FAT HOPE : BENEFITS FROM HOUSEHOLD WASTES Page • Current Situation 2

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1 FAT HOPE : BENEFITS FROM HOUSEHOLD WASTES Page Current Situation 2 Proposed Changes 6 Chemistry 7 Procedures 10 Equipment Used 22 Potential Benefits 24 Process Flow 25 Submitted by : Aow Jie Wei (1101172C), Gan Shi Yun (1102884B), Mohd Aidil (1100519F) Supervisor : Siew Yong Pau ([email protected] , hp : 98796781, Lecturer, ASc)

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FAT HOPE : BENEFITS FROM HOUSEHOLD WASTES Page • Current Situation 2 • Proposed Changes 6 • Chemistry 7 • Procedures 10 • Equipment Used 22 • Potential Benefits 24 • Process Flow 25. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of FAT HOPE : BENEFITS FROM HOUSEHOLD WASTES Page • Current Situation 2

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FAT HOPE : BENEFITS FROM HOUSEHOLD WASTES

Page

• Current Situation 2

• Proposed Changes 6

• Chemistry 7

• Procedures 10

• Equipment Used 22

• Potential Benefits 24

• Process Flow 25Submitted by : Aow Jie Wei (1101172C), Gan Shi Yun (1102884B), Mohd Aidil (1100519F)

Supervisor : Siew Yong Pau ([email protected] , hp : 98796781, Lecturer, ASc)

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1. Current Situation

In this era of healthy living, many households would remove fats and skins from meats before cooking them. The removed fats and skins (from chicken meat, etc.) are often discarded. This is because they are viewed as of no value or worst, bad for health (Figure 1).

Figure 1 : Fats/Skin removed from chicken

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Chicken skin is generally made up of fat and protein. 34 g of chicken skin can yield 15 g of fat. The solid fat, found under the chicken skin will yield even more fats. Esters of linoleic acid (C18H32O2) constitute about 20% of the chicken fats.

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Alkaline batteries contain potassium hydroxide (KOH). If leaked, KOH is a caustic agent that can cause respiratory, eye and skin irritation (Figure 3).

Figure 3 : Leaked battery http://www.wikihow.com/Clean-Battery-Leaks/Spills

Exhausted alkaline batteries (Figure 2) are often immediately discarded as they are presumed to have no more values.

Figure 2 : Example of an alkaline battery

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• Cost of living is increasing at a stupendous pace.

Household cost of living has sky-rocketed.

Singapore inflation reaches 5.2% in June July 25, 2011 - SINGAPORE: Singapore's Consumer Price Index (CPI) in June rose 5.2 per cent year-on-year.

This was in line with market expectations, and higher than the 4.5 per cent rise in May.

The upward cost pressures were concentrated in the usual sectors of transport, housing and food.

http://www.channelnewsasia.com

• Cost of liquid soap ranges from $5/lt to $64/liter

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2. Proposed Changes

Make use of discarded chicken skins/fats and potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte from exhausted batteries to manufacture home-made soap.

+ →Figure 4 : Soap from waste materials

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3. Chemistry

Fats in chicken skin/fats are often in the ester forms. This mean there are 2 types of molecules joined together:

◦ Glycerol (alcohol with hydroxyl group, OH, on each of its 3 carbons)

◦ Fatty acids joined to the glycerol by dehydration process.

(for linoleic acid fats, R = C17H31)7

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

OH

OH

OH

H

CR OH

O

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In fats, the glycerol are joined to the fatty acids by dehydration process.

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

OH

OH

OH

H

C3R OH

O

+ →H

H

H

C

C

O

O

RC

O

RC

O

H C O

H

RC

O

+ 3H2O

Fats (triglycerides)

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• In saponification reaction with potassium hydroxide (KOH), fats will cleave to glycerol and fatty acid salt of potassium.

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

OH

OH

OH

H

C3R O- K+

O

+ →H

H

H

C

C

O

O

RC

O

RC

O

H C O

H

RC

O

+KOH

Potassium salt of fatty acid

(soft soap)

• The “tail” of the fatty acid salt ( ) is hydrophobic and is soluble in oily dirt. The “head” of the fatty acid salt (K+) is hydrophilic and soluble in water. These combination will emulsify and wash away oily dirt.

CR O-

O

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4. Procedures to Obtain Oils from Waste Skins/Fats

• Heat the animal fat/skin with water. This will be enough to dissolve the

fats.

Figure 5 : Heating the skin/fats

• Squeeze the oil out by using spatula, etc. This will expedite the process.

Figure 6 : Squeezing out the oil

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• Released oils, being lower in density, will float to the top. Water and pieces of skin/fats will settle at the bottom.

Figure 7 : Oil extracted from the skin/fats

• Pour the oils into a separation funnel using a mesh filter. Remnants of skins/fats will be trapped by the mesh filter.

Figure 8 : Filtering out skins/fats

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• Allow the oils to settle in the separation funnel for 5 minutes. This will enable a clear separation of oils from the water. Bleed out the water components by opening the valve at the bottom of the separation funnel.

Figure 9 : Removing the water from the bottom of the

separation funnel

Figure 10 : Oils remaining in the separation funnel after the water component have been

almost all removed

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• Using water, wash the oils sticking on the funnel and the wall of the separation funnel. This process will also clean the oil of the residue chicken smell.

Figure 11 : Washing the wall of the separation funnel

• After the oil is well washed, collect it using a beaker. Weight the mass of oil collected.

Figure 12 : Collected clean oils

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Procedures to Obtain KOH from Exhausted Batteries

• Use a simple saw to cut off the base of the exhausted batteries.

• Remove the electrolyte (with zinc powder).

Figure 13 : Cutting the exhausted batteries

Figure 14 : Removing the KOH electrolyte

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• Add some (≈ 100 ml) water to dissolve the potassium hydroxide (KOH). Zinc powder does not dissolve.

Figure 15 : Dissolving the KOH electrolyte

Figure 16 : Undissolved zinc powder collected at bottom

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• Collect the clear liquid either by filtration or just skimming the clear top layer from the undissolved

zinc powder.

Figure 17 : Separating the KOH from zinc powder through filtration (optional)

or

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• The clear liquid (KOH) can be analyzed for its strength (titration with acid) and then used in the saponification reaction with the oils.

Figure 18 : Clear KOH solution minus the zinc powder

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• Calculate the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to be used using literature saponification number :

Saponification number KOH = 0.1944

Saponification number =

= 0.1944

Mass of oil collected = 12.43 g

= 0.1944

Mass of KOH to be used = 2.42 g

= 0.286

Mass of water to be used = 6.05 g

Oil NaOH KOHApricot Kernel 0.135 0.189Arachis 0.136 0.190Butterfat, Cow 0.162 0.227Butterfat, Goat 0.167 0.234Canola 0.124 0.174Castor 0.129 0.180Chicken Fat 0.139 0.194

Saponification Number

Source : http://www.countryfarm-lifestyles.com/saponification-chart.html

Saponification Procedures

pH = 13.5

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• The soap is left to cure for a few days. The pH of the soap is then measured. The pH should be no more than pH 10.0. If pH exceed 10.0, the saponification number is reduced and the saponification reaction repeated.

Saponification number KOH = 0.0500

Saponification number =

= 0.0500

Mass of oil collected = 0.8325 g

Mass of KOH to be used = 0.8325 g

Mass of water to be used = 2.08 g

pH = 9.80

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• React the oil with the potassium hydroxide (KOH) obtained from the used battery. You will be able to catch the scented smell as reaction produces soap. Heat will help speed up the reaction.

Figure 19 : Oil / KOH Reaction

Figure 20 : Foam forming indicating soap formation

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• Glycerol (alcohol) produced will evaporate after pro-long heating, leaving the soap to solidify behind. Addition of water to the solid soap will produce foam, an indication of soap formation.

Figure 21 : Solid soap formed

Figure 22 : Foam formation on addition of water

Foam formation

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5. Equipment Used

• Vacuum flask is used to liquefy the skins/fats to oils. Vacuum flask is able to retain the heat of hot water poured into it, reducing the energy cost of producing

the soap.

Figure 23 : Common vacuum flask to hold heat in while fats

are dissolved

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Strainer / filter mesh

Thermometer

Heater / Stirrer

pH paperFunnel

Separation funnel

Magnetic stirrer

Spatula

• Other secondary utensils used.

Figure 24 : Secondary utensils used

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6. Potential Benefits

● Reduce pollution due to leaching of electrolyte (KOH) into the environment when exhausted batteries are discarded.

● Reuse waste materials often deemed of little value such as chicken skin/fats.

● Promoting healthy living by encouraging removal of skins/fats from meat before they are consumed.

● Produce useful daily household-used items such as soap from wastes. This helps to reduce household spending ; appropriate at this time when cost of living is sky-rocketing.

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7. Process Flow

Skins/fats are removed and kept, not thrown away

Exhausted batteries are stripped of KOH

Strength of KOH is analyzed

Saponification reaction between oils and KOH using saponification number 0.05

Hot water are added with skins/fats into vacuum flask to liquefy the

fats to oil

Spatula used to physically extract the oil

Water is added to dissolve the KOH and filtered to remove zinc

powder (optional)

Oils separated using separation funnel

pH below 10? No

YesPass