feasibility of bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) cv. · Asian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 343 Hind...
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Members of the Research Forum Associated Authors: 1 Department of Horticulture, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA 2 Department of Horticulture, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, FAIZABAD (U.P.) INDIA Article history : Received : 07.05.2014 Revised : 04.10.2014 Accepted : 19.10.2014 Author for correspondence : J.K. SINGH Department of Horticulture, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, FAIZABAD (U.P.) INDIA Email : [email protected] Integrated nutrient management studies on yield, physico-chemical characteristics and economic feasibility of bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) cv. NARENDRA BAEL-9 J. K. SINGH, D.K. SINGH 1 AND H.K. SINGH 2 HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ABSTRACT : The present experiment was carried out, under sodic soil conditions at Main Experiment Station Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Tech., Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the year 2007-08 and 2008-09, to evaluate the response of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers, biofertilizers and their combination with foliar spray of 0.4 per cent boron on yield, physico-chemical characters and economic feasibility of bael cv. NARENDRA BAEL-9. The physical characters of fruit viz., maximum fruit length, width, weight, volume, reduction of skull thickness, fibre content, number of seed per fruit, mucilage content, time of fruit maturity, maximum advancement of fruit maturity and fruit yield were recorded with the application of T 10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) closely followed by T 14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM). However, the chemical composition of fruit viz., maximum TSS, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, non reducing sugar, total sugars and minimum acid content were recorded with the application of T 10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) which was at par with T 14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) during both the years of experimentation. The maximum net return Rs. 72,622.23 and Rs. 83,897.63 per hectare were obtained with T 10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) followed by Rs. 72121.70 and Rs. 83810.50 under T 14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatment, and net return rupee -1 invested (C:B ratio) was maximum in T 14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) 1:3.90 and 1:3.96 followed by 1:3.04 and 1:3.17 under T 10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatments. It was minimum in control, 1:2.82 and 1:2.83 during both the year 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The higher cost: benefit ratio was obtained in T 14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) due to low cost of production. All the treatments were effective to improve the yield, physico-chemical characters and reduce the cost: benefit ratio as compared with control, due to effect of integrated nutrient management and foliar spray of boron. KEY WORDS : Biofertilizers, Biopressmud, FYM, NPK, Yield, Quality, Economic, Bael HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE : Singh, J.K., Singh, D.K. and Singh, H.K. (2014). Integrated nutrient management studies on yield, physico-chemical characteristics and economic feasibility of bael ( Aegle marmelos Correa) cv. NARENDRA BAEL-9. Asian J. Hort., 9(2) : 342-346. T he bael (Aegle marmelos Correa), is an important indigenous fruit of India. It belongs to family Rutaceae. Although the bael tree has diverse uses, it is still in position of “underutilized minor fruit”. There is no systematic or regular plantation of bael, except in Uttar Pradesh. The importance of bael fruit lies in curative properties which makes the tree one of the useful medicinal plants of India. The medicinal properties of the fruit are due to marmelosin content. It has been known in India from prehistoric times. The trifoliate aromatic leaves are traditionally used as sacred offering to ‘Lord Shiva’. Owing to hardy nature, bael tree has a wide adaptability to adverse soil and climatic conditions. RESEARCH PAPER THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE Visit us -www.researchjournal.co.in Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Dec., 2014 | 342-346 AJH DOI : 10.15740/HAS/TAJH/9.2/342-346 eISSN- 0976-724X
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Transcript of feasibility of bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) cv. · Asian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 343 Hind...
Members of the Research Forum
Associated Authors:1Department of Horticulture, UdaiPratap Autonomous College,VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA
2Department of Horticulture, N.D.University of Agriculture andTechnology, Kumarganj, FAIZABAD(U.P.) INDIA
Article history :Received : 07.05.2014Revised : 04.10.2014Accepted : 19.10.2014
Author for correspondence :J.K. SINGHDepartment of Horticulture, N.D.University of Agriculture andTechnology, Kumarganj, FAIZABAD(U.P.) INDIAEmail : [email protected]
Integrated nutrient management studies on yield,physico-chemical characteristics and economicfeasibility of bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) cv.NARENDRA BAEL-9
J. K. SINGH, D.K. SINGH1 AND H.K. SINGH2
HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
ABSTRACT : The present experiment was carried out, under sodic soil conditions at Main ExperimentStation Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Tech., Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.)during the year 2007-08 and 2008-09, to evaluate the response of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers,biofertilizers and their combination with foliar spray of 0.4 per cent boron on yield, physico-chemicalcharacters and economic feasibility of bael cv. NARENDRA BAEL-9. The physical characters of fruit viz.,maximum fruit length, width, weight, volume, reduction of skull thickness, fibre content, number ofseed per fruit, mucilage content, time of fruit maturity, maximum advancement of fruit maturity andfruit yield were recorded with the application of T10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud +FYM) closely followed by T14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM). However, thechemical composition of fruit viz., maximum TSS, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, non reducing sugar,total sugars and minimum acid content were recorded with the application of T10 (100% NPKB +biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) which was at par with T14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM) during both the years of experimentation. The maximum net return Rs. 72,622.23and Rs. 83,897.63 per hectare were obtained with T10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud +FYM) followed by Rs. 72121.70 and Rs. 83810.50 under T14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud+ FYM) treatment, and net return rupee-1 invested (C:B ratio) was maximum in T14 (50% NPKB +biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) 1:3.90 and 1:3.96 followed by 1:3.04 and 1:3.17 under T10(100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatments. It was minimum in control, 1:2.82and 1:2.83 during both the year 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The higher cost: benefit ratio wasobtained in T14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) due to low cost of production. Allthe treatments were effective to improve the yield, physico-chemical characters and reduce the cost:benefit ratio as compared with control, due to effect of integrated nutrient management and foliarspray of boron.
KEY WORDS : Biofertilizers, Biopressmud, FYM, NPK, Yield, Quality, Economic, Bael
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE : Singh, J.K., Singh, D.K. and Singh, H.K. (2014). Integrated nutrient managementstudies on yield, physico-chemical characteristics and economic feasibility of bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) cv. NARENDRABAEL-9. Asian J. Hort., 9(2) : 342-346.
The bael (Aegle marmelos Correa), is an importantindigenous fruit of India. It belongs to family Rutaceae.Although the bael tree has diverse uses, it is still in
position of “underutilized minor fruit”. There is no systematicor regular plantation of bael, except in Uttar Pradesh. Theimportance of bael fruit lies in curative properties which
makes the tree one of the useful medicinal plants of India.The medicinal properties of the fruit are due to marmelosincontent. It has been known in India from prehistoric times.The trifoliate aromatic leaves are traditionally used as sacredoffering to ‘Lord Shiva’. Owing to hardy nature, bael treehas a wide adaptability to adverse soil and climatic conditions.
RESEARCH PAPER
THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE
Visit us -www.researchjournal.co.inVolume 9 | Issue 2 | Dec., 2014 | 342-346AJH
DOI : 10.15740/HAS/TAJH/9.2/342-346
eISSN- 0976-724X
Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 343
It requires sub-tropical climate where summer is hot anddry, and winter is mild. Plants can be grown up to an elevationof 1,200 m. A well drained, sandy loam soil is ideal. It canstand sodicity up to 30 ESP and salinity up to 9 dsm-1 EC.Inorganic fertilizers are one of the most expensive inputs inorchard management. Besides, continuous application ofhuge amount of chemical fertilizers hampers the quality, soilhealth and soil productivity. As such, it is necessary thatfertilizer application should be made through both inorganicand organic sources. Therefore, the present studies wereundertaken to find out the combined effect of organicmanures, biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizer on yield,physico-chemical characters and economics feasibility of baelfruits.
RESEARCH METHODSThe experiment was carried out on ten years old plants
of bael cv. NARENDRA BAEL-9, uniform in vigour and growth,planted under sodic soil conditions at Main ExperimentStation Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agricultureand Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the year2007-08 and 2008-09. The experiment was laid out inRandomized Block Design, replicated thrice with thetreatment combinations viz., T1 (Control), T2 (NPK), T3(NPKB), T4 (FYM), T5 (Biopressmud), T6 Biofertilizers(Azotobacter + biovita + PSB), T 7 (100% NPKB +biofertilizers), T8 (100% NPKB + biopressmud), T9 (100%NPKB + FYM), T10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM), T11 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers), T12(50% NPKB + biopressmud), T13 (50% NPKB + FYM ) andT14 ( 50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM).The basal dose of nutrient was given in two split dose, halfdose F.Y.M., N and full dose of P, K and biofertilizers in the1st week of April. Rest amount of nitrogen and F.Y.M wereincorporated in plant basin in the month of September, 2007-08 and 2008-09. However, plants were sprayed boron (0.4%)twice, first on 10th July ( i.e. first week after fruit set), secondon 10th September, 2007-08 and 2008-09 (i.e. 2 month afterfirst spray). Observations were recorded on yield, physico-chemical characters and economic feasibility of bael fruits.
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONThe findings presented in Table 1 indicated maximum
fruit length, width, weight, volume, reduction of skullthickness, fibre content, number of seed per fruit, mucilagecontent, time of fruit maturity and maximum advancementof fruit maturity were recorded with the application of T10(100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) closelyfollowed by T14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud+ FYM) during both the years, 2007-08 and 2008-09. Theincrease in individual fruit weight and volume due to theoptimum supply of plant nutrients in right amount during
J. K. SINGH, D.K. SINGH AND H. K. SINGH
entire crop period caused more plant height and spread andultimately more photosynthesis resulted into more length,diameter and weight of the fruit. Similar results were foundby Huchche et al. (1998), Mahendra et al. (2009) and Singhet al. (2000).
The maximum fruit yield was recorded with theapplication of 100 per cent NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM which was at par with 50 per cent NPKB+ biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM and both the treatmentswere significantly superior over rest of the treatments (Table1). The enhancement in yield by these treatments was mainlydue to optimum supply of nutrients and induction of growthhormones, which stimulated cell division, cell elongation,increase in number and weight of the fruits, better rootdevelopment and better translocation of water uptake anddeposition of nutrients. Similar findings have been reportedby Babu and Sharma (2005); Singh et al. (2007); Sahoo andSingh (2005) and Singh (2007).
The data presented in Table 2 revealed that the qualityof fruit was influenced remarkably due to various treatments.The maximum TSS, reducing, non-reducing and total sugars,were noted with the application of T10 (100% NPKB +biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) which was at par withT14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM). Theminimum per cent acidity and maximum per cent ascorbicacid were recorded with T10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM) which was at par with T14 (50% NPKB+ biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatments andsignificantly superior over rest of the treatments. Mitra andBose (1985) also noted that accumulation of TSS, ascorbicacid and total sugars in fruit of guava enhanced with theincreased dose of FYM, Azotobacter + PSB and potassium.The results of the present investigation are partiallycontradictory with the findings of Singh (2007), Mahendraet al. (2009) and Tarai and Gosh (2006). The decreasedacidity was noticed with the application of Azotobacter whichcorroborates the findings of present investigation. Animprovement in TSS and reducing sugar contents was foundin banana with the inoculation of Azotobacter. Results ofthe present investigation are in close conformity with thefindings of Suresh and Hasan (2001) and Yadav et al. (2007).
The data presented in Table 3 revealed that themaximum net return Rs. 72,622.23 and Rs. 83,897.63 perhectare were obtained with T10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers+ biopressmud + FYM) followed by Rs. 72121.70 and Rs.83810.50 under T 14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM) treatment and net return rupee-1
invested (C:B ratio) was maximum in T14 (50% NPKB +biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) 1:3.90 and 1:3.96followed by 1:3.04 and 1:3.17 under T10 (100% NPKB +biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatments. It wasminimum in control, 1:2.82 and 1:2.83 during both the year2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The higher cost: benefit
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Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 344
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STUDIES ON YIELD, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS & ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF BAEL
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Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 345
Table 2 : Effect of integrated nutrient management on chemical composition of bael fruits TSS
(0Brix) Acidity
(%) Ascorbic acid
(mg/100g pulp) Reducing sugar (%)
Non-reducing sugars (%)
Total sugars (%) Treatments
2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-
09 2007-08 2008-09
2007-08
2008-09
2007-08
2008-09 2007-08 2008-
09
T1 Control (water spray) 34.950 35.300 0.231 0.229 16.130 16.290 2.620 2.650 11.520 11.640 14.150 14.290
T2 NPK 37.420 37.500 0.221 0.221 19.230 19.270 3.090 3.100 12.170 12.190 15.260 15.290
T3 NPKB 36.860 37.310 0.213 0.210 19.020 19.250 3.070 3.110 11.980 12.130 15.060 15.240
T4 FYM 36.880 37.140 0.224 0.218 18.620 18.750 2.920 2.940 11.840 11.920 14.760 14.860
T5 Biopressmud 36.970 37.160 0.214 0.213 18.720 18.810 2.950 2.960 11.890 11.950 14.840 14.910 T6 Biofertilizers (Azotobacter +
biovita + PSB) 36.910 37.210 0.200 0.198 18.710 18.860 2.960 2.980 11.870 11.970 14.830 14.950
T7 100% NPKB + biofertilizers 38.920 39.190 0.170 0.169 21.620 21.770 3.360 3.380 12.420 12.510 15.780 15.890
T8 100% NPKB + biopressmud 38.850 39.080 0.166 0.165 21.540 21.670 3.330 3.340 12.410 12.480 15.740 15.830
T9 100% NPKB + FYM 38.430 38.620 0.170 0.169 21.520 21.630 3.300 3.320 12.410 12.470 15.710 15.790 T10 100% NPKB + biofertilizers
+ biopressmud + FYM 41.000 41.120 0.146 0.146 23.830 23.840 4.110 4.120 12.970 13.010 17.080 17.130
T11 50% NPKB + biofertilizers 38.220 38.390 0.180 0.179 20.700 20.780 3.210 3.220 12.370 12.420 15.580 15.640
T12 50% NPKB + biopressmud 38.220 38.340 0.190 0.189 20.620 20.680 3.170 3.180 12.340 12.380 15.510 15.560
T13 50% NPKB + FYM 38.220 38.260 0.180 0.180 20.430 20.450 3.140 3.140 12.340 12.350 15.470 15.490
T14 50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM
40.770 41.060 0.151 0.150 23.100 23.140 4.050 4.080 12.850 12.940 16.900 17.020
S.E. ± 0.540 0.450 0.005 0.006 0.290 0.240 0.050 0.040 0.170 0.150 0.200 0.190
C.D. (P=0.05) 1.570 1.320 0.014 0.016 0.830 0.710 0.130 0.120 0.510 0.420 0.600 0.540
Table 3 : Economics of different integrated nutrient management treatments during the investigation periods Yield (q/ha) Gross income
(Rs. ha-1) Cost of production
(Rs. ha-1) Net return (Rs. ha-1)
C:B ratio Treatments
2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09
T1 Control (water spray) 66.00 70.43 46202.52 56347.20 12092.64 14724.64 34109.88 41622.56 1:2.82 1:2.83
T2 NPK 94.38 95.63 66066.00 76502.40 17030.97 19662.97 49035.03 56839.43 1:2.88 1:2.89
T3 NPKB 116.00 116.25 81201.12 93000.96 20774.97 23406.97 60426.15 69593.99 1:2.91 1:2.97
T4 FYM 79.79 82.68 55855.80 66144.00 14576.64 17208.64 41279.16 48935.36 1:2.83 1:2.84
T5 Biopressmud 76.44 79.84 53508.00 63872.64 13874.64 16506.64 39633.36 47366.00 1:2.86 1:2.87
T6 Biofertilizers (Azotobacter + biovita + PSB)
78.39 81.67 54873.00 65332.80 14147.64 16779.64 40725.36 48553.16 1:2.88 1:2.89
T7 100% NPKB + biofertilizers 123.01 123.24 86104.20 98592.00 21749.97 24381.97 64354.23 74210.03 1:2.96 1:3.04
T8 100% NPKB + biopressmud 120.12 122.02 84084.00 97618.56 21476.97 24108.97 62607.03 73509.59 1:2.92 1:3.05
T9 100% NPKB + FYM 123.16 123.24 86213.40 98592.00 22178.97 24810.97 64034.43 73781.03 1:2.89 1:2.97 T10 100% NPKB + biofertilizers +
biopressmud + FYM 137.83 137.98 96478.20 110385.60 23855.97 26487.97 72622.23 83897.63 1:3.04 1:3.17
T11 50% NPKB + biofertilizers 100.62 102.96 70434.00 82368.00 17461.30 20093.30 52972.70 62274.70 1:3.03 1:3.10
T12 50% NPKB + biopressmud 99.84 102.10 69888.00 81681.60 17324.80 19956.80 52563.20 61724.80 1:3.03 1:3.09
T13 50% NPKB + FYM 98.67 100.34 69069.00 80271.36 17675.80 20307.80 51393.20 59963.56 1:2.91 1:2.95
T14 50% NPKB + biofertilizers +
biopressmud + FYM
129.48 131.20 90636.00 104956.80 18514.30 21146.30 72121.70 83810.50 1:3.90 1:3.96
J. K. SINGH, D.K. SINGH AND H. K. SINGH
342-346
Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 346
ratio was obtained in T14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM) due to low cost of production. All thetreatments were effective to reduce the cost: benefit ratio ascompared with control, due to effect of integrated nutrientmanagement and foliar spray of boron. Similar results hadalso been reported by Sharma (2004) in papaya who reportedhighest fruit yield, gross and net return per rupee investedwith the application of 75 per cent recommended dose offertilizers + PSB + Azospirillum.
Summary:On the basis of aforesaid findings, it can be concluded
that among the different treatments, application of T10 (100%NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) gave maximumyield, physico-chemical characters bael fruit which was atpar with T14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud +FYM) treatment and showed better response as compared toother treatments. On the basis of cost: benefit ratio T14 (50%NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatment wasfound best under eastern Uttar Pradesh condition. So T14treatment can be recommended to the growers of the baelorchards in India.
REFERENCESA.O.A.C. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemist (15th Ed.). Washington D.C (U.S.A.).
Babu, Naresh and Sharma, Anamica (2005). Effect of integratednutrient management on productivity of “Jahajee” Banana and soilproperties under Nagaland Foot Hills condition. Orissa J. Hort.,33(2): 31-33.
Huchche, A.D., Lodaniya, M.S., Ram, Lallan, Kohli, R.R. andSrivastava, A.K. (1998). Effect of nitrogenous fertilizers and farmyard manure on yield, quality and self-life of Nagpur Mandarin.Indian J. Hort., 55(2): 108-112.
Mitra, S.K. and Bose, T.K. (1985). Effect of varying levels ofnitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on quality of guava (P. guajavaL.) cv. L-49. South Indian Hort., 33: 186-192.
Sahoo, S.K. and Singh, D.B. (2005). Effect of different levels offertilizers on growth, yield and quality of strawberry. Orissa J. Hort.,33(2): 82-85.
Sharma, H.G. (2004). Studies on blending impact of nutrient underdifferent fertigation levels on growth, yield and quality of papaya(Carica papaya L.). Ph.D. Thesis, Indira Gandhi AgricultureUniversity, Raipur, C.G. (INDIA).
Singh, Ajeet (2007). Study on the effect of INM on yield and qualityof aonla (E. officinalis Gaertn.) cv. NA-10. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis.Department of Horticulture, N.D. University of Agriculture andTechnology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, U.P. (INDIA).
Singh, J.K., Prasad, J. and Singh, H.K. (2007). Effect of micro-nutrients and plant growth regulators on yield and physico-chemicalcharacteristics of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) cv. NARENDRAAONLA -10, Indian J. Hort., 64(2): 216-218.
Singh, Mahendra, Singh, H.K. and Singh, J.K. (2009). Effect ofintegrated nutrient management on yield and quality of ber (Z.mauritiana Lamk.) cv. BANARASI KARAKA. Asian J. Hort., 4(1): 47-49.
Singh, Rajesh., Mishra, K.K. and Jaiswal, H.R. (2000). Studieson physico-chemical characters of fruits of bael genotypes. IndianJ. Hort., 57(4): 314-317.
Suresh, C.P. and Hasan, M.A. (2001). Studies on the response ofDwarf Cavendish banana (Musa AAA) to biofertilizer inoculation.Hort. J., 14(1): 35-41.
Tarai, Ranjan and Ghosh, S.N. (2006). Integrated nutrientmanagement in sweet orange cv. MOSAMBI (Citrus sinensis Osbeck).Orissa J. Hort., 34(1): 72-75.
Yadav, Rajesh, Baksh, Hari, Singh, H.K., and Yadav, A.L. (2007).Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity and qualityof aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) cv. NARENDRA AONLA-7. PlantArchi., 7(2): 881-883.
9th
of ExcellenceYear
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STUDIES ON YIELD, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS & ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF BAEL
342-346
Members of the Research Forum
Associated Authors:1Department of Horticulture, UdaiPratap Autonomous College,VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA
2Department of Horticulture, N.D.University of Agriculture andTechnology, Kumarganj, FAIZABAD(U.P.) INDIA
Article history :Received : 07.05.2014Revised : 04.10.2014Accepted : 19.10.2014
Author for correspondence :J.K. SINGHDepartment of Horticulture, N.D.University of Agriculture andTechnology, Kumarganj, FAIZABAD
(U.P.) INDIA
Email : [email protected]
Integrated nutrient management studies on yield,physico-chemical characteristics and economicfeasibility of bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) cv.NARENDRA BAEL-9
J. K. SINGH, D.K. SINGH1 AND H.K. SINGH2
HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
ABSTRACT : The present experiment was carried out, under sodic soil conditions at Main ExperimentStation Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Tech., Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.)during the year 2007-08 and 2008-09, to evaluate the response of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers,biofertilizers and their combination with foliar spray of 0.4 per cent boron on yield, physico-chemicalcharacters and economic feasibility of bael cv. NARENDRA BAEL-9. The physical characters of fruit viz.,maximum fruit length, width, weight, volume, reduction of skull thickness, fibre content, number ofseed per fruit, mucilage content, time of fruit maturity, maximum advancement of fruit maturity andfruit yield were recorded with the application of T
10(100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud +
FYM) closely followed by T14
(50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM). However, thechemical composition of fruit viz., maximum TSS, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, non reducing sugar,total sugars and minimum acid content were recorded with the application of T
10 (100% NPKB +
biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) which was at par with T14
(50% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM) during both the years of experimentation. The maximum net return Rs. 72,622.23and Rs. 83,897.63 per hectare were obtained with T
10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud +
FYM) followed by Rs. 72121.70 and Rs. 83810.50 under T14
(50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud+ FYM) treatment, and net return rupee-1 invested (C:B ratio) was maximum in T
14 (50% NPKB +
biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) 1:3.90 and 1:3.96 followed by 1:3.04 and 1:3.17 under T10
(100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatments. It was minimum in control, 1:2.82and 1:2.83 during both the year 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The higher cost: benefit ratio wasobtained in T
14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) due to low cost of production. All
the treatments were effective to improve the yield, physico-chemical characters and reduce the cost:benefit ratio as compared with control, due to effect of integrated nutrient management and foliarspray of boron.
KEY WORDS : Biofertilizers, Biopressmud, FYM, NPK, Yield, Quality, Economic, Bael
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE : Singh, J.K., Singh, D.K. and Singh, H.K. (2014). Integrated nutrient managementstudies on yield, physico-chemical characteristics and economic feasibility of bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) cv. NARENDRA
BAEL-9. Asian J. Hort., 9(2) : 342-346.
The bael (Aegle marmelos Correa), is an importantindigenous fruit of India. It belongs to family Rutaceae.Although the bael tree has diverse uses, it is still in
position of “underutilized minor fruit”. There is no systematicor regular plantation of bael, except in Uttar Pradesh. Theimportance of bael fruit lies in curative properties which
makes the tree one of the useful medicinal plants of India.The medicinal properties of the fruit are due to marmelosincontent. It has been known in India from prehistoric times.The trifoliate aromatic leaves are traditionally used as sacredoffering to ‘Lord Shiva’. Owing to hardy nature, bael treehas a wide adaptability to adverse soil and climatic conditions.
RESEARCH PAPER
THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE
Visit us -www.researchjournal.co.inVolume 9 | Issue 2 | Dec., 2014 | 342-346AJH
DOI : 10.15740/HAS/TAJH/9.2/342-346
eISSN- 0976-724X
Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 343
It requires sub-tropical climate where summer is hot anddry, and winter is mild. Plants can be grown up to an elevationof 1,200 m. A well drained, sandy loam soil is ideal. It canstand sodicity up to 30 ESP and salinity up to 9 dsm-1 EC.Inorganic fertilizers are one of the most expensive inputs inorchard management. Besides, continuous application ofhuge amount of chemical fertilizers hampers the quality, soilhealth and soil productivity. As such, it is necessary thatfertilizer application should be made through both inorganicand organic sources. Therefore, the present studies wereundertaken to find out the combined effect of organicmanures, biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizer on yield,physico-chemical characters and economics feasibility of baelfruits.
RESEARCH METHODSThe experiment was carried out on ten years old plants
of bael cv. NARENDRA BAEL-9, uniform in vigour and growth,planted under sodic soil conditions at Main ExperimentStation Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agricultureand Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the year2007-08 and 2008-09. The experiment was laid out inRandomized Block Design, replicated thrice with thetreatment combinations viz., T
1 (Control), T
2 (NPK), T
3
(NPKB), T4 (FYM), T
5 (Biopressmud), T
6 Biofertilizers
(Azotobacter + biovita + PSB), T7 (100% NPKB +
biofertilizers), T8 (100% NPKB + biopressmud), T
9 (100%
NPKB + FYM), T10
(100% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM), T
11 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers), T
12
(50% NPKB + biopressmud), T13
(50% NPKB + FYM ) andT
14 ( 50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM).
The basal dose of nutrient was given in two split dose, halfdose F.Y.M., N and full dose of P, K and biofertilizers in the1st week of April. Rest amount of nitrogen and F.Y.M wereincorporated in plant basin in the month of September, 2007-08 and 2008-09. However, plants were sprayed boron (0.4%)twice, first on 10th July ( i.e. first week after fruit set), secondon 10th September, 2007-08 and 2008-09 (i.e. 2 month afterfirst spray). Observations were recorded on yield, physico-chemical characters and economic feasibility of bael fruits.
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONThe findings presented in Table 1 indicated maximum
fruit length, width, weight, volume, reduction of skullthickness, fibre content, number of seed per fruit, mucilagecontent, time of fruit maturity and maximum advancementof fruit maturity were recorded with the application of T
10
(100% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) closelyfollowed by T
14(50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud
+ FYM) during both the years, 2007-08 and 2008-09. Theincrease in individual fruit weight and volume due to theoptimum supply of plant nutrients in right amount during
J. K. SINGH, D.K. SINGH AND H. K. SINGH
entire crop period caused more plant height and spread andultimately more photosynthesis resulted into more length,diameter and weight of the fruit. Similar results were foundby Huchche et al. (1998), Mahendra et al. (2009) and Singhet al. (2000).
The maximum fruit yield was recorded with theapplication of 100 per cent NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM which was at par with 50 per cent NPKB+ biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM and both the treatmentswere significantly superior over rest of the treatments (Table1). The enhancement in yield by these treatments was mainlydue to optimum supply of nutrients and induction of growthhormones, which stimulated cell division, cell elongation,increase in number and weight of the fruits, better rootdevelopment and better translocation of water uptake anddeposition of nutrients. Similar findings have been reportedby Babu and Sharma (2005); Singh et al. (2007); Sahoo andSingh (2005) and Singh (2007).
The data presented in Table 2 revealed that the qualityof fruit was influenced remarkably due to various treatments.The maximum TSS, reducing, non-reducing and total sugars,were noted with the application of T
10 (100% NPKB +
biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) which was at par withT
14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM). The
minimum per cent acidity and maximum per cent ascorbicacid were recorded with T
10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers +
biopressmud + FYM) which was at par with T14
(50% NPKB+ biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatments andsignificantly superior over rest of the treatments. Mitra andBose (1985) also noted that accumulation of TSS, ascorbicacid and total sugars in fruit of guava enhanced with theincreased dose of FYM, Azotobacter + PSB and potassium.The results of the present investigation are partiallycontradictory with the findings of Singh (2007), Mahendraet al. (2009) and Tarai and Gosh (2006). The decreasedacidity was noticed with the application of Azotobacter whichcorroborates the findings of present investigation. Animprovement in TSS and reducing sugar contents was foundin banana with the inoculation of Azotobacter. Results ofthe present investigation are in close conformity with thefindings of Suresh and Hasan (2001) and Yadav et al. (2007).
The data presented in Table 3 revealed that themaximum net return Rs. 72,622.23 and Rs. 83,897.63 perhectare were obtained with T
10 (100% NPKB + biofertilizers
+ biopressmud + FYM) followed by Rs. 72121.70 and Rs.83810.50 under T
14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers +
biopressmud + FYM) treatment and net return rupee -1
invested (C:B ratio) was maximum in T14
(50% NPKB +biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) 1:3.90 and 1:3.96followed by 1:3.04 and 1:3.17 under T
10 (100% NPKB +
biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatments. It wasminimum in control, 1:2.82 and 1:2.83 during both the year2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The higher cost: benefit
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Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 344
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STUDIES ON YIELD, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS & ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF BAEL
342-346
Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 345
Table 2 : Effect of integrated nutrient management on chemical composition of bael fruitsTSS
(0Brix)Acidity
(%)Ascorbic acid
(mg/100g pulp)Reducingsugar (%)
Non-reducingsugars (%)
Total sugars (%)
Treatments2007-08
2008-09
2007-082008-
092007-08
2008-09
2007-08
2008-09
2007-08
2008-09
2007-082008-
09
T1 Control (water spray) 34.950 35.300 0.231 0.229 16.130 16.290 2.620 2.650 11.520 11.640 14.150 14.290
T2 NPK 37.420 37.500 0.221 0.221 19.230 19.270 3.090 3.100 12.170 12.190 15.260 15.290
T3 NPKB 36.860 37.310 0.213 0.210 19.020 19.250 3.070 3.110 11.980 12.130 15.060 15.240
T4 FYM 36.880 37.140 0.224 0.218 18.620 18.750 2.920 2.940 11.840 11.920 14.760 14.860
T5 Biopressmud 36.970 37.160 0.214 0.213 18.720 18.810 2.950 2.960 11.890 11.950 14.840 14.910
T6 Biofertilizers (Azotobacter +biovita + PSB)
36.910 37.210 0.200 0.198 18.710 18.860 2.960 2.980 11.870 11.970 14.830 14.950
T7 100% NPKB + biofertilizers 38.920 39.190 0.170 0.169 21.620 21.770 3.360 3.380 12.420 12.510 15.780 15.890
T8 100% NPKB + biopressmud 38.850 39.080 0.166 0.165 21.540 21.670 3.330 3.340 12.410 12.480 15.740 15.830
T9 100% NPKB + FYM 38.430 38.620 0.170 0.169 21.520 21.630 3.300 3.320 12.410 12.470 15.710 15.790
T10 100% NPKB + biofertilizers+ biopressmud + FYM
41.000 41.120 0.146 0.146 23.830 23.840 4.110 4.120 12.970 13.010 17.080 17.130
T11 50% NPKB + biofertilizers 38.220 38.390 0.180 0.179 20.700 20.780 3.210 3.220 12.370 12.420 15.580 15.640
T12 50% NPKB + biopressmud 38.220 38.340 0.190 0.189 20.620 20.680 3.170 3.180 12.340 12.380 15.510 15.560
T13 50% NPKB + FYM 38.220 38.260 0.180 0.180 20.430 20.450 3.140 3.140 12.340 12.350 15.470 15.490
T14 50% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM
40.770 41.060 0.151 0.150 23.100 23.140 4.050 4.080 12.850 12.940 16.900 17.020
S.E. ± 0.540 0.450 0.005 0.006 0.290 0.240 0.050 0.040 0.170 0.150 0.200 0.190
C.D. (P=0.05) 1.570 1.320 0.014 0.016 0.830 0.710 0.130 0.120 0.510 0.420 0.600 0.540
Table 3 : Economics of different integrated nutrient management treatments during the investigation periodsYield (q/ha) Gross income
(Rs. ha-1)Cost of production
(Rs. ha-1)Net return(Rs. ha-1)
C:B ratioTreatments
2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09
T1 Control (water spray) 66.00 70.43 46202.52 56347.20 12092.64 14724.64 34109.88 41622.56 1:2.82 1:2.83
T2 NPK 94.38 95.63 66066.00 76502.40 17030.97 19662.97 49035.03 56839.43 1:2.88 1:2.89
T3 NPKB 116.00 116.25 81201.12 93000.96 20774.97 23406.97 60426.15 69593.99 1:2.91 1:2.97
T4 FYM 79.79 82.68 55855.80 66144.00 14576.64 17208.64 41279.16 48935.36 1:2.83 1:2.84
T5 Biopressmud 76.44 79.84 53508.00 63872.64 13874.64 16506.64 39633.36 47366.00 1:2.86 1:2.87
T6Biofertilizers (Azotobacter +biovita + PSB)
78.39 81.67 54873.00 65332.80 14147.64 16779.64 40725.36 48553.16 1:2.88 1:2.89
T7 100% NPKB + biofertilizers 123.01 123.24 86104.20 98592.00 21749.97 24381.97 64354.23 74210.03 1:2.96 1:3.04
T8 100% NPKB + biopressmud 120.12 122.02 84084.00 97618.56 21476.97 24108.97 62607.03 73509.59 1:2.92 1:3.05
T9 100% NPKB + FYM 123.16 123.24 86213.40 98592.00 22178.97 24810.97 64034.43 73781.03 1:2.89 1:2.97
T10 100% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM
137.83 137.98 96478.20 110385.60 23855.97 26487.97 72622.23 83897.63 1:3.04 1:3.17
T11 50% NPKB + biofertilizers 100.62 102.96 70434.00 82368.00 17461.30 20093.30 52972.70 62274.70 1:3.03 1:3.10
T12 50% NPKB + biopressmud 99.84 102.10 69888.00 81681.60 17324.80 19956.80 52563.20 61724.80 1:3.03 1:3.09
T13 50% NPKB + FYM 98.67 100.34 69069.00 80271.36 17675.80 20307.80 51393.20 59963.56 1:2.91 1:2.95
T14 50% NPKB + biofertilizers +
biopressmud + FYM
129.48 131.20 90636.00 104956.80 18514.30 21146.30 72121.70 83810.50 1:3.90 1:3.96
J. K. SINGH, D.K. SINGH AND H. K. SINGH
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Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteAsian J. Hort., 9(2) Dec., 2014 : 346
ratio was obtained in T14
(50% NPKB + biofertilizers +biopressmud + FYM) due to low cost of production. All thetreatments were effective to reduce the cost: benefit ratio ascompared with control, due to effect of integrated nutrientmanagement and foliar spray of boron. Similar results hadalso been reported by Sharma (2004) in papaya who reportedhighest fruit yield, gross and net return per rupee investedwith the application of 75 per cent recommended dose offertilizers + PSB + Azospirillum.
Summary:On the basis of aforesaid findings, it can be concluded
that among the different treatments, application of T10
(100%NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) gave maximumyield, physico-chemical characters bael fruit which was atpar with T
14 (50% NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud +
FYM) treatment and showed better response as compared toother treatments. On the basis of cost: benefit ratio T
14 (50%
NPKB + biofertilizers + biopressmud + FYM) treatment wasfound best under eastern Uttar Pradesh condition. So T
14
treatment can be recommended to the growers of the baelorchards in India.
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