f~c x:, CONTENTS - DSS

f~c x:, CONTENTS

l) ;,.J~

CHAPJER INTRODUCTION

444455555555566666666677

THELOSANGELESBASIN RULES AND REGULATIONS IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY

Regulationli: Permits Regulation IV: Prohibitions. Rule 50: The Ringelman Chart. Rule5l: Nuisance Rule 52: Particulate Matter. Rule 53: Specific Contaminants. Rule 53. 1: Scavenger Plants. Rule54: DustandFumes Rule 56: Storage of Petroleum Products. ,.

Rules 57. and 58: Open Fires and Incinerators. Rule 59: Oil-Emuent Water Separators. ! ...

Rule .61: Gasoline Loading Into Tank Trucks and Traiiers

Rules 62 and 62. 1: Sulfur Contentof Fuels. ; .

Rule 63: Gasoline Specifications. Rule 64: Reduction of Animal Matter. ,

Rule 65: Gasoline Loading Into Tanks. .,Rule66: OrganicSolvents ,

Rule 66. 1: Architectural Coatings. ,

~ Rule 66.2: Disposal and Evaporation of Solvents. ...

ROLEOF THEAIR.POLLUTIONENGINEER ,

Accomplishments of the Permit System. USEOFTHISMANUAL GeneralDesignProblems. Specific Air Pollution Sources.

CHAPTER 2 AIR CONTAMINANTS

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INTRODUCTION. FACTORS IN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. TYPESOFAmCONTAMINANTS Organic Gases. Current Sources in Los Angeles County. Hydrqj;,a,rbons -,12 .., Hydrocarbon deriVatives -12

Signi1icance in Air Pollution- l?~oblem : I1iorganicGases , Current Sources in Los Angeles County. Oxides of nitrogen -14. ..Oxides of 5ti1fur :: 14. ..Carbon monoxide -15

Significance in Air Pollution Problem. Oxides of nitrogen -15 ...Oxides of sulfur -15. ~~.. ...~.

Miscellaneous inorganic gases -16

Aerosols Current Sources in Los Angeles County. Carbon or soot particles -16. ..Metallic oxides and salts -17

Acid droplets -17 ..Silicates and other inorganic dusts -18. ,

Significance in Air Pollution Problem. ,

AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ALREADY IN EFFECT. ,

CONTROL MEASURES STILL NEEDED. ,

MotorVehicleEmissions Additional Controls Over Stationary Sources. Organic Gases. ,

15r" ..h,.." '..noxide -16

16

16-Oily or tarry droplets -17

Metallic fumes -18

18181820?020

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CONTENTSx

Oxid~sof NitrogenOxides of Sulfur .Other Contaminant

21

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF LOCAL EXHAUS SYSTEMS

252527

27

2828303232323434

.ngular high-canopy hoods -38

angular low-canopv hoods -40

'FLUID FLc1w FUNDAMENTALS. Bernoulli's Equation.. Pitot Tube for Flow Measurement. Correction Factors. HOODDESIGN Continuity Equation. Air Flow Into a Duct. Null Point. "'. Design of Hoods for Cold Processes. ...

Spray Booths. AbrasiveBla5ting Open-Surface Tanks. Design of Hoods for Hot Processes. ...

CanopyHoods Circular high-canopy hoods -34. .Recti

Circular low-canopy hoods -39 ...Recl

Enclosures -41

SpecificProblems Steaming tanks -42 ., Preventing leaki

Hood Construction. High-Temperature Materials. Corrosion-Resistant Materials. Design Proportions. Transition to Exhaust Duct. DUCTDESIGN General Layout Considerations. TypesofLosses ,

, Inertia Losses. ,

.OrificeLosses ,

Straight-Duct Friction Losses. ,

Elbow and Branch Entry Los ses ,

, Exhaust system calculator -45

Contraction and Expansion Losses. ...,

Collection Equipment. .: ,

DesignProcedures ,

Methods of Calculation. ,

MethodsofDesign ,

Calculation Procedures. Fan Static Pressure. Balanced-Duct Calculations. BlastGateMethod Checking an Exhaust System. ..Illustrative Problem. Fan Curve Calculator. Corrections !or Temperature and Elevatio

DuctConstruction FANDESIGN CentrifugalFans Axial-Flow.Fans Fan Characteristics. Influence of Blade Shape. Geometrically Similar Fans. Multirating Tables. FanLaws Selecting a Fan From Multirating Tables

Construction Properties ".

42.ge -4,

434344

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47484950

525252

575960606061616263636565

65656767676869697272

72737373747576767679818686

HeatResistance Explosive-Proof Fans and Motors. FanDrives VAPORCOMPRESSORS TypesofCompref:sors..: Positive-.!)isplacement Compressors. Dynamic Compressors. Reciprocating Compressors. : Use in Air Pollution Control. ,

CHECKING OF EXHAUST SYSTEM. TheoryofFieldTesting. QuantityMete.rs Velocity Meters. Pitot Tubes. Pitot Tube Traversing Procedure. Altitude and Temperature Corrections for Pitot Tubes

Swinging -Vane Velocity Meter. Calibrating the Velocity Meter. Uses of the velocity Meter. COOLINGOFGASEOUSEFFLUENTS MethodsofCoolingGases Dilution With Ambient Air. QuenchingWithWater Natural Convection and Radiation. Forced-DraftCooling Factors Determining Selection of Cooling Device. ...

CHAPTER 4. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR PARTICULATE MATTER

rNERTIALSEPARAT<?RS Single-CycloneSeparators TheoryofOperation Separation Efficiency. Pressure Drop. Other Types of Cyclone Separators. High-Efficiency Cyclone Separators. Multiple-Cyclone Separators. Mechanical, Centrifugal Separators. Predicting Efficiency of Cyclones. , MethodofSolvingaProblem. WETCOLLECTIONDEVICES TheoryofCollection Mechanisms for Wetting the Particle. Types of Wet Collection Devices. oSprayChambers ; ;Cyclone-TypeS'Crubbers ,

\:/? ...~- .-

70r1flce-TypeScrubbers ...~-!-. MechanicalScrubbers ~.-.~ Mechanical, Centrifugal Collector Witn'Vater Sprays. High-PressureSprays., Venturi Scrubbers. y Packed Towers. WetFilters The Role of Wet Collection Devices. BAGHOUSES. ,FiltrationProcess Mechanisms Direct interception- 108. ..Impingement -109. ~ BaghouseResistance Clean cloth resistance -110 ..Resistance of dust mat -11.1

Effect of resistance on design -115

Filt . V ..+erlng e.LOcl.y

91"919293,9394949494959799

100100101101101101102102103104104105105106106106

n;ff,,~;nn- 110 .Electrostatics -110

10

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xii ::ONT NTS

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118

OrIon and Dacron -118)ynel

119

Lengbags;u1:

ular bags -121

.Envelope type122

122

123123

124124

125. ..PneUInatic shakers

Reverse airflow -128. ..

Filtering Media. Fibers " Cotton- 118 Wool -118. ..Nylon -llE

Teflon -119 ...Glass -119

Yarn. Filamen~yarns -119 ..Staple yarns -11'

Weave. Plain weave -120. ...Twillweave -120. :

Finish. Size and Shape of Filters. Diameters of tubular filtering elements -1

Length-to-diameter ratio -121. ..Multip1

Installation of Filters. Arrangement. BagSpacing BagAttachment Bottom attachments -123 ...Top support

.CleaningofFilters " Methods. Manual cleaning -124. ..Mechanical shakers

Bag collapse -127. ..Sonic cleaning -127. ..

Reverse-air jets -128

CleaningCycles Manually initiated cycles -130. ..Semiaut

Fully automatic cycles -131 ...Continuou:

Disposal of Collected Dust. Baghouse Cdnstruction Pushthrough versus Pullthrough. StructuralDesign Hoppers. ~ Size -132. ..Slope of hopper sides -133.

Use of vibrators and rappers -133 ...Dis

Maintenance Service. BagReplacement Precoating. SINGLE-STAGE ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATO

History of Ele(;trostatic Pr.ecipitation... ...

Origins of Electrostatic Principles. Early Experiments With .Electrostatics on A

Development of the First Successful Precipj

Improvements in Design, and ,

Advantages and Disadvantages c

Mechanisms Involved in Electri

Diverse Applications of Electri,

Construction Details of Electri""J. r .t:(;~p~l.al

Discharge eLectrodes -141 ...Collecting f

Tubular collecting electrodes -141. ..ReI

Precipitator shells and hoppers -144

High Voltage for Successful Operation. ...

Tube-type rectifiers -145. ..Solid-state ]

Effects 9f Wave Form. Controlled Sparking Rate. OperatingVoltage Uniform Gas Distribution. Cost of Electrical Precipitato

Theoretical Analysis of Preci.

Particle charging -147. ..E ~ 0--

Theoretical Efficiency. Deficiencies in Theoretical Approach to Pre

Effects oI Resistivitv

30

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try.tatioJ

Acceptance by IncIf Electrical Preccal Precipitation::al Precipitation'__1 n__-:-:.-tbr~

Ln~ elE :rodes

145.fiers ,- 145

145146146146

r Installations .

pitator PerformaJ

)arti"l.. m;a,.~tio~

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citator Efficiencv.

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Methods of Reducing Reentrainment Practical Equations for Precipitator Design and E£ficiency

Effects of Nonuniform Gas Velocity. IInportant Factors in the, Desig? 0£ a Precipitator. .; ...

SumrnaryandConclusions :.., TWO-STAG1!:: ELECTRICALPRECIPITATORS. TheoreticalAspects TheoryofDustSeparation :: Particle charging -159

Dri£tVelocity Efficiency Design Factors. ElectricalRequirements. Air Capacity. 'AirDistribution AuxiliaryControls Construction and operation,- Assembly. Maintenance. Safety. Application Two-Stage Precipitators 0£ Special Design. Equipment Selection. OTHERPARTICULATE-COLLECTINGDEVICES SettlingChambers IInpingementSeparators. Panel Filters. ; ...

Precleaners. ~

CONTROl EQUIPMENT FOR GASES AND VAPORSCHAPTER 5

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190190192192194194194195195195196196

AFTERBURNERS Direct-Fired Afterburners. Specifications and Design Parameters. Operation. ., Efficiency Design calculations -l74~

Installation costs. Cataly1;ic Afterburners. Specifications and Design Parameters. Operation-::-"", Efficiency ..';,., ~ , Design calculations -185

InstallationCosts.;' BOILERSUSEDASAFTERBURNERS. ConditionsforUse .Manner of Venting Contaminated Gases. Adaptable Types of Equipment. Boilers and Fired Heaters. .

Burners. Safety. DesignProcedure , Test Data. ADSORPTION EQUIPMENT. TypesofAdsorbents Use of Activated Carbon in Air Pollution Control

Saturation Retentivity Breakpoint HeatofAdsorption CarbonRegeneration. EquipmentDesign

CONTENTSxiv

197

200200201201201201201202202204204205206206206206206210210211211212212213214216217219219223223224224224225226227227228228230231231231

Fixed-BedAdsorber Conical fixed-bed ads orber -199

Continuous Adsorber PressureDrop Operational Problems. Particulate Matter. Corrosion Polar and Nonpolar Compounds. VAPOR CONDENSERS. Types of Condensers. ..Surface and Contact Condensers. 'Typical Installations. Condensers in Control Systems. Subcooling Condensate. Contact Condens ers Sizing Contact Condensers. Surface Condensers. Characteristics of Condensation. Design of Surface Condensers. Applications. GAS ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT. General Types of Absorbers. Packed Tower Design. Packing Materials. Liq~id Distribution. TowerCapacity TowerDiameter Number .of Transfer Units (NTU) Height of a Transfer Unit. Pressure Drop Through Packing. ...

, illustrative Problem. Plate or Tray Towers. TypesofPlat&S .Bubble Cap Plate Tower Design. Liquid Flow.. Plate Design and Efficiency. ;Flooding Liquid Gradient on Plate. Plate Spacing. TowerDialneter Number of Theoretical Plates. illustrative Problem. Comparison of Packed and Plate Towers

Vessels for Dispersion of Gas in Liquid

Spray Towers and Spray Chambers. ..

Venturi Absorbers.

CHAPTER 6

FURNACETYPES Reverberatory Furnace. ..

Cupola Furnace. Combustion Air. Methods of Charging. ...

Preheating Combustion Air

Electric Furnac~ Direct-Arc Furr.ace Indirect-Arc Furnace. ..

Induction Furnace. Resistance Furnace. Crucible Furn:.c"

METALLURGICAL EQUIPMENT

235235236236237237238238238239239239

TiltingFurnace , 240Pit Crucible. 240Stationary Crucible. 240

PotFurnace 240STEEL-MANUFACTURINGPROCESSES r 241

Open-Hea..thFurnaces 242TheAirPollutionProblem 2'43HoodingandVentilationRequirements , , 244

AirPollutionControlEquipment 246Electric-Arc Furnaces. 247

TheAirPollutionProblem 248

HoodingandVentilationRequirements 248AirPollutionControl'Equipment Z50

Baghouse dust collectors -250. .Electrical precipitators.:. 25Z. ..Water scrubbers -255Electric-InductionFurnace 256


HoodingandVentilationRequirements 256AirPollutionControlEquipment 257

IRONCASTING , 258CupolaFurnaces ' 258


HoodingandVentilationRequirements 258AirPollutionControlEquipment 258

Afterburners -258. .Baghouse dust collectors -260. .Electrical precipitators -262/illustrative Problem. ; 265

Electric-Arc Furnaces. 267The Air Pollution Problem. 268

HoodingandVentila~ionRequirements. 268AirPollutionControlEquipment 268

Baghouse dust collectors -268. .Electrical precipitat9rs -268 :.\ .

InductionFurnaces ': :i 268.,ReverberatoryFurnaces ' 268

SECONDARY BRASS- AND BRONZE-MELTING PROCESSES. 270Furnace Types. 270

TheAirPollutionProblem 270Characteristics of emissions -270. .Factors causing large concentrations of zinc fumes -271Crucible furnace--pit and tilt type -273 ..Electric furnace--low-frequency induction type -273Cupola furnace -274

Ho?dingandVentilatio?Requirements 274Reverberatory furnace--open-hearth type -274. .Reverberatory furnace--cylindrical type -276ReV"erberat6ry furnace--iilting type -276. .Reverberatory furnace--rotary tilting type -276 ..Crucible-type furnaces -279. .Low-frequency induction furnace -279. .Cupola furnace -280

AirPollutionControlEquipment 280Baghouses -280 ..Electrical precipitators -281 ..Scrubbers -281

SECONDARY ALUMINUM-MELTING PROCESSES. 284Types of Process. 284

Crucible Furnaces. ,284

ReverberatoryFurnaces 284Fuel-FiredFu1"naces 285Electrically Heated Furnaces. 285Charging Practices. ; Z85

PouringPractices , 286Fluxing. 286

Cover fl.uxes -287. .Solvent fluxes --cs7 ..Degassing fluxes -287. ..Magnesium-reducing fluxes -287

The Air Pollution Problem. 288

ParticleSizeofFumesFromFluxing ~ 289HoodingandVentilationRequirements ' 289

AirPollutionControlEquipment 290SECONDARYZINC-MELTINGPROCESSES 293

ZincMelting 0 293

CONTENTSxvi

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TheAirPollutionProblem Zinc Vaporization. ReductionRetortFurnaces. ,. Reduction ip Belgian Retorts. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding aad Ventilation Requirements. Distillation Retort Furnaces. TheAirPollutionProblem :. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Muffle Furnaces. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. LEAD REFINING. ReverberatoryFurna.ces TheAirPollutionProbleni Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution C9ntrol Equipment. LeadBlastFurnaces...; TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Pot-TypeFurnaces TheAirPollutionProblem .Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Barton Process. METAL SEPARATION PROCESSES. AluminumSweating Zinc, Lead, Tin, Solsler, and Low-Melting Alloy Sweatin~.

TheAirPollutionProblem Contaminants from aluminum-separating processes -306.

Contaminants from low-temperature sweating -306

.Hooding ana Ventilation Requirements. AirPollutionControlEquipment ; Aluminum-separating processes -308. ..Low-temperature sweating -308

CORE OVENS. TypesofOvens HeatingCoreOvens Core Binders. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ; ...

AirPollution Control Equipment .,.;; .T. .k.. FOUNDRY SAND-HANDLING EQUIP."J-~NT .-,. TypesofEquipment TheAirPollutionProblem.. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Shakeout grates -317. ~ .Other sand-handling equipment -

Air Pollution Control Equipment. HEATTREATINGSYSTEMS HeatTreatingEquipment The Air Pollution Problem. ~

Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ~~-,' .

Air Pollution Control Equipment. ,~.. -;'

318

CHAPTER 7. MECHANICAl EQUIPMENT

HOT-MIX ASPIiALT PAVING BATCH PLANTS. Introduction. Raw Materials Used. BasicEquipment PlantODeration

xviiCONTENTS

326328328330332333334334334335

ent weigh hopper -336

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I. ..

,. : :~ \: : : : : :

.."..!.

The Air poll1ltion Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Variables Affecting Scrubber Emissions. Collection Efficiencies Attained. Cost of A~r Pollution Control Equipment. CONCRETE.:BATCHING pLANTS. Wet-Concrete-Batching Plants. '"; The Air Pollution Problem. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Cement-receiving and storage system -335 ...Cem

Gathering hoppers -336

Dry-Concrete-Batching Plants. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Dust created by truck movement -337

CentralMixPlants The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and VentilationRequirements Air Pollution Control Equipment. CEMENT-HANDLING EQUIPMENT The Air pollutionProblem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ReceivingHoppers Storage and Receiving Bins. Elevators and Screw Conveyors. Hopper Truck and Car Loading. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ROCK AND GRAVEL ~GGREGATE PLANTS. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution !Control Equipment. MINERALWOOLFURNACES. Introduction. Types and Uses of Mineral Wool Products. MineralWoolProduction The Air Pollution Prob-lem. Hooding ~d~entilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Baghouse Collectionand Cupola Air Contaminants. .

Afterburner Control of Curing Oven Air Contaminants

Reducing Blowchamber Emissions. Controlling Asphalt Fumes. pERLITE-EXpANDING FURNACES. Introduction. ; Uses. Mining Sites. Perlite Expansion Plants. ExpansionFurnaces Gas and Product Cooling. :-: Product Collectors and Classifiers. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and V.entilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. FEEDANDGRAINMILLSJ Introduction. Receiving, Handling, and Storing Operations 'i Feed-Manufacturing Processes. /; The Air Pollution Problem. Receiving, Handling, and Storing Operations.

CONTENTxviii

357357357358358359359359359360362362362363365367367367367367368369370371

Feed-Manufacturing Processes. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Receiving, Handling, andStoring Operations

Feed-Manufacturing Processes. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ...: Receivin~ Handling, and Storing Operations

Feed-Manufacturing Processes. Filter Vents. ; .

Cyclones. Baghouses PNEUMATIC CONVEYING EQUIPMENT )$"'. ..

Introduction. Types of Pneumatic Conveying Systems. ...

Types of Air-Moving Used in Conveying. ..

Preliminary Design Calculations. The Air Pollution Problem. ., Air Pollution Control Equipment. DRIERS. , Introduction RotaryDriers FlashDrier6 Spray Driers. OtherTypes of Driers. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. DustControl Drying With Solvent Recovery. Smoke and Odor Emissions. WOODWORKINGEQUIPMENT ExhaustSystems Construction of Exhaust Systems. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Disposal of Collected Wastes. RUBBER-COMPOUNDING EQUIPMENT. Introduction Additives Employed in Rubber Compounding

The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ASPHALT ROOFING FELT SATURATORS. ..

Description and Operation. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Low-Voltage Electrical Precipitators. Design Considerations for Electrical Preci:.--

Maintenance of Precipitators. ~

Baghouses Scrubbers. SOLVENT DEGREASERS. Introduction , Design and Operation. TypesofSolvent 'rhe Air Pollution Problem. SolventLosses Hooding and Verttilati .1ts Air Pollution' Contro] Methods of Minimiz. ,i

371371372372372372373373373374375375375376377377378378378378378378379381382382383383383383383383384384~R4

~itators

on Requiremel.Equipment. .ing Solvent En: inn~

CONTENTS xix

385385387387388388388389389389389389389389389389390390390390390390391

391391393393395395396396396397397397397398399400400401401401402402402403403404405406408

TankCovers Controlling Vapor~zed Solvent. SURFACE-COATING OPERATIONS. ; Introduction. ; Spray Booths. FlowcoatfngMachines PaintDipTanks : Roller Coating Machines.. ". TheAir PollutionProblem. Air Contaminants From Paint Spray Booths. ; Air Contaminants From Other Devices. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Requirements for Paint Spray Booths. Requirements for Other Devices. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Control of Paint Spray Booth Particulates. Control of Organic Vapors From Surface Coatings. ..

PIPE-COATING EQUIPMENT. Introduction. MethodsofApplication Pipe Dipping. ,

Pipe Spinning. ,

Pipe Wr~pping ,

I Preparation of enamel -391

TheAir PollutionProblem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ,

Air Pollution Control Equipment. DRYCLEANINGEQUIPMENT TheAir PollutionProblem. 1. Solvents Lint. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. ABRASIVEBLASTCLEANING. Introduction. AbrasiveMaterials Method of Propelling the Abrasive. Equipment Used to Confine the Blast. TheAir PollutionProblem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Aii' Pollution Control Equipment. ZINC-GALVANIZING EQUIPMENT. -,

Introduction...r Cleaning ~ --

CoverFluxes :~ FoamingAgents \ ~ DustingFluxes TheAir PollutionProblem. Physical and Chemical Composition of the Contaminants

Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Baghouses Electrical Precipitators.

413413413415416416

CHAPTER 8. INCINERATION

DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR MULTIPLE-CHAMBER INCINERATORS

RetortType In-LineType Description of the Process. DesignTypes andLinlitations. ComparisonofTypes

~ C()1\TT~NTS

416417417419420420421422423423423425426426426428428428428430430430430-43043043043143643643643643643643944144144244344344444444444444544544744744844844844844944Q

PrinciplesofCombustion ,

DesignFactors ,

Design Precepts. ,

GENERAL-REFUSEINCINERATORS TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollution-ControlEquipment DesignProcedure :, General Construction. ~ Refractories Grates and Hearths. , ...

Air Inlets. Stack. Induced-Draft System. Operation IllustrativeProblem MOBILE MULTIPLE-CHAMBER INCINERATORS. : Design Procedure. Stac~ Requirements. Induced-DraftFanSystem StandardsofConstruction Refractories Grates. ; ...

AirIn1ets Structure AuxiliaryBurners Stack Emissions. Illustrative Problem. ~ MULTIPLE-CHAMBER INCINERATORS FOR BURNING WOOD WASTE. Introduction. ; DescriptionoftheRefu.se TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution Control Equipment. , Design Procedure. Incinerator Arrangements. Design P1"ocedure for Mechanical Feed Systems. Surge F~ ScreworDragConveying ', Pneumatic Conveying. StandardsforConstruction Refractories " Grates , ~,.'...

'ExteriorWalls ; Air Ports. ; /

OperationofIncinerators. "'..~.III t t .

P bl ~' -'us ra Ive ro em. ~ FLUE-FED APAR TMENT INCINERATORS. ..-'. Introduction Description of Refuse. TheAirPollutionProble~. 0/. Stack Emissions. ' ~1 ,

AirPollutionControlEquipment ,

InstallationofAfterburneronaRoof ,

Design Procedure. ,

Draft control -449. ..Chute door locks -450 ..Design parameters -450.

Limitations -450. ..Typical installations -451

StandardsforConstruction Mountingand supports -452 ..Metals -452. ...Castable refractories -452

Firebrick -452. ..Insulating firebrick -452. ..Burners -45a ...

Draft control damper -453 ...Chute door locks -453

StackEmissions ,

Operation ,

452

453453

CONTENTS xxi

454454

455

455455455455

457457457457460461461461

Basement Afterburner. Design Procedure. , Design parameters -454. ..Typical installation

StandardsforConstruction ,

Hot-zone refractory -455 ...Draft control damper -455

StackEn!issions ,

Operation ~ '

Multiple-Chamber Incinerator, Basement I'i1stallation ,

Design Procedure. ,

Draft control -456. ..Typical installation -456

StandardsforConstruction , Stack Emissions. Operation IllustrativeProblem PATHOLOGICAL-WASTEINCINERATORS , TheAirPollutionProblem., AirPollutionControlEquipment Design Procedure. Ignition chamber -463 ...Secondary. combustion zone -463 ...Stack design -463

Crematory design -464 ..Incinerator design configuration -464

Standards for Construction. Stack Emissions. Operation IllustrativeProblem DEBONDING OF BRAKE SHOES AND RECLAMATION OF ELECTRICAL.EQUIPMENT

WINDINGS , DebondingofBrakeShoes Reclamation of Electrical Equipment Winding. TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollutionControlEquipment Primary Ignition Chamber. SecondaryCombustionChamber Stack Emissions. TypicalReclamationEquipment StandardsforConstruction Illustrative Problem. ~. DRUMRECLAMATIONFURNACES Introduction. ,

DescriptionoftheEurnaceCharge Description of the Process. The Air Pollution Problem. AirPollutionControlEquipment... PrimaryIgnitionChamber, BatchType Primary Ignition Chamber, Continuous Type. Afterburner (Secondary Combustion ~hamber) Draft .StandardsforConstruction '. Operation ~ Illustrative Problem. .

WIRERECLAMA.T.IOI:-l Description of the Process. Description of the Charge. TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollutionControlEquipment PrimaryIgnitionChamber :...

SecondaryCombustion '...

Emissions Draft. Equipment Arrangement. npt1p...~lC:nt1"t...tt"t;nn '

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CONTENTSxxii

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Refractories. Charge Door. Combustion Air Ports

Gas Burners. ,

Operation. Illustrative Problem

V CHAPTER Q COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT

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GASEOUS AND LIQUID FUELS. ...

Introduction. Gaseous Fuels OilFuels The Air Pollution Problem. \/Black Smoke. White Smoke Particulate Emissions. SulfurinFuels SulfurOxides Oxides of Nitrogen. Air Pollution Control Methods. ..

Prohibitions Against Sulfur Emissions

.Removal of Sulfur and Ash From Fuels

Illustrative Problem. GAS AND OIL BURNERS. Introduction. Draft Requirements. Gas Burners. Partially Aerated Burners. Multiple-Port Gas Burners. ...

Forced-Draft Gas Burners. Gas Flow Rates Oil Burners. Viscosity and Oil Preheaters ...

The Air Pollution Problem. Smoke and Unburned Contaminants

Ash and Sulfur Oxides. .Oxides of Nitrogen. Air Pollution Control Equipment. .

BOILERS, HEATERS, AND STEAM ~

Introduction. Industrial Boilers and Water Heate

Power Plant Steam Generators. .

.Refinery Heaters. ,. .

Hot Oil Heaters and Boilers. ...

Fireboxes. Soot Blowing The Air Pollution Problem. Solid Particulate Emission Duri ~

Soot-Blowing Particulates. Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Trioxide. Excessive Visible Emissions. ..

Oxides of Nitrogen. : ..

Estimating NOx Emissions. Air Pollution Control Equipment. :

Sulfur Compounds. Combustible Particulates. Soot Collectors. Sulfur Oxides Collection. Scrubbers for Sulfur Oxides. ...

Baghouscs al..d Precipitators. ...

ENF:RA.TORS

534535535536537539542543544544544545545"47

n2 Nor

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CONTENTS

Alkaline Additi.ves to Neutralize Sulfur Trioxide. , J"toOther Metal Oxides for Sulfur Dioxide Removal. '. .549Baghouses With Dolomite Addition for Sulfur Trioxide Removal. 549

ElectricalPrecipitatorsWithAdditives 552CarbonAdsorptionofSulfurOxides , 552Oxidatio.ofSulfurDioxide ; 553Inhibiting Sulfur Trioxide Formation at R~duced Oxygen. 553

ControllingOxidesofNitrogen 554Two-StageCombustion, 554Corner-FiredSteamGenerators 555

LoweringExcessAir 556EliminatingAirPreheat 556Other Means of Lowering Flame Temperature. 557

CatalyticDecompositionofNOx 557Scrubbing NOx , 558

AdsorptionofNOx , , 558

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CHAPTER 10 PETROLEUM EQUIPMENT

GENERALINTRODUCTION 561

CrudeOilProduction 561,Refining 561 i

FlaresandBlowdownSystems ; 561

PressureReliefValves /... 561.

Storage Vessels. : 561

Bulk-LoadingFacilities 562

Catalyst Regenerators. 562

Effluent-WasteDisposal 564

PumpsandCompressors 564A .- B l .O t. 564lr owlng peralons \ Pipeline Valves and Flanges, Blind Changing. Process Drains. : .! 564 \

C 1 . T : 56400 lng owers. VacuumJetsandBarometricCondensers 564

Effective Air Pollution Control Measures. 565Marketing 565

WASTE-GASDISPOSALSYSTEMS ;.. 565Introduction 565

DesignofPressureReliefSystem 568SafetyValves 569Rupture Discs. 570

Sizing rupture discs -572 ...Sizing liquid safety valves -573 ...Sizing vapor and gas relief and safety valves -574 ...Installing relief and safety valves and rupture discs -575. ...Knockout vessels -576 ...

Sizing a blowdown line -578TheAirPollutionProblem , 584

SmokeFromFlares , 584OtherAirContaminantsFromFlares 584

AirPollutionControlEquipment 585Types of Flares. 585

Elevated flarea -585 ...Ground level flares -589 .., .Effect of steam injection -593. ..Design of a s~oKeless lI.are k 593. ..Pilot ignition system -595. ..

Instrumentation and control of steam and gas -596 ...S~ply and control of steam -598 ..Design of water-injection-type ground flares -603 ...Design of venturi-type ground flares -604. ..Maintenance of flares -606

STORAGE VESSELS. 606TypesofStorageVessels , 606

PressureTanksandFixed-RoofTanks 606

Floating-RoofTanks ,607,Conservation Tanks. 608Open-TopTanks, Reservoirs, Pits, a:ndPonds 611

TheAirPollutionProblem 611Factors Affecting Hydrocarbon Vapor Emis sions , 611

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CONTENTSxxiv

612

614618622622623624624625627627628629629629629632632632633635635638

639640642642644644644645645646647647648650651652652652653653653654654655655657

Hydrocarbon Emissions From Floating-Roof Tanks. Withdrawal emissions -614 ..Application of results -614 ,

Hydrocarbon Emissions From Low-Pressure Tanks Hydrocarbon Emissions From Fixed-Roof Tanks. Aerosol Emissions. .

Odors. AirPollutionControlEquipment SealsforFloatmg-RoofTanks : .FloatingPlasticBlankets , Plastic Microspheres. VaporBalanceSystems VaporRecoverySystems Miscel1aneousControlMeasures Masking Agents. Costs of Storage Vessels. LOADING FACILITIES. Introduction. LoadingRa:cks Marine Terminals. LoadingArmAssemblies TheAirPollutionProblem AirPollutlonControlEquipment Types of Vapor Collection Devices for Overhead Loading. CollectionofVapors FromBottomLoading Factors Affecting Design of Vapor Collection Apparatus. MethodsofVaporDisposal CATALYST REGENERATION. TypesofCatalysts , Loss of Catalyst Activity Regeneration Processes. FCCCatalystRegenerators TCCCatalystRegenerators , Catalyst Regeneration in Catalytic Reformer Units. .-TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution Control Equipment. Wet- and Dry-Type, Centrifugal Dust Collectors. .ElectricalPrecipitators CarbonMonoxideWaste-HeatBoilers EconomicConsiderations OIL-WATER EFFLUENT SYSTEMS. .FunctionsofSystems ~ Handling of Crude-Oil Production Effluents. , HandlingofRefineryEffluents.. Treatment of Effluents by Oil-Water Separators. Clarification of Final-Effluent Water Streams. EffluentWastes From Marketing Operations. The Air Pollution Problem. Air Pollution Control Equipment. , ...

Hydrocarbons From Oil-Water Separators. ! ...~. Treatment of Refinery Liquid Wastes at Their Source. ...~ Oil-in-water emulsions -657. ..Sulfur-bearingwate~ ;;657. ..Acid sludge -658. ..

Spent caustic wastes -659 ,/

PUMPS " Types of Pumps. Positive-DisplacementPumps CentrifugalPumps TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution Control Equipment. Results of Study to Measure L9sses From Pumps. AIRBLOWNASPHALT RecovervofAsphaltFromCrudeOil ,

659659660660661661664665666

f

.CONTENTS )OCV

AirblowingofAsphalt 666The Air Pollution Problem. 1 ...667

AirPollutionControlEquipment 667

VALVES 669

TypesofValves 669Manual.andAutomatic Flow Control Valves. 669

PressureReliefandSafetyValves 670

The Air Pollution Problem. 670,... TotalEmissionsFromVa~ves 671

AirPollutionContro1Equipment 671

COOLINGTOWERS 67Z

Characteristics of Cooling Tower Operation. 673



MISCELLANEOUSSOURCES 675

Airblowing 675

Blind Changing. 675

EquipmentTurnarounds 676

Tank Cleaning. 677

UseofVacuumJets ~. 677

UseofCompressorEngineExhausts 677

CHAPTER 11. CHEMICAl PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

RESIN KETTLES. 681

:I~esofResi~s 681

Ph;;C)iic-.R.esins ~ 681

Amino Resins. 68Z

PolyesterandAlkydResins 68Z

Polyurethane.., : 683

ThermoplasticResins \: 683Polyvinyl'Resins 1 683

Polystyrene. 684

PetroleumandCoalTarResins 684

.Resin-ManufacturingEquipment 684



VARNISH COOKERS. 688/ .

Introductlon '.. 688

RawMaterialsforVarnishMaking ~ 689

MajorTypesofManufacturingEquipment 690

VariationsinVarnishFormulation ;.691


HoodingandVentilationRequirements , 69Z

Air Pollution Control Equipment. 69Z

Scrubbers. 69Z

Adsorbers. 693

" Afterburners. 693.SULFURICACIDMANUlo~ACTURING ' 695

Contact Process. 695



Sulfur Dioxide Removal. 698

Acid Mist Removal. 698Electrical precipitators -698. ..Packed-bed separators -699 ...

Wire mesh mist eliminators -700. ..Ceramic filters -700 ..Sonic agglomeration -70 1. .Miscellaneous devices -701 ,

PHOSPHORICACIDMANUFACTURING 701

PhosphoricAcidProcess /701


HoodingandVentilationRequirements 702

Air Pollution Control Equipment. 703

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CONTENTS~

704705706707708708708716716716716717717718718718719719719720720720721722723723724724724726

PAINT-BAKING OVENS. Bake Oven Equipment. The Air Pollution Problem. HoodingandVentilationRequirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. CostofDirec FlameAfterburners IllustrativeProblem SOAPSANDSYNTHETICDETERGENTS Soaps. RawMaterials ' Fatty Acid Production. SoapManufactur~ Soap Finishing. SyntheticDetergents The Air Pollution Problem. Soaps. Detergents AirPollutionControlEquipment Soaps. Detergents. ..GLASSMANUFACTURE TypesofGlass : Glass-ManufacturingProcess Handling, Mixing, and Storage Systems for Raw Materials. The Air Pollution Problem. HoodingandVentilationRequirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Glass-MeltingFurnaces .ContinuousSoda-LimeGlassFurnaces :TheAirPoliutionProblem. Source test data -727. ..Opacity of stack emissions -727

Hooding andVentilationRequirements :AirPollutionControlMethods Control of raw materials -731 ..Batch preparation -732 ...Checkers.,. 732 ...

Preheaters -733 ..Refractories and insulation -733 ..Combustion of fuel -734

Electric melting -735. ..Baghouses and centrifugal scrubbers -735

Glass-FormingMachines TheAirPollutionProblem .AirPollutionControlMethods FRIT SMELTERS. , Introduction " RawMaterials , TypesofSmelters ; FritManufacturing Application, Firing, and Uses of Enamels. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. ~

AirPollutionControlEquipment FOODPROCESSINGEQUIPMENT Coffee Processing. BatchRoasting An Integrated Coffee Plant. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. AirPollutionControlEquipment Smokehouses The Smolcing Process. AtmosphericSmokehouses RecirculatingSmokehouses .TheAirPollutionProblem , Hoocli: ,1Vc;ntilationRequirenlents

728729

736737737738738738738740742743743744746746747747747749749750750750750751751

CONTENTS xxvii

Bypassing control devices during nonsmoking periods -752AirPollutionControlEquipment ...

Afterburners -752 ...Electrical precipitators -752 ..Electrical precipitation versusincineration -753. ..Why not immersion ? -754. ..Smoking through electrical precipitation-754

Deep Fat Fryi~g ~ 755

Batchor~ontinuousOperation 755TheAirPollutionProblem 756HoodingandVentilationRequirements ' 756

AirPollutionControlEquipment 756Oil collection -757

LivestockSlaughtel'ing 757TheAirPollutionProblem 757AirPollutionControl~quipment 757

Edible-LardandTallowRendering 758Dry Rendering. 759Low-Tem p erature Continuous RenderinC1 759, oWet Rendering. 759The Air Pollution Problem. 760HoodingandVentilationRequirements. 760Air Pollution Control Equipment. , ...760

FISH CANNERIES AND FISH REDUCTION PLANTS. 760Wet-FishCanning , 761TunaCanning '.../' 76lCanneryByproducts 762FishMealProduction 762FishSolublesandFishOilProduction 763DigestionProcesses ; 765

TheAirPollutionProblem , 765Odors From Meal Driers. 765SmokeFromDriers '.\ i66DustFromDriersandConveyors ,..i 766 ,

OdorsFromReductionCookers 766OdorsFromDigesters " ' 767

Odors From Evaporators. 767OdorsFromEdiblesCookers 767

Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. '... 767AirPollutionControlEquipment 768

ControllingFishMealDriers 768IncineratingDrierGases 768ChlorinatingandScrubbingDrierGases 768ControllingReductionCookers 770Controlling Digesters. 770Controlling Evaporators. 770CollectingDust 770ControllingEdible-FishCookers 770

REDUCTION OF INEDIBLE ANIMAL MATTER. 770DryRendering.-.~.,~.! 772WetRendering :;.-.!.c! ~ , , 773RefiningRenderedProducts :~T 773Drying Blood. ~. 775ProcessingFeathers 775Rotary Air Driers. '. 775TheAirPollutionProblem , ' 776

Cookersa~ProminentOdorSources 777OdorsFromAirDriers 777Odors and Dust From Rendered-Product Systems. !. 778Grease-ProcessingOdors : 778Raw-MaterialsOdors 778

HoodingandVentilationRequirements ,' 778EmissionRatesFromCookers 778EmissionRatesFromDriers 779

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xxviii C:ONTENTS

7807807807817817817827837837847847857&5786786787787787787791791791791792792793793793794794794794794794795

Electrical precipitators -796

798

798

799

799

800

800

800

800

800

800

801

801

801

802

802

803

804

804

804

804

804

805

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'.Air Pollution Control E;quipment. , Controlling High-Moisture Streams. SubcoolingCondensate Condenser Tube Materials. Interceptors in Cooker Vent Lines. VaporIncinerator Condensation-Incineration Systems. Carbon Adsorption of Odors. ;. OdorScrubbers 1 Od9r Masking and Counteraction. 'ELECTROPLATING. The Air Pollution Problem. Hooding and Ventilating Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Scrubbers. Mist Inhibitors. INSECTICIDE MANUFACTURE. MethodsofProduction Solid-Insecticide Production Methods. Liquid-Insecticide Production Methods. TheAirPollutionProblem Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. HAZARDOUSRADIOACTIVEMATERIAL. Hazards in the Handling of Radioisotopes. TheAirPollutionProblem Characteristics cf Solid, Radioactive Waste. Characteristics of Liquid, Radioactive Waste. Problems in Control of Airborne, Radioactive Waste .

Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Hooding. Ventilation Air Pollution Control Equipment. Reduction of Radioactive, Particulate Matter at Source

Design of Suitable Air-Cleaning Equipment. Reverse-jet baghouse -796 ..Wet collectors -796

Glass fiber filters -797. ..Paper filters -797

Disposal and Control of Solid, Radioactive Waste. ...

Disposal and Control of Liquid, Radioactive Waste. ..

OIL AND SOLVENT RE-REFINING Re-refining Process for Oils. Re-refinins .Process for Organic Solvents. TheAirPollutionProblem Air Pollution From Oil Re-refining Air Pollution From Solvent Re-refining Air Pollution Control Equipment. OilRe-refining Solvent Re-refining :HEMICAL MILLING. Description of the Process. EtchantSolutions TheAirPollutionProblem Mists. Vapors. Gases. Solvents Hooding and Ventilation Requirements. Air Pollution Control Equipment. CorrosionProblems ~EFERENCES.

~31831861861861862863864867871

:>pENDIXA: RULESANDREGULAT1ONS lules and Regulations of the Air Pollution Control District. ?PENDIXB: ODOR-TESTINGTECHNIQUES ~he Odor Panel. ~heOdor.EvaluctionRoom. ;amplingTechniques ~valuationofOdorSamples )eterminationofOdorConcentration PPENDIX C: HYPOTHETICAL AVAILABLE HEATS FROM NATURAL GAS. ..:-. PPENDIxD: MISCELLANEOUSDATA

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