Fatty acid metabolism and milk fat depression

51
Fatty acid metabolism and milk fat depression Jennifer Stamey and Benjamin Corl VSFA Conference and Nutritional Management “Cow” College February 18, 2011

Transcript of Fatty acid metabolism and milk fat depression

Page 1: Fatty acid metabolism and milk fat depression

Fatty acid metabolism and 

milk fat depressionJennifer Stamey and Benjamin Corl

VSFA Conference and Nutritional Management “Cow” CollegeFebruary 18, 2011

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Milk Fat

• Fat is the major energy component of milk– Economic value– Physical and manufacturing properties

• Milk fat content is markedly affected by diet– High grain– Vegetable oils– Marine oils

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Fatty Acids

• Long carbon chains that contain a methyl group (CH3) at one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) at the other

• Fatty acids make lipids energy rich

• Characterized by:– Number of carbons

• Chain length– Number of double bonds

• Degree of unsaturation– Location and orientation of these bonds

• Non‐conjugated, conjugated, cis, trans

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Nomenclature and Structure

Saturated – single bonds

Unsaturated – double bonds

C C CC CC C

C C CC CC C

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CCC

H

C

H H

H HH

trans

CC

H H

C

H

HC

H

H

cis

Nomenclature and Structure

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conjugated

CC

H H

C

H

C

H

non‐conjugated

H H

C CC

H H

C

H

CH

Nomenclature and Structure

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Lipids

Free fatty acids

Hydrolysis

OH

OH

OH

H2OBacterial lipases

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Biohydrogenation

Linoleic acid(cis‐9, cis‐12 18:2)

trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA

trans‐10 18:1

Stearic acid (18:0)

Rumenic acid(cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA)

Vaccenic acid(trans‐11 18:1)

Stearic acid (18:0)

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Biohydrogenation

Linolenic acid(cis‐9, cis‐12, cis‐15 18:3)

cis‐9, trans‐11, cis‐15 18:3

trans‐11, cis‐15 18:2

trans‐15 or cis‐15 18:1 Vaccenic acid(trans‐11 18:1)

Stearic acid (18:0)

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Rumen Biohydrogenation 

Unique conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 

isomers

Stearic Acid C18:0

Linolenic Acidcis‐9, cis‐12, cis‐15 C18:3

Linoleic Acidcis‐9, cis‐12 C18:2

trans‐11, cis‐15 C18:2

trans‐15 or cis‐15 C18:1 trans‐11 C18:1

cis‐9, trans‐11, cis‐15 C18:3 cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA

Numerous trans‐18:1 isomers

altered fermentation

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Fat Digestion in the Rumen

Rumen

Inert fats

TG

Glycolipids

TG or FFA

Glycerol and VFAs

FFAs

TG or FFA

Hydrolysis Biohydrogenation

transFFAs

FFAs

MicrobesPL

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Rumen Biohydrogenation Pathways

Unsaturated FA

Trans intermediates

Saturated FA

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Polyunsaturated fatty acid losses

Loor et al. (2004)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Linoleic Acid Stearic Acid

g/d

ConsumedDuodenum

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Major Fatty Acids in Milk FatFatty Acid % (weight basis) Common Name

4:0 4 Butyric6:0 3 Caproic8:0 2 Caprylic10:0 3 Capric12:0 4 Lauric14:0 11 Myristic16:0 29 Palmitic16:1 2 Palmitoleic18:0 12 Stearic18:1 25 Oleic18:2 2 Linoleic18:3 1 Linolenic

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Triglyceride Synthesis

• 98% of milk fat is triglcyeride

• Glycerol backbone with 3 ester‐linked FA

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Basal membrane ER‐membrane Apical membrane

LPL DGAT

ACC FAS

FA synthesis de novo (C4 ‐ C16)

TAG

synthesis

Glycerol

Glucose

SFA (C16 ‐ C18)

Synthesis Secretion

Acetate

ßHBA

VLDL

TAG

Glycerol

Glucose

Circulation Translocation

UFA

DesaturaseGPAT

FABP

Milk Fat Synthesis

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Major Fatty Acids in Milk FatFatty Acid % (weight basis) Fatty Acid Source

4:0 46:0 38:0 2

De novo synthesis10:0 312:0 414:0 1116:0 29

De novo and preformed16:1 218:0 1218:1 25 Uptake of preformed18:2 2

18:3 1

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Factors Influencing Milk Fat

Nutritional Factors

• Dietary fiber• Specific feeds• Feeding strategy• Ionophores

Non‐nutritional Factors

• Genetics• Stage of lactation• Season• Parity• Ambient temperature

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Milk Fat Depression in the Dairy Cow

• Recognized by Boussingault in 1845

• Naturally occurs with certain diets

• Milk fat reduced but milk yield and other components unaffected

Boussingault

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Milk Fat Depression Characteristics

• Diet‐induced– High concentrate, low fiber– Low in effective fiber– Plant and marine oil supplements– Unsaturated fatty acids

• Specific for milk fat, up to 50% decrease

• Decreased yield of all fatty acids, but greatest for de novo synthesized fatty acids

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-40

-20

0

20

40

60

C6 to C14:1 C16 +C16:1 C18 + C18:1

HG/LF dietPlant oil supplement

Fatty Acids

MFD Changes Milk Fat Composition

Bauman and Griinari (2003)

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Biohydrogenation Theory

• MFD is the result of direct inhibition of milk fat synthesis at the mammary gland by unique fatty acid intermediates formed during rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA.

Bauman and Griinari (2003)

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trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA in Milk Fat

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Change in Milk Fat trans -10, cis -12 CLA, %

Cha

nge

in M

ilk F

at Y

ield

, %

Adapted from de Veth et al. (2004)

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Post‐Ruminal Infusion vs. Diet‐Induced MFD

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Change in Milk Fat trans -10, cis -12 CLA, %

Cha

nge

in M

ilk F

at Y

ield

, % Infusion

Diet-induced MFD

Adapted from Peterson et al. (2003) and Griinari and Bauman (2005)

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6/8 9 10 11 12 13/14

0

1

2

3

4

5

6/8 9 10 11 12 13/14

Double Bond Position

Compo

sitio

n  (%

)Co

mpo

sitio

n  (%

)

Normal Milk Fat

MF Depressed

Griinari et al. (1997)

C18:1 trans Fatty Acids

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012345

6/8 9 10 11 12 13/14

012345

6/8 9 10 11 12 13/14

Double Bond Position

Compo

sitio

n  (%

)Co

mpo

sitio

n  (%

)

Normal Milk Fat

MF Depressed

Linoleic acid

trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA

trans‐10 18:1

Stearic acid (18:0)

Rumenic acid

Vaccenic acid

Stearic acid (18:0)

C18:1 trans Fatty Acids

Griinari et al. (1997)

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.

©2007 by American Society for NutritionLock A L et al. J. Nutr. 2007;137:71-76

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Lock A L et al. J. Nutr. 2007;137:71-76©2007 by American Society for Nutrition

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Role for trans‐10 18:1

• trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA is the most extensively studied potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis

• MFD is correlated with trans‐10 rumen outflow– Does not directly inhibit milk fat synthesis– Marker of altered biohydrogenation

• Other trans and conjugated PUFA may decrease milk fat

Lock et al. (2007)

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Monensin and Milk Fat Depression

• Ionophores disrupt biohydrogenation

• Monensin targets gram positive bacteria– Includes group “B” bacteria that hydrogenate monenes

– Potentially results in build‐up of intermediates– Not a problem in normal biohydrogenation pathways 

Fellner et al. (1997)

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Biohydrogenation

Linoleic acid(cis‐9, cis‐12 18:2)

trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA

trans‐10 18:1

Stearic acid (18:0)

Rumenic acid(cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA)

Vaccenic acid(trans‐11 18:1)

Stearic acid (18:0)

1) Isomerization

2) Hydrogenation

Group “A”

3) HydrogenationGroup “B”Monensin‐targeted

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Monensin and Milk Fat Depression

• No single risk factor for MFD

• Monensin has potential to amplify the effect of other risk factors

• Monensin decreased milk fat content 0.13%

• Decreases in fat yield seem related to increased presence of dietary unsaturated FA

Duffield et al. (2008)

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Rumen Unsaturated FA Load

• RUFAL reflects total dietary unsaturated FA supply entering the rumen daily– Total feed ingredient fatty acid composition

• Oleic (C18:1)• Linoleic (C18:2)• Linolenic (C18:3)

– Marker for altered biohydrogenation

Lock and Jenkins (2009)

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Unsaturated FA ×Monensin

• Lack of available data to support interaction of monensin and unsaturated FA

• Heterogeneity of data in meta‐analysis

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5Dietary C18:1 % DM

Die

tary

C18

:2 %

DM

37

Dietary C18:1 and C18:2 Concentrations

37

MOML (7.0%)

HOLL (7.0%)MOLL (5.9%)

NoFat (3.0%)

LOML (5.9%)

LOLL (4.7%)

LOHL (7.0%)

• Total dietary EE% in parentheses• 6 fat blend trts test C18:1, C18:12, C18:2, C18:22, C18:1×C18:2 interaction

©Ming and Armentano; 2010, UW‐Madison

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No monensin×C18:1 or C18:2 effect on milk fat yield

©Ming and Armentano; 2010, UW‐Madison

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Monensin and Milk Fat Depression

• Monensin changes the rumen environment

• Diets with the capacity to lead to MFD are further influenced by monensin

• With most diets, an effect is not observed and reductions are only apparent for content, not yield

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http://inventorspot.com/articles/food_sculpture_16966

“Butter is just a little stick of smiles and happiness” – Paula Deen

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Increasing Milk Fat Yield

• Milk fat composition is easily manipulated

• Increases with saturated LCFA infusion– Decreases proportion of de novo FA– Unsaturated FA can reduce DMI

• LCFA are derived from dietary sources

• Short‐ and medium‐chain FA are essential for milk triacylglycerol synthesis

Kadegowda et al. (2008)

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Abomasal Butterfat Infusion

• Treatments:– 400 g/d butterfat – 245 g/d LCFA mixture matching LCFA in butterfat

• Compare effects of short‐ and medium‐chain FA

• Limited infusions to avoid DMI reduction

Kadegowda et al. (2008)

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Kadegowda et al. (2008)

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Abomasal Infusion of Butterfat Increases Milk Fat Yield

Item Control Butterfat LCFA SEMMilk, kg/d 31.8 33.7 33.1 2.5FCM, 3.5% 32.87 37.72 35.04 2.71Fat, % 3.74 4.26 3.79 0.19Fat yield, g/d 1,178 1,421 1,279 107.7

Kadegowda et al. (2008)

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Abomasal Infusion of Butterfat Increases Milk Fatty Acid Yields

Kadegowda et al. (2008)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

<16:0  16:00 >16:0  MUFA  PUFA 

g of FA

ME/d

Control 

Butterfat 

LCFA 

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Increasing Milk Fat Yield

• Infusion of LCFA did not alter milk fat yield– FA <16:0 were not reduced, but maintained

• Butterfat and LCFA similarly increased FA >16:0– Changes in palmitate to stearate ratios may have influenced LCFA treatment fat yields

• Medium‐chain FA transfer efficiency increased with chain length– Yield of 14:0 was greater for cows infused with butterfat 

• Short‐ and medium‐chain FA may be limiting factors for increasing milk fat synthesis

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Take Home Message

• Milk fat yield can be increased with fat supplementation

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Take Home Message

• Milk Fat Depression requires:– Altered rumen environment– Supply of PUFA

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Take Home Message

• No single factor is responsible for MFD –interactions of potential risk factors can change the rumen environment and increase MFD risk. 

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Questions?