Father __________ Austrian monk who worked with ___________in monastery garden. Developed first...
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Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884)
Father __________Austrian monk who
worked with ___________in monastery garden.
Developed first theories on _________________.
http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/images/photos/01_mendel_pu.jpg
Why Experiment With Pea Plants?
Grow quicklyMany _______________________________ so they have
both _____ and ___________reproductive parts on the ______flower and can __________themselves. They are ___________meaning offspring will have same traits as parent.
Can ___________so one plant can pollinate another plant to produce offspring.
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image215.gif
____________________(features with different forms in a population) that are_________from ________ to _______.EX: Flower color or seed shape
Studied one _________ at a _____ to determine which traits appeared in offspring.
What was Mendel studying?
http://www.cfkeep.org/html/phpThumb.php?src=/uploads/peas_copy.gif&aoe=1&w=
_________ crossed true breeding plants for each ____________.Example: crossed purple flower plant & white
flower plant.All offspring displayed the ___________ of one
parent. In this case, all had purple flowers. White flowers seemed to _________.
Mendel's First Experiment
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images/10F1.gif
Conclusions:The trait that showed up
most often in the offspring was the __________ trait.
The trait that seemed to disappear or fade away was the _________trait.
To determine what happened to the _______ trait, _________decided to do another set of __________.
http://www.jbhs.k12.nf.ca/biology/photos/mvc-006f.jpg
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Life/images/earlobes.jpg
Allowed the plants produced by his first experiment to ____________.
All purple flowered plants self pollinated:____% of offspring were purple flowered_____% of offspring were white flowered
Mendel's Second Experiment
http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/images/10f2.gif
ConclusionsRecessive trait did not
________, it was _______ by the dominant trait as it showed up again in the _______generation.
Each plant had ______ of instructions (one from each parent) for each characteristic.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/550px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png
Mendel's Principles___________________is
predetermined by genes. _____are passed on from parents.
Some forms of genes are _______and others are ________.
Organisms have 2 copies of each gene (one from each parent).
______(different forms for a gene) for different genes segregate independently of one another. (____________cross) http://www1.umn.edu/ships/updates/
9mendels.gif
AllelesDifferent forms of a ______
EX: freckles or no frecklesDominant allele – expressed
with an ____________letter.Recessive allele – expressed
with a ___________letter. NOTE: The ______ letter is
used to express an allele – variations are expressed with the upper or lower case.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Punnett_square_(PSF).png
Phenotype vs. GenotypePHENOTYPE:
__________characteristic – the characteristic that you can see.
EX: Purple flowers
GENOTYPE: The two ________ alleles for a trait. (Cannot be seen)
EX: PP or Pp
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/25_environmental_variation.gif
Types of Genotypes_________ Dominant:
Two dominant allelesPP or DD or BB
__________Recessive: Two recessive allelespp or dd or bb
__________: One dominant and one recessive allelePp or Dd or Bb
http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/VetSci/Courses/PATB_4110/4-6/Class_Notes.htm
__________ all possible _______ combinations for offspring from particular parents.
How to make a Punnett Square crossing a homozygous recessive white flowering pea plant with a heterozygous purple flowering pea plant.
Punnett Square
___________ Dominance: One allele is not completely dominant over the other allele. Each allele contributes to the phenotype produced.EX: Snapdragons (white and red produce pink)
One gene may influence more than one trait.EX: in white tigers, one gene codes for fur color and eye
color.
Several genes may work together to produce a trait.EX: human skin, hair and eye color
Exceptions to Mendel's Principles
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/incomdom.gif
MEIOSISCreates the ____________It is a copying process that produces cells with
____ the number of chromosomes.Helped Walter Sutton determine genes are
located on ____________ in the nucleus of the cell. Prior to this no one knew where the genetic traits (genes) were located.
http://www2.merriam-webster.com/mw/art/med/meiosis.gif
Meiosis IProphase IMetaphase IAnaphase ITelophase I and
CytokinesisMeiosis II
Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II and
Cytokinesis
Steps of Meiosis
http://www.cps.ci.cambridge.ma.us/CRLS/LC_R/classrooms/AUGUSTINE/Genetics/index_files/frame.html#slide0025.html
Prophase I__________chromoso
mes find each other and pair up (one chromosome from each parent
______________may occur
Centrioles move toward the poles
Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve
http://www.sciencecases.org/mitosis_meiosis/images/meiosis_a.gif
Metaphase I
Spindle fibers attach to homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator
http://www.sciencecases.org/mitosis_meiosis/images/meiosis_b.gif
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes are separated so each chromosome moves toward opposite poles.
http://www.sciencecases.org/mitosis_meiosis/images/meiosis_c.gif
Telophase IHomologous
chromosomes are completely separated with one chromosome at each pole.
Nuclear membrane re-forms
Cytokinesis takes place and cell divides to form two cells.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/telophase1m.jpg
Prophase IICentrioles move to
polesNuclear membrane
dissolves
NOTE: __________ ARE ______ COPIED AGAIN PRIOR TO PROPHASE II
http://www.sciencecases.org/mitosis_meiosis/images/meiosis_e.gif
Metaphase II
Spindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes
Chromosomes line up at the equator.
http://www.sciencecases.org/mitosis_meiosis/images/meiosis_f.gif
Anaphase II
Chromosomes are pulled apart so each chromatid moves toward opposite poles.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/anaphase2m.jpg
Chromatids reach the poles.Nuclear membrane re-formsCytokinesis occurs
Telophase II
http://www.sciencecases.org/mitosis_meiosis/images/meiosis_h.gif
_____ new cellsEach cell has ½ the number of chromosomes
as parent cell (__________ – N)New cells are _____ ________ to each other or
to the parents as a result of crossing over.
MEIOSIS Results
MeiosisSex cellsTwo divisions4 genetically
different cells produced
Cells produced have half the number of chromosomes (haploid) 2n n
Somatic cellsOne division2 genetically
identical cells produced
Cells produced have the same number of chromosomes as parents 2n 2n
Meosis vs Mitosis
Mitosis
Sex ChromosomesChromosomes that
carry the genes that determine sex.
In humans:Females: two X
chromosomes (XX)Males: one X
chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY)
Sex of offspring is determined by the ______:Egg fertilized by
sperm with X chromosome = FEMALE
Egg fertilized by sperm with Y chromosome = MALE
http://howyoudoin.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/male_female_symbol.jpg
Sex-Linked Disorders
Males have an X and Y chromosome. The Y chromosome does not have all the genes found on the X chromosome, so they only have one copy of those genes on the X. If those genes are damaged, they do not have a backup while females do – they have two X chromosomes. Therefore, males are more likely to inherit these disorders.
Examples:Color blindnessHemophilia
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9962.jpg
http://member.principalhealthnews.com/Imagebank/Articles_images/Hemophilia_02.gif