Fashion Sector X Traditional Apparel Sector
-
Upload
nirmala-last -
Category
Technology
-
view
1.623 -
download
1
Transcript of Fashion Sector X Traditional Apparel Sector
The NEW ECONOMY
New challenges for the statistical system
Olof Gärdin
Official Statistics and the New Economy
The IAOS Conference
London, 27-29 August 2002
The New Economy - A Services Economy
• Keywords: Information Society; Digital Economy; Knowledge based Society; Networked Economy
• A long-term shift from the industrial economy towards an economy characterised by information, intangibles and services
• ICTs are the backbone of this evolution
• NE is gradually evolving within a Services economy and has done so for a long time
Three aspects of the Services economy:
• services main part of production and consumption
• the majority work in the services sector
These two are a reflection of the current classifications of economic activities and products. Note that services are predominant also in manufacturing following the early adoption of ICT for rationalisation and automation
• production of services is the dynamic force in the development
This aspect is not well covered by existing statistics and contains much of what is behind the expression the NE
The essential elements of the New Economy are
• Digitalisation and intensive use of ICT;
• Codification of knowledge;
• Transformation of information into commodities; and
• New ways of organising work and production
Information and knowledge input/capital and quality of output are the core in the NE.
The symbiosis between changing production and business processes and ICT is the driving force towards the NE.
Industrial revolutions
• around 1800 the steam engine, the factory system
• around 1900 the internal combustion engine, electricity
• around 2000 microelectronics and IT
Similarities
• basic innovations being diffused within the production system together with new principles for organisation of enterprises and new knowledge requirements
• the developing new infrastructure impacts on the entire society
Processes of change
• differ between changes around infrastructure and basic innovations
• infrastructure enlargement is more about transfer of possibilities and making people participate than creation of new needs for competence
• developed infrastructure moves pressure from technology to society and economy and new competence and the societal changes become far reaching
Readiness
Intensity
Impact
Outcome
New Economy Indicators
Hierarchy of complexity
Readiness indicators, such as describing
• ICT infrastructure• access to Internet, e-mail, PCs• IT skillsIndicate the potential for use of ICTs
Intensity Indicators, such as describing
• ICT investments• the use of Internet, e-mail, PCs• e-commerce• different groups, the extent, for what purposeIndicate the actual use and application of ICTs
Basic indicators for the Information SocietyGive the main basis for eEurope benchmarking and analysing the digital divide
Impact indicatorsRelate mainly to the micro level (enterprises, administrations)
• new ways of organising workrefers to the relations between individuals and within the enterprise
• new ways of organising productionrefers to inter-enterprise relations
• human investment/human capital
• mobility
• innovation/R&D: spin-offs
Outcome indicatorsRelate mainly to the macro or societal level
• Productivity and Competitiveness
• Employment and Labour market
• Social inclusion and participation
The outcome is the aggregate result of what happens on the enterprise level. A theory for explaining macro-economic development has to be micro-based and built on firm level data, on improved classifications and measurements of business processes.
Desirable developments for impact indicators
• more emphasis on the demand side
• focus on the process - the throughput - not only on input and output
• link data on workforce and enterprise
• link data on organisation of work and production, human capital, innovation with performance data
• more emphasis on microdata/firm level data
How much of the Economy do we measure?
• the measured economy is represented by paid and taxed hours of work
• unpaid hours of work and “black” work represents an equal or even larger part of the economy
• if only a small part could be transferred to the paid and taxed labour it would have significant impacts on employment and the economy
• the increasing “connectedness” changes the interaction between the household sector and the business and government sectors
Change in time-use patterns is part of the essence of socio-economic development
Conclusions
ICT is embodied in the organisation of the economy. Changes in the economic organisation are often called structural changes and are seen through the looking glass of current classifications and data collections.
Research is needed to develop
• frameworks and concepts for measuring the new economy
• the classifications systems
• appropriate statistical measures/indicators
• appropriate statistical systems
and to improve the understanding of the role of information and knowledge in the economy
Priority areas for RTD are measuring
• services
• business processes, intra- and inter-enterprise relationships
• location of production and consumption in the new economy
• provision and access to knowledge and human capital
• classifications, specially related to services and services output. The product dimension will grow in importance.
• information and other intangible assets, including valuation
• time use
Finally
• the resource implications of the needs for RTD and new data collections are almost overwhelming
• the needs also pose a major challenge in terms of time-perspective and competence
• improved mechanisms for priority setting are needed
• new and cost-effective statistical and data collection methods are crucial
• the European Research Area and the 6th Framework Programme offer new opportunities for joint and concerted efforts to meet the statistical challenges of the New Economy
Thank you for your attention!
Brazilian Statistical Office
Methodological Department
Implications of the new economy for official statistics:
some conceptual and methodological issues
Rosa Maria Porcaro
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Objective and Methodological Approach
Objective to discuss how changes on the contemporary
society reflect in the relevance of official statistics are these changes being captured by the current
statistical surveys? Methodological Approach
to contrast significant changes stressed by the information society approach with some main conceptual and operational aspects used in the construction of official statistics
to highlight important conceptual differences the information dimension of the productive process informational input x output relationships the convergence of information and communication
technology – ICT the flexible productive process
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Information Society Approach
emphasis on scientific and technological knowledge a source of value and economic growth a new socio-technological paradigm based
on ICT shift from an industrial form of
development to an information form of development information becomes the principal vector information is simultaneously raw material, processing infrastructure, intermediate goods and final product
polymorphic and ubiquitous nature of information main effects of innovations fall on the process
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Information Productive Process
cognitive and symbolic factors gain importance bigger investment in immaterial inputs
designing, planning and developing projects a large amount of virtual (non material)
“production” is done before the final physical production
economic and symbolic processes are interlaced importance of aesthetic factors
fashion sector x traditional apparel sector“art” furniture sector x traditional furniture sector
“athletic” footwear sector x traditional footwear sector
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Information Productive Process
the information dimension - knowledge, symbolic, aesthetics factors - is not included in the logic of construction of the current statistics classifications
that has a strong industrial mass production bias based on mechanical technology
if there is an information society there is a information form of development and, consequently, an information productive process
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Informational input x output relationship
a new kind of non-material production linked to electronic reality a grid of interrelated products
medialized relationships images of famous and/or beautiful people
that add value to products and/or services monitoring relationships
products and services that aim to assess and explain characteristics and the performance of products and services
» a specialised printing and advertising industry
informational relationships are not considered in the current industrial input x output statistical relationships
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Convergence of ICT: integration of activities
ICT converges into integrated information systems interpenetration among sectors overlapping of ICT sectors, such as
computing, telecommunication and television - goods and services
Internet: fusion of telecommunication with informatics and computing services
Internet has created new forms of business with quite integrated functionality
» value chain service providers, value chain integrators, virtual communities, collaboration platforms and market places
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Convergence of ICT: integration of activities
growing trend to incorporate services in goods and vice versa connectivity
products are being connected electronically to databases (using chips)
mass production is being customised companies that produce and sell “ICT solutions”:
hardware, software and technical consulting difficulties to draw the boundaries among
sectors
the criteria of exclusivity to classify the activities distorts and masks the characteristic forms of production of the integrated activities
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Flexible Productive Process
flexible production based on the ICT new organisational models: the
corporate organisations an articulated constellation of large, medium-sized and small companies
interactions among the productive units a network of subcontracted or outsourced functions
many companies do not produce key components of the final product
possess the “symbolic processing”: control the information productive process
some outsource the entire (or nearly entire) production
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Flexible Productive Process
an organisational form of production that differs from that of the fordist companies
a new logic of creation of value
In spite of the efforts of the Statistical Information System to understand outsourcing and subcontracting, it continues to reflect a productive model based on the independency of companies (local unit)
IAOS Conference 2002: Rosa Maria Porcaro
Conclusion
the information society is modifying the assumptions that shape official statistics a distinct - informational - productive and
organisational logic
a measurement gap results from the tension between current statistical instruments and the current dynamics of society
Recent Development of IT Indicators in Japan
Hiroshige FURUTAStatistical Reaearch & Training Institute,
Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications,
JAPAN
IAOS ConferenceAugust 27 – 29, 2002, London
Contents Introduction The framework for IT statistics The present situation of IT statistics
and problems with them Challenge for new IT statistics
• Establishment and Enterprise Census• Survey of Household Economy• Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities
Conclusion
1 Introduction In response to the statistical needs to grasp the present
state of IT usage and its influence, STI has developed a framework for systematically collecting IT statistics as a basis to compile a new statistical compendium entitled IT Indicators in Japan.
New compendium that covers all the sectors of the society and the economy and gives information ranging from the current status of IT to the impact of IT.
Through the development of the framework and the compendium, it would become possible to assess how well we can approach the IT development with the currently available statistics and to gain insights on the future direction to improve and strengthen IT statistics.
2 The Framework for IT Statistics
Chart 1 The Framework for IT Statistics
Impact Direct/Indirect Impact on Macro EconomyImpact on Society
Impact on Enterprises
Supply Side Demand SideHousehold Enterprise Government School
Usage
Infrastructure Hardware & Software
Network
Human Resources/Research & Development
Present Situation of IT StatisticsStatistics on Infrastructure
Statistics on hardware & software and network
… covered wellStatistics on human resources
… inadequate
Statistics on Usage…not sufficient, especially for Government and School
Statistics on Impact…has not been developed so much, yet.
3 The present situation of IT statistics in Japan and problems with them
Problems with the Existing Statistics on IT
Insufficiency• Statistics on usage and impact are not adequate.• Obstacle to monitor the IT status in Japan
Inaccuracy• Inappropriate sampling methods or biases• Necessary to improve the quality
Lack of standard definition and classification• such as coverage of the IT industry,scope of
information and communication appliances• Urged to build such standards in Japan
4 Challenge for New IT Statistics SBJ and other statistical agencies are planning
to collect and compile statistics concerning IT,mainly by means of adding new questions on IT to the existing surveys.
This practice would be efficient in terms of both budget and respondent burdens.
It is expected that these actions will improve and strengthen IT statistics.
Establishment and Enterprise Census
• October, 2001 by SBJ• Use of e-commerce, type (BtoB/BtoC),
nature (Sending orders, Receiving orders,Delivery of goods and Services after the sale)
• Able to analyze by region, industry, employment size and so on
Main findings of The Census Actual situation of EC in all enterprises including
small conpanies• Listed enterprises BtoB 38%, BtoC 21% (Jan 2001)• All enterprises BtoB 8%, BtoC 4% (EC 11%)
Situation of EC by capital size and industry• Large enterprises (5 billion and more) 44%• Small enterprises (less than 10 million) less than 10%
• Banks and trust bank 59%• Information services and research 32%• General merchandise 28%• Motor vehicles 28%
Difference between broad definition and narrow definition of EC
-BtoC: the difference between the both definitions is negligible.
-BtoB: the gap is more than 5% in the companies with capital of 100 million yen and more.
Establishment and Enterprise Census (Oct. 2001)
Table 1 Gaps between Broad and Narrow Definitions (The percentage of enterprises using EC)
BtoB BtoCBroad Narrow B - N Broad Narrow B - N
Total 8.1 6.2 1.9 4.0 3.7 0.3(Transaction)Receiving order 4.6 3.7 0.9 3.3 3.1 0.2Ordering 4.4 3.3 1.1Shipment or distribution 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.1After-sales services and others 1.8 1.5 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.1(Capital size)less than 5 million yen 5.3 4.0 1.3 3.1 2.9 0.35 - 10 6.0 4.4 1.5 3.2 3.0 0.210 - 30 9.6 7.5 2.1 4.4 4.2 0.330 - 100 14.6 10.9 3.8 5.8 5.5 0.2100 - 300 18.1 13.0 5.0 8.3 8.0 0.3300 - 1000 21.3 15.5 5.9 10.1 9.8 0.31000 - 5000 24.0 17.5 6.5 12.8 12.5 0.35000 and over 33.2 27.8 5.4 21.9 21.1 0.7
Survey of Household Economy
• New monthly survey from October 2001 by SBJ• 30,000 households• Purchase of infrequently purchased but expensive
goods and services• Purchase and ownership of IT related goods and
services and use of the Internet• To monitor the trend of IT use in a timely manner
The proportion of households using the Internet in the past year shows a sharp increase.
Main findings of Survey of Household Economy
*Private use of the Internet in the past one month (Ave. for Jan – Mar 2002) 35.1%
*Use of the Internet for purchasing goods and services ( Table 3)
*The Amount of E-commerce by households (to be released)
Table 2 Trend of Households Using the Internet 1996 97 98 99 2000 2001
3.3 6.4 11 19.1 34 60.5(%)Communication Usage Trend Survey
17.7% of households used the Internet in relation to family expenditure.
Survey of Household Economy (Average for Jan – Mar 2002)
Table 3 Use of the Internet for Purchasing Goods and ServicesPrivate use of the Internet in the past month 35.1%Gathered information for purchasing 17.7 Purchased by that information 11.1Ordered through the Internet 9.9Paid by credit card etc. through the Internet 5.6
Table 4 Purposes of Using the Internet E-mail 28.1%Informatio collection 30.7Internet Shopping 7.5Internet auction 2.5Banking transaction 2.3Transaction of financial goods (stock, insurance etc.) 1.5Others 1.7
Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities
• October 2001 by SBJ• 80,000 households and 200,000 individuals• Purpose, frequency and place of using Internet• The results will be the first practical material for
the evaluation of digital divide of Japanese people.
Chart 2 The percentage of the Internet use by sex and age
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70+
Mal eFemal e
The rate of the Internet use is the highest in the age 20-24 both for male and female.
Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (Oct. 2001)
The range of the percentage by age, school career and occupation is relatively large compared to the range by sex and region.
Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (Oct. 2001)
Table 5 The percentage of the Internet user by region, occupaton and school career(Population size of city) Range1 million and more 52.9% (Max - Min)150,000 - 1 million 49.650,000 - 150,000 46.7 18.1less than 50,000 34.8Towns and villages 37.2(Workers by occupation)Professional and technical workers 75.8Managers and officials 62.3Clerical and related workers 69.1Sales workers 59.0 64.7Service workers 46.4Agricultural, forestry and fisheries workers 11.1Workers in transport and communications occupations 38.7Production process workers and labourers 39.4(Graduates by school career)Elementary or lower secondary school 12.0Upper secondary school 39.6 63.3Junior colleges 63.3Universities or Graduate school 75.3
The income of the Internet user is higher than that of non-Internet user.
Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (Oct. 2001)
Chart 3 Household income distribution of husband by the Internet use
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
-3 3-5 5-7 7-10 10+
Household yearly income (million yen)
The Internet user
Non-Internet user
5 Conclusions Actions to collect and compile statistics concerning
IT by SBJ and other statistical agencies will improve and strengthen IT statistics.
SRTI will follow such development, and continue to compile and publish up-to-date and useful IT statistics of Japan.
IT Indicators in Japan 2002 will be published soon.(available on SBJ web site)
Thank you for your kind attention !
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
AND E-COMMERCE IN BASQUE COMPANIES: A STATISTICAL
APPROACH
Enrique Morán Aláez
Eustat (Basque Statistical Office)
Establishments by size
010
203040
506070
8090
0-2 3-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 >=100
All
Sample
Establishments by activity sector
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Industry
Construction
Trade and repairs
Hotel and catering
Transport and communication
Banking and insurance
Services to companies
Public administration
Education
Health and social services
Personal services
All
Sample
Conctacted establishments by result
0102030405060708090
Validansw ers
Noansw er
Refusals Closed Unknow n Others
Means of the data capture
010203040
50607080
Internet Ordinary mail Interview Phone
Access to the Internet by establishment size
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
All 10-19empl.
20-49empl.
50-99empl.
>=100empl.
2000
2001
Establishments with access to the Internet by country
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
2000 2001 Denmark Finland Norw ay Sw eden
Progress of Internet 2000-01
-4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0
All
10-19 empl.
20-49 empl.
50-99 empl.
>=100 empl.
Establishments by ICT
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
Internet Intranet Extranet Edi
2000
2001
Establishments with several ICT by country
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
2000 2001 Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
Intranet Extranet Edi
Progress of ICT 2000-01
-4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
Edi
Establishments with a web site by size
0
20
40
60
80
100
All 10-19empl.
20-49empl.
50-99empl.
>=100empl.
2000
2001
Establishments with a web site by country
010203040
50607080
2000 2001 Denmark Finland Norw ay Sw eden
Progress of web sites 2000-01
0 2,5 5 7,5 10 12,5 15 17,5
All
10-19 empl.
20-49 empl.
50-99 empl.
>=100 empl.
Establishments of 10 and over employees by ICT and activity sector
0 20 40 60 80 100
Industry
Construction
Trade and repairs
Hotel and catering
Transport and communication
Banking and insurance
Services to companies
P ublic administration
Education
Health and social services
P ersonal services
All
Extranet
Intranet
Internet
Establishments with access to the Internet by activity sector
0 20 40 60 80 100
Industry
Construction
Trade and repairs
Hotel and catering
Transport and communication
Banking and insurance
Services to companies
P ublic administration
Education
Health and social services
P ersonal services
All
2001
2000