Fear and death Hunger, plague, wars During the Middle Ages, life is marked by obsessive feelings:...
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Transcript of Fear and death Hunger, plague, wars During the Middle Ages, life is marked by obsessive feelings:...
Fear and death• Hunger, plague, wars
During the Middle Ages, life is marked by
obsessive feelings: fear.
What are these fears in Middle Ages? People
are afraid of hunger and famine.
What are the causes of a bad harvest? The passage of soldiers, natural events such as floods, drought, violent storms.
glossary2
• Fear of illnesses: they don’t know the causes and the cures.
• Fear of the plague: pestilence makes a lots of victims.
• Fear of death. People often see parents, relatives and friends die.
glossary3
Da “Cronache dell’anno mille” di Rodolfo il Glabro (980-1047)
In seguito la fame cominciò a diffondersi in ogni parte del mondo, minacciando di morte quasi tutta l’umanità. Le condizioni climatiche erano così sconvolte che non arrivava mai il momento opportuno per nessuna semina né il tempo utile per la mietitura, soprattutto a causa delle inondazioni. Pareva che gli elementi lottassero tra loro in reciproco conflitto, mentre è certo che infliggevano una punizione alla superbia degli uomini… Ogni strato della popolazione fu colpito dalla penuria di cibo; ricchi e meno ricchi diventavano smorti per la fame quanto i poveri; le angherie dei potenti si arrestarono di fronte alla generale indigenza… Frattanto, dopo essersi cibata di quadrupedi ed uccelli, la gente, sotto i morsi tremendi della fame, cominciò a prendere per nutrimento ogni sorta di carne, anche di bestie morte e altre cose schifose. Taluni cercarono di sfuggire alla morte mangiando radici silvestri e piante acquatiche, ma inutilmente: non si trova scampo all’ira vendicatrice di Dio, se non rivolgendosi a sé stessi. Si inorridisce a descrivere le perversioni a cui l’umanità andò soggetta. In quel tempo -oh sventura! - la furia della fame costrinse gli uomini a divorare carne umana, come solo di rado si era sentito in passato.
4 glossary
The idea of death is connected to:
- the fear of the divine punishment because of people’s sins;
- the fear of the end of the world (people think that it is before 1000 AD).
glossary5
CLOZE
_____ is an obsessive _______ in Middle Ages. People fears ______
and _________. ___________ are often bad because of the passage
of _________ and because of _________ or _________. There are
lots of ____________: they don’t know the _________ and the ________. For
example, the __________ kills lots of people.
Man is also afraid of ___ ________ __________ and of the end of the ______.
They wait for it to come _________ 1000 __.
glossary6
Questions
What are the terrible fears of man in Middle Ages?
What are the reasons for a bad harvest?
Why are they so afraid of illnesses?
Is there a very terrible illness?
What do they wait for before 1000 AD?
glossary7
Ex 3)Invent and draw some symbols on the Middle Ages’s fears
Ex 4)Practise with your partner on the glossary
glossary8
GLOSSARY 1Sentimento ossessionante - obsessive/terrifying/haunting feeling Paura - fearMorte - death
Fame - hungerPeste - plague
Guerra - warCarestia - famine
Sfortuna, sventura – misfortune
Raccolto - harvestPovertà - poverty
Soldati - soldiersSiccità - drought
Alluvioni - floods
Tempeste - storms
Fenomeni naturali - natural eventsMalattie - diseases, illnesses
Cause - causes, reasonsCure - cures
Epidemia epidemicVittime - victims
Punizione - punishmentPeccati - sins
Fine del mondo - the end of the world
Contadino - peasant
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A new prosperity. The population increase.
• Before the year 1000 AD, Europe is not a densely populated continent. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the number of its inhabitants further decreases.
YEARS Milan Florence
1050 45 000 inhabitants
25 000 inhabitants
1150 85 000 inhabitants
45 000 inhabitants
1200 100 000 inhabitants
70 000 inhabitants
10 glossary
YEARS Milan Florence
1050 45 000 inhabitants
25 000 inhabitants
1150 85 000 inhabitants
45 000 inhabitants
1200 100 000 inhabitants
70 000 inhabitants
Questions
1. Is the chart about the centuries before or the centuries after the year 1000?
2. What is the chart about?
3. How many inhabitants are there in Milan in 1050? And in 1150? And in 1200?
4. How many inhabitants has Florence got in 1050? And in 1150? And in 1200?
5. Do the inhabitants in Milan and Florence increase or decrease between 1150 and 1200?
glossary11
GLOSSARY 2Aumento - rising/increaseProsperità - prosperityContinente - continentAbitanti - inhabitantsCrescere - to growFattori - factorsStabilità - stabilityPopoli nomadi - nomadic peoplePace - peaceCondizioni - conditionsLontano – far awayProgressi - progress, improvement
Tabella – chart
Adesso - now
Agricoltura - agricultureProduzione - productionGeneri alimentari - foodAlimentazione - food habitsVivere - to liveFigli - childrenResistere - to resist
Densamente - densely
Caduta – fall
Diminuire – decrease
Aumentare – increase
Ulteriormente – further
Secolo - century
10 11 12 13 1514
12
• A series of factors produce a new stability and prosperity:
The invasions of nomadic people.
Peasants can cultivate fields that are also far away from the castle.
There aren’t plague and other illnesses for two centuries
many cultivated fields
PEACE
decrease of deaths
glossary13
Progress in
agriculture
Increase of
foodNow, the conditions
of life are good
Improvements glossary14
DRAW Draw a picture that shows the improvements in the life of the Middle Ages
CLOZE 2
In the first centuries ______ the year 1000 AD, there is
an _________ of the __________.
There is a period of ________: __________
people don’t cross Europe and there aren’t _____.
There is a progress in ______________ and there is
more _________.
The conditions of life are ___________.
glossary
Practise with your partner on the glossarySPEAK
15
TIMELINE0 1000500 1500 2012
The hard life of peasants in the Middle Ages
The number of cultivated fields increase. The quality and the quantity of the
products increase.
Landowners give peasants their fieldsfor a long period of years.
17 glossary
broad beans lentils
peas
These plants are rich with proteins, they are very nutrient. Peasants have now good food for them and their family.
18 glossary
Before 1000 AD:
two-year rotation
½ cultivated field
(harvest)
½ fallow field (no harvest)
19 glossary
First year
Second year
Third year
wheat
fallow
legumes
wheat
fallowlegumes
wheatfallow
legumes
After 1000 AD: three-year rotation20
glossary
Extend the number of fields and the productivity
Change the crops and the food
To use the fallow fields to breed animals
Winter crops
Permanent crops
Fallow
Village
Meadows
Woods
The three-year rotation helps peasants to:
21 glossary
1. DRAW Draw a picture that shows the new crops and write their names in English
2. DRAWUse the drawings from the links above and draw an example of a three-year rotation. (Write the names of the crops in English.)
http://www.parodos.it/storia/storia2/larotazionecolturale.htm
http://www.lestoriedellastoria.it/Costume_medioevale.html
22 glossary
Horses are useful
because they are fast and strong
23 glossary
•Peasants use a new plow.
•The new plow has an iron plowshare; it is heavy.
•It digs deeply under the ground.
•The ground becomes fertile.
•The harvest is rich.
Iron plowshare
24 glossary
Classical harness
Medieval harness
The new harness is on the horse’s shoulders. It isn’t around its neck. The horse works without strangling.
25 glossary
Peasants now use the power of water and of the wind.
Water (rivers) and wind start the millstones.
The millstones turn around and the mill works.
http://www.salviani.it/geo/mulino/mulino.html
26 glossary
1) After the year 1000 AD the number of the cultivated fields decrease
2) The three-year rotation increases productivity
3) Only oxen are used to plow the fields
4) The new plow strangles horses
5) Peasants now cultivate borad beans, peas and lentils
5) The new plow has a plowshare made with iron
6) The corn is cultivated in the fallow fields
7) Wind and water give power to the mills
True or false?27 glossary
CLOZE After the year 1000 AD there are some _________________.
Peasants divide the field in _______ parts: it is the three-year _______________. A part is not cultivated: it is the ____________. The other two parts are cultivated.
New plants are cultivated: ____________, ____________ and ____________.
Peasants have good food for their family.
There is a new type of __________: it has the plowshare made with ________.
There is a new ____________ for horses. Now horses _______ without strangling.
The power of _______________ and ________________ start the millstones.
28 glossary
GLOSSARY 3
17 18 19 2120
29
22 23 24 2625 2827
Innovation - Innovazione
Useful domain - Dominio utile
Landowner - Proprietario di terre
Three-year rotation - Rotazione triennale
Colture, crops - Coltura
Use - Uso
Wind - Vento
Period - Periodo
Land, field - Terreno
Productivity - Produttività
Cultivate - Coltivare
Plant - Pianta
Broad bean - Fava
Lentil - Lenticchia
Peas – Piselli
Turnip - Rapa
Corn - Grano
Maggese - Fallow
Proteina - protein
Ricco - rich
Nutriente - nutrient
Allevare - breed
Terreno – land
Prodotto - product
Resistente/forte - strong
Agile/veloce – swift, fast
Aratro - plow
Versorio - plowshare
Ferro - iron
Profondità – depht
Profondo – deep
Profondamente - deeply
Usare - use
Attacco - harness
Collo - neck
Spalla - shoulder
Soffocare - strangle
Fiume - river
Azionare/far funzionare - start
Forza - strength
Macina – millstone
Mulino - mill
Girare - turn
Utile - useful
Scavare - dig
Fertile - fertile