,prevention and treatment.

NIH commissioned the IOM study atthe request of Senators Tom Harkin (D-IA), Tom Udall (D-NM) and JeffBingaman (D-NM) in the wake of con-troversy over NIH’s decision to move176 chimpanzees from the Alamogordofacility to the Texas BiomedicalResearch Institute in San Antonio. Indeveloping the report, the 12-memberpanel received expert testimony, exist-ing and anticipated alternatives tochimpanzees in biomedical and behav-ioral research, and reviewed scientificevidence, including the literature. Thepanel also commissioned a paper on thetopic, “Comparison of Immunity toPathogens in Humans, Chimpanzees,and Macaques” that was published as a70-page appendix to the 90-pagereport. In addition, the panel consid-ered nearly 6,000 comments fromsources ranging from scientific expertsto members of the public concernedabout the treatment of chimpanzees.Finally, it applied its new criteria tocurrent chimpanzee research identifiedin NIH’s RePORT database.

Congress Finalizes FY2012 Research Budgets

On December 17, 2011, Congresspassed an omnibus spending bill con-taining fiscal year (FY) 2012 fundingfor most of the federal government,including the National Institutes ofHealth (NIH) and VA medical and pros-thetic research.

The bill provides $30.6 billion forNIH, an increase of $240 million (0.8%)over FY 2011. The bill also includes$576 million in funding for theNational Center for AdvancingTranslational Sciences (NCATS) andeliminates the National Center forResearch Resources (NCRR). Most ofthe funding for NCATS comes from the

transfer of existing programs fromNCRR and the other institutes andcenters. Ten million dollars in newfunding is provided for the CuresAcceleration Network within NCATS.The bill also lowers the salary cap onextramural grants from ExecutiveLevel I ($199,700) to Executive Level II($179,700). Language accompanyingthe bill strongly urges the NIH to con-tinue devoting nearly 90% of its budgetto extramural research, and to estab-lish safeguards to ensure that currentspending on basic research across theinstitutes is maintained.

The bill also provides $581 millionfor medical and prosthetic research atthe VA. This is the same level that theprogram was funded at in FY 2011.

Funding for the National ScienceFoundation (NSF) and NASA wasincluded in a smaller package of legis-lation signed into law in November.The NSF received $7 billion, a $173million increase over FY 2011, andNASA received $17.8 billion, $648 mil-lion below FY 2011.

NIH to Adopt New GuideJanuary 1, 2012

On December 1, 2011, NIHannounced that the new 8th edition ofthe Guide for the Care and Use ofLaboratory Animals would go into effectfor all animal care and use programs onJanuary 1, 2012. After that date, institu-tions conducting PHS-supported activi-ties involving animals must apply therecommendations of the 8th edition toall activities covered under their AnimalWelfare Assurances. During the next 12months institutions will also berequired to complete at least one semi-annual program review and facilitiesinspection using the new Guide and todevelop a plan to implement any neces-sary changes. This implementation planmust be in place by December 31, 2012even if the required changes themselvestake longer than that to implement.

The APS website has a set up a web-page at http://www.the-aps.org/pa/poli-cy/animals/Guide.htm with additionalinformation on OLAW and AAALAC’simplementation plans for the new Guide.

On February 24, 2011, NIH pub-lished an initial request for public com-ments on its plan to adopt the newGuide. Under this proposal, institu-tions would have been required to com-

plete a semiannual inspection with thenew Guide by March 31, 2011.However, what was to have been a 30-day comment period on this plan wassubsequently extended first to 60 andthen to 90 days.

NIH received some 800 commentsabout the new Guide, including onefrom the APS which is posted athttp://www.the-aps.org/pa/resources/archives/comments/GuideResponse.pdf.Before announcing its final implementa-tion plan, NIH reviewed these com-ments and posted a summary andanalysis on its website. According toNIH’s analysis, while “a majority ofrespondents opposed the adoption of the8th Edition of the Guide,” many sup-ported significant sections while object-ing to specific issues. NIH’s Office ofLaboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)sought to address these concerns in acommentary in which it affirmed therole of outcome-oriented performancestandards along with practice standardsdeveloped by experts in laboratory ani-mal care. OLAW also posted a series ofPosition Statements to “describe theways in which OLAW expects institu-tions to implement the 8th Edition ofthe Guide.” Topics covered include:• Cost “cannot be the overriding factor”in animal welfare issues and compli-ance with the new Guide

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012Science Policy

AAALAC AnnouncesImplementation Plans

for the GuideOn November 3, 2011, AAALAC

announced that it will grant insti-tutions a phase-in period to makethe necessary program modifica-tions to conform to new “must”statements in the 8th edition ofthe Guide. For a one-year periodthrough September 1, 2012,AAALAC will classify any find-ings based upon new require-ments in the Guide as “TemporarySuggestions for Improvement.”However, AAALAC expects thatthese issues will be resolved bySeptember 1, 2012. After thatdate, uncorrected TemporarySuggestions for Improvement (withthe exception of significant purchas-es such as new caging) will be con-sidered Mandatory items for correc-tion and may affect accreditationstatus. For additional details see theAAALAC announcement at http://www.aaalac.org/news/index.cfm.

• Performance standards may be usedin determining appropriate housing• Circumstances where pharmaceuti-cal-grade chemicals may be required,and where non-pharmaceutical gradedrugs such as investigational com-pounds, veterinarian- or pharmacy-compounded drugs, and/or Schedule Icontrolled substances can be used tomeet scientific and research goals.• When multiple surgical proceduresare acceptable• Applicability of the Guide to farmanimals

A 61-day period public commentperiod on these position statementsends January 30, 2012.

On December 1, 2011 OLAW alsoupdated 23 FAQs and issued six newones. Of particular interest toresearchers are the following updatedtopics concerning animal use and man-agement:• Is the use of carbon dioxide anacceptable euthanasia agent? • May investigators use non-pharma-ceutical-grade compounds in animals? • What are the requirements for con-ducting rodent survival surgery? • Are multiple major survival surgicalprocedures permitted on a single ani-mal? • Can performance standards be usedin determining rodent housing prac-tices including management of rodentbreeding colonies? • Are laparoscopic procedures consid-ered major surgery? • Is social housing required for nonhu-man primates when housed in aresearch setting? • Should positive reinforcement train-ing be used for nonhuman primates?

In addition, OLAW issued new FAQson the following topics:• May performance standards deter-mine housing issues? • May performance standards deter-mine environmental enrichmentissues? • Can performance standards be usedin determining rabbit housing prac-tices? • May investigators restrict animals’food and fluid?

APS Comments onManaging NIH Resources

On October 17, 2011, NationalInstitutes of Health (NIH) Deputy

Director for Extramural Research SallyRockey issued a request for input onhow best to manage resources in fiscallychallenging times. The APS submitted aresponse recommending that the NIHcarefully consider the long term conse-quences of any changes to funding poli-cy and focus on maintaining successrates at a level of at least 30%. APS alsorecommended using a diversity ofapproaches to alleviating the fundingcrunch, and continuing to prioritizefunding for early stage investigators.

The current economic and politicalclimate makes it unlikely that the NIHwill see a substantial increase in fund-ing over the next few years, and as aresult the agency is looking to the scien-tific community for input on how best tobalance scientific priorities with a limit-ed pool of resources. The full recommen-dations of the APS appear below.

Recommendation #1: Considerlong-term consequences of fundingpolicy changes

Of primary importance when consid-ering any changes to the current systemof research funding is taking a long-termview of the outcomes. It will be extreme-ly important to evaluate any fundingpolicy changes under consideration tosee how they affect the current biomed-ical workforce, as well as the next gener-ation of scientists. The APS sees it asessential to maintain a workforce thathas the skills and knowledge required tosolve our nation’s current and future bio-medical and health problems.

Recommendation #2: MaintainSuccess Rates

To assure survival of the biomedicalresearch enterprise, we recommendthat steps be taken to maintain successrates for research project grants at alevel no less than 30% in the currenteconomy. That goal should be the pri-mary driver of any other financialadjustments that need to be made.Steps should also be taken to maintainthe total number of research projectgrants that are offered.

The last 10 years have seen a steadydrop in grant success rates from the 30-35% range to the 20-25% range. It isimportant for investigators to have areasonable chance of obtaining fund-ing. Without that, a large body of excel-lent research will not be able to bedone, and even more importantly, newinvestigators will be discouraged fromentering the biomedical research arena

and will seek other careers. This wouldhave a disastrous long term effect onbiomedical research in the UnitedStates, and move the country awayfrom its traditional position of leader-ship in this field.

We realize that success rates andpaylines are determined both by theavailable funds for awards and by thenumber of applications. In order tomaintain success rates at or above30%, we recognize and support the con-cept that other financial adjustmentswill have to be made including some ofthe scenarios that were explored in thedata slides “Ways of Managing NIHResources.”

Recommendation #3: Utilize aDiversity of Approaches to ManageResources

Each of the scenarios outlined in thedata slides carries a number of nega-tive consequences for the scientificcommunity. Individually the proposedchanges (i.e., the size of grants, numberof grants or total funding allowed perinvestigator, amount of salary coveredby grants, etc.) will only marginallyimprove the situation. We encourageNIH to consider making multipleadjustments and then evaluate the out-comes to determine which pose theleast threat to the survival of both thecurrent and future biomedical researchenterprise. We continue to feel thatmaintaining reasonable success ratesis paramount, even if the size of grantsand total funding allowed per investi-gator are smaller.

Funding policy should continue toemphasize meritorious science. Anylimitations placed on the number ofgrants or total funding allowed perinvestigator should not be absoluterules, but rather incorporate flexibilityprovisions to allow funding the best sci-ence. We understand that this is thecase at the National Institute ofGeneral Medical Sciences, where theCouncil takes a careful look at applica-tions from investigators when theirtotal research support reaches$750,000. Another important consider-ation is how to account for situationsinvolving multiple principal investiga-tors on a grant, collaborations, and pro-gram project grants if NIH establisheslimitations on the number of grants ortotal funding per investigator.

The APS encourages NIH to lookbeyond the current portion of the budg-et that is spent on research project

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grants (RPGs). Historically the per-centage of NIH funds devoted to RPGs,and more specifically R01s, has been afew points higher than it is now. Werecommend looking for ways to gradu-ally rebalance the NIH portfolio toincrease resources for investigator-ini-tiated research project grants.

The APS also notes that manyresearch-intensive institutions are notequipped to deal with a sudden loss ordecrease in research funding andsalary support for their investigators.Gradual implementation and subse-quent evaluation will be important todetermine how the research enterpriseis being impacted.

Recommendation #4: Continue toPrioritize Support for Early StageInvestigators

Over the past few years, the NIH hastaken steps to increase success ratesfor investigators beginning their inde-pendent careers. The APS is fully sup-portive of those efforts and recom-mends continuing to prioritize fundingfor early stage investigators.

The recent request for informationfrom the NIH Working Group on thefuture of the biomedical workforceexplored important questions concern-ing the appropriate size of the work-force. While adjustments to the currentsystem of training may be necessary,we urge you to give consideration toensuring balance between disciplines.Some fields of research may have toomany students entering training pro-grams for the available number of post-graduate career opportunities, whileothers have too few students enteringthe pipeline.

It is also important to consider thatmajor changes to the way students arerecruited and trained could have unin-tended long-term consequences.Attempts at reducing the pipeline ofinvestigators by just a few percent inany area may cause a drastic decline inthe workforce that would be difficult torecover from.

Recommendation #5: MinimizeAdministrative and RegulatoryBurden Wherever Possible

Federally-funded researchers aresubject to a growing set of regulationsthat cover everything from personalfinancial holdings and effort reportingto ensuring the humane care and use ofanimals in research. These regulationsserve an important purpose in protect-

ing research integrity. However, com-plying with regulatory and administra-tive requirements takes significanttime and resources on the part of inves-tigators, institutions and fundingagency staff. Looking for ways to mini-mize administrative and regulatoryburden wherever possible will allowsome of those resources to be applied toresearch.

APS Comments on the21st Century Bioeconomy

On October 7, 2011, the OfficeScience and Technology Policy (OSTP)issued a request for information (RFI)on Building a 21st CenturyBioeconomy. The purpose of the requestwas to solicit recommendations for“harnessing biological research innova-tions to meet national challenges inhealth, food, energy and the environ-ment while creating high-wage, high-skill jobs.” The RFI posed a series of 17questions. Excerpts of the APSresponse follow.

(1) Identify one or more grand chal-lenges for the bioeconomy in areas suchas health, energy, the environment, andagriculture, and suggest concrete stepsthat would need to be taken by theFederal government, companies, non-profit organizations, foundations, andother stakeholders to achieve this goal.

Years of research into the molecularcomponents of biological systems haveprovided the raw materials for under-standing the functions of cells, tissues,organ systems, intact organisms andeven whole populations. However,despite tremendous gains in biomedicalresearch there remains a need to inte-grate what we know about biology onthe molecular and cellular levels withthe function of organisms in all theirphysiological complexity. Doing so willlead to a better understanding ofhuman health and disease, and facili-tate the development of new treat-ments and prevention strategies. Thescientific community is poised to moveforward into these exciting new areas,but doing so will require funding sup-port and recognition within fundingagencies of how this work is critical totranslational research. Federal agen-cies could further these translationalgoals through requests for applicationsand other funding mechanisms.

Importantly, additional support muchgreater than currently available will benecessary to speed progress and takeadvantage of scientific opportunities.

Another major challenge facing bio-medical researchers is the integrationand analysis of multi-dimensional datasets. Technologies developed in the lasttwo decades have generated largeamounts of different types of data. Inorder to take full advantage of thisgrowing resource, the scientific commu-nity needs researchers with the neces-sary skills to harness the data, trainedin both the biomedical and computersciences. Research-intensive engineer-ing and computer science universitiesshould be encouraged to collaboratewith health science partners to trainresearchers for work in this area.

(2) Constrained Federal budgetsrequire a focus on high-impact researchand innovation opportunities. With thisin mind, what should be the Federalfunding priorities in research, technolo-gies, and infrastructure to provide thefoundation for the bioeconomy?

Trying to identify “high impactresearch and innovation opportunities”may be counterproductive because it isdifficult to identify such research in itsearly stages. It can often take years forthe impact of a research discovery tobecome apparent. A narrow focus onidentifying and funding high-impactresearch may not be an effective use ofresources and could result in missedopportunities to fund research thatmay have unanticipated long-termimpacts.

(3) What are the critical technicalchallenges that prevent high through-put approaches from accelerating bioe-conomy-related research? What specificresearch priorities could address thosechallenges? Are there particular goalsthat the research community andindustry could rally behind (e.g., NIH$1,000 genome initiative [1] )?

The National Institutes of Health(NIH) is trying to focus on translation-al research with the goal of accelerat-ing the application of basic researchfindings. Basic physiological researchhas an important role to play in thisprocess through target validation, effi-cacy testing and the identification ofbiomarkers. For example, one area ofemphasis in the plan to streamlinetranslational research is using highthroughput techniques to identify tar-

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get molecules and compounds that canpotentially point the way to a newdrug. This approach will require fur-ther research to validate the effect ofthese compounds in physiological sys-tems.

Physiologists can place data generat-ed from high throughput techniquesinto the context of physiological sys-tems and aid in the development of pre-clinical models. Although working withanimal models is expensive, time-con-suming, and challenging, this workremains an important safeguard in thedrug development process. We canmaximize the benefit of high through-put technologies by continually improv-ing validation models whether they arein vivo, in vitro, or in silico.

To solve large scale problems, collabo-rations will be necessary to bringtogether scientists with the appropriateexpertise. One example of fostering col-laboration to address major challengescomes from the National Institute ofAllergy and Infectious Disease, which isfunding three major HIV/AIDSresearch ventures targeting eradicationof the disease, each characterized byinvestigators at several institutions andcrossing traditional boundaries. Thiseffort, the Martin DelaneyCollaboratory, aims to accelerateprogress toward a cure for AIDS byfacilitating research partnershipsamong government, academia andindustry.

(5) What are the barriers preventingbiological research discoveries frommoving from the lab to commercialmarkets? What specific steps canFederal agencies take to address theseshortcomings? Please specify whetherthese changes apply to academic labs,government labs, or both.

The APS supports efforts to promotea better exchange of ideas and materi-als between researchers in academiaand industry. As part of the NIH effortto advance translational sciences, theagency has been trying to developagreements giving academic scientistsaccess to unused or underutilized com-pounds. These are IP-protected com-pounds that pharmaceutical companiesmay have developed for one purposethat could serve another or else thecompany decided not to pursue becauseit did not work as expected or toxicityproblems arose. The Drug Rescue andRepurposing initiative is part of theChemical Genomics Center

Pharmaceutical Collection. This effortis designed to determine whether thecompounds that have been approvedfor market and the thousands of com-pounds that never made it to marketmight be useful for diseases other thantheir intended purpose. The bio-indus-try and universities could play a bigpart in bioinformatics, development ofnew high-throughput screens, and safe-ty and efficacy assessment of thesecompounds. There are numerous issuesstill to be worked out, including how todeal with intellectual property (IP)issues.

The APS also recommends that thegovernment look carefully at financialconflict of interest policies to ensurethat they are not unnecessarily inhibit-ing productive scientific relationshipsbetween federally-funded researchersand their colleagues in industry. It maybe advantageous to look for ways toincentivize research partnershipsbetween sectors in the “pre-IP” space.

(10) What roles should communitycolleges play in training the bioeconomyworkforce of the future?

The APS recommends improving thequality of science education at commu-nity colleges and aligning science cur-ricula with the needs of four-year col-leges and universities. This will allowcommunity college students to make afluid transition to programs in biologi-cal, biomedical and bioengineering pro-grams.

There are a large number of qualifiedindividuals graduating from highschool who cannot afford the costs of afour-year education at leading collegesand universities. Thus, by creating cut-ting edge science programs at the com-munity college level, which are inher-ently more affordable compared to thecollege and university setting, it will bepossible to enable more qualified indi-viduals to move through the pipe lineto meet future needs for scientists andphysicians. This system is in place inthe state of California where certaincommunity colleges have been alignedwith the Univ. of California campusesto create such a feeder system.

(11) What role should the private sec-tor play in training future bioeconomyscientists and engineers?

The APS supports the idea of offeringcareer training to pre-doctoral stu-dents. To ensure that the next genera-tion of scientists has the skills to meet

the needs of the workplace, it would beadvantageous to encourage the devel-opment of training programs thatinvolve partnerships between industryand academia. It is especially impor-tant for graduate students and facultyto be informed of what industry is look-ing for in science. The drive for trans-lational research, as well as academia’sgrowing involvement in the drug dis-covery process, requires that universityscientists gain a solid understanding ofthe important questions that need to beaddressed, for example, target valida-tion, target engagement, developabilityand selectivity of drug candidates, bio-markers, potential companion diagnos-tics etc.

Many graduate programs bring inscientists from the pharmaceuticalindustry to speak with students aboutthe drug discovery process, working inindustry and interviewing for industryjobs. These efforts should be encour-aged and expanded.

(13) What specific regulations areunnecessarily slowing or preventingbioinnovation? Please cite evidence thatthe identified regulation(s) are a) slow-ing innovation, and b) could bereformed or streamlined while protect-ing public health, safety, and the envi-ronment.

Currently, federal public health serv-ice (PHS) regulations require review ofanimal protocols every three years.However, most research grants providesupport for four years. Harmonizingthe review cycles for federal grants andanimal research protocols would sub-stantially reduce regulatory burdenand free up resources at the level of theindividual investigator, institutionaladministration, and federal agencies.

(14) What specific steps can Federalagencies take to improve the pre-dictability and transparency of the reg-ulatory system? (Please specify the rele-vant agency.)

Federally-funded researchers aretypically subject to regulatory require-ments from more than one federalagency. It would be advantageous toharmonize the regulations betweenagencies to reduce burden on individ-ual investigators.

In addition, oversight agencies such asthe USDA should take a constructiveapproach with respect to enforcing theAnimal Welfare Act (AWA). Researchinstitutions monitor their own compli-

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ance with the AWA through anInstitutional Animal Care and UseCommittee or IACUC that reports to adesignated Institutional Official. Thisoften results in the prompt identificationand correction of problems. We stronglyurge that the USDA avoid taking a puni-tive stance when an IACUC does its job.In other words, a self-identified and self-corrected problem that is documented bythe institution should not result in aUSDA citation unless it represents seri-ous and continuing noncompliance.

(17) What are the highest impactopportunities for pre-competitive collab-oration in the life sciences, and what roleshould the government play in develop-ing them? What can be learned fromexisting models for pre-competitive col-laboration both inside and outside thelife-sciences sector? What are the barri-ers to such collaborations and howmight they be removed or overcome?

NIH could and should facilitatecross-institutional collaborations. Itcan be very difficult to collaborate with

research partners at other institutions,when jurisdictional responsibilitiesbetween regulatory committees in dif-ferent institutions are not clear. It isredundant and wasteful for committeesat two institutions to review all aspectsof collaborative projects.

The complete APS response is avail-able on at http://www.the-aps.org/pa/resources/archives/comments/OSTPbioeconomyRFI.pdf. �

Science Policy

Senior Physiologists’ NewsLetters to Margaret Anderson

Adelbert Ames III writes: “Thankyou for the Senior PhysiologistsCommittee’s birthday wishes. It keepscoming as a surprise that I am alreadyinto my tenth decade.”

“Having spent my professionalcareer trying to learn how the brainworks, I’m interested to find that I amlearning more about it by observing itslowly being disassembled as a conse-quence of aging. For example, it nowseems clear to me that we rememberthings with respect to their ‘whatness’on the one hand and their ‘whereness’on the other, the latter type of memoryinvolving positioning things in threedimensional space. And ‘whereness’ isbetter remembered than ‘whatness.’Thus, I often find myself in a roomupstairs knowing that I’m in the rightplace, but I can’t remember what for.

“A couple of comments from anobserver whose viewpoint was foundedin a prior time: I still think PHYSIOL-OGY is central to our understanding ofhow living things work. It bridges thegap between our knowledge of the myr-iad of newly discovered chemical reac-tions and our knowledge of the changesthey cause in the function (or malfunc-tion) of the whole cell or organism.

“I’m dumfounded by the rate atwhich new discoveries are being madeand grateful that I am not having tolearn them all. It seems inevitable that,as scientists are required to mastermore details, the scope of their area ofexpertise must become narrower.

“I’m interested by how much of thework that researchers used to have todo for themselves can now be bought iftheir grant is big enough (e.g., chemicalcompounds, analytic devices, genetical-

ly modified organisms.)”

Douglas G. Stuart writes: “Manythanks for your letter of October 16 inwhich you send greetings on the occa-sion of my 80th birthday. My late replyis due to a plethora of deadlines andobligations as no doubt beset you, too.“I was once a member of the APSSenior Physiologists Committee (2001-2003), an assignment that I found to bemost enjoyable and rewarding.

“In regard to my current interests,activities, and whereabouts, they havechanged but little since mid-August,1967. That was the year and month Imoved with my family to Tucson tobecome a member of the then-newDepartment of Physiology at the Univ.of Arizona (UA) in the also new Collegeof Medicine. We began with two facultymembers, Paul Johnson, the depart-ment head, and myself, an associateprofessor. In early 1968 we were joinedby William (“Bill”) Dantzler, anotherassociate professor, and then steadilymore faculty with the current comple-ment including almost 40 academiciansmost of whom balance research withparticipation in a variety of undergrad-uate and graduate training programs.As is commonly done in the USA today,medical students at the UA are nowtaught their basic science in an inte-grated fashion that combines the tradi-tional disciplines and also featuresinstruction to small groups of studentsand considerable emphasis on case-based learning. Graduate students,who used to take medical physiology inthe former medical curriculum, nowhave separate systems physiologycourses. Remarkably, our departmentcurrently has almost 600 upper divi-sion undergraduates who are majoring

in physiology! Their talent and dedica-tion is a constant source of pride andinspiration for my colleagues and mejust as are my department’s otherteaching, research, and research men-toring activities.

“In my opinion, the progressivelyincreasing appearance of undergradu-ate programs in physiology at ournation’s research universities is amajor step forward for the discipline ofphysiology, the APS, and the healthprofessions. At the UA, my departmentis proud to be among the USA depart-ments that are on the forefront of thisintriguing development.

“Paul Johnson was a dedicated andeffective head of my department until1987, followed by me for a short period(1988-1991) until I relinquished theposition to become the college’s associatedean of research (1991-1996), then BillDantzler (1991-2005), and now Nicholas(“Nick’) Delamere (2006-). I have greatlyenjoyed and profited from my associa-tion with Paul, Bill, and Nick, and manyothers in the physiology department, aswell. Similarly, I have learned much andalso enjoyed the company of UA col-leagues in other disciplines as we devel-oped interdisciplinary training pro-grams in applied mathematics, biomed-ical engineering, neuroscience, andphysiological sciences.

“About five years before my retire-ment on June 30,2002 at the age of 71years I told Bill Dantzler when I wouldretire such that he could make plansfor my replacement.

“This transition was smooth andeffective, and since then I have contin-ued happily on in the department as anemeritus professor. That same year, Iclosed my experimental laboratory,solicited no more extramural research

funds, and focused solely on the sub-mission for publication of completedresearch in parallel with focusing moreand more on the writing of shortreviews and historical articles on move-ment neuroscience, as studied from thecellular-molecular to the behaviorallevel of experimentation and analysis.This has been the area of my researchsince the late 1950s. Historical articlesalone are now my mainstay, this beingparticularly enjoyable when I co-authorarticles with close friends and col-leagues in several countries, which cur-rently include Australia (my nativeland), Belgium, Canada, France, GreatBritain, Japan, and the USA.

“My modest, albeit appropriate officeis in the basement of a building on theattractive central mall of the maincampus of the UA, where the under-graduate, MS, PhD, and postdoctoraltrainees of four of our physiology facul-ty have office space and undertaketheir research. I have daily contactwith these trainees and their faculty.All four of these talented faculty arealso in the field of movement neuro-science, as studied in several speciesincluding drosophila, mice, neonatalrats, and humans. These daily socialcontacts and conversations about aca-demic life in general, and the strategyof movement neuroscience research, inparticular, are very invigorating forthis 80-year-old!

“It is indeed a privilege to have thisopportunity to work with such a finegroup of bright, hard working, trulydedicated, and collegial people. My goalis to continue my current academicactivities for the foreseeable futurebecause neurophysiology has been my‘bread and butter’ since 1955, when Iwas first exposed as an undergraduateto its challenge and possibilities.

“In my opinion, when academiciansretire they should insure that theyundertake activities to which they canapply passion. If along the way theywere too busy to undertake pursuitsthat would have brought them a senseof accomplishment, then now is thetime to correct this inadequacy. In myown case, however, this was not anissue. Neurophysiology, particularly asapplied to study of the control of move-ment, was and remains the dominanttheme of my endeavors.

“In order to stay physically fit andmentally effective in contributing arti-cles on the history of movement neuro-science I now lead a quite simple life;

swimming in a UA pool at 6:00 am twoto five times/week, working in my UAoffice for seven to eight hours, and thenlate in the afternoon exercising fivetimes/week at a gym near my home, 14miles from the UA. The gym workincludes bicycle “spinning” classes,which I undertake with my wife of 54years, Jean, and several social friends.Jean and I are also blessed by havingtwo married daughters in Tucson withwhom we have continual interactions.Contact with them, their spouses andour local grandchildren rounds out oursocial life, which is enhanced regularlyby visiting or being visited by our twosons and their families who live in LosAngeles and New York City, respectively.

“You asked if I have ‘any words ofwisdom’ to pass on to my younger col-leagues. I do this daily! I urge them to1) always follow their own star andaccept the fact that this star maychange and often more than once; 2)undertake their research with a senseof both humor and irony; and 3) be sureto always have fun while doing theirresearch!! In my experience, peoplewho are passionate about their worklead far more fulfilling lives than thosewho lack this opportunity or possibility.In an anthropological sense Homo sapi-ens is indeed Homo faber!

“Since my daily contact is with estab-lished and budding neurophysiologists Ialso urge my younger colleagues tomaintain an interest and grasp of theoverall neural control of movement. It iscertainly true that trainees in mostfields of physiology now need to applyever-more-demanding and difficult tech-niques to a narrowly focused problemsomewhere along the spectrum from thecellular/molecular to the behaviorallevel. Over the years, trainees in move-ment neuroscience at this and other uni-versities have repeatedly asked me howthey can delve deeply into a problemwhile also maintaining not only a broadview of their field as a whole, but alsointellectual enquiry in general. In myopinion, interdisciplinary training pro-grams offer the best possibility, whereintrainees have the opportunity to inter-act with their peers and faculty whoapproach the field from a variety of per-spectives and levels of analysis. At theUA we have this environment in bio-medical engineering, neuroscience, andphysiological sciences in the form ofgraduate interdisciplinary programs.”

Letter to William H. Dantzler

Stanley Schultz writes: “Many thanksto you, the APS, Marty Frank, and all ofthe society staff at 9650 Rockville Pike,many of whom I consider part of myextended family, for remembering me onmy 80th birthday; indeed, during theyears of my leadership of the APS(Council, 1989-91; President-elect, 1991-92;65th President 1992-93), Harriet (mywife of 51 years) and I considered 9650Rockville Pike my home away from homewhere I spent some of my happiest hours.

“I, sort of, retired about a year ago. Asa member of the Emeritus (Latin for:he’s out and he deserves it) Club I stillparticipate in a Global Health Initiativethat I started when I was Dean, and offermy opinion on a sundry of school matterswhether solicited or not (English for:being a nuisance). Otherwise, I amspending more time with my grandchil-dren, in person or via Facebook; brush-ing up on my chess game so that I cankeep up with my 13 year old and 10 yearold grandsons; and studying U.S. andRussian history. I do scan the tables ofcontent of the major physiology journalsand read some of the articles of interest;but, as John Pappenheimer confessed tome a few years before he died, it’s becom-ing more and more like reading a foreignlanguage.

“Actually, my retirement in 2010 wasmy second retirement. I first retiredfrom active laboratory research in July2003. This was prompted in part by mytrepidations at applying for yet anoth-er renewal of my NIH grant at age 72,and, in part, by a very tempting offerfrom the President of our HealthScience Center to assume the Deanshipof the Medical School; I chose the latter.

“My 44 years in research were veryexciting and I derive extreme gratifica-tion from having established the scien-tific foundation for oral rehydrationsolutions (my students refer to it asGatorade) for which I received thePrince Mahidol Award in Medicinefrom King Bhumibol of Thailand in2007. I am grateful to all of my collabo-rators and assistants during thosewonderful years.

“My three years as Dean were alsochallenging and rewarding. I derivegreat pleasure from having had theopportunity to supervise the beautifulrestoration of the medical school build-ing following the destruction wroughtin 2001 by Tropical Storm Allison, andfrom obtaining funding for, and design-

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ing, a new six story medical schoolexpansion building with approximately250,000 square feet of laboratory spaceand a 21st century Animal CareFacility. Among the most gratifyingmoments stemming from my life asDean were attending the RibbonCutting for the Medical SchoolExpansion (my!) Building in 2007 andadministering the Hippocratic Oath tohundreds of graduating medical stu-dents at Commencement, whichbrought me close to tears.

“As I reflect upon my five decades inacademic medicine (1959-2010) andpeer, tremulously, into the future I can-not help but feel that we are leaving aperiod of ‘feast,’ and entering a periodof ‘famine.’ When I was launching myresearch career I could focus almostexclusively on asking scientific ques-tions, planning and executing experi-ments, interpreting results, and writ-ing papers without the intrusion of con-cerns about funding, keeping a job,earning a salary, etc. It was the ‘golden

age’ of biomedical research. If youworked hard and were reasonably cre-ative, a secure future was virtuallyassured. I was never seriously con-cerned about obtaining funding to con-tinue my research or of retaining a fac-ulty position.

“Regrettably, that ‘golden age’ is over,at least for the foreseeable future.Federal and local funding sources arediminishing and the assurances of thepast have vaporized. Our junior col-leagues face a difficult future wherethe need for hard work and unwaveringdetermination is a truism. Perhaps thebest advice I can give is to seek a strongresearch environment with supportivecolleagues and inspiring mentors—sen-ior faculty that are willing to go thatextra mile, make that important phonecall, write that special letter; estab-lished investigators who consider nur-turing the next generation of physiolo-gists an inextricable part of their aca-demic responsibilities.

“I was privileged to have had a num-

ber of mentors that included: CliffBarger (43rd Pres. of APS) who wasinstrumental in getting me my firstpostdoctoral fellowship in 1958 andwho befriended and guided me until hisdeath in 1996; Arthur Solomon,Founder and Director of the HarvardMedical School BiophysicalLaboratories, who took a chance on aneager MD who had just completed a fel-lowship in cardiology and opened myeyes to the beauty of independent basicresearch; John Pappenheimer (37thPres. of APS) whose love of physiologyand teaching was a constant inspira-tion; and, Ernst Knobil (52nd Pres. ofAPS) who hired me for my first facultyposition in 1967 and remained a closefriend and academic model until hisdeath in 2000. Each, in his own way,left an indelible mark on me for whichI have been always grateful. I cannotwish those launching their academiccareers better mentors than these.” �

Senior Physiologists’ News

For a complete list of current Calls for Papers, visit The Physiologist website.

Physiological Genomics

Mitochondrial Metabolism

NextGen Sequencing Technology-Based Dissectionof Physiological Systems

Functional Analysis of Sequence Variation

Technology Development for Physiological Genomics

Advances in Physiology Education

Teaching and Learning of Professional Ethics

American Journal of Physiology—Renal Physiology

Aldosterone and Epithelial Na+ Channels(Submission deadline: July 1, 2012)

Mathematical Modeling of Renal Function(Submission deadline: April 1, 2012)

Journal of Applied Physiology

Call for Commentaries on Point:Counterpoint Debates and Viewpoint Articles

American Journal of Physiology—Gastrointestinaland Liver Physiology

Physiology and GI Cancer

Intestinal Stem Cells in GI Physiology and Disease

Innovative and Emerging Technologies in GI Physiology and Disease

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory,Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Integrative and Translational Physiology:Inflammation and Immunity in Organ System Physiology(Submission deadline: April 30, 2012)

Integrative and Translational Physiology:Integrative Aspects of Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Diseases(Submission deadline: April 30, 2012)

Current Calls for Papers

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Room 27

5:30 PM-6:30 PM

Physiology in Perspective—Walter B. CannonMemorial Award LectureNavar8:00 AM-12:00 PM

APS Education Comm SympRefresher Course in Endocrinology: DiabeticComplicationsWilliams/Ryan3:15 PM-5:30 PM

WEH Section Award SessionTrainee Award Finalists Session and DataDiuresisEl-Marakby1:00 PM-3:00 PM

APS ACE Comm SympPublic Outreach and Animal Research: AToolkit for InvestigatorsYates3:00 PM-5:00 PM

APS Communications Comm SympUsing Social Media to Communicate AboutPhysiology and YouHicks9:00 AM-11:30 AM

Microcirculatory Society President’s Symp Cation Channels in Vascular Control: ENaC,ASIC, and TrpV ProteinsBoegehold1:00 PM-3:00 PM

APS WorkshopOvercoming the Fear of Making Your OwnTransgenic and Knockout MiceKohan/de Caestecker

Saturday, April 21, 2012

The Bowditch Lectureship is awarded to a regular mem-ber, 42 years of age or younger (at the time of the 2011 lec-ture), for original and outstanding accomplishments in thefield of physiology. Selected by the APS President, therecipient presents a lecture at the Experimental Biologymeeting, which is considered for publication in the Societyjournal of their choosing. The recipient receives an hono-rarium of $2,500, reimbursement of expenses incurredwhile participating in the Experimental Biology meeting,and a plaque. The membership is invited to submit nomina-tions for the Bowditch Lecturer. A nomination shall beaccompanied by a candidate’s curriculum vitae and one let-ter detailing the individual’s status, contributions, andpotential.

More information on the award and nomination proceduresare available at http://www.the-aps.org. Nominations shouldbe submitted online at http://www.the-aps.org/awardapps.

Bowditch Award Lecture

The Cannon Memorial Lecture, sponsored by the GrassFoundation, honors Walter B. Cannon, President of theSociety from 1913-1916, and is presented annually at thespring meeting to an outstanding physiological scientist,domestic or foreign, as selected by the President-Elect withthe consent of Council. The recipient presents a lecture on“Physiology in Perspective,” addressing Cannon’s concepts of“The Wisdom of the Body.” The lecture is considered for publi-cation in the Society journal of their choosing. The recipientreceives an honorarium of $4,000, a plaque, and reimburse-ment of expenses incurred in association with delivery of thelecture. The membership is invited to submit nominations forthis lecture. A nomination shall be accompanied by a candi-date’s curriculum vitae and one letter detailing the individ-ual’s status and contributions.

More information on the award and nomination proceduresare available at http://www.the-aps.org. Nominations shouldbe submitted online at http://www.the-aps.org/awardapps.

Physiology in PerspectiveWalter B. Cannon Memorial Lecture

2:00 PM-5:00 PM

Microcirculatory Society Symp II/Young Investigator Novel TrendsLukaszweicz/Goodwill

3:15 PM-6:15 PM

APS WorkshopToolkit for Genomic Biomarker Discovery byPhysiologistsJoe/Miller

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Sunday, April 22, 2012

SEBM Symp: Stem Cell Biology2012: Basic Science andTranslational AdvancesAdamo/Friedlander

CV Section Symp: A ComplexInterplay Coming Together to Buildthe HeartKrenz/Polo-Parada

PG FT: Translational Biomarkers ofHypertension: Insights from AnimalModelsJoeCross Sectional Symp: BrainInsulin: The Forgotten MetabolicPartner of Leptin?Rahmouni/Brooks

Teaching Section FT: InnovativeUse of Technology for Teaching andStudent Assessment in PhysiologyGopalan

WEH Section FT: Immune Cells andtheir Role in the Regulation ofBlood Pressure and SodiumHomeostasisMarvar/MathisPublications Symp: Publishing 101:How to Get Your Work Published inAPS Journals and Avoid MinefieldsAlong the WayRaff/SchemanJ. Phys./Phys Soc (UK) Symp: RedBlood Cell Mechanisms of TissueBlood Flow Control: PhysiologicalInsights in Health and DiseaseGonzález-AlonsoPhys in Industry Symp: MicroRNAsin Human Disease and as NovelTherapeuticsPersinger/Liles

CV Section Symp: EmergingParadigms in Inflammation andMicrovascular Dysfunction: NovelInsights and Future TrendsChakraborty/MuthuchamyHypoxia Group Symp: AirPollution—Friend or Foe to theCardiopulmonary Systems?Wold

10:30 AM-11:30 AMCAMPS Section Davson LectureKnepper

CNS Section FT: Disruption toCentral Sympathetic ControlMechanisms: Implications forObesity-Related HypertensionSartor/StockerPG Symp: Molecular and CellularTherapy for Cardiovascular DiseaseSun

BMES Symp: Frontiers inMechanobiologyChien/Hsiai

Resp Section FT: Lung IonChannels and Fluid HomeostasisMatalon/Kuebler

WEH Section FT: Hypertension:Mechanisms and ConsequencesMoreno-Quinn/George

NCAR Section FT: AutonomicControl of Visceral FunctionsTravagli

CV Section Symp: Control ofVascular Tone by ExtraluminalNucleotidesKirby/Mortensen

10:30 AM -11:30 AMTeaching Section Bernard Lecture Galey

CV Section FT: MicrovascularPermeability: Paracellular versusTranscellular TransportLominadze/O’Donnell

Renal Section Symp: The Role ofOxygen Metabolism for theDevelopment of Kidney DiseasePalm/Carmines

Physiology InFocus: Physiology inMedicine: Physiology of Obesity,Cardiometabolic Disease, andTherapeutic Weight LossHall/Schreihofer

6:00 PM -7:00 PMHenry Pickering Bowditch AwardLiangNCAR Trainee Featured TopicCarter/Sabharwal

Microcirculatory Society LandisAward LecturePittman

3:30-4:30 PMWEH Section Starling Lecture Sandberg

4:30-5:30 PMWEH Section New Investigator AwardLectureSasserResp Section Symp: Stress-relatedRespiratory Disorders: From ClinicalManifestations to AbnormalChemosensitivityGargaglioni/KinkeadCAMP Section Symp: The Role ofNovel WNK Signaling Pathway in theRegulation of Sodium Channel andTransportersCaiTeaching Section Symp: What DoCompetencies Have To Do With MyTeaching?McCleary/Sukalski

CV Section Symp: Systems Biology ofCardiovascular Genomes andProteomesLoscalzo/Vondriska

Renal Section FT: Young InvestigatorAward Featured Topic: Regulation ofTransport Proteins in KidneyIntercalated CellsPastor-Soler/Petrovic

CNS Section Symp: FunctionalIntegration in the HypothalamicParaventricular NucleusWatts/Aguilera

Endo/Metab Section Symp:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress andVascular Physio-PathologyMatrougui/Wilson

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8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:30-5:30 PM

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012Experimental Biology 2012

Monday, April 23, 2012

NCAR Section Ludwig Lecture Zucker

9:00 AM-10:00 AM

NCAR Section Minisymp:Angiotensin and Sympathetic NerveActivityZuckerResp Section FT: Development ofthe Control of BreathingBailey/Bavis

CNS Section Symp: Towards aBiology of Body Weight Regulation:The Work of Stephen C. WoodsSeeley/Woods

Cross Sectional Symp: HypoxiaInducible Factors (HIFs) in Healthand DiseaseRees/Wilson/Watanabe

Endo/Metab Section FT: NovelMechanisms for ImprovingMitochondrial EfficiencyCrozier

WEH Section Symp:Regulation of Water and ElectrolyteBalance in Diabetic NephropathyRoman/De Miguel

PG Group Special Session: TraineeHighlights in PhysiologicalGenomicsZhuo/Moreno-QuinnTeaching Section Symp: Assessmentof Student Learning and ScientificTeachingWenderoth

CAMP Section Symp: Ion Channelsas Macromolecular ComplexesCoetzee/Delmar

CV Section FT: Communicationbetween Cardiac Cells and theExtracellular MatrixChang/GardnerRenal Section FT: Novel SignalingPathways in Renal PathophysiologyPluznick/Riquier-Brison

10:30-11:30 AM

Endo/Metab Section Berson LectureSchwartz

CNS Section FT: ChronicIntermittent Hypoxia: Respiratory,Autonomic and CardiovascularConsequencesSchreihofer/ToneyCV Section FT: Wiggers AwardFeatured Topic: Calcium homeosta-sis and endoplasmic reticulumstress in vascular functionWebbNCAR Section Symp: AlteredCentral and GanglionicCatecholaminergic Transmission inCardiovascular DiseasePaterson/Teschemacher2:00 PM-3:00 PM

EEP Section Adolph Lecture GoodyearResp Section Symp: Mechanobiologyin the LungsWaters/Ridge

WEH Section FT: Sodium andWater Homeostasis: Genetic andComparative Models (cosponsoredby Comp/Evolut Phys)Pannabecker/HyndmanCAMP Section FT: Ion ChannelsFuller/Carattino

Microcirculatory Society YoungInvestigator Symp: Oxidant Stressand Inflammation in theMicrocirculationTuneComp/Evolut Phys FT: FutureDirections of MitochondrialBioenergetics in IntegrativePhysiologyJastrochAPS Careers in Physiology CommSympDo I Need Another Degree?Imig/CoaxumRenal Section Symp:Pendrin:Hearing, Blood Pressure, ThyroidFunction and MoreWall/Muallem

11:30 AM-1:20 PM

History Group LectureDempsey

Physiology InFocus: Physiology inMedicine: Using Physiology toTranslate Cardiac Remodeling andHeart FailureLindsey/Horn

Hypoxia Group FT: CompensatoryResponses to Acute or ChronicHypoxia ExposureSchrage

3:30-4:30 PM

CNS Section Erlanger Lecture Woods

3:30-4:30 PM

Renal Section Gottschalk LectureCaplan

NCAR Section FT: Molecular Sensorsin Afferents Neurons that Contributeto Pain, Fatigue, and Activation ofAutonomic Reflexes in Health andDiseaseBensonWEH Section FT: Origins of ImpairedCardiovascular-Renal Function andBody Fluid BalanceNishimura

BMES Symp: Cell Motility in Healthand DiseaseKonstantopoulos/Wirz

CAMP Section Symp: Cellular CO2,HCO3

-and pH SensingPraetorius/Brown

Comp/Evolut Phys Symp: Impact ofEnvironmental Estrogens andAndrogens on Human and AnimalHealth and Reproductive FunctionStachenfeld/ReesCV Section FT: Emerging Paradigmsin Microvascular SignalingStraub/Westcott

Resp Section Symp: Novel Sites ofRegulation in the PulmonaryVasculature: Contradictions and Non-traditional ResponsesEldridge/Bates

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Marriott,Rancho LasPalmas Room

8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:30-5:30 PM

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Tuesday, April 24, 2012

ETG FT: Regulation of Water andIon Channels and ModulatoryProteins, Lipids, and HormonesWorrell/Pastor-SolerPhys Soc (UK) Symp: Physiology ofCalcium-activated PotassiumChannelsShipston/Ruth

8:00-9:00 AM

Comparative and Evolutionary PhysSection Krogh LectureSupported by Novo Nordisk FndnHicks

Endo/Metab Section FT: Effect ofExercise and NutritionalPerturbations on CumulativeMuscle Protein SynthesisRiechmanEEP Section FT: ThermalPhysiology: From Acute Responsesto Protective AdaptationMinsonCAMP Section FT: CellularSignaling, Second Messengers, Cell-Cell InteractionsBradbury/Helms

NCAR Section Symp: FromMicroscopes to Microneurography:Innovative Techniques for the Studyof Central Neural ControlYoung/ClarkCV Section FT:Transient Receptor Potential (TRP)Channels and Endothelial CalciumRegulation in Native Cells andWhole VesselsMarrelli/EarleyResp Section FT: Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Adhesions in Control ofLung Fluid Balance and InnateImmunity: Talking is Critical!Birukov/MehtaRenal Section FT: Mechanisms ofBlood Pressure RegulationWeiner/Grimm

ETG FT: Regulation ofTransporters and ModulatoryProteins, Lipids, and HormonesWelling/LeviEndo/Metab Section Symp: NovelRoles of the Renin-AngiotensinSystem in Aging and OtherPathologiesChappell10:30-11:30 AM

Respiration Section Comroe LecturePrabhakar

GI & Liver Phys Section FT:Intestinal Solute Transport inInflammationEckmann

EEP Section FT: The Lethality ofTrauma: New Insights into thePhysiology of HemorrhageConvertinoCAMP Section FT: Ubiquitylationand Deubiquitylation of IonChannels and TransportersHamilton/Balut

Renal Section Symp: VasopressinMediated Phosphorylation andTrafficking of TransportersInvolved in Urine ConcentrationSands/BlountNCAR Section FT: NeurovascularResponses to Aging and Disease:Adaptations and InterventionsSchrage

CV Section FT: Targeted ProteomicAnalyses of Heart FailurePing/Lindsey

Comp/Evolut Phys FT:Understanding the Evolution ofPhysiology: Insights from SelectionExperiments in Rodent ModelsGarland, Jr./Meek

Physiology InFocus: Physiology inMedicine: Hypertension and ChronicKidney DiseasesJose/Sullivan

6:00 PM-7:30 PM

APS Business MeetingETG Symp: Novel Advances in CysticFibrosis Research and DrugDiscoveryStanton/BombergerCAMP Section Symp: Role of IonChannels in Cell MigrationO’Grady/Brocheiro

2:00 PM-3:00 PM

CV Section Berne Lecture Touyz

3:30 PM-4:30 PM

GI & Liver Phys Section DavenportLecture SaidResp Section Symp: ComputationalModeling in Central RespiratoryControl and CO2 ChemoreceptionSolomon/Cordovez

EEP Section Symp: Nrf2 Modulationin Exercise, Aging and ChronicDiseaseMillerEndo/Metab Section Symp:Kisspeptin Neurons: CentralMediator of Reproduction andMetabolismSamson/KellyCV Section Symp: PhysiologicalRemodeling of Resistance ArteriesMuller-Delp/Delp

Muscle Biology Group Symp:Kruppel-like Factors (KLFs) inMuscle BiologyHaldar/Jain

AFMR Symp: Role of Adipose TissueMacrophages in Mediating theMetabolic Effects of ObesityHawkins

Comp/Evolut Phys Symp: HydrogenSulfide: Ecology, Physiology, andClinical ApplicationsOlson

2:00 PM-4:00 PM

APS Public Affairs CommitteeTutorial: National Institutes ofHealth: Programs and PoliciesUpdate from InstitutesChatham/Barman

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8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:30-5:30 PM

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Wednesday, April 25, 2012

CV Section FT: Novel Regulators ofCardiac Fibroblast Function andFateCzubrytALACF Symp: ContemporaryApproaches to the Pathophysiologyof the Cardiovascular SystemIturriaga/MachadoCross Sectional Symp: RecentAdvances in Physiology andDisease: The Role of the CircadianClock in Neural, Cardiovascularand Metabolic FunctionGumz/RudicGI & Liver Phys Section FT:Gastrointestinal Physiology and theMicrobiomeWorrell/Carey

EEP Section FT: AnabolicResistance to Exercise with Agingor DiseaseFluckeyAPS Women in Phys Com Symp:Conflict Resolution: How to KeepEveryone Happy!Grippo/SutliffCV Section Symp: MitochondrialDynamics in Cardiac PhysiologyStanley/Rennison

AFMR Symp: NeurovascularMechanisms and Targets in Stroke:From Cells to HumansNing/LoResp Section FT: RespiratoryPattern Variability: Insights intoRespiratory Control Mechanisms inHealth and DiseaseDickMuscle Biology Group FT: Bone-Muscle CrosstalkBrotto/Johnson

BMES Symp: Bioengineering ofRegenerative MedicineBursac/Nelson

History Group Symp: AmericanPhysiological Society: 125 Years ofProgressTipton/RyanMexical Phys Soc (SMCF) Symp:Central Control of Food Ingestionand MetabolismBuijs

GI & Liver Phys Section Symp:Regulation of Intestinal Stem CellsDuring Development, Homeostasis,Adaptation and PathophysiologyZavros/NanthakumarEEP Section Symp: OxygenTransport and Fatigue in Humans:Unravelling the MechanismsLopez Calbet/DempseyAPS TAC Symp: E-Media Tools forthe Professional ScientistBomberger/Dale-Nagle

CV Section Symp: InsulinResistance: A Defense Mechanismfor the Stressed Heart?Taegtmeyer/HueCross Sectional Symp: EssentialInsights into Protein Interactions inEpitheliaFentonResp Section Symp:S-glutathionylation as aMechanism of Oxidative SignalingSnow/Anathy

Muscle Biology Group FT:Mechanical Muscle Damage: IsTitin the Giant, or is the Z-lineSamson?Myburgh

Physiology InFocus: Physiology inMedicine: Nobel Prize in Physiologyor Medicine LectureSmithiesCV Section FT: Leptin: Metabolic,Cardiovascular and Immune Control.Does it All Come from the Brain?Belin de Chantemele/Lob

GI & Liver Phys Section Symp:Nuclear Receptors in Liver DiseaseWang/Chiang

EEP Section Symp: Regulation ofMuscle Blood Flow by ATP duringExerciseSimmons/BenderGI & Liver Phys Section FT: HostResponses to GastrointestinalInfectionsEckmann

EEP Section SympReactive Oxygen Species, Exerciseand SarcopeniaMcArdle/BrooksCV Section FT: DiabeticCardiovascular Dysfunction: ROS-dependent and -Independent Causesand ComplicationsWold/MeszarosTranslational Physiology GroupSymp: Mammalian Target ofRapamycin (mTOR) as a CentralPlayer in Energy Balance RegulationTorre-Villalvazo/Hargens

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`

8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:30-5:30 PM

PHYSIOLOGY IN FOCUS:PHYSIOLOGY IN MEDICINE

NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY

OR MEDICINE LECTURE

Oliver SmithiesUniv. of North Carolina

“On Being a Bench Scientistfor 50 Years”

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 25, 3:30 PM

Ballroom 20A San Diego ConventionCenter

Hi all: I have been running around toomuch to find a large number of goodvalues this month, but I do have a few,see below. But first, I thought I wouldduplicate-publish my sparkling winesuggestions from a year ago verbatim –so self-plagiarism as well. As I rereadthe following from Dec 2010, I thinkthe discussion still applies:

Sparklers worth having:Low price: Freixenet is a big Cava

(Spanish equivalent of champagne) pro-ducer and they make some very depend-able and tasty white sparklers. I likeCarta Nevada Brut and Cordon NegroBrut. Both are very widely available.The former is a touch sweet but full oftasty fruit and costs just $6. Goes verywell with cheese and crackers, smokedoysters and olives in front of the fire.The latter (wine, not the fire) is dryerand technically “superior” to the formerand costs $9 (Trader Joe San Diegoprices). Both have just 11.5% alcohol sothey will not dissolve your brain tissue.

Medium price: Schramsberg andRoederer Estate are two very reliableCalifornia sparkler houses that alsomake excellent bubbly. Schramsbergblanc de blancs is mid-$20’s; their blancde noirs low-$30’s. Roederer Estate’snon-vintage brut is about $20. Theseare all classical sparklers with finesse,dryness, and light, zesty, apply/yeastyflavors and are clearly high quality.

Higher end: Veuve Clicquot is a trueFrench champagne and is always excel-lent, again with light, clean, dry ele-ments yet tasty and long-lasting. But itcosts $35-$40. Still, that is less thanmany high end French bottles, andexcellence is guaranteed.

And do not forget Australian sparklingShiraz if you can find it. Not much getsto the USA, sadly, but if you can find one,give it a try. The makers usually leave atouch of residual sugar in the wine, butusually there is very good depth of flavor.Great with any red meat, obviously. Nospecific names to suggest because theyare so rare – just ask your wine shop,and you never know. They vary in pricefrom $10 to $30. I probably would notpick the cheapest.

Now that the Journal of AppliedPhysiology Editor will arraign me onethics violations, I shall redeem myselfwith the following original material.

Whites2010 Villa Maria Sauvignon Blanc,

Marlborough, New Zealand $10. Well,maybe I will still be accused of plagia-

rism, as the same words apply as inprior years and to other SB’s from NZ:Tons of squeaky clean gooseberry, lime,passionfruit on the nose and palate;good crisp but not too puckering acidi-ty, excellent body and length.

2010 Kim Crawford SauvignonBlanc, Marlborough, New Zealand $13.Well, maybe I will still be accused ofplagiarism, as the same words apply asin prior years and to other SB’s fromNZ: Tons of squeaky clean gooseberry,lime, passionfruit on the nose andpalate; good crisp but not too puckeringacidity, excellent body and length. Getmy drift?

2010 Whitehaven Sauvignon Blanc,Marlborough, New Zealand $11. Well,maybe I will still be accused of plagia-rism, as the same words apply as inprior years and to other SB’s from NZ:Tons of squeaky clean gooseberry, lime,passionfruit on the nose and palate;good crisp but not too puckering acidi-ty, excellent body and length. Enough.

Seriously, all three are excellent, con-tinue the great NZ SB tradition, anddiffer only slightly in fruit, acidity etc.They are all great. Tip: do NOT imbibethem too cold (the wines should not becold, your temperature is immaterial).

Reds2009 Windmill Zinfandel (old vine),

Lodi $9. Lodi – lovingly still referred toby los arrogantes as the armpit ofCalifornia – has been turning out somefine Zin for quite a while now. “Oldvine” claims mean that the vines are,well, old. Folklore has it that the olderthe vine, the better the wine due togreater flavor concentration in fewergrapes. The truly old vines have 100years or more. This one has a veryclean nice cherry/raspberry nose. Thepalate is light and bright, slightlysweet, and the wine is not heavy at all.In particular, tannins are fairly soft,and there is no residual sugar to makeit sweet (thank goodness).

2007 Rosenblum Zinfandel, PasoRobles $15. This is just a very, very,approachable, tasty, balanced, well-made and drinkable wine. Not especial-ly complex, it is the balance of fruit,tannin and acidity that come togetherso well. It is hard to describe in words,but when you sip it, you immediatelywant more. Bright cherry/raspberryfruit; not tannic, not sweet (Thank youRosenblum) and perfect acidity.

2008 Heartland Shiraz, SouthAustralia $13. This is a typical middleof the road, fairly simple but deeply col-

ored and deeply flavored wine withexcellent balance, medium low tannin,good acidity, and overall very pleasant.Why it is not more expensive is becauseit is not especially complex – good darkberry fruit, good balance, harmonious.There is interesting eucalyptus on thenose and palate, and some spice.

Allow me to list a few CaliforniaCabernets I don’t usually get to taste.These are not low end, these are nothigh end, so I suppose these are mid-end (I know, oxymoronic, let it go). Soyou may not buy them, but if your bossoffers them at the holiday party, youcan plagiarize from the followingdescriptions to wow her:

a) 2007 Whitehall Lane Cabernet,Napa, $32. A delightful little drop,charming and shy with a dainty cherrynose and palate, hints of herbal notes,with balanced acidity and tannin.Translation: good cherry fruit, mediumbodied, balanced, some complexity withfruit and herbal characteristics.

b) 2009 Darioush Cabernet“Caravan” Napa, $38. this is a bigextracted and tannic wine thatnonetheless is very enjoyable if you likethe style because the fruit can handlethe tannin. It has a bit of cinnamon,vanilla, and dill (American Oak). Thefruit is very ripe, but overall the wine iscomplex and rich and would go verywell with any red meat.

c) 2007 Stewart Cabernet, Napa, $40.This wine is very forward – the nose isright there with lots of dark, very ripe,almost plummy fruit, a touch of tobac-co and spice, and some toasty oak. Notas tannic as the Darioush above, andyet better fruit. Complex characterscome together well. Needs food – duh.

d) 2008 Phelphs Cabernet, Napa $40.This is a cheapie – not Phelps Insigniaat triple the price or more – and not tobe confused with it either. The nose haslots of dark berry fruit, some oak char,and is a touch herbaceous at first. It isa well-structured wine driven by strongdark berry fruit, but with a little greenherbal flavor, spice, and oak. Not tootannic, it seems to have some “ele-gance” which I define as powerful inintensity without getting there byforced over-extraction.

Finally, for my palate, stay awayfrom the $78 Reynolds ReserveCabernet, Stag’s Leap district. The bot-tle I tasted was sherried – that is oxi-dized – tasting old, bitter and a bit veg-etal. �

Wine Wizard

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The Wine WizardPeter Wagner

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The PhysiologistVol. 55, No. 1, 2012

March 4-9Molecular Mechanisms in Lymphatic Function andDisease, Ventura, CA. Information: Internet: http://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?year=2012&program=lymphatic.

March 14-15Perspectives in Clinical Proteomics Conference,Cambridge, United Kingdom. Information: LaraHubbard, Conference & Events Organiser, Wellcome TrustScientific Conferences, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1RQ, UK.Tel.: +44 (0) 1223 495110; Fax: +44 (0) 1223 495131; Email:l.hubbard@hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk; Internet: https://regis-tration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/display_info.asp?id=236.

March 15-17Perspectives in Clinical Proteomics TrainingWorkshop, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Information:Lara Hubbard, Conference & Events Organiser, WellcomeTrust Scientific Conferences, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1RQ,UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 1223 495110; Fax: +44 (0) 1223 495131;Email: l.hubbard@hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk; Internet: https://registration.hinxton.wellcome.ac.uk/display_info.asp?id=245.

March 27-29Researchers, Teachers, Learners – We’re All in itTogether! Charles Darwin House, London. Information:Talja Dempster, Charles Darwin House, 12 Roger Street,London WC1N 2JU. Tel.: +44 (0) 2076852605; Fax: +44 (0)2076852601; Email: T.Dempster@sebiology.org; Internet:http://www.sebiology.org/meetings/EPASymposium/home.html.

April 16-17The 59th Annual Conference on the Israel HeartSociety in Association with the Israel Society ofCardiothoracic Surgery, Tel Aviv, Israel. Information:Anat Regev, 19 Hayetzira Street, Ramat Gan, 52118. Tel.:+972-3-5767716; Fax: +972-3-5767716; Email: seretariat@israelheart.com; Internet: http://www.israelheart.com/en/.

April 16-252012 PASI Short Course: A Systems Biology Approachto Understanding Mechanisms of OrganismalEvolution, Montevideo, Uruguay. Information: Internet:http://www.sdbonline.org/2012Course/course.htm.

May 13-15The International Conference on IntegrativeMedicine, Jerusalem, Israel. Information: Ravit Levy, 19Hayetzira street, Ramat Gan 52118, Israel. Tel: +972-3-5767750; Fax: +972-3-5767750; Email: rlevy@paragon-con-ventions.com; Internet: http://www.mediconvention.com/.

May 17-20The 2nd Global Congress for Consensus in Pediatricsand Child Health, Moscow, Russia. Information: MeitalNave Fridenzon, Paragon Conventions, 18 Avenue Louis-Casai, 1209 Geneva, Switzerland. Tel.: +41 22 5330 948; Fax:+41 22 5802 953; Email: cip@cipediatrics.org; Internet:http://www.cipediatrics.org/.

May 18-232012 American Thoracic Society InternationalConference, San Francisco, California. Information: ATSInternational Conference Department.Tel.: 212-315-8652; Email:conference@thoracic.org; Internet: http://conference.thoracic.org.

May 19-212012 International Conference on Systems andInformatics (ICSAI 2012), Yantai, China. Information:Email: ICSAI2012@ytu.edu.cn; Internet: http://ICSAI2012.ytu.edu.cn.

May 29-June 259th ACSM Annual Meeting and 3rd World Congresson Exercise in Medicine, San Francisco, CA.Information: http://acsmannualmeeting.org/educational-highlights/2012-session-submission/.

June 7-9OSSD Sixth Annual Meeting, Joint Meeting of OSSDand IGM, Baltimore, MD. Information: Internet:http://www.ossdweb.org/2012-annual-meeting.

June 23–27Woodstock 2012, Abbazia di Spineto, Tuscany, Italy.Information: Talja Dempster, Charles Darwin House, 12 RogerStreet, London WC1N 2JU. Tel.: +44 (0) 2076852605; Fax: +44(0) 2076852601; Email: T.Dempster@sebiology.org; Internet:http://www.sebiology.org/meetings/Woodstock/home.html.

June 26-294th International Congress on Cell Membranes andOxidative Stress Focus on Calcium Signaling and TRPChannels, Isparta, Turkey. Information: Internet:http://www.cmos.org.tr/2012.

June 29–July 2Society for Experimental Biology Salzburg 2012,Salzburg Congress Centre, Salzburg, Austria.Information: Talja Dempster, Charles Darwin House, 12Roger Street, London WC1N 2JU. Tel.: +44 (0) 2076852605;Fax: +44 (0) 2076852601; Email: T.Dempster@sebiology.org;Internet: http://www.sebiology.org/meetings/Salzburg2012/Salzburg.html.

August 18-22The 30th World Congress of Biomedical LaboratoryScience, Berlin, Germany. Information: Ilana Berkowitz,Conference Secretariat. 18 Avenue Louis-Casai, 1209Geneva, Switzerland. Tel.: +41 22 5330 948; Fax: +41 22 5802953; Email: secretariat@ifbls-dvta2012.com; Internet:http://www.ifbls-dvta2012.com/.

September 1-6AAPS 2012 Congress, Alexandria, Egypt. Information:African Association of Physiological Sciences, Office of theSecretariat, 82 Bulwer Road, Durban 4001, South Africa.Tel.: +27 31 2011392; Fax: +27 31 2013950; Internet:http://www.aapsnet.org/conferences.htm.

Meetings & Congresses

http://www.the-aps.org