Feasibility NBM Nagaland Finl LCD 260808

8/8/2019 Feasibility NBM Nagaland Finl LCD 260808

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FINAL

Plot No. 19, Sector 33, Near Hero Ho

Factory, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Tel (Fax): +91 124 4102980

Email: lokesh@emergent ventures.c

www.emergent ventures.com

August 2008

Feasibility Study ReportNational Bamboo Mission

Emergent Ventures IndiaSustainable Solutions for Environmen


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Emergent Ventures India Pvt. Ltd. Sustainable Solutions for Environment

Emergent Ventures India Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 19, Sector 33, Gurgaon, Haryana 122 001Phone: 91 124 4353100, email: contact@emergent ventures.com , Web: www.emergent ventures.com

1

E m e r g e n t V e n t u r e s

Revision History of the Project Document

Version

Number Date Prepared by Description and reason for revision

01 04/07/2008 Lokesh Chandra Dube

Abhirup Sen

Kumar Vishal

Draft Report

02 19/08/2008 Lokesh Chandra Dube

Abhirup Sen

Kumar Vishal

Final Report


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2


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bamboo and bamboo based activities are promising means for climate change mitigation in developing

countries like India. India has good bamboo resources. National Bamboo Mission assigned Emergent

Ventures India for assessing feasibility of carbon credit generation under Clean Development

Mechanism and voluntary carbon market in the Indian state of Nagaland. The EVI team visited CBTC

office at Guwahati, NBDA office at Dimapur and collected data and information regarding the project

activities being implemented/ planned. Plantation sites, gasifiers and charcoal units were also visited in

and around Dimapur and Mokokchung. On the basis of detailed study from site visit and literature, EVI

team prepared this report with following recommendations:

SN Project Activities ERs

Potential

per annum

Recomm

ended

Category

Remarks

1 Bamboo Plantation All

sites 190,790 Green

All sites have been assessed separately

under section 3.1.1

2 Harvested Bamboo

Products Orange

Eligible under VCS 2007 only, New Meth

required which may include

national/sectoral baseline. Success of

project depends on successful approval of

the proposed methodology. Detailed

Baseline Assessment would be required

through credible third party survey.

Double Counting issues to be taken care

of. Complex Monitoring.

3 Bamboo Gasification for

power (both, installed and

planned) 1,191 Green

Very small in quantum hence can be

taken up as a bundled project activity

involving whole of north east/country as

a whole. It is advisable to launch it as a

CDM Program of Activities.

4 Bamboo

Charcoal as a

replacement

In

industries 4,460 Orange

Needs to be established through credible

third party surveys that baseline wood

charcoal comes from a depleting source

and is non renewable. Double counting of


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3


of Non

renewable

Wood

Charcoal

ERs should be avoided.

In

households 6,690 Orange





ERs should be avoided. Complex

monitoring.

5 Bamboo

Charcoal as

a

replacement

of Coal

In

industrial

application 3,827 Green

Only in those industries that have coal as

baseline. Can be taken up as a bundled

project activity involving whole of north

east/country as a whole. Can be

developed as a CDM Program of Activities

also. Double counting to be avoided.

In


Baseline needs to be determined based

on past data, credible third party survey

of households. Double counting to be

avoided. Complex monitoring.

Green: Definite CDM/VCM opportunities, should be taken up

Orange: Potential CDM/VCM project, wait and watch, a re-look on these opportunities needed after

sometime (say 3 months)Red: Non-CDM/ VCM projects


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1. INTRODUCTION Bamboo is regarded as poor mans timber

because of its versatility and usefulness in both

socio cultural and industrial purposes. It

belongs to Family Poaceae and is one of the

fastest growing species in the world. There are

nearly 75 genera and 1250 species of bamboo 1

distributed across the world. It is an extremely

strong, renewable and renowned for its

strength. It adapts to diverse climatic

conditions and soil type. It acts as a soil binder

in marginal and degraded land. It is an ancient medicinal plant, an important food source and intricately

related to indigenous art and culture 2. Its uses have grown over the centuries and the study of bamboo

has currently identified over 1500 uses of bamboo 3. It is an excellent supplement to wood. Due to its

high growth rate, it has the potential to be an effective carbon sink.

India is endowed with a rich treasure trove of bamboo represented by about 24 species and 134 genera

of which 18 genera and 90 species occur in North East India 4. India has over 9.5 million hectares of

forests 2 which is about 40% of the world total bamboo forests and is next only to China with respect to

abundance of bamboo. Bamboo occurs in well drained soils of deciduous and evergreen forests and

extends from tropical alluvial plains to high mountains upto about 3500 m altitude 5.

The world market for bamboo is valued at US $ 10 billion and is expected to reach about US $ 20 billion

by 2015 3. The size of the domestic bamboo industry is estimated to be about Rs. 6,505 crores, which

may grow to Rs.26,000 crores by 2015.

1 Soderstrom, T.R. and R.P.Ellis (1988),The wood bamboo (Poaceae: Bambuceae) of Sri Lanka: a Morphological anatomical study. Simthsonian Contribution to Botany No. 72. P.175 2 Nath, V. Rajat S. Pal and S.K. Banerjee (2008) Bamboo: Its Distribution, Production, Habitat andagroforestry Potential. Indian Forester Vol 134(3):387 3 http://agricoop.nic.in/bamboo/bamboomission.htm 4 Tiwari, D.N. (1992). A Monograph on Bamboo. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, 498 pp. 5 Varmah, G.c. and K.N. bahadur (1980). Country Report and status of research on bamboos in India. India For. Rec. (n.s.), :28


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1.1 About National Bamboo Mission Despite such immense potential, the domestic bamboo sector is faced with constraints like lack of

scientific methods for propagation and cultivation, lack of post harvest treatment and technology for

product development, Inadequate trained manpower and inadequate infrastructure for large scale

harvesting in the event of gregarious flowering. Keeping in view the potential of Bamboo, its present

poor market linkage and sub optimal level technology application for manufacture of value added

products in the industrial and cottage sector, the National Mission on Bamboo Technology & Trade

development has been mooted by Planning Commission to accord Bamboo development a strategic role

in rural economy, carbon sequestration and environmental integrity, poverty alleviation and bamboo

based handicrafts & industrial development. The task for coordinating the National Mission on Bamboo

Technology and Trade has been entrusted by the Prime Minister to the Ministry of Agriculture. The Mission document had a target of 2 million ha under bamboo during the Xth Plan involving an

investment of Rs. 2,608 crores. The Mission document also envisages the integration different

Ministries/ Departments for the holistic development of the sector, integrated programme expansion of

plantations of bamboo species, its scientific management with the involvement of JFM committees,

local initiatives and entrepreneurship for presenting this raw material for the Industries and assisting the

Industry to access and apply modern technology for producing globally competitive new generation

bamboo products. The other features of the Mission include Technology Development and Transfer for

Planting, Technology intervention on process and products including standards and codes, Handicraft

development including training, Trade and Market Development for bamboo products, and Technology

development for building material.

1.2 About Nagaland

With a view to promote and develop Bamboo and its potentials as a major Economic activity in the State

both as a resource and as enterprise the Government of Nagaland adopted the Nagaland Bamboo Policy

in 2004 (vide notification No.APC/P1/2004). The policy envisions a planned, scientific and holistic

approach to the cultivation and management of bamboos on a sustained basis can be an inexhaustible


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7


would have two approaches namely: Development of Bamboo as a Resource, Development of Bamboo

as an Enterprise.

1.3 About International Carbon Market

Carbon is a tradable commodity as a result of the evolution of financial mechanisms of climate change

mitigation. International carbon market can be categorized into two structures, first the Compliance

market, also called regulatory market that may be of Kyoto type that allows transactions in terms of well

defined market based flexibility mechanisms like CDM, JI and IET or of Non Kyoto type that have been

developed as many state legislations in the USA and as New South Wales GHG Abatement Scheme in

Australia. Second structure of the carbon market is Voluntary market; segments of Voluntary carbon

market (VCM) are legally binding ones like Chicago Climate Exchange and the Over the Counter (OTC)

market that includes the activities of companies and individuals who offset their emission footprints

from activities, products or services.

1.3.1 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) CDM is a mechanism established and developed under Kyoto Protocol to reduce Green House Gas

emissions.

At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, countries agreed to the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC) in response to growing evidence that human activity was contributing to

global warming. The UNFCCC contained a non binding commitment by industrialized countries (listed in

Annex I of the Convention) that they would reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels

by the year 2000. But soon it became clear that this wasnt enough to avoid dangerous climate change.

So in 1995, at the first Conference of Parties (COP) after the Convention entered into force, parties

began to negotiate a Protocol that would set tighter and legally binding targets for reducing greenhouse

gas emissions.

Therefore, in 1997 at the 3rd COP to the Convention in Japan, Parties agreed on a Protocol that set

binding targets for industrialized countries (Annex 1 countries) to reduce their emissions by an average


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8


of 5% below 1990 levels in the period 2008 2012, The Protocol was given the name of the city in which it

was negotiated Kyoto .

Now for assisting Annex 1 countries in reducing emissions up to specified level and helping them in

reducing cost of such reduction a marketing mechanism was developed called Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM) on the ground that emission reduction at any place across the globe will benefit the

global environment equally. Under CDM, Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) are allotted to the

projects in Non Annex 1 countries (developing countries) which result in reduction of green house gases

emissions. Buyers in Annex 1 countries to meet their reduction targets can buy these credits from these

developers.

Various agencies have been authorized and specified for governing the whole procedure. As India is part

of Non Annex 1 countries any project, which results in green house gas emission reduction can be, a

potential CDM project.

1.3.2 Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM) Voluntary Carbon Market has developed considerably in the past few years as an alternative to the

Compliance Market. The Parties such as the USA, Canada and others have no legally binding targets as

they have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Companies and individuals in these nations are realizing that

they must take action to offset and reduce their emission footprints, as a sense of Corporate Social

Responsibility or to gear up for possible future legislations.

Potential for ERs under Voluntary Carbon Market: Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards (CCBS)

Background: The Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards were launched by the Climate,

Community, and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA) in cooperation with independent experts and non

governmental organisations. The CCBA is a unique partnership among research institutions,

corporations and non governmental organizations (NGOs). The first version of the standards was

released in May 2005. The standard is currently being reviewed and the second version is expected to

be released by October 2008.


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Goals: CCBAs main goal is to provide regulations and guidance to develop land use projects that

mitigate climate change and deliver multiple benefits in an integrated sustainable manner. Hence, CCBA

mainly concentrates on the generation of positive co benefits and restricts its carbon assessment to the

acceptance of methodologies from other standards.

CCBS is standard for climate, community and biodiversity co benefits generated from a land use land

use change and forestry projects. It is not used on standalone basis and needs a carbon accounting

standard for estimation of net removals of GHGs from atmosphere.

Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS)

Background: The VCS is a standard for all greenhouse gas offset types with exception of new HFC project

and was developed by non governmental organisations, industry associations, certification companies,

project developers, and offset buyers. The first AFOLU version was released on 19th November 2007

and is part of draft VCS second version.

Goals: The standard is designed to validate and verify rigorous and trustworthy voluntary greenhouse

gas offsets. In addition, the standard aims to generate permanent carbon credits called VCUs (Voluntary

Carbon Units), keep validation and verification costs low, and ensure basic environmental and social

benefits.

1.4 About Emergent Ventures India

EVI is a network of professionals with Expertise in Clean Development Mechanism, Voluntary Carbon

Market, Forestry, Technology and Finance. EVI is currently working on a number of projects for GHG

Emission Reduction under CDM.

EVI has experts for CDM methodologies this helps us develop Project Design Documents (PDDs)

with better articulation of baseline and Additionality logic. We design PDDs with reviews by high

quality experts to maximize value for carbon assets for our clients.

EVI is working with many big buyers for CERs/VERs. We deliver the best value for CERs to our

clients owing to our strong buying selling network. The market is rapidly evolving with

appearance of forward contracts, options, derivatives, and securitization. Our insights into CDM

market help us structure the best deal for selling CERs.


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We bring in associations with investors who would invest in the project (If required) based on

the CERs/VERs revenue stream (based on project profile). This makes project finances more

attractive.


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2. METHODOLOGY OF FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT

For conducting this study the following methodology was been adopted by EVI:

1. Field visit for detailed examination

2. Data Collection & Analysis

3. Estimation of potential Emission Reductions/ Net Removals

4. Evaluation of Opportunities

5. Recommendations

Consultants from EVI visited different locations and had detailed discussions, and held meetings with

NBDA and CBTC personnel. Data was collected from concerned officials, which are the basis for this

report.

After collecting data/information all opportunities were evaluated on various parameters

Checking compliance with UNFCCC guidelines/ applicable Voluntary Standards

- CERs/VERs generation potential

- Possible Additionality

- Applicability of Baseline and Monitoring Methodology

- Complexity of new methodology development in case there is no approved methodology

available for the project type

- Monitoring requirements

Based on above parameters all opportunities were categorized into three categories


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- Green: Definite CDM/VCM opportunities, should be taken up

- Orange: Potential CDM/VCM project, wait and watch, a re look on these opportunities needed

after sometime (say 3 months)

- Red: Non CDM/ VCM projects


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3. OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS

1. Carbon sequestration Bamboo Plantations, Harvested Bamboo Products

2. Energy components Bamboo Gasification for power and thermal use, charcoal making etc.

3.1 Carbon Sequestration

3.1.1 Bamboo plantations Promotion of bamboo plantations on individual land holdings as well as community lands which form

89% of the total area of the state through the active participation of the Village Councils, (VDBs) and

(VFCs) is one of the principle activity implemented under Bamboo Mission. This involves introduction of

bamboos having commercially superior and desirable attributes for large scale cultivation to augment

the existing local varieties of bamboos in the state. Priority is being given to synchronize bamboo

cultivation to with existing farming practices, such as Jhum ing, horticulture etc. to maximize interim

benefits. The details of the Bamboo plantations undertaken so far are provided in Table 6 below:

S. No. District 2006 (ha.) 2007 (ha.) 2008 (ha.) 1 Kohima 180 300 550

2 Mokokchung 180 1000 1091

3 Tuensang 180 350 500 4 Mon 180 262 550 5 Zunheboto 180 250 450 6 Wokha 180 250 450 7 Phek 180 350 550 8 Dimapur 180 350 600 9 Peren 100 250 400 10 Kiphire 130 250 400 11 Longleng 100 280 400 12 Others 730 0 1559

Total 2500 3892 7500

Species planted 7 :

6 As provided by Nagaland Bamboo Development Authority 7 Based on information from NBDA and CBTC


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Bambusa tulda, Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus asper, Ochlandra

travancorica, Teinostachyum dullooa.

Pre project land use pattern 8:

From above information we conclude that about 80% of total area planted is eligible. Plantations in

degraded forest areas have provisionally been excluded.

Site visits by EVI: Between 19 and 25 May 2008, EVI team visited several plantation sites accompanied by NBDA and CBTC

officials in Dimapur and Mukokchung districts of Nagaland for preliminary assessment of existing

bamboo plantations, understanding local socio economic issues and interactions with CBTC and NDBA

resource persons. The list of sites visited during the tour is given in Table below.

8 Based on information from NBDA and CBTC

Pre project land use Year 1950 Year 1960 Year 1970 2006 Site 1 Dimapur Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Site 2 Peren Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Site 3 Mokokchung Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Site 4 Kohima Degraded Forest land Degraded Forest land Degraded Forest land Site 5 Wokha Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation

Site 6 Zunehebuto Degraded Forest land Degraded Forest land Degraded Forest land Site 7 Tuensang Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation

Site 8 Phek Degraded Forest land Degraded Forest land Degraded Forest land Site 9 Mon Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Site10 Longleng Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Site 11 Kepheri Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation Shifting cultivation


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Sl. No

District Plantation Site

Area planted Spacing

m x m

Species Land use Status Eligibility for CDM / VCS 2006

2007 2008

1

Dimapur

Razhapa 20 50+ 5x5 B. tulda (75%)

B. nutans (20%)

B. balcooa (5%)

Fallow grassland/ farmland

2 Pushto 40 30 30 5x5 B.tulda (70%)

B. nutans (20%)

b. nutans ( 10%)

Jhum cultivation + area of bamboo flowering

3 Ghobovi 50 50 5x5 B.tulda (75%)

B. nutans (25%)

Jhum cultivation area +forests

4 Homeland 100 50 5x5 B. tulda (80%)

B. nutans (15%)

B. balcooa (5%)

Fallow farmland

5 Peren

Chaluki 100 (planned) area of bamboo flowering

6

Mokok chung

Khatsung 130 70 7x7 B.tulda

B. balcooa

D. hamiltonii

+ paddy + banana

Area under Jhum cultivation & fallow barren hill slopes

7 Merangkung 100 25+ 5x5 B.tulda

B. balcooa

D. hamiltonii

+ paddy

Area under Jhum

cultivation &

fallow barren hill

slopes

8 Chu Chuyimlang

100 50 5x5 B.tulda

B. balcooa

D. hamiltonii

+ paddy

Area under Jhum

cultivation &

fallow barren hill

slopes

9 Khensa 100 50+ 5x5 B.tuldaB. balcooa

D. hamiltonii

Area under Jhum cultivation & fallow barren hill slopes


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+ paddy

Total 40 630+ 475+

Summary of observations:

1. Total plantation area visited: 1100+ ha

2. Species Composition 9: Bambusa tulda (70%), Bambusa nutans (10%), Bambusa

balcooa (5%), Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (5%), other

miscellaneous species (10%).

3. Average spacing: 5 m x 5 m

4. Propagation: By seedlings (80%), by rhizomes (20%)

5. Percentage of eligible land confirmed: ~70% (in sampled area)

Land use details from other districts:

Information on pre project land use pattern for plantation sites in all districts were collected from NBDA

and CBTC.

21% of the land planted is degraded forest whereas the rest are areas under shifting cultivation.

The plantations in degraded forest areas are provisionally being excluded from the eligible land

area as their exact status around 1990 is not known. As per CDM AR (and VCS) guidelines, the

land considered for CDM project should not have been a forest since 1 st January 1990.

Hence, for calculation of potential carbon credits that can be generated, following plantation

areas will be considered:

Plantation area eligible for CDM/VCM benefits = 70 % * (80% * Total Plantation Area) 10

9 This is as per the information provided by NBDA officials. 10 70% and 80% are the percentages of area eligible for CDM/VCM under sampled plantation area and the total plantation area.


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Potential Emission Reductions and revenue generation:

Assumptions for calculations:

I) Number of clumps/ha: 400/ha (5m X 5 m spacing, as observed)

II) Average recruitment rate of culms: 10 culms/yr/clump 11

Thus, average number of culms per clump: 50 culms for a mature clump of 5 years age

Average number of culms removed per clump from 5th year onwards: 10

III) Average diameter and height of culm 12:

SL No. Species Average

Diameter (cm)

Average Height (m)

1 Bambusa tulda 5 16

2 Bambusa nutans 5 15

3 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii 10 10

4 Bambusa balcooa 8 5

IV) Specific Gravity of bamboo: 0.35 13

V) Survival rate (after gap filling) = 90%14

Eligible land for CDM/VCM benefits:

S. No. Year of Plantation Total area under

Plantation (ha)

Area Eligible for

CDM/VCS (ha)

1 2006 2500 1400

2 2007 3892 2180

11 http://planning.up.nic.in/innovations/inno3/fw/bamboo.htm 12 Chowdhury, M.L. (ed) (2008), One Year of National Bamboo Mission, pp. 97 98, CBTC, Guwahati. 13 http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_wood.htm#top 14 Information from NBDA & CBTC


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18


3 2008 7500 4200

4 2009 10000* 5600*

5 2010 10000* 5600*

Total 33892* 18980

*Projected figures

Please note that the emission reductions/ net removals given in the sections below are indicative, based

on certain assumptions on past studies as available in literature. Actual ER generation may depend on a

number of factors. The exact volume of credits would depend on more detailed assessment of

technologies used, baseline scenarios, local conditions etc.

The value of credits would also vary depending on the type (VER, CER), compliance with other standards

(CCB, VCS), the year in which the credits accrue and many other factors which affect the delivery

reliability of the credits.


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Projection for VERs/CERs & Carbon Revenues from Bamboo Plantations Year Eligible

Planted Area (ha)

Cumulative eligible Area (ha)

Total NRs

t CO2

Losses in t CO2 t CO2 Net NRst CO2

NR Buffer

ConsER ELeakage from

land prep Loss from harvesting

Total Leakage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5+6 (4 7) 40% of 8 (2006 1400 1400 0 15913 0 15913 15913 63652007 2180 3580 47167 24779 0 24779 22387 8955 2008 4200 7780 167779 47740 0 47740 120039 48015 2009 5600* 13380 429890 63653 0 63653 366237 146495 2010 5600* 18980 867755 63653 0 63653 804102 321641 2011 0 18980 1474611 0 233884 233884 1240726 496291 2012 0 18980 2024725 0 598075 598075 1426650 570660 2013 0 18980 2631226 0 1299728 1299728 1331498 532599 2014 0 18980 3008559 0 2235265 2235265 773294 309318

2015 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2016 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2017 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2018 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2019 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2020 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2021 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2022 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2023 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2024 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569 2025 0 18980 3197226 0 3170802 3170802 26423 10569

Total 6359676 2543870

Annual ER generation & revenue 317984 127194

Annual ER generation in t/ha & revenue in Rs. /ha 16.75 6.70 *Conservative projection; **Assumption: 1 ER= $5; 1$=Rs42


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20


3.1.2. Harvested bamboo products Bamboo can be used for almost all parts of houses, including posts, roofs, walls, floors, beams, and

fences. People

also

use

Bamboo

to

produce

mats,

baskets,

tools,

handles,

hats,

traditional

toys,

musical

instruments and furniture.

Thus Bamboo can be used as a replacement of building materials, and might reduce emissions

associated with the production of baseline building material (e.g. concrete). Other products like

furniture and household instruments/ composites can replace conventional energy intensive products.

These options theoretically fall under the scope of Climate Change mitigation, but being complexities in

monitoring and unavailability of methodology for estimation of Emission Reductions, it would be

difficult to actually create carbon credit revenue out of these products.

3.2 Energy Components Bamboo can be used as a source of bio energy. Bioenergy is considered to be GHG neutral and its use

poses hardly any net radiative forcing to the atmosphere. Given the large amounts of biomass that

Bamboo can produce it provides a very interesting source of bio energy in the tropics 15. When grown as

an agricultural crop the biomass produced by Bamboo can be considered as a renewable source of

energy. Like any other biomass Bamboo can also be directly burnt for heat and/or power generation. It

can be used to replace carbon intensive fossil fuel or non renewable biomass.

3.2.1 Direct Burning as a replacement of coal or non renewable wood: Bamboo biomass can replace coal in thermal applications. Such applications are eligible under CDM and

VCM both. Small scale CDM methodology AMS I.E Switch from Non Renewable Biomass for Thermal

Applications by the User can be used. This is a potential activity under programmatic CDM also. This is

not a prime activity in the state. Replacing sub bituminous coal for bamboo biomass would result in

emission reduction of 1.5 t CO2 per t of bamboo biomass. Similarly replacement of non renewable wood

for thermal application would result in emission reduction of 1.7 t CO2 per t of bamboo biomass.

3.2.2 Power Generation from bamboo biomass: Approved CDM methodologies AM0042 Gridconnected electricity generation using biomass from

newly developed dedicated plantations, ACM 0006 Consolidated methodology for grid connected

electricity generation from biomass residues and AMS ID Grid connected renewable electricity

generation would be applicable for power generation project activities. Emission reductions achievable

from per kW installed capacity in this case are 2.1 t CO2.

15 Fielden, D, 1999. Energy farming with the big Bamboo. Renewable Energy World, March 1999, 23 27.


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3.2.3 Bamboo Gasification for heat and power: Bamboo Gasification is one of the manufacturing methods which make Bamboo heated to form

products under

the

condition

of

isolating

air

or

in

limited

supply

of

air.

Bamboo

gas

can

be

used

for

heat

and power. Thermal application of bamboo producer gas is not prevalent in the state as of now. This is a

potential project activity. Power generation activity would gain emission reductions in the following

manner:

Assumptions

NER Grid emission factor 16 t CO2/MWh 0.46Run days per annum 330

Run hours per day 20Auxiliary consumption rate 10%

Installed Gasifiers Capacity

kW Number of

units Annually electricity generation (MWh)

Auxiliary consumption (MWh)

Net Generation (MWh)

35 1 184.8 18.5 166

100 1 528.0 52.8 475

Gasifiers planned in near future Capacity

(KW) No. of units

Annually electricity generation MWh

Auxiliary consumption MWh

Net Generation MWh

35 6 1108.0 110.8 998

75 2 792.0 79.2 713

25 2 264.0 26.4 238

CER Estimations (t CO2 /year)

Installed gasifiers 295.09Planned gasifiers 896.23

Total 1191.33

3.2.4 Bamboo Charcoal: Bamboo Charcoal is a product of Bamboo pyrolysis. It has a number of uses. Bamboo Charcoal can be

used to replace coal for thermal applications.

16 CO2 emission database 2007 08. Central electricity Authority.


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Assumptions 17

Capacity of Charcoal units under operation (tonnes per day) 12.5

Running day per annum 270Annual Charcoal production (tonnes) 3375Calorific value of wood charcoal (TJ/Gg) 29.5Co2 Emission factor of Non renewable wood (tonne/TJ) 112Co2 Emission factor of Coal (tonne/TJ) 96.1Charcoal sold in the domestic market (tonnes) ~ 60% 2025Charcoal sold to ferro alloy industry (tonnes) ~ 40% 1350

CER estimations

Scenario 1 Non renewable Wood Charcoal as baseline Current

For industrial application t CO2/year 4460.4For Domestic use t CO2/year 6690.6Total t CO2/year 11151

Scenario 2 Coal as baseline Alternative

For industrial application t CO2/year 12645.0For Domestic use t CO2/year 18967.5Total t CO2/year 31613

17 Based on information from NBDA and IPCC default value.


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4. PROJECT STRUCTURING

4.1

Plantation Project

Bamboo plantations are eligible for carbon credit generation under CDM and VCM.

In its 19 th meeting the A/R Working group of UNFCCC agreed that, the environmental integrity of the

CDM activities is not affected by considering bamboos as being equivalent to trees in the context of A/R

CDM project activities. Bamboos may be treated in the same way as trees in the context of A/R CDM

project activities. Bamboo plantations are also eligible under VCS 2007 under Afforestation,

Reforestation and Revegetation (ARR) activities and also under CCB Standards for VER generation.

Applicable A/R Methodologies under CDM (also applicable for VCS 2007): Project Size: Large Scale

Probable AR CDM Methodologies applicable for project type:

i) ARAM0004 (Reforestation or afforestation of land currently under agricultural use)

ii) ARAM0008 (Afforestation or reforestation on degraded land for sustainable wood production)

Applicability Conditions in Methodology:

S.N. Applicability Condition AR

AM0004 AR

AM0008

1 Lands to be afforested or reforested are severely degraded.

2 The project activity does not lead to a shift of pre project activities outside the project boundary

X

3 The project activity can lead to a shift of pre project activities outside the project boundary

X

4 The land would be expected to remain degraded in the absence of the project activity

5 Environmental conditions and human induced degradation prevent

the encroachment of natural forest vegetation.

6 Site preparation involving slash and burn practices shall be restricted to non tree vegetation

X

7 Grazing shall not occur within the project boundary.


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8 Biomass of non tree vegetation is in a steady state or decreasing for all baseline land uses

9 No biomass burning for site preparation X X


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Baseline Scenarios to be considered:

ARAM0004 ARAM0008

I. No growing trees or woody perennials exist

II. No trees or other woody perennials will start to grow at any time during the crediting period

III. No trees or other woody perennials will reach the threshold for the national definition of forest due to ongoing cutting and burning cycles that are part of shifting cultivation systems;

I. Plantation forestry for commercial woothe proposed project;

II. Plantation forestry for other than commconservation forest);

III. Permanent agricultural cropping activit

IV. Remaining as the existing land use, namland.

Data requirement for the methodologies needed to be supplied by NBM:

S.N. Data Parameters Description Possible Data Source Timeline of Data

1 Historical land use/cover data

Determining baseline approach, demonstrating

eligibility of land Local Publications, government, interview

Earliest possible up tnow

2 Land use/cover map Demonstrating eligibility of land, stratifying land

area Landsat Before 1990

and most recent date

3 Landform map Stratifying land area most recent date Local government


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4 Soil map Stratifying land area most recent Local government and institutional agencies

5 Regional, local forestry inventory

Demonstrating eligibility of land, stratifying land

area Local government

and institutional

agencies

Satellite imaof 1989/1990and most recent date

6 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

Demonstrating eligibility of land, stratifying land

area e.g. SRTM, ASTER Most recent

7 National and sectoral policies: National and sectoral

Additionality consideration Local government Before 11 N2001

8 IRR, NPV (if any, depends on the way of additionality analysis)

cost benefit ratio, or unit cost of serviceIndicators of investment analysis

Local government Most recentdate Local

Calculation

9 Investment costs (if any, depends on the way of additionality analysis)

Including land purchase or rental, machinery, equipments, buildings, fences, site and soil preparation, seedling, planting, weeding, pesticides, fertilization, supervision, training, technical consultation, etc. that occur in the establishment period.

Local Local statistics, published data and/or survey (if any, depends on the way of additionality analysis)

Most recentdate,

10 Operations and maintenance costs

Including costs of thinning, pruning, harvesting, replanting, fuel, transportation, repairs, fire and disease control, patrolling, administration, etc.

Local Local statistics, published data and/or survey (if any, depends on the way of additionality analysis)

Most recentdate


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11 Transaction costs Including costs of project preparation, validation,

registration, monitoring, etc. National and International DOE

Most recentdate

12 Revenues Those from timber, fuel wood, non wood

products, with and without CER revenues, etc Local Local statistics, published data and/or survey (if any, depends on the way of additionality analysis)

Most recentdate

13 Local yield/volume tables


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Baseline and additionality criteria to be considered:

The baseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents the anthropogenic

emissions by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) that would occur in the absence of the proposed

project activity. A baseline shall cover emissions from all gases, sectors and source categories listed in

Annex A (of the Kyoto Protocol) within the project boundary. A baseline shall be deemed to reasonably

represent the anthropogenic emissions by sources that would occur in the absence of the proposed

project activity if it is derived using a baseline methodology referred to in paragraphs 37 and 38 of the

CDM modalities and procedures.

A methodology 18 is an application of an approach as defined in paragraph 22 of the CDM A/R modalities

and procedures, to an individual A/R CDM project activity, for the determination of the baseline

scenario. A baseline methodology should reflect aspects such as environmental conditions and past land

uses and land use changes. No methodology is excluded a priori so that project participants have the

opportunity to propose a methodology.

In this case, shifting cultivation is the most probable scenario that can be adopted as baseline.

Additionality of a CDM programme of activities (PoA All types)

A PoA19 is additional if it can be demonstrated that in the absence of the CDM the proposed voluntary

measure would not be implemented, or the mandatory policy/regulation would be systematically not

enforced and that noncompliance with those requirements is widespread in the country/region, or that

the PoA will lead to a greater level of enforcement of the existing mandatory polic/regulation. This shall

constitute the demonstration of additionality of the PoA as a whole.

Aspects of National Bamboo Mission that has to be highlighted along with the documentary

evidences to establish Additionality of the project.

Consideration for Carbon credits and CDM/VCM benefits during project conceptualization

Uniqueness of NBM as the pioneer project for systematic and scientific bamboo cultivation and

utilization in India

18 , 18: UNFCC Glossary of CDM Terms (http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/036/eb36_repan32.pdf)



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The technological, financial, operational and other constraints faced by NBM and how the

project would not be feasible without the additional financial means from the sale of Carbon

credits

Additional Value for projects with cobenefits in Voluntary Carbon Market

Social and environmental responsibility has become an increasingly important part of the marketing

strategies of large companies. Cobenefits in the Voluntary Carbon Markets progressively capture a

great value. Hence a high level of co benefits can attract investment in Forestry based Climate Change

Mitigation Projects. Well managed and sustainable projects are closely associated with a variety of co

benefits, such as increased employment and income generation, biodiversity and watershed

conservation, and the provision of wood products and recreational services. These are likely to be

greatly appreciated by carbon credit buyers and compose a significant value proposition to carbon

offsets.

The CCBS has developed a set of basic compulsory regulations that must be met prior to a project

achieving certification. The compulsory basic requirements include net positive community impacts,

mitigation of negative offsite community impacts, net positive biodiversity impacts, and mitigation of

negative offsite biodiversity impacts.

According to AFOLU VCS (2007), projects have the potential to improve socio economic and

environmental impacts, but may also have negative impacts. Hence, prior to certification, the VCS

requires projects to identify negative environmental and socio economic impacts and undertake steps

to mitigate these.

Both VCS 2007 and CCB accept approved A/R methodologies.

4.1.2.

Harvested bamboo

products

HWP is eligible for carbon credit generation under VCS 2007. Studies are required to benchmark the

baseline and project activity emissions in this sector by using actual sectoral data of emissions in


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manufacturing of products. As of now no such studies are available. A number of methodological issues

including monitoring may constrain such projects.

4.2 Energy components:

4.2.1 Bamboo Gasification for power/thermal use: CDM Methodology available for biomass gasification are AM0042 Gridconnected electricity generation

using biomass from newly developed dedicated plantations, ACM 0006 Consolidated methodology for

grid connected electricity generation from biomass residues and AMS ID Grid connected renewable

electricity generation. Prima facie it seems a potential CDM POA activity. This is also eligible in VCS 2007

and other VCM standards. Bamboo gasification for thermal use is an eligible activity under the CDM

category AMS I E Switch from Non Renewable Biomass for Thermal Applications by the User . Also

eligible for VERs.

4.2.2 Charcoal Preparation and thermal use: CDM Methodology available for this sector are AMS I E Switch from Non Renewable Biomass for

Thermal Applications by the User and AMS III K Avoidance of methane release from charcoal production

by shifting from pit method to mechanized charcoaling process. This is a potential CDM POA activity,

also eligible for VERs when NBM can prove that it charcoal produced is replacing non renewable wood

biomass/ coal or charcoal made from non renewable biomass.


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5. Sequence of Activities for Carbon Credit project document development

5.1 CDM project Cycle

Step1 -Preparing a CDM project for validation Before submission of a project for validation, the developers need to do the following:

Methodology Selection There are two categories for each of the sectors i.e. large scale project and small scale projects. The

basket of small scale projects comprised of following.

o Renewable

energy

projects

up

to

15MW

installed

capacity.

o Energy savings of 60 GWhe.

o CO2 abatement of 60 kt/year.

o A&R sequestration of 16 kt CO2; developed or implemented by low income

communities.

Any other project which is outside the above areas will fall into large scale project activities.

There are different methodologies for each of the sectors and projects. One needs to choose a particular

methodology which is suitable for that case. If approved methodology is not available then one needs to

develop new methodology. The new methodology will include identification of baseline scenarios,

formulae to estimate emission reduction and monitoring mechanism for CDM project activity.

A UNFCCC approved Validator (known as Designated Operating Entity or DOE) will review the New

Methodology and submit to the Executive Board (EB). A Methodology Panel appointed by EB reviews

the New Methodology for issues such as Transparency, Accuracy and Implementability to make a

recommendation about whether it should be approved.

This process may take 6 months or more.

Project Design Document (PDD) It is the document that outlines

The Project Concept

How the project reduces emissions and estimates of emission reductions


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How the project is Additional (is not business as usual; the project overcomes a number of

barriers, is not a common practice and without CDM benefits is unlikely to be implemented)

Monitoring methodology for monitoring future emission reductions.

PDD has to be consistent with Approved or proposed New Methodology.

DOE makes an assessment of whether the PDD is consistent with approved methodology or not.

Approval of Host Country PDD would be submitted to Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF) for host country approval.

MOEF would ask developers to present the case in front of government officials to show that the project

is in line with sustainable development priorities of India and doesnt create any negative impact on

environment, local community or the national resources.

Approval from MOEF takes around 6 weeks.

Step -2: Validation Validation is an audit of the project conducted by UNFCCC approved validator. There are a number of

well known Validators such as SGS, DNV, TUV, BVQI and JQA etc.

Validation is essentially the point at which a project is approved or rejected. While in a formal sense

registration by the Executive Board constitutes final approval, evaluation of Validator plays a significant

role in EB approval and a Validator may refuse to submit the document to EB unless he/she is satisfied

with the PDD.

During validation process the following factors are checked:

Alignment of PDD with approved/ proposed Methodology

Correctness of additionality arguments, appropriateness of choice of baseline scenarios, client

preparedness for monitoring the emission reductions etc.

Stakeholder acceptance of the Project. Stakeholders are all those entities that are likely to be

affected by the Project and include local community, local regulatory bodies etc. The validation

process includes a 30 day public comment period during which stakeholders; the public and

NGOs can make submissions to the validator about why the project shouldnt be accepted.


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If the validator believes that the project qualifies as per CDM guidelines, they submit a Validation Report

to the Executive Board, which makes a recommendation that the project be registered.

The Validation Report is made public when it is sent to the Board and must include an explanation of

how the comments received by the Validator have been taken into account.

Step 3: Registration by the Executive Board Registration by the Executive Board is given automatically, unless one of the countries involved in the

project, or at least 3 members of the Executive Board requests a review. A small scale project takes 4

weeks for automatic approval; a large project takes 8 weeks for such approval if there is no request for

review.

Step 4: Verification, certification and issuance of emission reduction credits Once a project is registered the developer begins to monitor the reduction of emissions according to the

plan they presented in the PDD and compiles a monitoring report.

Periodically the client appoints a DOE as a Verification Agency (which has to be different from the one

that did the validation) that verifies the actual emission reductions according to the Monitoring Plan

submitted in PDD and compiles a Verification Report and submits to EB. This report is made public.

After EB approves, Certificates of Emission Reductions (known as Certified Emission Reductions or CER)

are issued.

Verification can be done for any length of time; however for this particular project it is suggested to go

for annual verification to reduce cost of verification.


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NBM

Advisors:EVI

DOE DNA

Validationreport

Host countryapproval

BuyerCERs

DOE

Verificationreport

LocalStakeholders

Stakeholders consultationreport

Globalstakeholders

Feasibility & PCN

EngagementEngagement

30 days comment period

8 week appeal process

ERPACDM project cycle

5.2 VCM project cycle:


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Carbon Market Dynamics Buyers: Currently there are two types of buyers in the market:

Government fund (Belgium, Canada, Japan, World Bank etc)

Private funds.

Government funds are the biggest buyers in the market, but the rate provided by them is much lower

than as compared to private players.

Pricing: Key drivers of price

Risk of CER delivery

o Methodology approval risk

o Project registration risk

o Project Implementation Risk

o Operational risk (under/over performance)

o Creditworthiness the project sponsor and the viability of the Project

o Country risk (includes Kyoto Protocol risks) Confidence in the quality of the ongoing

carbon asset management by the Counter Party (Host Countries) and hence expectation

of delivery of CERs over the life of the project

Demand supply balance of ERs

o Demand ability of Annex 1 participant to meet the reduction targets by improvements

in their own countries.

o Demand affected by factors such as availability of gas, weather changes.


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o Supply of ERs from other sources such as JI20 (projects in other Annex 1 countries), Hot

Air21 (from CIS countries, Russia etc)

o Supply of CERs (India, China, Brazil etc are building a huge pipeline which will come in

the market by 2008)

o CERs from areas such as afforestation/reforestation activities, which can be very big.

Additional environmental and social benefits coming due to project (buyers tend to pay a

premium for projects with big positive socio economic impact).

Demand supply balance is likely to vary significantly with time. Accordingly there is a huge uncertainty

about prices.

Structure of the Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) is crucial. Prices will vary depending on

Whether it is a spot contract or forward contract

Amount of upfront payment required, and applied discount rates in case of upfront payment,

Guarantee the seller is willing to undertake in case it fails to deliver upon contract

commitments, penalties for non delivery, and sellers capacity to pay the penalties;

Current Market Scenario: While government buyers seem to aim for CER prices at 67 Euros for projects with a balanced risk distribution, private buyers seem willing to accept 10 12 Euros.

Possible Sale Structures: There are various CERs sale structures used in the market based on the project

profile, and risk appetite of project promoter.

Fixed + Float

o In large contracts it is possible to link CERs prices to the European Union Allowance 22 (EUA)

prices (with some discount) to help clients maximize CERs value if market prices go up in

20 JI: Joint Implementation- Similar to CDM, but implemented by Developed countries in developed countries21 Hot Air is a colloquial term used to describe emission reduction traded by CIS countries. CIS countries are already

emitting less than their targets as their economy is witnessing slump, these emissions are thus traded in the market.


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future. Discounts of Euro 810 prevail and therefore for clients willing to accept price decline

risks current price could be ~ Euro 15 (EUA prices ~ 23 Euro).

o The structures have a price floor to ensure protection against steep price fall.

Fixed

o In case investment is brought in by CERs buyer, CERs are sold at a fixed price for the

crediting period (range from Euro 4 Euro 8) depending on quality of CERs, risks etc.

Fixed till 2007 the start of first target period for Annex 1 countries, and then Floating price structure

for future CERs.

In comparison with compliance markets, voluntary markets are less mature and trade in lower volumes.

There is no umbrella regulator in the voluntary carbon market. Voluntary market considers less complex

and lest costly ways to handle the issue of non permanence than the current approach of temporary

credits under the CDM. In Voluntary Carbon Standard 2007 (AFOLU) and CarbonFix Standard, two major

voluntary standards for forestry it is done by setting a buffer reserve based on its assessment of

potential risks of carbon loss.

Observations from voluntary carbon market suggest that forestry accounted for the highest 36% of the

transaction volume in the year 2006 as compared to mere 1% of expiring credits from CDM. Growing

45%, in the year 2007 Agriculture and forestry projects contributed to 18% of total OTC market

transaction 23.

Voluntary market is also to promote innovative means of emission reductions. Harvested wood should

be used as durable wood products such as furniture and construction. Maximum benefits from the

terrestrial carbon sinks can be obtained by making progressive farmer a project holder for growing trees

22

EUA: European Union Allowances, allowances given to EU which are traded among themselves to deal with theiremission reduction targets. EUAs are traded at a premium as they are traded among countries with high credit

rating, and have no delivery risk. Currently EUAs are traded around 21-23 Euros. CERs on the other hand are traded

at discount due to delivery risk, project performance risk, project promoters risks etc.23 State and Trend of the Voluntary Carbon Market Reports 2007 and 2008, Ecosystem Marketplace.


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in agro ecosystems and for Bioenergy options in them. In order to minimize the transaction costs it is

important to maximize the flow of financial benefits to the farmers from the sale of good quality VERs/

VCUs. This will lead to the deduction in costs to the project developer and /or promoter and make

attractive to them as well as local stakeholders.

Emergent Ventures is involved in developing some interesting forestry projects and is in process of

proposing new methodologies for accounting emission reductions in forestry and agriculture sector.


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RECOMMENDATIONS:

EVI comes out with following recommendations based on the study:

SN Project Activities ERs

Potential

per annum

Recomm

ended

Category Remarks

1 Bamboo Plantation All

sites 190,790 Green

All sites have been assessed separately

under section 3.1.1

2 Harvested Bamboo

Products Orange

Eligible under VCS 2007 only, New Meth

required which may include

national/sectoral baseline. Success of

project depends on successful approval of

the proposed methodology. Detailed

Baseline Assessment would be required

through credible third party survey.

Double Counting issues to be taken care

of. Complex Monitoring.

3 Bamboo Gasification for

power (both, installed and

planned) 1,191 Green

Very small in quantum hence can be

taken up as a bundled project activity

involving whole of north east/country as

a whole. It is advisable to launch it as a

CDM Program of Activities.

4

Bamboo

Charcoal as a

replacement

of Non

renewable

Wood

Charcoal

In

industries 4,460 Orange





ERs should be avoided.

In







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ERs should be avoided. Complex

monitoring.

5 Bamboo

Charcoal as a

replacement

of Coal

In

industrial

application 3,827 Green

Only in those industries that have coal as baseline. Can be taken up as a bundled

project activity involving whole of north

east/country as a whole. Can be

developed as a CDM Program of Activities

also. Double counting to be avoided.

In


Baseline needs to be determined based

on past data, credible third party survey

of households. Double counting to be

avoided. Complex monitoring.

Green: Definite CDM/VCM opportunities, should be taken up

Orange: Potential CDM/VCM project, wait and watch, a re-look on these opportunities needed after

sometime (say 3 months)

Red: Non-CDM/ VCM projects

The Way Forward Following will be the plan of action to move forward with bamboo based carbon credit projects:

1. EVI shall send proposal of advisory services for Green projects. The proposal will include

detailed timelines and points of action.

2. Model of roles/responsibility shall be adapted by NBM as appropriate. An indicative model could

be:

a. NBM Project Finance

b. CBTC Project management and co ordination

c. NBDA Technical back up, project monitoring and implementation

d. EVI Project advisory for CDM/VCM


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3. Similar feasibility studies can be performed by EVI for other states also. EVI shall send services

offering for this.

4. Required third party assessments/ surveys to be done for Orange projects.

5. After analysis based on assessment/ surveys as per remarks on Orange projects, projects moved

to Green would be taken up for carbon credits.


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Glossary of Terms

% Percentage

AR, A&R, A/R Afforestation and/ or Reforestation

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CER Carbon Emission Reduction

DNA Designated National Authority

DOE Designated Operational Entity

GHG Green House Gases

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRR Internal Rate of Return

KP Kyoto Protocol

kWh Kilo Watt Hour

MWh Mega Watt Hour

MNES Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

NBM National Bamboo Mission

PCN Project Concept Note

PDD Project Design Document

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

VCM Voluntary Carbon Market

VCS Voluntary Carbon Standard

VCU Voluntary Carbon Unit


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