fazele infractiunii intentionate

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2012

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2012

71

FAZELE INFRACIUNII

INTENIONATE.

ASPECTE TEORETICE I PRACTICE

Elena-Giorgiana SIMIONESCU*

Abstract: Studiul analizeaz fazele dedesfurare ale infraciunii intenionate, etape pe carele poate parcurge activitatea infracional dinmomentul conceperii sale pn n momentulproducerii urmrilor socialmente periculoase.

Cuvinte cheie: activitate infracional,infraciune, intenie, faz intern de desfurare aactivitii infracionale, fazexternde desfurare aactivitii infracionale

1. Fazele de desfurarea aleinfraciunii intenionate: noiune, forme

n tiina dreptului penal, problemaperiodizrii svririi infraciunii ntr-o fazintern i o alta subsecvent, extern, se

contureaz1, de regul, n zona infraciunilorintenionate, singurele apte de o desfurare

propriu-zis a segmentului subiectiv, iarproblema fazelor desfurrii activitiiinfracionale pe o anume etapizare posibiln

plan obiectiv, se contureznumai n spectrulinfraciunilor intenionate comisive,singurele apte de o desfurare obiectiv petot palierul de segmente pe care le propuneun iter criminis2.

Problema acestei desfurricomplexe, mai nti n planul subiectivitiiautorului, iar apoi n planul executriimateriale a hotrrii infracionale nu e

posibil i, deci, nu se poate pune dect ncazul anumitor categorii de infraciuni care,

prin structura, lor se preteaz la o posibildesfurare pe etape sau faze; este cazul

THE STAGES OF INTENTIONAL

CRIMES THEORETICL AND

PRACTICAL ASPECTS

Elena-Giorgiana SIMIONESCU**

Abstract: This study analyzes thedevelopment stagess of the intentional crime, steps

that the criminal activity can go through since itsconception until the moment of socially dangerousconsequences.

Key words: criminal activity, crime,

intention, internal phase of ongoing criminal activity,external phase of ongoing criminal activity

1.

The development stages of the

crime intended: concept, types

In the science of penal law, the problemof the crime periodization in an internal stageand another subsequent, external, emerges24,usually in the intentional crimes, the only

ones able of an actual development of thesubjective segment, and the problem of thedevelopment of criminal activity on a certainstaging possible in an objective plan, it isoutlined only in the spectrum of intentionalcrime committed, the only capable of beingobjective across the plateau of segments that

proposes an iter criminis25.The problem of this complex

deployment, firstly in the author'ssubjectivity plan, and then in the materialexecution plan of the criminal judgment isnot possible and therefore can be put only tocertain categories of offenses, which by theirstructure lead to a possible progress in stagesor phases, it is the case of intentional crimes.Such a discussion cannot be addressed formisconduct crimes26.

* Lect. univ. dr., Departamentul tiine Juridice, Facultatea de Relaii Internaionale, Drept i tiine

Administrative, Universitatea Constantin Brncui din Tg-Jiu**

University Lecturer, PhD, Department of Juridical Sciences, Faculty of International Relations, Law and

Administrative Sciences Constantin Brncui University of Tg-Jiu


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infraciunilor intenionate. O asemeneadiscuie nu poate fi abordat n cazulinfraciunilor din culp3.

Ca orice fapta omului, infraciunea

presupune o desfurare n timp i spaiu,parcurgnd mai multe momente sau faze,fiecare avnd un anumit rol n raport curezultatul final al acesteia. Fiind o activitateuman, svrirea infraciunii se prezint, ncele mai multe cazuri, ca o nlnuire demomente4: ea ncepe cu o perioad deelaborare psihic intern care se ncheie cuhotrrea de a svri fapta i continu cu

perioada extern care cuprinde actele depregtire i trecerea la executarea activitii

infracionale, terminndu-se, de cele maimulte ori, cu producerea rezultatuluisocialmente periculos.

Se cunoate deja faptul c oriceinfraciune are un coninut obiectiv i unconinut subiectiv. Atitudinea psihic este

premergtoare atitudinii fizice, deoarece,ntotdeauna se formeazmai nti gndul dea svri un fapt i apoi se realizeaz faptuln sine; mai mult, aceastsubsecvenexisttotdeauna, chiar dac este marcat de un

interval de timp, fie i de lungimea uneiclipe.

Deosebirea dintre coninutulsubiectiv, care se formeaz de la nceputintegral i rmne identic (invariabil), iconinutul obiectiv, care se realizeaz

progresiv i oscileaz la fiecare momentparcurs, constituie baza formelorinfraciunii5. Aceste forme sunt variaiunicare privesc aceeai activitate fizic (acelaifapt) n diferite momente ale desfurriiacesteia, fapt pentru care se impunenecesitatea cunoaterii drumuluiinfraciunii parcurs de activitatea fizic.Momentele acestea nu reprezint altcevadect fazele pe care le poate parcurgeactivitatea infracional n cazul comiteriiinfraciunilor intenionate.

Ca urmare, fazele de desfurareaale infraciunii intenionate sunt acele etape

pe care le poate parcurge activitatea

infracional din momentul conceperii sale

Like any act of the man, the crimeinvolves a conduct in time and space,following several moments or phases, eachwith a specific role in relation to its final

result. As a human activity, the commitmentof the crime is presented, in most cases, as achain of moments27: it begins with a periodof mental and internal preparation endingwith the decision of committing the crimeand continuing with an external period thatincludes training and the passage toexecution of the criminal activity, endingmost of the time with a result sociallydangerous.

It is already known that any crime has an

objective and subjective content. Thepsychological attitude is prior to the physicalattitude, because firstly it is formed thethought of committing a fact and then it isrealized the fact itself; moreover, thissubsequence always exists, even if it ismarked by a period of time, sometimes thelength of a moment.

The difference between the subjectivecontent, which is formed from the beginningcompletely and remains identical

(invariably), and the target content, whichvaries progressively and at each steprealized, it forms the basis of the crime28.These forms are variations relating to thesame physical activity (same act) in differentstages of its deployment, for which itrequires knowledge "the road of the crime"covered by the physical activity. Momentslike these are nothing but stages throughwhich the criminal activity can go through ifthe crime is committed intentionally.

Therefore, the development stages ofthe offense intended are those steps that thecriminal activity can browse through sinceits conception until the moment of sociallydangerous consequences29.

In another view30, the developmentstages of the crime intended can be definedas being those steps that the criminal activitycan browse through from the first externalsymptoms until the time of the outcome or in

some cases, depletion of the material


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pn n momentul producerii urmrilor

socialmente periculoase6.ntr-o alt viziune7, fazele de

desfurare ale infraciunii intenionate pot

fi definite ca fiind acele etape pe care lepoate parcurge activitatea infracional din

momentul primei manifestri exterioare i

pnn momentul producerii rezultatului sau

n unele cazuri, a epuizrii activitii

materiale.Doctrina penal8 este unanim n a

distinge douperioade n care se desfoaractivitatea infracional: perioada sau fazaintern (psihic, spiritual, subiectiv) i

perioada saufaza extern.

Aa cum am mai spus, activitateafizic este precedat de atitudinea psihic,deci, nainte de nceperea activitii fiziceexistoperioadspiritual.

Activitii fizice trebuie s-i succeadanumite urmri i dup efectuarea acesteia,avem o perioad a urmrilor. Cu altecuvinte, realizarea activitii fizice sencadreaz ntre perioada spiritual care senvecineaz cu punctul de plecare al acesteiactiviti i perioada urmrilor care este

vecin cu punctul ei terminal, alctuind operioad mediat, denumit perioadaexecutrii

9.Perioada executrii se ncadreaz n

etapa sau faza extern a activitiiinfracionale i const n acte efectuate nvederea realizrii (executrii sau nfptuirii)rezoluiei infracionale, perioadcare ncepedin momentul n care s-a trecut la omanifestare extern i se termin nmomentul cnd activitatea fizic a fostefectuatn ntregime.

2. Perioada internPerioada spiritual, care prin esena

sa este intern, deoarece se desfoar nmintea omului i nu se poate cunoate dectatunci cnd s-a trecut la perioada deexecutare, la acte de conduit (ex post),cunoate trei faze sau momente, care potdura mai mult sau mai puin timp ori care se

disting numai ideal:

activity.The criminal doctrine31is unanimous to

distinguish two periods in which it isdeveloped the criminal activity: the internal

period or stage(mental, spiritual, subjective)and the external period or stage.As I said, the physical activity is

preceded by a mental attitude, so, before thebeginning of the physical activity there is aspiritual period.

After the physical activity there have tobe some consequences and after this, wehave a period of consequences. In otherwords, making the physical activity is

between the spiritual period bordering the

starting point of this work and theconsequences periodwhich is adjacent to itsterminal point, forming a median period,called execution period32

The execution period is in the externalstage or period of the criminal activity andconsists of acts done to achieve (performanceor implementing) the criminal resolution,

period beginning from the time that passed toan external manifestation and ends when the

physical activity has fully been made.

2.

Internal period

The spiritual period, which by its natureis internal, because it is carried in the humanmind and cannot be known until he passed tothe execution period, to acts of conduct (ex

post), is familiar with three phases ormoments that can take more or less time orwhich are distinguished only ideally: the stage or moment of designing the

idea, so, when it is born, when theidea germinates crimes, the reasonthat interests the criminologists and

judges the operation ofindividualization of punishment;

the stage or moment of deliberating33,

moment when there are balanced andcompared the reasons for and againstthe idea of committing the crime;

the stage or the moment of decision,it is the time when the decision to

commit the offense is taken; it is the


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- faza sau momentul conceperii ideii,deci, cnd se nate, cnd ncolete ideeainfracional, motivaie care intereseaz pecriminologi i judectori n operaiunea de

individualizare a pedepsei;- faza sau momentul deliberrii10,moment n care se cntresc, se comparmotivele pro i contra ideii de a svriinfraciunea;

- faza sau momentul deciziei n carese ia hotrrea de a se comite infraciunea;este cel mai important moment al etapeiinterne, care se poate realiza ntr-o perioadde timp mai ndelungat (n caz de

premeditare) sau mai scurt (n caz de

intenie repentin i intenie format ncondiii obinuite)11.

Aceastperioad intern, subiectiv,psihic nu are relevan penal12, nu seincrimineaz. n acest sens, s-au adusurmtoarele argumente13:

- hotrrea de a svri infraciuneaeste un fenomen subiectiv care nu depeteforul interior al persoanei, exist doar ncontiina acesteia, nu produce nici urmrisocialmente periculoase, nici tulburare

social. Att n legiuirile vechi, ct i ndreptul penal modern, simpla cugetare (nudacogitatio) nu a fost i nu este sancionat(cogitationis poenam nemo patitur);

- o asemenea hotrre nu esteirevocabil, dimpotriv, de cele mai multeori, ea este revocat;

- din punct de vedere al politiciipenale, este bine s se ncurajezeabandonarea gndului infracional, ceea cese face prin neincriminarea i nesancionarealui;

- hotrrea de a svri o infraciunenu se poate incrimina, fiindc ea nu este ofapt; de internis non judicat praetor,spuneau juritii romani.

Avnd n vedere c, potrivitdipoziiilor legale (art. 18 Cod penal), fapta

prevzut de legea penal prezint pericoldoar cnd are loc aciunea ori inaciunea,simpla luare a hotrrii nu atrage

rspunderea penal, nici chiar atunci cnd

most important moment of theinternal stage, which can be realizedover a longer period of time (in caseof intent) or shorter (if the intention is

repeated and the intention formedunder normal conditions34).This internal period, subjective,

psychological has no penal relevance35andisnot incriminated. In this regard, there have

been brought the following arguments36:- The decision to commit the crime is asubjective phenomenon that does not exceedthe inner forum of the person, it exists onlyin the persons consciousness, and it does not

produce any socially dangerous

consequences, not even social unrest. As theold laws and in modern criminal law, themere thought (nuda cogitatio) was not and isnot sanctioned (cogitationis poenam nemo

patitur);- such a decision is not final, on thecontrary, it is often revoked;- in terms of criminal policy, it is good toencourage the abandonment of the criminalthought, which is done by not incriminatingand not-sanctioning him;

- the decision to commit a crime cannot becriminalized because it is not an act, the deinternis non judicat praetor, as Roman

jurists said.Taking into account that, according to

legal provisions (art. 18 Penal Code), the factunder the penal law is dangerous only whenthere is action or inaction, by simply makingthe decision does not attract criminalliability, even when the decision was sharedwith another person in oratorical form,except37 for the case when sharing is not acrime of self-reliant.

The general rule is that the previouspsychic criminal activity does not fall underthe provisions of criminal law, there are yetsome exceptions38:

The first exception is when his spiritualperiod experiences an external side39, whenmore people conceive, discuss and jointlydecide on criminal judgment, externalized

mental attitude, perceived and observed, case


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hotrrea a fost mprtitaltei persoane nform oratoric, excepie14 face cazul cndmprtirea nu constituie infraciune de-sine-stttoare.

De la regula general, c procesulpsihic anterior activitii infracionale nucade sub prevederile legii penale, existtotui unele excepii15:

O primexcepie o constituie cazul ncare perioada spiritual cunoate i o laturextern16, cnd mai multe persoane concep,delibereaz i decid n comun asuprahotrrii infracionale, atitudine psihicexteriorizat, perceput i constatat, caz ncare nu s-a realizat vreo manifestare extern

pentru executarea rezoluiunii, dar legeapoate face din manifestarea extern adeliberrii i lurii deciziei, coninutulobiectiv al unor infraciuni de sine stttoare.Exemplu: complotul (art. 167 Cod penal),asocierea pentru svrirea de infraciuni(art. 133 Cod penal), proxenetismul prinndemn (art. 319 Cod penal), iniierea unorstructuri informative pe teritoriul Romnieicare pot aduce atingere siguranei naionale(art. 19 Legea nr. 51/1991 privind sigurana

naional a Romniei). n aceste cazuri17,este suficient s se iniieze asocierea, chiardacaceasta nu a avut loc ori nu s-a trecut lacomiterea faptelor pentru care infractorii s-auconstituit n complot sau asociaieinfracional, n vederea consumriiinfraciunii.

O a doua excepie o reprezintsituaia n care perioada spiritualpoate aveao faz extern, adiacent, moment n carefptuitorul se destinuie, comunic verbalaltor persoane hotrrea de a comite oinfraciune, i exteriorizeaz gndul.ntlnim aa-zisa faz oratorie18, n carerezoluiunea de a svri o infraciune serelev prin comunicarea verbal sau printr-un alt mijloc. Exemplu: ameninarea (art.193 Cod penal), care este periculoas princrearea strii de alarm i tulburare. ntr-oalt opinie19, s-a exprimat prerea c, nsituaia ameninrii, ar exista o excepie de la

regula nepedepsirii hotrrii infracionale,

in which there has been no external event forthis execution, but the law can make fromthe external manifestation of the deliberationand the decision making, the objective

content of some independent crimes. Forexample: the plot (art. 167 Penal Code),association to commit a crime (art. 133 PenalCode), pimping (art. 319 Penal Code), theinitiation of some informative structures inRomania which may affect the nationalsecurity (Article . 19 Law no. 51/1991 on thenational security of Romania). In thesecases40, it is sufficient to initiate theassociation, even if it has not been held orthere have not been committed the crimes for

which offenders were constituted to plot orthe criminal association, to realize the crime.

A second exception is when thespiritual period may have an external stage,adjacent, moment when the offenderconfesses, verbally communicates to othersthe decision to commit a crime, heexternalizes his thought. We encounter theso-called oratory stage41, when thetermination of committing a crime isrevealed through verbal communication or

through other means. For example: the threat(art. 193 Penal Code), which is dangerous bycreating a state of alarm and disorder.In another opinion42 it was expressed theview that in the situation of threat, there is anexception regarding the judgment of criminalimpunity, because it is not simply acommunication to the victim of a decisiontaken by the offender, but an act of execution(action ), a crime consumed on its own, ofcourse, incriminated by the penal law. In thissituation, it is acknowledged that there may

be crime also in the absence of the threegeneral characteristics, of the materialelement of the crime and its content, which isnot possible.

3.

External period

The science of penal law 43designatesthe moments that mark progressive stages ofachievement (varying in content in relation

to their proximity to the moment of reaching


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deoarece ea nu este doar o simplcomunicare ctre victim a unei hotrriluate de infractor, ci un act de executare(aciune), o infraciune consumat de sine

stttoare, firete, incriminat de legeapenal. n asemenea situaie, s-ar admite cpoate exista infraciunea i n lipsa celor treitrsturi generale, a elementului material alinfraciunii i a coninutului acestuia, ceea cenu este posibil.

3. Perioada externtiina dreptului penal20 denumete

momentele care marcheaz stadiileprogresive de nfptuire (variabile prin

coninut n raport cu apropierea lor demomentul atingerii rezultatului ilicit)faze ale

perioadei externe de svrire a infraciunii.Sunt cunoscute ca faze ale desfurriiactivitii infracionale comisive intenionateurmtoarele:

- faza actelor preparatorii (fazaactelor de pregtire) care se situeaz lacaptul drumului infraciunii i constn actecare pregtesc spiritual i material aciuneatipic;

- faza actelor de executare (fazaexecutrii propriu-zise, faza actelor de

svrire, faza execuiunii, faza svririi)care se situeazn itinere. Actele efectuate nacest proces dinamic fac ca activitatea fizics treac de la pregtirea aciunii tipice laexecutarea acesteia, activitate fizic ceconstituie latura obiectiv a infraciunii.Ultimul moment al fazei executrii coincidecu momentul final al fazei externe i,totodat, cu punctul terminus n drumulinfracional, prin realizarea n ntregime aactivitii fizice indicatde verbum regensalinfraciunii21, deci prin realizarea laturiiobiective a acestei infraciuni.

- faza urmrilor se situeaz tot nperioada extern a activitii infracionale incepe din momentul n care activitatea fizica fost efectuat n ntregime pentrunfptuirea rezoluiei infracionale, pncndurmarea socialmente periculoass-a produs,

decifaptul s-a consumat.

illicit result) stages of the external periodofcommitting the crime. There are known asstages of the criminal activity committedintentionally the following:

- the preparatory acts stage(preparatory acts stage) which lies at the endof the road of the crime and it consists ofacts which prepare spiritually and materiallythe typical action;

- the execution acts stage (the actualexecution stage, the committing acts stage,the execution stage, the committing stage)which lies in ongoing. The acts done in thisdynamic process make the physical activityto move from preparation to execution, this

physical activity constitutes the objectiveside of the crime. The last moment of theexecution stage coincides with the finalmoment of the external stage and also withthe terminus point in the criminal road bymaking all physical activity indicated by theverbum regens of the crime44, so by therealization of the objective side of the crime.

- the consequences stage are also in theexternal period of the criminal activity and it

begins when the physical work was done

entirely for carrying out the criminalresolution, until the socially dangerousconsequence occurred, so the fact wasconsumed.

In some cases, the criminal activitycontinues beyond the time of consumption,

because of the amplification of the initialresult or continuing the criminal activity, sothe consequences increase. It is the case ofcontinuing, continuous, progressive crime,usually, in addition to the time consuming,there is a moment of exhaustion whichcoincides with the moment when there arenot possible other consequences, so the fact

finished.Such stages are possible at any crime

committed, intended, likely to develop intime, likely to last, but not required to all45,meaning that the preparation stage of thecrime may be absent at the crimes that arecommitted intentionally(spontaneous ).

There are times when the deployment


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n unele situaii, activitateainfracional se prelungete dup momentulconsumrii, datorit amplificrii rezultatuluiiniial sau continurii activitii infracionale,

deci urmrile sporesc. Este cazulinfraciunilor continui, continuate,progresive, de obicei, care, pe lngmomentul consumrii, cunosc un moment alepuizrii care coincide cu momentul cnd numai sunt posibile alte urmri, deci,faptul s-aepuizat.

Astfel de faze sunt posibile la oriceinfraciune comisiv, intenionat,susceptibil de desfurare n timp,susceptibil de durat, ns nu sunt

obligatorii la toate22, n sensul c, faza depregtire a infraciunii poate lipsi lainfraciunile ce se comit cu intenie repentin(spontan).

Exist situaii n care fazele dedefurare nu sunt posibile23:

- la infraciunile din culp simpl(neglijena, nesocotina), acolo unde nu s-a

prevzut un rezultat i nu s-a urmrit unanume scop, nu poate exista nici pregtirea,nici ncercarea de executare, doar

consumarea infraciunii. Nici chiar lainfraciunile cu intenie indirect(eventual)nu sunt posibile fazele, deoarece un rezultateventual, pe care autorul l prevede i chiar laccept, nu-l urmrete; iar, cine nuurmrete un rezultat, acela nu face nici

pregtire, nici ncercare de realizare. Acelailucru privete infraciunile comise din culpcu prevedere, unde autorul, din uurin,spernd c un anumit rezultat nu se va ivi,nici nu se pregtete i nici nu nceacrealizarea lui.

- la infraciunile svrite prininaciune, fazele de desfurare nu sunt

posibile, ntruct inaciunea nu poate fincercat i pn n momentul apariieirezultatului socialmente periculos, persoana

putea s acioneze, iar dac acesta s-aprodus, infraciunea s-a consumat.

- infraciunile cu execuie rapid nuau o durat i nu comport faze de

desfurare. Exemplu: infraciunea de

stages are not possible:46- for the crimes of simple negligence

(negligence, recklessness), where there wasnot thought a result and there was not

followed a particular purpose, there can beno preparation or execution attempt, onlycommitting the crime. Even for the indirectintentional crimes (possible), there are not

possible the stages, because a possible result,that the author provides and even accepts, itis not searched, and the person who does notseek an outcome, he makes no training, andno attempt to realize it. The same thingconcerns crime committed by fault with

provision, where the author, of ease, hoping

that a particular outcome will not occur,neither prepares nor tries its achievement.- the crimes committed by inaction, thedeployment stages are not possible, becausethe inaction cannot be tested until theemergence of the socially dangerous result,the person may act, and if it occurred, theoffense was consumed.- the crimes with fast execution have noduration and no ongoing development stages.For example: the crime of defamation

(Article 206 Penal Code) or assault (art. 239Penal Code).- the crimes whose objective content consistsof a training activity or attempt of otheractivities. For example: illegally crossing thestate border, act incriminated by Law no.56/1992 on the state border of Romania,whose objective side consists of training. Inother words, it is not possible to prepare thetraining or attempt to prepare.

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rdition, C.H.Beck Publising House,


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calomnie (art. 206 Cod penal) sau de ultraj(art. 239 Cod penal).

- la infraciunile al cror coninutobiectiv const ntr-o activitate de pregtire

ori ncercare a altor activiti. Exemplu:trecerea frauduloasa frontierei de stat, faptincriminat prin Legea nr. 56/1992 privindfrontiera de stat a Romniei, a crei laturobiectiv const ntr-o pregtire. Cu altecuvinte, nu este posibil pregtirea la

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Publishing House, Bucharest, 201112. Ion Oancea, Penal law treaty

General part, All Publishing House,Bucharest, 1995;

13. Maria Zolyneak, M. I. Michinici,Penal law. General part, Fundaia ChemareaPublishing House, Iai, 1999.


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12. Ion Oancea, Tratat de DreptPenal. Partea general, Editura All,Bucureti, 1995;

13. Maria Zolyneak, M. I. Michinici,

Drept penal. Partea general, EdituraFundaiei Chemarea, Iai, 1999.

1Narcis Giurgiu,Legea penali infraciunea- doctrin, legislaie, practicjudiciar, Editura Gama, 1994, p.178;2Drumul parcurs ntre prima manifestare i momentul terminal al activitii psihice se numete drumulinfraciunii(iter criminis): Vintil Dongoroz, Drept penal, Reeditarea ediiei din 1939, Editura SocietiiTempus i Asociaia Romna de tiine Penale, Bucureti, 2000, p. 208 sau calea infracional: MateiBasarab,Drept penal, Partea general, vol. I, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2001, p. 348;3Constantin Butiuc,Elemente de drept penal, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 1998, p. 32;4Traian Dima,Drept Penal, Partea general, Vol. I, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2004, p. 251;5

VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 207;6 Alexandru Boroi, Gheorghe Nistoreanu, Drept penal. Partea general, ediia a 4-a, Editura All Beck,Bucureti, 2004, p. 153;7Ilie Pascu,Drept penal. Partea general, Editura Europa Nova, Bucureti, 2001, p. 203;8VintilDongoroz, Siegfried Kahane, Ion Oancea, Iosif Fodor, Nicoleta Iliescu, Constantin Bulai, RodicaMihaela Stnoiu, Explicaii teoretice ale Codului penal romn, Partea general, vol. I, Editura AcademieiRomne, Bucureti, 1969, p. 131;9VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 208;10n literatura de specialitate, acest moment a mai fost denumit i lupta ideilor:Constantin Butiuc, op. cit.,p.33;11Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;12 Constantin Mitrache, Cristian Mitrache, Drept penal romn, Partea general, Casa de Editur i Presansa- SRL, Bucureti, 2002, p. 211;13

Ion Oancea, Tratat deDrept Penal, Partea general, Editura All, Bucureti, 1994, p. 124;14Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;15VintilDongoroz i colaboratorii, op. cit.,p. 133;16VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 208;17Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;18VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 208;19Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;20Narcis Giurgiu, op. cit., p. 182;21VintilDongoroz i colaboratorii, op. cit.,p. 132;22Constantin Mitrache, Cristian Mitrache, op. cit., p. 211;23Ion Oancea, op. cit.,p. 12424Narcis Girgiu,Penal law and the crime, doctrine, legislation, jurisprudence, Gama Publishing, 1994, page 17825The road between the first manifestation and the terminal moment of the psychological activity is called "the

road of the crime" (iter criminis): VintilDongoroz, Penal Law, Republishing edition of 1939, Tempus Societyand the Romanian Association of Penal Sciences Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000, p 208 or "the criminalpath" Matei Basarab,Penal Law, General Part, Volume I, Lumina Lex Publishing House, Bucharest, 2001, p348;26Constantin Butiuc, Penal Law elements, Lumina Lex Publishing House, Bucharest, 1998, page 3227Traian Dima,Penal Law, General part, Vol. I, Lumina Lex Publishing House, Bucharest, 2004, p. 251;28VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 207;29 Alexandru Boroi, Gheorghe Nistoreanu, Penal Law. General part, fourt edition, All Beck PublishingHouse, Bucharest, 2004, p. 153;30Ilie Pascu,Penal Law. General part, Europa Nova Publising House, Bucharest, 2001, p. 203;31VintilDongoroz, Siegfried Kahane, Ion Oancea, Iosif Fodor, Nicoleta Iliescu, Constantin Bulai, RodicaMihaela Stnoiu, Theoretical explanations of the Romanian Penal Code, General part, vol. I, AcademiaRomna Publising House , Bucharest, 1969, p. 131;32

VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 208;


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33In littereture this moment was also called the battle of ideas,Constantin Butiuc, op. cit.,p. 33;34Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;35Constantin Mitrache, Cristian Mitrache,Romanin Penal Law, Genaral part, ansa Publishing House- SRL,Bucharest, 2002, p. 211;3636Ion Oancea,Penal Law Treaty, Genaral part, All Publising House, Bucharest, 1994, p. 124;37Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;38VintilDongoroz et al, op. cit., p 133;39VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 208;40Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;41

VintilDongoroz, op. cit.,p. 208;42Matei Basarab,op. cit., p. 349;43Narcis Giurgiu, op. cit., p. 182;44VintilDongoroz et al, op. cit., p 132;45Constantin Mitrache, Cristian Mitrache, op. cit., p. 211;4646Ion Oancea, op. cit.,p. 124

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