Farming system opportunities and limitations in Rwanda: Exploring scenarios to improve welfare and...

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Farming system opportunities and limitations in Rwanda: Exploring scenarios

to improve welfare and sustainable land use

JH Ainembabazi, PMN Dontsop, G Nziguheba, M van Wijk, L Klapwijk, L Jassogne, B Vanlauwe, P van

Asten, V. Manyong


• Farming systems are diverse:– Small farm size <2 ha– Low yields <30% of attainable yield levels– Subsistence orientation– Low adoption of technologies

• Sustainability of these systems is uncertain– Level of intensification– Resource use & management– Spatial and temporal scales– Market orientation

• A holistic analytical strategy is required

Motivation


• Aim:– Assessment of sustainability of cropping systems

– Link sustainability and welfare indicators

• Methodology:– Framework for assessing sustainability of NRM

systems (MESMIS)• Productivity, stability, reliability, resilience, adaptability

and self-reliance

– Cluster analysis used to generate cropping systems• Predominant crops grown and land allocation

Aim and methodology


Data: Humidtropics field sites


0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0Maize

SorghumRice

MilletWheat

CassavaSweet potatoes

Irish potatoesYam

BeansGroundnuts

SoyabeanPigeon peas

BananaSweet banana

KaleTomatoes

carrotsLeafy vegetables

ChiliesPineapple

CoffeeCottonTimberFodderothers

Frequency (%)

Frequency of crops per season

Long rain seasonShort rain season


0.2

.4.6

.81

Are

a sh

are

of fa

rm s

ize

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3

Cereals LegumesRoots & Tubers Bananas

Clustering based on land allocation


Productivity indicators0

1,00

02,

000

3,00

0P

rodu

ctiv

ity ($

/ha)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Land productivity ($/ha)

010

2030

Val

ue ($

/TLU

)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Value of livestock products ($/TLU)

020

4060

80In

com

e ($

/cap

ita)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Net cash income/capita/year ($)

0.1

.2.3

Inpu

t/out

put r

atio

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Economic inefficiency


Stability indicators0

.1.2

.3la

nd s

ize

(ha)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Land owned/capita (ha)

0.5

11.

5Li

vest

ock

(ha)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Livestock onwnership (TLU)

020

4060

80Fa

rm a

sset

s (%

)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Value of farm assets share (%)

020

4060

80O

wn

labo

r inp

ut (%

)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

HH members work on own farm (%)


01

23

4N

umbe

r of m

onth

s

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

# of months of inadequate food supplies

010

020

030

0FS

R/F

SS

R

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Food security/ self-sufficiency ratios (FSR/FSSR)

FSR FSSR

Self-reliance indicatorsFood consumption• Food security• Food self sufficiency• Food amount in bad months• # months of inadequate food

010

2030

4050

Inad

equa

te fo

od s

uppl

ies

(%)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Share of a meal consumed in months of inadequate food (%)


Self-reliance indicators …0

24

6S

hare

rent

ed in

(%)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Only 12% of sample rented in landShare of operated area rented in (%)

05

1015

% o

f ino

rgan

ic fe

rt

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Share of inorganic fertilizer use[% of total use (inorganic and organic)]

02

46

Cre

dit/a

sset

val

ue ra

tio

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Total debt to assets ratio (indebtedness)

05

1015

Sha

re o

ff fa

rm (%

)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

HH members in off farm employment (%)


Adaptability indicators0

12

3N

umbe

r of c

rops

gro

wn

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Seasonal crop diversity

Long rain Short rain

01

23

4#

parc

els

and

plot

s op

erat

ed

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

# of different parcels/plots operated

Parcels Plots

020

4060

80S

hare

plo

ts p

rote

cted

(%)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Share of plot area protected by SCP (%)

05

1015

2025

# of

tree

s

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Average # of trees per plot


05

1015

2025

Sha

re o

f plo

ts (%

)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Application of inorganic fertilizer

020

4060

Sha

re o

f plo

ts (%

)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Application of organic manure

02

46

8S

hare

of p

lots

(%)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Application of pesticides & herbicides

020

4060

80S

hare

of p

lots

(%)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Incorporation of crop resides

Adaptability indicators …


05

1015

20S

hare

of t

otal

inco

me

(%)

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Off-farm income (%)

0.5

1#

exte

nsio

n vi

sits

Legumesystems

Bananasystems

Cerealsystems

Extension visits in 2 years

Adaptability indicators …


Productivity

Stability

Self-reliance

Adaptability

10

20

30

Sustainability scores in 25th quartileProductivity

Stability

Self-reliance

Adaptability

10

20

30

40

Median scores for sustainability

Productivity

Stability

Self-reliance

Adaptability

10

20

30

40

Sustainability scores in 75th quartile

Productivity

Stability

Self-reliance

Adaptability10

20

30

Legume sytems

Banana systems

Cereal systems

Average scores for sustainability

Scores for sustainability attributes


1020

3040

50O

vera

ll su

stai

nabi

lity

inde

x

0 2 4 6 8log of FSR/FSSR

FSR FSSR

FSR FSSR

FS and FSS ratiosLegume based systems

1020

3040

Ove

rall

sust

aina

bilit

y in

dex


FSR FSSR

FSR FSSR

FS and FSS ratiosBanana based systems

1020

3040

Ove

rall

sust

aina

bilit

y in

dex


FSR FSSR

FSR FSSR

FS and FSS ratiosCereal based systems

1020

3040

50O

vera

ll su

stai

nabi

lity

inde

x

0 2 4 6 8 10log of total consumable income/capita

Annual income per capitaLegume based systems

1020

3040

Ove

rall

sust

aina

bilit

y in

dex


Annual income per capitaBanana based systems

1020

3040

Ove

rall

sust

aina

bilit

y in

dex


Annual income per capitaCereal based systems

Relationship between food security and income


• Trade-off: socio-economic (stability/self-reliance) Vs

bio-physical indicators (productivity/adaptability)– Cereal systems are more stable & self-reliant

– Banana & legume systems are more productive & adaptive

• Sustainability – welfare indicators relationship

– Increases at decreasing rate, stabilizes then declines• Maximum sustainability scores <50%

• Holistic interventions & analyses – not appropriate

– Farming systems Vs individual farms

Conclusions and implications


THANK YOU

Farming system opportunities and limitations in Rwanda: Exploring scenarios to improve welfare and...

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