Network neutrality: where technology meets policy

Faster, Cheaper, Safer: Public Policy for the InternetHenning SchulzrinneFCC (& Columbia University)Any opinions are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policiesof Columbia University or the FCC.with slides by Julie Knapp, Walter Johnston, Karen Peltz-Strauss, and others OverviewPublic policy as technology enablerBroadband: faster, cheaper, saferTransitioning the PSTN to the 21st century2Time of transitionOldNewIPv4IPv6circuit-switched voiceVoIP + textseparate mobile voice & dataLTE + LTE-VoIP911, 112NG911, NG112digital cable (QAM)IPTVanalog & digital radioPandora, Internet radio, satellite radiocredit cards, keysNFCend system, peersclient-server v2 aka cloudall the energy into transition little new technologyPublic policy as technology enablerClassical public policy goalsmarket failuresconsumer protection (e.g., bill shock, robocalls)safety (e.g., RF limits)universal availability (geography, income, disability)Spreading technologyenable at scalemake mandatory scale, ecosystemsnew uses

Policy technologyPart 15 (unlicensed)since 1938major revision 1989higher frequenciesunintentional, incidental, intentionalauthorized devices WiFiGPS in cell phonesE911 rules location-based services

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=11204655Policy technologyClosed captioninginitially, for Deaf and Hard of Hearingmigrated toairportsdoctors officessports barsenables text-based retrieval

Policy technologyFuture opportunities:indoor locationVideo relay service = first multimedia phone-number-based interoperable real-time communication solutiondynamic spectrum access (TV white spaces)Ciscos traffic prediction

Ambient video = nannycams, petcams, home security cams, and other persistent video streams

NID 2010 - Portsmouth, NHhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360_ns827_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.html8Bandwidth costsAmazon EC2$50 - $120/TB out, $0/TB inCDN (Internet radio)$600/TB (2007)$10-30/TB (Q1 2012 CDNpricing.com)NetFlix (7 GB DVD)postage $0.70 round-trip $100/TBFedEx 2 lb disk5 business days: $6.55Standard overnight: $43.68Barracuda disk: $91 - $116/TB

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FedEx and EC2 prices as of 09/15/09CDN: http://www.mindbranch.com/listing/product/R678-29.htmlhttp://www.cdnpricing.com/The value of bitsTechnologist: A bit is a bit is a bitEconomist: Some bits are more valuable than other bitse.g., $(email) >> $(video)10ApplicationVolumeCost per unitCost / MBCost / TBVoice (13 kb/s GSM)97.5 kB/minute10c$1.02$1MMobile data5 GB$40$0.008$8,000MMS (pictures)< 300 KB, avg. 50 kB25c$5.00$5MSMS160 B10c$625$625MT-Mobile 2010AT&T datahttp://www.nowsms.com/discus/messages/12/8500.html10Principles11SpectrumFrom beachfront spectrum to brownfield spectrum13

From empty back yard to time share condo14

Spectral efficiencyb/s/Hz: modulation, FEC, MIMO, but also total spectral efficiencyguard bandsrestrictions on adjacent channel usagehigh power, high tower small cells higher b/s/Hzdata efficiencye.g., H.264 is twice as good as MPEG-2/ATSCand maybe H.265 twice as good as H.264distribution efficiencyunicast vs. multicastprotocol efficiencyavoid polling need server modemode efficiencycachingside loadingpre-loading15What can we do?16end system cachingbetter audio & video codecsefficient appsspectral efficiency (LTE-A)directional antennasgeneral purpose spectrumdense cellswhite spaces & sharingIP multicastWiFi offloadsmall cells = better spectral efficiency + more re-useLTE: 1.5 b/s/HzGSM: 0.1 b/s/Hz17

cellular = about 500 MHz in totalUnlicensed & lightly-licensed bands (US)UHF (476-700 MHz) incentive auctions (licensed) + some unlicensed2.4 GHz (73 MHz) 802.11b/g3.6 GHz (100 MHz) for backhaul & WISPs4.9 GHz (50 MHz) public safety5.8 GHz (400 MHz) 802.11 a/nmuch less crowded than 2.4 GHzsupported by many laptops, few smartphones182.4 vs. 5.8 GHz

Freeing spectrum: incentive auctionsIncentive auctions will share auction proceeds with the current occupant to motivate voluntary relocation of incumbents Otherwise, no incentive for current occupant to give back spectrumStations keep current channel numbersvia DTV map20TVTVTVTVBBBBWithout Realignment:Reduced Broadband BandwidthTVTVBBAdjacent ChannelInterferenceWith Realignment: Accommodates Increased Broadband BandwidthTVTVAdjacent ChannelInterferenceSmall cell alternativesFemto cellsuse existing spectrumneed additional equipmentWiFi off-loaduse existing residential equipment5G networks = heterogeneous networks?Distributed antenna systems21

Femto-cellsCellular

Distributed Antenna SystemsSignals are distributed throughout the Building via amplifiers/antennas2457936810

Non-BroadcastspectrumNon-BroadcastspectrumNew York CityFull PowerTV StationsPhiladelphiaFull PowerTV StationsLow Power TVWhiteSpaceWhiteSpaceWhiteSpaceWhiteSpaceEtc.Etc. TV channels are allotted to cities to serve the local area Other licensed and unlicensed services are also in TV bands White Spaces are the channels that are unused at any given location by licensed devices

Low Power TV

Only for illustrative purposesWirelessMicrophonesWirelessMicrophonesTV white spacesSpectrum OutlookNo single solution:reduce spectrum usagecaching & better modulationre-use spectrumre-cycle old spectrum

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BroadbandBroadbandDeploymentUSF: Connect America FundPerformanceMeasuring Broadband Americamobile tbaSignificant progress:wider availability of 100 Mb/sfiber available to 46 million homes (FiOS, Uverse)community/non-traditional broadband (Chattanooga, KC)LTE networks

What Was MeasuredSustained DownloadBurst DownloadSustained UploadBurst UploadWeb Browsing DownloadUDP LatencyUDP Packet LossVideo Streaming MeasureVoIP MeasureDNS ResolutionDNS FailuresICMP LatencyICMP Packet LossLatency Under LoadTotal Bytes DownloadedTotal Bytes Uploaded2627Advertised vs. actual 2012

Significantly better than 2011

29Latency by technology

30Data usage

31Broadband adoption

Eighth Broadband Progress Report, August 201232Access to broadband

Eighth Broadband Progress Report, August 2012Competition (US)if lucky, incumbent LEC + cable companyDSL: cheaper, but low speedmean: 2.5 3.5 Mb/sFTTH (FiOS): 21M households10-100 Mb/sCable: > $50/month, higher speeds8-50 Mb/soften, high switching costs ($200 early termination fee)or tied to bundles (TV, mobile)cant easily predict whether problems would be differenthttp://s.ftthcouncil.org/files/RVA.FTTH_.Apr09.060109.pdf33FTTH

State of competition (US)

FCC: Internet Access Services Status as of December 31, 2009 http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2010/db1208/DOC-303405A1.pdf: Internet Access Services: Status as of December 31, 20093536International comparison: fixed

3rd International Broadband Data Report (IBDR), August 201237International comparison: mobile

3rd International Broadband Data Report (IBDR), August 2012Need for speedNetworks should be transparent dont interfere with applicationdont limit performancePeak speed + upstream bandwidth important for productive rather than consumptive appliationsLocal area networks: 100 Mb/s or 1 Gb/sCost of hybrid fiber-X networks largely independent of peak speedwide-area traffic: $2-5/month for 100 GB

Broadband challengesEngineeringsimplify deployment: fiberhoods, self installation, on-pole wireless, Economicalcost is driven by homes passed, not homes servedcost mostly independent of speed single price point?built-in broadband, not bolted onpay via mortgage lower ROI expectationsPolicyFCC: dig once, pole attachments, Federal buildings and landsencourage municipal conduit deployment

Broadband virtuous cycleBroadband cost

70%

30%Maybe revisit?

GoogleApril 1, 2007Water + broadband

http://americancityandcounty.com/infrastructure/financing-long-term-water-infrastructure-needs-remains-fluid-situation43Easing the PSTN into the 21st centuryHenning Schulzrinne 4445PSTN: The good & the uglyThe goodThe uglyGlobal Connectivity (across devices and providers)Minimalist serviceHigh reliability(engineering, power)Limited quality (4 kHz)Ease of useHard to control reachability(ring at 2 am)Emergency usageOperator trunks!Universal access(HAC, TTY, VRS)No universal text & videoMostly private(protected content & CPNI)Limited authenticationSecurity more legal than technical(trust us, were a carrier)Relatively cheap(c/minute)Relatively expensive($/MB)Universalityreachability global numbering & interconnectionmedia HD audio, video, textavailability universal service regardless ofgeographyincomedisabilityaffordability service competition + affordable standalone broadbandPublic safetycitizen-to-authority: emergency services (911)authority-to-citizen: alertinglaw enforcementsurvivable (facilities redundancy, power outages)Qualitymedia (voice + ) qualityassured identityassured privacy (CPNI)accountable reliability46What are key attributes?Technologywired vs. wirelessbut: maintain quality if substitute rather than supplementpacket vs. circuitfacilities-based vs. over-the-topdistinction may blur if QoS as a separable serviceEconomic organizationtelecommunication carrierLegal frameworkmay be combination: Title I, Title II, VoIP rules, CVAA, CALEA, ADA, privacy laws, 47What is less important?SignalingMediaAnalogcircuit (A)circuit (A)Digitalcircuit (D)circuit (D)AINpacket (SS7)circuit (D)VoIPpacket (SIP)packet (RTP)Going forwardIn progressIntercarrier compensation: IP interconnection encouragement + transition to bill-and-keepNG911, video relay servicesTo donumbering & databasessecurity model (robocalls, text spam, vishing)interconnection modelConclusionDramatic transition of technologyspecial purpose general purposestove pipes IPnarrowband broadbanddigital PSTN IP PSTNWireline + wireless deploymentRegulator as technology enabler49Table 17Overall Fixed Broadband Adoption Rates for the United States as a Whole

Adoption Rate(June 2010) Adoption Rate(June 2011)

At Least 768 kbps/200 kbps62.6%64.0%

At Least 3 Mbps/768 kbps36.6%40.4%

At Least 6 Mbps/1.5 Mbps24.0%27.6%

Table 16Americans With Access to High Speed Broadband Services

All Areas in the U.S. (Millions / %)

10 Mbps Download282.1 / 89.3%

25 Mbps Download 201.6 / 63.8%

50 Mbps Download 172.8 / 54.7%

100 Mbps Download 85.0 / 26.9%