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TRAFFIC

CONGESTION

DURING FESTIVALS


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Members

152- Ronak Jain

153- Sagar Jain

154- Saajan Jain

155- SaketJain

156- Shalin Jain

157- Siddharth Jain


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INTRODUCTION

Traffic congestion and cities, it seems, go hand in

hand. Everyone complains about being stuck in

traffic, but, like the weather, no one seems to do

anything about it. In particular, traffic engineers,

transportation planners, and public officials

responsible for metropolitan transportation

systems are frequently criticized for failing to

make a dent in congestion .But is traffic

congestion a sign of failure? Long queues at

restaurants or theater box offices are seen as

signs of success. Should transportation systemsbe viewed any differently? I think we should

recognize that traffic congestion is an inevitable

by-product of vibrant, successful cities, and view

the congestion problem in a different light.

Conventional wisdom holds that traffic congestionexacts a terrible social and economic toll on

society; expanding transportation capacity only

makes things worse and redesigning cities and


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expanding alternative transportation modes offer

the best long-term means for reducing traffic

congestion

What is Traffic Congestion?

Traffic congestion is a condition on road

networks that occurs as use increases, and ischaracterized by slower speeds, longer trip

times, and increased vehicular queuing . The most

common example is the physical use of roads by

vehicles . When traffic demand is great enough

that the interaction between vehicles slows the

speed of the traffic stream, this results in some

congestion. As demand approaches the capacity

of a road (or of the intersections along the road),

extreme traffic congestion sets in. When

vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time,

this is known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-

up.


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Traffic congestion occurs when a volume oftraffic generates demand for space greater than

the available road capacity. There are a numberof specific circumstances which cause oraggravate congestion; most of them reduce thecapacity of a road at a given point or over acertain length, or increase the number of vehiclesrequired for a given volume of people or goods.

Traffic research still cannot fully predict underwhich conditions a "traffic jam" (as opposed toheavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenlyoccur. It has been found that individual incidents(such as accidents or even a single car braking

heavily in a previously smooth flow) may causeripple effects which then spread out and createa sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, normalflow might have continued for some time longer.

The Myth

You cant build your way out of congestion, or,Build it and they will come.These two phrases


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summarize the theory of induced travel. Buildingmore roads leads to an increased number of cars

and vehicle travel, thereby exacerbatingcongestion and increasing development.

The Facts

Traffic congestion is growing nationwide ,leading

to increased costs to motorists in wasted timeand fuel use.

According to (1999): More than 31 percent of urban freewaysthroughout the country are congested.

Traffic congestion costs motorists more than$72 billion a year in wasted time and fuel costs.

While traffic congestion is worsening across thecountry, according to the Texas TransportationInstitute (TTI), cities that have aggressivelyadded road capacity in response to regional


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growth have had smaller increases in congestionthan have other areas.

A 1998 Federal Highway Administration reportfound that increased vehicle travel on expandedroad capacity is largely the result of trafficbeing diverted from nearby routes or from shiftsin travel times. Diverting traffic reduces overall

regional traffic congestion. The study concludedthat only 5 to 13 percent of the new traffic onexpanded urban highways is attributable to newhighway travel actually induced by the expandedcapacity.

Indian festivals and Traffic Congestion

In India, the celebrations of fairs and festivalsform a wondrous and joyful series of events,

marking the rites of passage between birth,death and renewal. There are said to be morefestivals in India than there are days of the year;not unlikely in a country where small, local village


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rituals of worship and propitiation are celebratedwith as much as fervor as are high holy days

across the nation, occasions that can draw floodsof people numbering half a million or more. Fairsand festivals are moments of remembrance andcommemoration of the birthdays and great deedsof gods, goddesses, hero's, heroine's, gurus,prophet's and saints. They are times when people

gather together, linked by ties of shared socialand religious beliefs. Each of India's manyreligious groups - Hindus, Muslims, Christians,Sikhs, Buddhists, Jain and others - has its ownsuch days.

Festivals are bound to attract people out of theirhouses .Whether it is Diwali,Ganeshchaturthi,Ramzan or any other festival ,peopleget out of their houses to celebrate it.


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So what does Traffic Congestion has to do

with Festivals?

CASE 1: DIWALI DAY TRAFFIC

MUMBAI:

All major road in Mumbai, especially the onessurrounding major markets witnessed heavytraffic jams during peak hours during Diwali eve.However, unlike other traffic jams, peopleconfined to their vehicles for hours seemed

patient on Diwali eve.

Harleen Kaur, a commuter driving from Colabawho was stuck at Churchgate in South Mumbaifor half an hour, said, It is festive season,

jams are bound to happen. We went forshopping and I am happy. There is no use

getting hyper about it. Traffic is annoying, but

we are in festive mood, so it is ok.


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In South Mumbai, the density of vehicles was

very high, which lead to sluggish movement ofvehicles in the area. The difficult stretch was

from Colaba to Kalbadevi . Most people were out

to buy Diwali gifts so the area adjoining markets

were choked.

CASE 2: TRAFFIC WOES During RAMZAN

KANPUR:

On the day of Ramzan the city witnessed trafficjams at various places. This also causedinconvenience to revellers.

In congested markets like, it was difficult toeven walk or cross the road. Traffic jams forhours have been a routine here ahead of thefestival.


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The major cause that led to traffic chaos werevendors, who encroached upon the footpaths or

verandahs in busy markets to sell their goods.The shopkeepers too had encroached the areasoutside their shops to grab the attention ofbuyers.

"Even though the district administration has

made arrangements for parking in most of the

shopping centres or busy markets, the lack of

road sense among the vehicle owners is a major

factor for traffic snarls on the city roads,"said a senior citizen Shyam Goel.

"As the road users have increased manifold

and the vehicle population is growing, people

have failed to instil a road sense among

themselves for safe driving on the roads or

parking of vehicles," he said.

The shopkeepers in markets said that traffic

congestion has become a part of the city culture."If the customers visit the market for

purchasing from a particular shop and if there


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are no arrangements of parking, the customers

park their vehicles on the roadside," .

Case 3: Crowded markets, traffic jams on

Dhanteras

New Delhi:Hundreds of shoppers thronged brightly-lit citymarkets on Monday to make purchases onDhanteras, considered an auspicious occasion tobuy things like gold, utensils or household goodsahead of Diwali, leading to massive traffic jams

across the city.

Despite it being a weekday, long queues of carscould be seen around many markets as shoppersmade last minute purchases.

The crowds were pouring in by the hour and the

market is bursting at the seams. Apart from theDhanteras shopping, customers were splurging onDiwali related goods too.


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There was a huge traffic jam in all thos areasleading to a block to the main road.Hundreds of

cars were stuck behind each other,moving veryslowly.

A fifteen minute route took approximately 45-90minutes to go through that same route.

Case 4:Traffic snarls in Hyderabad as Ganeshimmersion continues

HYDERABAD:

The delay in immersion of Ganesh idols inHussainsagar Lake in Hyderabad had caused hugetraffic jams in the city, causing inconvenience tocommuters. Hundreds of idols were still beingbrought to the lake in the heart of the city, a dayafter the immersion procession began.


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Students and office-goers were caught in longtraffic snarls in the areas surrounding the lake.

Additional Commissioner of Police (traffic) hadsaid traffic restrictions would continue tillfurther orders.Heaps of garbage on the roadssurrounding the lake were also proving to be ahurdle in smooth flow of vehicular traffic.

Case 5:Dussehra hits traffic, more jamslikely

MUMBAI:

Dussehra eve left the city's roads jammed atmany places. The festive rush for Durga Pujapandals and Ramlilas around the evening rush hourresulted in traffic snarls.

Traffic police officials said the overall vehicle

movement went up due to the festivities.Manyparts of the city were affected. It wasn't justthe office rush but also the people coming out tocelebrate.


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Traffic moved at a snail's pace. "The rush forDurga Puja pandals in Gorgon led to a traffic jam.

I have been stuck here for the last 45 minutesalthough it takes me only a few minutes to crossthis stretch. The traffic police should makearrangements to ensure smooth trafficmovement," said, a commuter.

Case 6: Traffic nightmare in GOA

GOA:

Come Christmas-New Year and it is a nightmarefor people living in the area or tourists

themselves as hoards of revelers rush toCalangute, Candolim, Sinquerim, and Anjuna withtheir vehicles only to be stuck in traffic forhours causing severe hardships especially tolocals. The recent traffic chaos during the Diwali

festivities had virtually brought life to a grindinghalt along the narrow roads at Calangute,Candolim, Nagoa-Arpora.


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With the traffic is expected to increase evenmore during the forthcoming IFFI and Christmas

season. Calangute Panch Filipe Dias, said, Onerequires at least half an hour to travel fromCalangute market to the beach, which

otherwise takes less than 10 minutes. Most of

the time, I hesitate to move out because of

such traffic jams which occurs every year,.

Unless all heavy vehicles and even four wheelersare stopped prior to the church and huge parkingarea is developed and people allowed to move onfoot or cycles to the beach, the beaches which

are a place of relaxation will continue to become anightmare and tourists will avoid these places andbusiness is likely to die a slow death.


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Traffic congestion

hasbecome

order

ofthe

day


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Gone are the days when traffic congestion onlyoccurred during festivals such asDeepavali,Ganesh Chaturthi, New Year, etc.

CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION DURING

FESTIVALS

Generally traffic studies have found that 25 % ofthe causes of congestion are incident andaccident related, 15 % can be blamed on weather,

10 % is due to traffic flow slowing because ofwork or maintenance operations, while bothspecial events and emergencies, and poor signaltiming are responsible for 5 % respectively. The


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remaining 40 % is classified as recurrent causes -mostly bottlenecking due to capacity

insufficiencies.

General Recurrent causes

The three main reasons for recurrent causesinclude:

1.Insufficient capacity, when the existing roadnetwork simply cannot cope with the demand,simply due to the annual increase in traffic,

2.Unrestrained demand, in which case more and

more people buy private vehicles because theycan afford to, because the public transportsystem is insufficient, or because there is ageographic necessity for it, resulting in growththat outstrips the rate at which public transport

systems can be expanded or adjusted.


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3.Ineffective capacity management, wheretraffic control systems are ill-timed, out of order

or badly placed.It is nearly impossible to list all the factors thatcontribute to the closely-linked first tworecurrent causes, as each location has its own setof unique characteristics that contribute to thewhole problem - and all of these interact witheach other in place-specific manner. However, afew general and global reasons should behighlighted:

4. Time usage patterns: Human nature (and logic)

dictates that the majority of people living in anurban centre have similar time schedules basedon work or education: Most people need to be atschool or work between 8 and 9 am, andtherefore everyone needs to be travelling to

their place of work or education in the precedinghours. The same pattern emerges at the end ofthe working day.


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5. Population increase: As urban populationsincrease over time, the transport infrastructure

needs to support more and more people every day.Since not everyone can live in the city centre -and most prefer to live in the suburbs - there isan increase of people living in surrounding areaswho need to get into the city centre each day (orelsewhere in the metropolitan area).

Non-recurrent causes

1. Incidents and accidents: Clearly a road

accident has the ability to shut down lanes on ahighway as the vehicles involved block the routeand/or emergency personnel need space on theroad in which to work, but minor incidents - whichdo not require emergency personnel - also havethe effect of encouraging so-called rubber-necking (in which other drivers slow down to takea look), which effectively creates a bottleneck.


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2.Work zones: Road maintenance and

construction near a road requires space and areduction in speed of vehicles. The result, again,is a bottleneck.

3. Weather: Bad weather hampers visibility (inthe case of rain or snow) and therefore cautiousdrivers will slow down to compensate.

4. Special events: An influx of a few thousandpeople to a sports or entertainment venue such asa stadium creates traffic congestion in thesurrounding access roads.


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REASONS CAUSING TRAFFIC DURING

FESTIVALSWe all know that India is a developing country anddensely populated. In spite of that India hasshown tremendous growth as compared to otherdeveloping countries in the world. But there are

some basic problems of almost all major citiesneeds attention and solution as soon as possibleso as to maintain the actual growth in terms ofbasic development. The traffic problem in citiesis increasing with every passing day. Whenever wetalk about traffic we hear words like disgusting,

chaotic, unsafe, infamous, etc.Thanks to veryunorganised, undisciplined traffic of city withzero traffic sense in the population. Every timewe cross the city we find ourselves standingfrustrated in traffic congestion and criticizing

the government. Is it fair to blame governmentfor everything?

Especially during festivals,there is traffic jamsall over.During festivals there is a rush hour


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everywhere.The streets are full withpeople,cars,vendors etc.There is joy and even

chaos everywhere during festivals.There is a pileup of traffic everywhere around the world duringdifferent festivals.Some of the reasons fortraffic congestion during festivals are as follows:

Although India is home to over fifty nationalhighways the sad state of affairs is that mostnational highways are just two lanes or evenlesser. The design of the highways is a matter ofgreat importance since only properly designedhighways can withstand the pressure created by

heavy vehicles. Apart from being narrow they arealso highly congested since quite a large part ofIndia's freight is carried on these highways.

One of the major reasons for the damage of

roads in India is overloading. It is said that about70 percept of funds meant to be spent for themaintenance of roads


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actually goes behind paying laborers. Themagnanimity of the expenditure incurred in orderto repair roads is alarming and hence thegovernment is stressing on building large scaleconcrete roads instead of the common bituminous

roads. Although building concrete roads is a littleexpensive but it is beneficial for the country inthe long run. India's road network is extensive

S

ome of the important reasons:

1.Bad city roads


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2. Potholes here and there on the city roads.3. Insufficient existing parking infrastructure in

the city.4. Encroachment on footpaths that contributes inpoor discipline in pedestrians who are forced touse roads to walk.5. Lack of traffic rules education amongpopulation. Sometimes highly qualified

professional like engineers and doctors behavelike illiterates on the roads.6. Lack of strict traffic police system that canpunish rule breakers on the roads.7. Heavy vehicles transit into city slows down the

traffic and increases jam like situations quiteoften.8. Auto drivers are the curse in the city as theydominate the roads and take dangerous cuts to goahead and risks the lives of their passengers.9. Most of us think red lights are for street

decoration and thus ignoring it is quite common.10. Horns have become substitute to the brakesas I myself have seen many times when the cardriver ahead of me needs to push brakes but he


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pushes horn hard like anything. It just aggravatesthe situation and sometimes the rider ahead of

him may lose control due to loud sound.11. Bad shape of roads and less width in thebusiest parts of city invites traffic to congest.12. I think almost all the roads in the city arefrequently dug up by government or corporationfor some reasons and then it takes a long time to

repair them. In some cases they just forget tofill it up inviting accidents. In some places youdont find even a sign board.13. Frequent rallies, marriage processions,political rallies, visit of a celebrity or politician

are some of the very common causes of trafficcongestion in India (specially).14. Overtaking from wrong side, taking a shortcut, merging in main lane, etc are common sightshelping in disturbing traffic of city.15. Not obeying the traffic rules is very common

behaviour among population.16. Inadequate public transportation encouragespeople to use their own vehicles that contributein increasing volume of vehicles on the roads.


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17. Fast development of city has pulled hugepopulation from across the nation contributing in

increase in traffic.

Other reasons of Traffic Congestion :

India has more truly congested cities than any

other nation, which is not surprising, since it isalso the world's second-most populous country,

after China. Vehicles in India are distributed

somewhat unevenly. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and

Bangalore have 5% of India's population but 14%

of its registered vehicles.

Traffic is growing four times faster than the

population in six cities: Mumbai, Delhi,

Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad.

Indeed, Delhi is now said to have as many cars as

Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai combined. Traffic is


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well known for moving at the pace of its slowest

component. Most countries have automobiles,

buses, trucks, trains, motorcycles, motorscooters and bicycles. But in India, in addition to

this routine urban transportation, and

contributing substantially to the congestion, are

networks of auto-rickshaws and two-wheelers, as

well as bullock carts and hand-pulled rickshaws(disappearing from some urban areas).

There has been a staggering 100 fold increase in

the population of motorized vehicles, however,the expansion in the road network has not been

commensurate with this increase. While the

motor vehicle population has grown from 0.3

million in 1951 to over 30 million in 2004, the road

network has expanded from 0.4 million km to 3.32

million km, only a 8 fold increase in terms of

length during the same period.


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Strategies to Mitigate Congestion During

Festives:

Traffic congestion is a serious problem in most

Indian metros. Public transport systems are

overloaded, and there is a limit on how much

additional infrastructure such as roads and rail

lines a city can add. Of course, city planners are

doing the best they can to cope with the

increasing stress on the transportation

infrastructure. For instance, in Mumbai, tens of

flyovers have been and continue to be

constructed, and existing roads are being


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widened. But creating more infrastructure is not

a solution by itself. The improvements in

infrastructure will always lag behind the increasein traffic. Its benefits are only short-term;

whats needed is a more imaginative, holistic and

integrated approach to the problem. The

improving-infrastructure approach seeks to

accommodate the future. What is also needed is apreventive approach to actually reduce the

traffic on the roads.

Build better public transport systems:

An efficient public transport system can

effectively reduce the traffic on city roads.

Theres considerable evidence to suggest vehicle

owners will use a mass transit system, if a good

one is available. In fact, because of traffic

snarls and the problem of finding parking space,

many commuters in cities like New York and


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London choose to travel by the metro rail

network. Many cities in India are already taking

steps in this direction. Prime Minister ManmohanSingh recently laid the foundation for a metro

rail network in Mumbai. City authorities are also

exploring providing public transport on sea

routes that connect important hubs of Mumbai.

But building such alternative transportationsystems requires huge investments.

An efficient public

Transport system can effectively reduce the

traffic on city roads. Theres considerableevidence to suggest vehicle owners will use a

mass transit system, if a good one is available. In

fact, because of traffic snarls and the problem

of finding parking space, many commuters in

cities like New York and London choose to travel

by the metro rail network.


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Many cities in India are already taking steps in

this direction. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh

recently laid the foundation for a metro railnetwork in Mumbai. City authorities are also

exploring providing public transport on sea routes

that connect important hubs of Mumbai.

But building such alternative transportation

systems requires huge investments. That is where

we come to the second approach.

Reduce traffic through congestion charging

schemes, Car-pooling etc.: Cities around the world

such as Singapore and London have introducedcongestion charging schemes to reduce traffic.

For instance, in London, drivers are charged a fee

for entering the Central London zone.

Proper Traffic Management


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There should be proper traffic management

during festivals. The police should be on their

duties and carry on to clear and manage trafficwith proper management

CCTV Project

This project envisages the implementation of

computerized video surveillance at 100 criticaltraffic junctions in Mumbai for visual surveillanceand incident detection to facilitate effectivemanagement .The system shall combine theefficiency of video Detection with the flexibility

of PTZ cameras. The main function of this systemwill be to collect real time videos from distantcameras and transmit the footage via an opticalfibre network to a control room fitted with


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workstation PCs with various application software.

The system shall enable the police to detectvideo incidents using suitable algorithm providingfor automatic traffic pattern recognition. Thesystem shall automatically detect stoppedvehicles on every lane type (traveling laneemergency lane ramp) and under any traffic

configuration (fluid congestion stop go).

When an alert is detected the Video incidentserver will send a command to the other PCworkstation meant only for surveillance to display

the real time image from the camera. Using thissystem will enable the police to identifyoffenders and also ease traffic congestion at aparticular junction by deploying the nearestwireless van to the scene.


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Variable Messaging System ( VMS )Installation

of Electronic Messaging Boards in Mumbai.

With a view to provide all the most recentinformation regarding traffic to the commuters.Traffic Control Branch has started installation of

Electronic Messaging Boards at strategiclocations in the city. These boards are connectedto the Traffic Control Room from where latestinformation regarding congestion, bottlenecks,diversion etc. is displayed. The Intention is tokeep the motorists well informed & assist them

to take their own suitable decisions regardingtheir travel thereby assisting in effective trafficmanagement. Benefit of these boards are highlyvisible particularly during emergencies, festivalslike Ganesh Utsava / Navratra Utsav / Mount

Mary fair, VIP / VVIP movements etc.

Learning from the Ants- An interesting

experiment


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Ants seem to have cracked a problem we humanshaven't. While our cars get clogged in jams, help

each other to move around their colony muchmore efficiently. Understanding how they do thiscould inspire more effective routing of roadtraffic. Collective intelligence expert DirkHelbing from the Dresden University ofTechnology in Germany and his team investigated

how ants move around their colony. They set up anant highway with two routes of different widthsfrom the nest to some sugar syrup.Unsurprisingly, the narrower route soon becamecongested. But when an ant returning along the

congested route to the nest collided with anotherant just starting out, the returning ant pushedthe newcomer onto the other path. However, ifthe returning ant had enjoyed a trouble-freejourney, it did not redirect the newcomer. Theresearchers created a computer model of more

complex ant networks with routes of differentlengths. The team found that even though antsbeing rerouted sometimes took a longer route,they still got to the food quickly and efficiently.


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If human drivers travelling in opposite directionscould pass congestion information to each other

in this way, we would all be better off.From a technology and project implementationstand point, India has no dearth of talent. Afterall, our IT talent is exported across the world tosolve some of the most complex challenges. Itstime we harness it to solve domestic problems aswell. Indian companies have enormous experiencein successfully implementing large-scale, citizen-facing, mission-critical projects. And these arechallenges the Indian IT industry will welcomewith open arms.

Conclusion


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Among the strategies that address congestion,

reduce unexpected delays, and make the most of

the nation's existing investments, continuedadvancement of better transportation operations

plays a critical role. It will not happen by one

single act. The transportation community can

accelerate the solution to congestion by being

more aggressive in championing the need fortransportation systems management and

operations, more aggressive in showing the

benefits of management and operations, and more

aggressive in the deployment and use of traffic

engineering, transportation management, and

traveler information tools.

Overall, traffic problems are caused by an

over-reliance on private transport and a failure

to keep up with the rapidly expandingpopulation. However, the city has shown it can

solve problems in the past.


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Too many cars for too few road have lead to

severe congestion in the city. However, if the

municipal authorities encourage residents touse public transport, I am sure it will continue

to be a pleasant city to live in in the future.

REFERENCE

1.google.com

2.wikipedia

3.The times of india


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4. The Article Traffic Congestion and the

World

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