FAO/OIE Reference Laboratory Report January - March 2006

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

1

FMD Trends Summary No outbreaks were officially reported in FMD-free countries that did not practice vaccination. FMD remained largely confined to traditionally infected areas between January and March 2006. A new strain of serotype A FMDV appeared in Turkey late in 2005 and became widespread, entering the European buffer zone of Turkish Thrace in January 2006. The strain involved had been detected earlier in 2005 in Iran and also spread to Saudi Arabia. In vitro vaccine matching by serology suggests that the A Iran 96 type vaccine used in Turkey, including Turkish Thrace, will not offer good protection against the new strain. Emergency vaccination in Thrace has therefore been completed during March using A22 vaccine. Although A22 is not closely related to the new strain genetically, it appears to give a moderate antigenic match to it. So far, there have been no indications of further westward spread of the strain into Greece or Bulgaria, but this possibility remains a serious concern. Outbreaks of FMDV type A were reported from Egypt in February 2006, a country where previously only type O was sporadically reported. There was suspicion of multiple serotype involvement, but only type A was confirmed at WRL. The origin of the virus appears to be North East Africa and may be related to cattle imports from there. It is not connected to the outbreaks in Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Commercially available vaccines do not seem to offer a good match to the Egyptian strains, although A Eritrea 98 from Merial may prove to be appropriate once post-vaccination antisera are available for testing. Monovalent antisera to A Eritrea 98 are being prepared at WRL to enable the vaccine to be matched to the Egyptian isolates. Recent outbreaks of FMDV from Israel and the Palestine Autonomous Authority have been of type O. WRLFMD received 75 FMDV isolates and samples for vesicular virus isolation from Africa and the Middle East during the period January to March 2006 (Annex 1, Table A and B). These specimens originated from Egypt, Israel, Kenya, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal and Turkey. No FMDV was detected in 24 of these samples. Among 51 field isolates and clinical samples, FMD virus serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 were detected (Annex 1; Table A, B). From the Middle-East, FMDV serotype O was detected in clinical samples collected in Israel and Turkey, while serotype A was detected in Saudi Arabia and Turkey (including Turkish Thrace). African samples collected in Kenya belonged to FMDV serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2. A single isolation of serotype O was made from samples from Senegal. Serotype A was found in Egypt. Four partial VP1 sequences (152 nt at the 3’ end of VP1) of FMDV A were submitted by the SAP Institute, Ankara, Turkey. Complete VP1 sequences for three FMDV O and four FMDV A isolates from Thailand were submitted by the Regional Reference Laboratory, Pakchong, Thailand. This laboratory also submitted two complete VP1 sequences of FMDV Asia 1 viruses from Vietnam. Three complete VP1 sequences of FMDV Asia 1 were submitted by the All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russian Federation, from outbreaks in Amursky (December 2005), Khabarovsk (December 2005) and Chita (January 2006). Middle East/southern Asia FMDV serotype A The complete VP1 sequences of A/SAU/15 & 16/2005 were determined and were shown to be closely related to a new strain recently found in Iran (Annex 2; Fig. 1). Similarly, complete VP1 sequences of three FMDV A isolates from Turkish Thrace were determined (A/TUR/1 to 3/2006). These were closely related to recent Iranian isolates and to the two isolates from Saudi Arabia (Annex 2; Fig. 1). Partial VP1 sequences sent from the SAP Institute, Turkey, indicate that this lineage was found in various parts of Turkey during 2005 (Annex 2; Fig. 2). Thus it appears that a new strain, first seen in Iran in 2003, has swept across Turkey reaching Thrace early in 2006. Work on complete VP1 sequencing of further isolates collected in Anatolia during 2005 is on-going. Asia FMDV serotype Asia 1

2

FMDV Asia 1 VP1 sequences received from ARRIAH (from Amursky, Khabarovsk and Chita) were compared to the database and found to be closely related to previous outbreak viruses in the region (Annex 2; Fig. 3). The sequences of two isolates from Vietnam (received from the Thailand RRL) were most closely related to viruses from Southeast Asia (from Thailand and Myanmar) but not to the virus circulating in the China/Russia/Mongolia region (Annex 2; Fig. 4). Africa Egypt - Serotype A Complete VP1 sequences from various provinces in Egypt were determined. They were all closely related to each other and most closely related to older viruses from East Africa (e.g. Kenya/98) (Annex 2; Fig. 5). They were not closely related to the recent type A viruses from the Middle East (Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey). Senegal - Serotype O The complete VP1 sequence of a single isolate of type O (O/SEN/8/2006) was obtained and compared to the WRLFMD database. It was most closely related to other isolates from West Africa indicating that it is probably a virus indigenous to the region (Annex 2; Fig. 6). Work on the complete VP1 sequencing of type O isolates from Israel, Turkey and Kenya is on-going. The follow are preliminary analyses of large batches of samples received during this or the last reporting period and which work is still on-going. Ethiopia Serotype O: Preliminary VP1 sequence analysis was performed on 15 type O viruses from Ethiopia. These sequences fell into three genetic groups which correlated with place of isolation (Arsi, Robe - O/ETH/54, 56, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66 & 67/2005; Gubalafto, North Wello - O/ETH/48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 61 & 62/2005; Mizan Terefi, Maji - O/ETH/58, 59 & 60/2005 (data not shown). The relationship of these viruses to other type O’s remains to be determined. Serotype C: The complete VP1 sequences of two isolates were determined. One was said to originate from 1983, but no collection date was specified for the other. Both were essentially identical to each other and to a virus (vaccine strain?) received from Ethiopia in 1971 (C/ETH/1/71) (data not shown). Cameroon Serotype O: Preliminary VP1 sequence analysis was performed on seven type O viruses from the Cameroon. All were closely related differing by no more than 5% (data not shown). Relationships to other type O’s in Africa remain to be determined. Serotype SAT 2: 19 VP1 sequences were obtained and all found to be closely related to each other; they differed by no more than 4% (data not shown). Kenya Serotype A: The VP1 sequence of a single isolate, A/KEN/12/2005, from Nakuru, Rift Valley province was not closely related to any other type A sequence held on our database; the closest match was A/K49/84 at over 13% different. Serotype SAT 1: Seven VP1 sequences were obtained (data not shown). Preliminary analysis shows that they fall into three groups which correlate with geographic location: Nairobi - SAT1/KEN/11/2005; Meru South (Eastern Province) - SAT1/KEN/21/2004; and Rift Valley - SAT1/KEN/13, 15, 16 & 17/2005. Serotype SAT 2: Five VP1 sequences were obtained (data not shown). They fell into two groups, i) Central Province - SAT2/KEN/7/2005 and ii) Central Province - SAT2/KEN/13/2005, Eastern Province – SAT2/ETH/17/2004 and Rift Valley Province – SAT2/KEN/22/2004 & SAT2/KEN/8/2005. Vaccine matching

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FMD isolates of serotype A or O collected in Asia (Israel, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey) or Africa (Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya) between 2005 and 2006 were further characterized by VNT and/or ELISA (Annex 1; TABLE C). This confirmed the utility of O1 Manisa to all serotype O isolates tested (Israel and Malaysia), except for an isolate from Israel (ISR/1/2005). Preliminary sequence analysis of this isolate, both at Pirbright and in Israel, suggests a relatively close relationship with other isolates circulating in the Middle East (Turkey/Lebanon/Israel) in 2003 and 2004; further investigations are necessary to resolve this antigenic anomaly. The best match, by VNT, for the type A viruses from the 2006 outbreak in Egypt was an antiserum to a bivalent vaccine containing A/Eri/98 and A/Irn/99. However, by ELISA, a good match against A/Irn/2001 was also observed. A/MAY/5/2005 reacted well with antiserum to A/May/97 by VNT. The A/SAU/2005 and A/TUR/2006 isolates could possibly be covered by A22 or A 5925 as judged by VNT and ELISA. Publication of data to the scientific community and the industry FMD papers published in the reporting period from the Pirbright Laboratory (Pirbright authors underlined): Bordeleau ME, Mori A, Oberer M, Lindqvist L, Chard LS, Higa T, Belsham GJ, Wagner G, Tanaka J, Pelletier J.

(2006). Functional characterization of IRESes by an inhibitor of the RNA helicase eIF4A. Nat Chem Biol. 2(4):213-20.

Chard LS, Bordeleau ME, Pelletier J, Tanaka J, Belsham GJ. (2006). Hepatitis C virus-related internal ribosome entry sites are found in multiple genera of the family Picornaviridae. J Gen Virol. 87(Pt 4):927-36.

Chard LS, Kaku Y, Jones B, Nayak A, Belsham GJ. (2006). Functional analyses of RNA structures shared between the internal ribosome entry sites of hepatitis C virus and the picornavirus porcine teschovirus 1 Talfan. J Virol. 80(3):1271-9.

Cox SJ, Voyce C, Parida S, Reid SM, Hamblin PA, Hutchings G, Paton DJ, Barnett PV. (2006). Effect of emergency FMD vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle. Vaccine. [Epub ahead of print]

King DP, Ferris NP, Shaw AE, Reid SM, Hutchings GH, Giuffre AC, Robida JM, Callahan JD, Nelson WM, Beckham TR (2006) Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus: comparative diagnostic sensitivity of two independent real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18: 93-97.

Ko Y-J, Choi K-S, Nah J-J, Paton DJ, Oem J-K, Wilsden G, Kang S-Y, Jo N-I, Kim J-H, Lee H-W, Park J-M. (2005). Noninfectious virus-like particle antigen for detection of swine vesicular disease virus antibodies in pigs by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12 (8), 922-929.

Parida S, Oh Y, Reid SM, Cox SJ, Statham RJ, Mahapatra M, Anderson J, Barnett PV, Charleston B, Paton, D.J. (2006). Interferon-γ production in vitro from whole blood of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccinated and infected cattle after incubation with inactivated FMDV. Vaccine 24, 964-9.

Parida S, Anderson J, Cox SJ, Barnett PV, Paton DJ. (2006). Secretory IgA as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance. Vaccine 24, 1107-1116.

Paton DJ, Valarcher J-F, Bergmann I, Matlho OG, Zakharov VM, Palma EL, Thomson GR. (2005). Selection of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine strains – a review. OIE Sci et Tech Rev. 24 (3), 981-993.

Reid SM, Parida S, King DP, Hutchings GH, Shaw AE, Ferris NP, Zhang Z, Hillerton JE, Paton DJ. (2006). Utility of automated real-time RT-PCR for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk. Veterinary Research 37, 121-132

Wernery U, Nagy P, Amaral-Doel CM, Zhang Z, Alexandersen S. (2006). Lack of susceptibility of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Vet Rec., 158(6):201-3.

Zhang Z., J. Bashiruddin, C. Doel, J. Horsington, S. Durand and S. Alexandersen (2006) Cytokine and Toll-like receptor mRNAs in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues of cattle during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. J. Comp. Path. 134:60-6.

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Annex 1.

Table A: Summary of clinical sample diagnostics made by the WRL Between January to March 2006

Country WRL for FMD Animal Date of

Collection Results

Sample

Identification VI/ELISA RT-PCR Final report

ISRAEL ISR 7/2004 Cattle 17.01.04 O Positive O ISR 8/2004 Cattle 26.01.04 O Positive O ISR 9/2004 NK 08.02.04 O Positive O ISR 10/2004 Sheep 11.02.04 O Positive O ISR 11/2004 Cattle 18.03.04 O Positive O ISR 1/2005 Cattle 19.12.05 O Positive O ISR 2/2005 Cattle 22.12.05 O Positive O KENYA KEN 13/2004 Cattle 13.01.04 SAT 2 Positive SAT 2 KEN 14/2004 Cattle 20.01.04 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 15/2004 Cattle 06.02.04 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 16/2004 Cattle 18.02.04 NVD Negative NVD KEN 17/2004 Cattle 16.03.04 SAT 2 Positive SAT 2 KEN 18/2004 Cattle 22.03.04 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 19/2004 Cattle 25.05.04 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 20/2004 Cattle 26.05.04 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 21/2004 Cattle 11.06.04 SAT 1 Positive SAT 1 KEN 22/2004 Cattle 18.06.04 SAT 2 Positive SAT 2 KEN 23/2004 Cattle 08.07.04 O Positive O KEN 24/2004 Cattle 30.07.04 O Positive O KEN 25/2004 Cattle 18.08.04 NVD Negative NVD KEN 26/2004 Cattle 23.08.04 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 27/2004 Cattle 09.09.04 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 28/2004 Cattle 19.10.04 NVD Negative NVD KEN 29/2004 Cattle 21.10.04 O Positive O KEN 30/3004 Cattle 24.12.04 O Positive O KEN 2/2005 Cattle 11.01.05 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 3/2005 Cattle 20.01.05 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 4/2005 Cattle 26.01.05 O Positive O KEN 5/2005 Cattle 22.02.05 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 6/2005 Cattle 01.03.05 O Positive O KEN 7/2005 Cattle 22.03.05 SAT 2 Positive SAT 2 KEN 8/2005 Cattle 19.04.05 SAT 2 Positive SAT 2 KEN 9/2005 Cattle NK NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 10/2005 Cattle 13.06.05 O Positive O KEN 11/2005 Cattle 15.07.05 SAT 1 Positive SAT 1 KEN 12/2005 Cattle 15.07.05 A Positive A KEN 13/2005 Cattle 19.07.05 SAT 1 Positive SAT 1 KEN 14/2005 Cattle 21.07.05 O Positive O KEN 15/2005 Cattle 28.07.05 NVD Positive FMDV GD KEN 16/2005 Cattle 25.11.05 SAT 1 Positive SAT 1 KEN 17/2005 Cattle 11.12.05 SAT 1 Positive SAT 1 KEN 18/2005 Cattle 13.12.05 SAT 1 Positive SAT 1 KEN 19/2005 Cattle 15.12.05 SAT 1 Positive SAT 1

5

RWANDA RWA 1/2005 Cattle 26.10.05 NVD Negative NVD SAUDI ARABIA SAU 15/2005 Cattle 27.12.05 A Positive A SAU 16/2005 Cattle 27.12.05 A Positive A EGYPT EGY 1/2006 Cattle 09.02.06 A Positive A EGY 2/2006 Cattle 09.02.06 A Positive A EGY 3/2006 Cattle 09.02.06 A Positive A EGY 4/2006 NK 00.02.06 A Positive A EGY 5/2006 NK 00.02.06 A Positive A SENEGAL SEN 1/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 NVD Negative NVD SEN 2/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 NVD Negative NVD SEN 3/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 NVD Negative NVD SEN 4/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 NVD Negative NVD SEN 5/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 NVD Negative NVD SEN 6/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 NVD Negative NVD SEN 7/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 NVD Negative NVD SEN 8/2006 Cattle 00.01.06 O Negative O SEN 9/2006 Cattle 23.01.06 NVD Negative NVD TURKEY TUR 1/2005 Cattle 15.07.05 O Positive O TUR 2/2005 Cattle 11.08.05 O Positive O TUR 3/2005 Cattle 15.09.05 O Positive O TUR 4/2005 Cattle 16.09.05 O Positive O TUR 5/2005 Cattle 25.09.05 O Positive O TUR 6/2005 Cattle 18.11.05 A Positive A TUR 7/2005 Cattle 26.11.05 A Positive A TUR 8/2005 Cattle 07.12.05 A Positive A TUR 9/2005 Cattle 13.12.05 A Positive A TUR 10/2005 Cattle 20.12.05 A Positive A TUR 11/2005 Cattle 23.12.05 A Positive A TUR 12/2005 Cattle 27.12.05 A Positive A TUR 1/2006 Cattle 31.01.06 A Positive A TUR 2/2006 Cattle 01.02.06 A Positive A TUR 3/2006 Cattle 05.02.06 A Positive A TOTAL: 318 * Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF FMDV foot-and-mouth disease virus

VI/ELISA FMDV serotype identified following virus isolation in cell culture and antigen detection ELISA

RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for FMD or SVD viral genome

NVD no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus detected GD genome detected

6

TABLE B: Samples received in 2005

Country No. of Virus isolation in cell culture/ELISA RT-PCR for

FMD samples FMD virus serotypes SVD NVD (or SVD) virus

O A C SAT

1 SAT

2 SAT

3 Asia

1 virus Positive Negative BOTSWANA 8 - - - - 8 - - - - 8 - BURKINA FASO 10 - - - - - - - - 10 - 10 CAMEROON 119a 25 3 - - 54 - - - 38 19 100 CHINA 16 7 - - - - - 8 - 1 16 - (HONG KONG) COTE D'IVOIRE 6 - - - - - - - - 6 - 6 ETHIOPIA 68b 22 9 4 - - - - - 36 45 23 GAMBIA 5 - - - - - - - - 5 1 4 GHANA 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - 4 IRAN 55 20 20 - - - - - - 15 42 13 IRELAND 11 - - - - - - - - 11 - 11d ITALY 4 - - - - - - - 4 - 4e - KENYA 1 - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - MALAYSIA 8 7 1 - - - - - - - 8 - MALI 4 3 - - - - - - - 1 4 - PAKISTAN 26c 19 - - - - - 2 - 7 25 1 PHILIPPINES 10 3 - - - - - - - 7 3 7 SAUDI ARABIA 14 11 - - - - - - - 3 10 4 SENEGAL 3 - - - - - - - - 3 - 3 SUDAN 3 3 - - - - - - - - 2 1 TOGO 16 4 1 - - - - - - 11 3 13 VIETNAM 5 5 - - - - - - - - 5 - ZAMBIA 2 - - - 2 - - - - - 2 - TOTAL 398 129 34 4 3 62 - 10 4 158 198 200 * Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF VI/ELISA FMD (or SVD) virus serotype identified following virus isolation in cell culture and antigen detection ELISA FMD foot-and-mouth disease SVD swine vesicular disease NVD no FMD, SVD or vesicular stomatitis virus detected RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for FMD (or SVD) viral genome a one sample from Cameroon contained a mixture of FMD virus serotypes O and SAT 2 b two samples from Ethiopia contained a mixture of FMD virus serotypes - one of A and C and one of O, A and C c two samples from Pakistan contained a mixture of FMD virus serotypes O and Asia 1 d negative by RT-PCR for both FMD and SVD viral genome e positive by RT-PCR for SVD viral genome NPF, 23 January 2006

7

The following samples were additionally received by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in 2005 : Country Sample No. of ELISA/Virus isolation in cell culture RT-PCR for FMD year samples FMD virus serotypes SVD NVD (or SVD) virus

O A C SAT

1 SAT

2 SAT

3 Asia

1 virus Positive Negative CHINA 2004 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - (HONG KONG) IRAN 2004 12 - 2 - - - - 3 - 7 4 8 ITALY 2004 6 - - - - - - - 6 - 6a - KENYA 2003 2 - 2 - - - - - - - 2 - 2004 12 - - 1 - 7 - - - 4 12 - LAOS 2003 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - MALI 2004 16 - 1 - - - - - - 15 - 16 MYANMAR 2004 4 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - PAKISTAN 2004 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 - THAILAND 2004 9 1 2 - - - - - - 6 9 - TOGO 2004 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 ZAMBIA 2004 16 - - - 6 - - - - 10 7 9 TOTAL 82 7 8 1 6 7 - 3 6 44 48 34 * Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF VI/ELISA FMD (or SVD) virus serotype identified following virus isolation in cell culture and antigen detection ELISA FMD foot-and-mouth disease SVD swine vesicular disease NVD no foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease or vesicular stomatitis virus detected RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for FMD (or SVD) viral genome a positive by RT-PCR for SVD viral genome NPF, 23 January 2006

8

TABLE C: Antigenic characterisation of FMD field isolates by matching with vaccine strains. rValues were obtained by VNT or ELISA

FMD 'r' values Jan-Mar 06

Strain A22 A

Irn96 A May97 A 5925 A Sau95 A Irn 01 A Eri98/

A 4164

A Irn99

A Irn87

A Ken

Irn99 35/80 vnt elisa vnt vnt elisa vnt elisa vnt elisa vnt elisa vnt elisa elisa elisa elisa A Car 036/05 0.29 0.21 0.16 A Car 115/05 0.22 0.30 0.08 A Car 116/05 0.22 0.30 0.08 A Egy 01/06 0.23 0.17 0.25 0.21 0.06 0.32 0.42 0.3 0.83 0.60 <0.17 0.21 0.23 0.38 A Egy 02/06 0.24 0.14 0.16 0.20 <0.03 0.30 0.50 0.2 1.00 0.95 0.25 0.23 0.14 0.38 A Eth 16/05 0.13 0.21 0.22 A Ken 12/05 0.13 0.30 0.33 A May 5/05 0.12 0.19 0.58 A Sau 15/05 0.29 >0.88 0.12 0.16 0.17 0.50 0.35 >1.0 >0.89 A Sau 16/05 0.25 >0.88 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.58 0.39 >1.0 >1.0 A Tur 01/06 0.42 0.21 0.08 0.11 0.41 0.32 0.21 0.26 0.29 A Tur 2/06 0.36 0.29 0.07 0.18 0.48 0.56 0.20 0.50 0.30 A Tur 3/06 0.39 0.09 0.13 0.48 O Manisa vnt O Isr 01/05 0.07 O Isr 11/04 >1.0 O May 04/06 >1.0 O May 06/06 >1.0

C Ober C Ken 267/67 C Noville C Phi 7/84

vnt elisa elisa elisa elisa C Eth 6/05 0.44 0.19 0.75 0.56 0.14 C Eth 7/05 0.39 0.13 0.59 0.30 0.10

Interpretation of r1 values In the case of ELISA: r1 = 0.4-1.0. Suggests that there is a close relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain. A potent vaccine containing the vaccine strain is likely to confer protection. r1 = 0.2-0.39, Suggests that the field isolate is antigenically related to the vaccine strain. The vaccine strain might be suitable for use if no closer match can be found provided that a potent vaccine is used and animals are preferably immunised more than once. r1 = <0.2. Suggests that the field isolate is so different from the vaccine strain that the vaccine is unlikely to protect In the case of neutralisation: r1 = > 0.3. Suggests that there is a close relationship between field isolate and vaccine strain. A potent vaccine containing the vaccine strain is likely to confer protection. r1 = < 0.3. Suggests that the field isolate is so different from the vaccine strain that the vaccine is unlikely to protect.

9

Annex 2 Fig. 1: Report on FMD serotype A collected in Turkey in 2006.

A/ARG/1/2001A/BRA/1/2001

Irn99

N.J. Knowles, J. Smith & K. Swabey, 23 February 2006

Unrooted Neighbor-joining tree based on a comparison of the complete VP1 gene. The tree was outgroup-rooted using members of the Euro-SA topotype.

Irn96

1%

A/URU/1/2001A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 [AJ251476]

A5/Allier/FRA/60 [AY593780]A/EGY/1/2006A/EGY/2/2006

A/KEN/15/98 [K62/98]A/KEN/16/98A [K67/98]

A/ETH/7/92A/ETH/23/94

A/ETH/1/94A/YEM/2/98

A/UGA/13/66A/SUD/1/82A/K37/84*A/UGA/20/76

A/K35/80*A/KEN/6/96 [K15/96]

A/ERI/3/97A/ERI/3/98

A/K49/84*A/UGA/1/2002

A/GAM/44/98A/SEN/34/97

A/MAI/2/97A/MAU/3/97

A/EGY/1/72A/K5/80*

A/SAU/23/86A/BHU/27/2003A/BHU/41/2002

A/BHU/7/2003A/IND/78/2000* [AF390664]

A/IND/60/2000* [AF390656] A/IND/104/2000* [AF390592] A/IND/192/2000* [AF390619]

A/IND/53/2000* [AF390654] A/IND/67/2000* [AF390658]

A/IND/24/2001* [AF390624] A/IND/126/2000* [AF390599] A/IND/128/2000* [AF390600] A/IND/172/2000* [AF390614] A/IND/38/2000* [AF390643]

A/IND/84/2000* [AF390668] A/IRN/33/2004

A/IRN/5/2003A/IRN/9/2003A/IRQ/2/2002

A/IRQ/100/2002A/IRQ/99/2002

A/IRQ/24/2002A/IRQ/59/2002A/IRQ/33/2002

A/IRQ/60/2002A/IRQ/107/2002A/IRQ/108/2002

A/IRN/32/2004A/IRN/17/2005

A/IRN/1/96A/TUR/2/2003A/TUR/14/2002

A/TUR/4/2003A/SYR/5/2002A/TUR/17/2001

A/IND/17/77* [AF204108]A22/IRQ/24/64 [AJ251474]

A/TAI/118/87* [D]A/MAY/2/2002A/TAI/7/2002

A/TAI/8/2003A/MAY/1/2003A/MAY/3/2003A/MAY/4/2003

A/TAI/11/2003A/TAI/12/2003

A/TAI/10/2003A/TAI/4/2003

A/TAI/7/2003A/TAI/1/2001

A/TAI/2/97A/TAI/3/2001A/TAI/2/2002A/IND/68/2001* [AF390659]

A/IND/7/82 [1980]A/WBN 17/82* [A/IND/490/97*] [AF390652]

A/IND/17/82* [IndImm]A/IRN/87

A/SAU/41/91A/IRN/22/99

A/TUR/5/2003 A/IRN/10/2003

A/PAK/28/200 2A/PAK/9/2003

A/IRN/32/2001A/IRN/34/2001

A/IRN/2/2002A/IRN/7/2003

A/IRN/41/2003A/IRN/7/2004A/IRN/7/2005

A/SAU/15/2005A/SAU/16/2005A/IRN/4/2005

A/IRN/1/2005A/IRN/2/2005

A/IRN/5/2005A/TUR/2/2006

A/TUR/1/2006A/TUR/3/2006A/IRN/13/2005A/IRN/10/2005

A/IRN/14/2005A/IRN/18/2005

A/IRN/16/2005

Euro-SA

Africa

Asia

10

Fig. 2: Report on FMD serotype A collected in Turkey, 2005-6 (partial VP1 sequences).

1%

A5/Allier/FRA/60 [AY593780]A/BRA/1/2001

A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 [AJ251476]A/ERI/3/97

A/ERI/3/98A/UGA/1/2002

A/K5/80*A/K49/84*

A/MAU/3/97A/MAI/2/97A/GAM/44/98

A/SEN/34/97A/K35/80*

A/K37/84*A/SAU/23/86

A/IND/17/77* [AF204108]A22/IRQ/24/64 [AJ251474]

A/BHU/27/2003A/BHU/41/2002A/BHU/7/2003

A/IND/78/2000* [AF390664]A/IND/60/2000* [AF390656]A/IND/104/2000* [AF390592]A/IND/38/2000* [AF390643]

A/IND/126/2000* [AF390599]A/IND/84/2000* [AF390668]

A/IND/128/2000* [AF390600]A/IND/172/2000* [AF390614]

A/IND/192/2000* [AF390619]A/IND/24/2001* [AF390624]

A/IND/53/2000* [AF390654]A/IND/67/2000* [AF390658]

A/TAI/118/87*A/MAY/2/2002

A/TAI/7/2002A/TAI/8/2003

A/TAI/10/2003A/TAI/7/2003A/TAI/4/2003A/MAY/1/2003A/MAY/3/2003

A/MAY/4/2003A/TAI/11/2003A/TAI/12/2003

A/TAI/1/2001A/TAI/2/97

A/TAI/3/2001A/TAI/2/2002

A/IND/68/2001* [AF390659]A/IND/17/82* [IndImm]A/IND/7/82 [1980]A/WBN 17/82* [A/IND/490/97*] [AF390652]

A/IRQ/2/2002A/IRN/5/2003A/IRN/9/2003

A/IRQ/24/2002A/IRQ/59/2002

A/IRQ/100/2002A/IRQ/99/2002A/IRQ/107/2002A/IRQ/108/2002

A/IRQ/33/2002A/IRQ/60/2002

A/IRN/33/2004A/TUR/204/06/04 Burdur [Lindholm]A/TUR/205/06/04 Burdur [Lindholm]

A/IRN/32/2004A/IRN/17/2005

A/IRN/1/96A/TUR/14/2002

A/SYR/5/2002A/TUR/17/2001

A/TUR/4/2003A/TUR/4/2002

A/TUR/2/2003A/IRN/87

A/TUR/222/06/03 Erzurum [Lindholm]A/IRN/22/99

A/TUR/1263/11/00 Kayseri [Lindholm]A/TUR/5/2003

A/TUR/246/06/03 Afyon [Lindholm]A/TUR/214/06/03 Afyon [Lindholm]

A/TUR/453/11/03 Elazig [LindholmA/TUR/75/03/04 Sakarya [Lindholm]A/TUR/124/05/04 Kirsehir [Lindholm]

A/IRN/10/2003A/PAK/28/2002

A/PAK/9/2003A/IRN/32/2001

A/IRN/34/2001A/IRN/2/2002

A/IRN/7/2003A/TUR/553/05* [Aktas] <<<

A/IRN/41/2003A/IRN/7/2004

A/IRN/7/2005A/IRN/5/2005

A/IRN/4/2005A/IRN/1/2005A/IRN/2/2005

A/IRN/18/2005A/IRN/10/2005A/IRN/13/2005

A/TUR/195/06* (Thrace) [Aktas] <<<A/TUR/194/06* (Thrace) [Aktas] <<<A/TUR/210/06* (Thrace) [Aktas] <<<

A/IRN/14/2005A/TUR/161/06* (Thrace) [Aktas] <<<

A/TUR/175/06* (Thrace) [Aktas] <<<A/TUR/563/05* [Aktas] <<<A/TUR/562/05* [Aktas] <<<A/TUR/551/05* [Aktas] <<<

A/TUR/560/05* [Aktas] <<<A/IRN/16/2005

Euro-SA

Africa

Irn96

Asi

Irn99

Unrooted Neighbor-joining tree based on a comparison of VP1 nt 475-639 gene. The tree was outgroup-rooted using members of the Euro-SA topotype. * Not a WRLFMD ref. no.

N.J. Knowles, 13 February 2006

11

Fig. 3: Report on FMD serotype Asia 1 collected in the Russian Federation in 2005-06.

1%

As1/PAK/1/54As1/Bangkok/TAI/60

As1/IND/16/76As1/JiangSu/CHA/2005 [DQ156527]As1/WuXi/JS/CHA/2005 [LVRI]As1/Zhangjiakou/HeB/CHA/2005 [LVRI]

As1/YanQuing/BJ/CHA/2005 [LVRI]As1/SanHe/HeB/CHA/2005 [LVRI]

As1/JingNing/GS/CHA/2005 [LVRI]As1/Chita/RUS/2006 [ARRIAH] <<<

As1/Amursky/RUS/2005 [DQ121401]As1/Prymorsky/RUS/2005 [ARRIAH]As1/TongRen/QH/CHA/2005 [LVRI]

As1/MOG/2005 [ARRIAH]As1/Amursky/RUS/Dec2005 [ARRIAH] <<<As1/Khabarovsk/RUS/2005 [ARRIAH]

As1/Khabarovsk/RUS/Dec2005 [ARRIAH] <<<As1/IND/18/80 [DQ121116]

As1/IND/15/81 [DQ121117]As1/YNBS/CHA/58 [AY390432]

As1/IND/63/72 [Y09949]As1/Kimron/ISR/57 [AY593797]

As1/ISR/3/63 [AY593796]As1/IRN/25/2004 [DQ121120]

As1/AFG/1/2001 [DQ121109]As1/AFG/4/2001 [DQ121110]

As1/IRN/4/2001 [DQ121118]As1/MYA/2/97

As1/MYA/5/2000As1/MYA/3/2000As1/MYA/4/2000

As1/MYA/2005 [TRRL]As1/TAI/1/98 [DQ121129]

As1/Shamir/ISR/89As1/IND/8/79

As1/WBN/117/85As1/IND/388/2004* [DQ101235]

As1/IND/268/2004* [DQ101236]As1/IND/60/02* [DQ101243]

As1/IND/139/02* [DQ101242]As1/IND/198/02* [DQ101244]As1/BHU/27/2002 [DQ121111]

As1/BHU/34/2002 [DQ121112]As1/IND/175/2004* [DQ101237]

As1/IND/114/2004* [2003] [DQ101239]As1/IND/165/2004* [DQ101238]

As1/IND/673/2003* [DQ101241]As1/IND/762/2003* [DQ101240]

As1/MYA/2/2001 [DQ121123]As1/IND/69/99* [AF392947]

As1/IND/107/99* [AF392900]As1/IND/278/99* [AF392934]

As1/IND/321/01* [AY687333]As1/HKN/1/2005 [DQ121114]As1/HKN/2/2005 [DQ121115]

As1/TAJ/1/2004 [DQ121402]As1/TAJ/2/2004 [DQ121403]

As1/PAK/69/2003 [DQ121127]As1/PAK/1/2004 [DQ121128]As1/PAK/2/2004As1/PAK/30/2002 [DQ121124]

As1/PAK/34/2002As1/PAK/31/2002 [DQ121125]As1/PAK/33/2002

As1/IRN/10/2004 [DQ121119]As1/IRN/31/2004 [DQ121121]

As1/IND/390/97* [AF392940]As1/BAN/4/96

As1/IND/82/96* [AF390705]As1/PAK/20/2003 [DQ121126]As1/PAK/19/2005As1/PAK/22/2005

As1/IRN/58/99 [DQ121122]As1/ARM/2000 [ARRIAH]As1/GRE/2/2000 [DQ121113]

As1/GRG/2001 [ARRIAH]As1/TUR/8/99 [DQ121130]As1/TUR/10/99 [DQ121131]

As1/GRG/2000 [ARRIAH]

Unrooted Neighbor-joining tree based on a comparison of the complete VP1 gene (~633 nt). The tree was outgroup-rooted using PAK/1/54. * Not a WRLFMD reference number.

N.J. Knowles, 31 January 2006

12

Fig. 4: Report on FMD serotype Asia 1 collected in the Vietnam in 2006.

1%

As1/PAK/1/54As1/Bangkok/60

As1/IND/16/76As1/JiangSu/CHA/2005 [DQ156527]As1/WuXi/JS/CHA/2005 [LVRI]As1/Zhangjiakou/HeB/CHA/2005 [LVRI]

As1/YanQuing/BJ/CHA/2005 [LVRI]As1/SanHe/HeB/CHA/2005 [LVRI]

As1/JingNing/GS/CHA/2005 [LVRI]As1/Chita/RUS/2006 [ARRIAH]

As1/Amursky/RUS/2005 [DQ121401]As1/Prymorsky/RUS/2005 [ARRIAH]As1/TongRen/QH/CHA/2005 [LVRI]

As1/MOG/2005 [ARRIAH]As1/Amursky/RUS/Dec2005 [ARRIAH]As1/Khabarovsk/RUS/2005 [ARRIAH]

As1/Khabarovsk/RUS/Dec2005 [ARRIAH]As1/IND/18/80 [DQ121116]

As1/IND/15/81 [DQ121117]As1/YNBS/CHA/58 [AY390432]

As1/IND/63/72 [Y09949]As1/Kimron/ISR/57 [AY593797]

As1/ISR/3/63 [AY593796]As1/IRN/25/2004 [DQ121120]

As1/AFG/1/2001 [DQ121109]As1/AFG/4/2001 [DQ121110]

As1/IRN/4/2001 [DQ121118]As1/MYA/2/97

As1/MYA/5/2000As1/MYA/3/2000As1/MYA/4/2000

As1/MYA/2005 [TRRL]As1/TAI/1/98 [DQ121129]As1/VIT/1/06 [TRRL] <<<

As1/VIT/2/06 [TRRL] <<<As1/Shamir/ISR/89

As1/IND/8/79As1/WBN/117/85

As1/IND/388/2004* [DQ101235]As1/IND/268/2004* [DQ101236]

As1/IND/60/02* [DQ101243]As1/IND/139/02* [DQ101242]As1/IND/198/02* [DQ101244]As1/BHU/27/2002 [DQ121111]

As1/BHU/34/2002 [DQ121112]As1/IND/175/2004* [DQ101237]

As1/IND/114/2004* [2003] [DQ101239]As1/IND/165/2004* [DQ101238]

As1/IND/673/2003* [DQ101241]As1/IND/762/2003* [DQ101240]

As1/MYA/2/2001 [DQ121123]As1/IND/69/99* [AF392947]

As1/IND/107/99* [AF392900]As1/IND/278/99* [AF392934]

As1/IND/321/01* [AY687333]As1/HKN/1/2005 [DQ121114]As1/HKN/2/2005 [DQ121115]

As1/TAJ/1/2004 [DQ121402]As1/TAJ/2/2004 [DQ121403]

As1/PAK/69/2003 [DQ121127]As1/PAK/1/2004 [DQ121128]As1/PAK/2/2004

As1/PAK/30/2002 [DQ121124]As1/PAK/34/2002As1/PAK/31/2002 [DQ121125]As1/PAK/33/2002

As1/IRN/10/2004 [DQ121119]As1/IRN/31/2004 [DQ121121]

As1/IND/390/97* [AF392940]As1/BAN/4/96

As1/IND/82/96* [AF390705]As1/PAK/20/2003 [DQ121126]As1/PAK/19/2005As1/PAK/22/2005

As1/IRN/58/99 [DQ121122]As1/ARM/2000 [ARRIAH]As1/GRE/2/2000 [DQ121113]

As1/GRG/2001 [ARRIAH]As1/TUR/8/99 [DQ121130]As1/TUR/10/99 [DQ121131]

As1/GRG/2000 [ARRIAH]

Unrooted Neighbor-joining tree based on a comparison of the complete VP1 gene (~633 nt). The tree was outgroup-rooted using PAK/1/54. * Not a WRLFMD reference number.

N.J. Knowles, 6 February 2006

13

Fig. 5: Report on FMD serotype A collected in Egypt in 2006.

A/ARG/1/2001A/BRA/1/2001

Irn99

N.J. Knowles, J. Smith & K. Swabey, 23 February 2006

Unrooted Neighbor-joining tree based on a comparison of the complete VP1 gene. The tree was outgroup-rooted using members of the Euro-SA topotype.

Irn96

1%

A/URU/1/2001A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 [AJ251476]

A5/Allier/FRA/60 [AY593780]A/EGY/1/2006A/EGY/2/2006

A/KEN/15/98 [K62/98]A/KEN/16/98A [K67/98]

A/ETH/7/92A/ETH/23/94

A/ETH/1/94A/YEM/2/98

A/UGA/13/66A/SUD/1/82A/K37/84*

A/UGA/20/76A/K35/80*

A/KEN/6/96 [K15/96]A/ERI/3/97

A/ERI/3/98A/K49/84*

A/UGA/1/2002A/GAM/44/98A/SEN/34/97

A/MAI/2/97A/MAU/3/97

A/EGY/1/72A/K5/80*

A/SAU/23/86A/BHU/27/2003A/BHU/41/2002

A/BHU/7/2003A/IND/78/2000* [AF390664]

A/IND/60/2000* [AF390656] A/IND/104/2000* [AF390592] A/IND/192/2000* [AF390619]

A/IND/53/2000* [AF390654] A/IND/67/2000* [AF390658]

A/IND/24/2001* [AF390624]A/IND/126/2000* [AF390599]A/IND/128/2000* [AF390600]A/IND/172/2000* [AF390614]A/IND/38/2000* [AF390643]

A/IND/84/2000* [AF390668]A/IRN/33/2004

A/IRN/5/2003A/IRN/9/2003A/IRQ/2/2002

A/IRQ/100/2002A/IRQ/99/2002

A/IRQ/24/2002A/IRQ/59/2002A/IRQ/33/2002

A/IRQ/60/2002A/IRQ/107/2002A/IRQ/108/2002

A/IRN/32/2004A/IRN/17/2005

A/IRN/1/96A/TUR/2/2003A/TUR/14/2002

A/TUR/4/2003A/SYR/5/2002A/TUR/17/2001

A/IND/17/77* [AF204108]A22/IRQ/24/64 [AJ251474]

A/TAI/118/87* [D]A/MAY/2/2002A/TAI/7/2002

A/TAI/8/2003A/MAY/1/2003A/MAY/3/2003A/MAY/4/2003

A/TAI/11/2003A/TAI/12/2003

A/TAI/10/2003A/TAI/4/2003

A/TAI/7/2003A/TAI/1/2001

A/TAI/2/97A/TAI/3/2001A/TAI/2/2002A/IND/68/2001* [AF390659]

A/IND/7/82 [1980]A/WBN 17/82* [A/IND/490/97*] [AF390652]

A/IND/17/82* [IndImm]A/IRN/87

A/SAU/41/91A/IRN/22/99

A/TUR/5/2003 A/IRN/10/2003

A/PAK/28/2002A/PAK/9/2003

A/IRN/32/2001A/IRN/34/2001

A/IRN/2/2002A/IRN/7/2003

A/IRN/41/2003A/IRN/7/2004A/IRN/7/2005

A/SAU/15/2005A/SAU/16/2005A/IRN/4/2005

A/IRN/1/2005A/IRN/2/2005

A/IRN/5/2005A/TUR/2/2006

A/TUR/1/2006A/TUR/3/2006A/IRN/13/2005A/IRN/10/2005

A/IRN/14/2005A/IRN/18/2005

A/IRN/16/2005

Euro-SA

Africa

Asia

14

Fig. 6: Report on FMD serotype O collected in Senegal in 2006.

N.J. Knowles, J. Smith & K.G. Swabey, 18 April 2006

Unrooted Neighbor-joining tree based on a comparison of the complete VP1 gene (~639 nt). The tree was outgroup-rooted using the Euro-SA topotype sequences. * Not a WRLFMD Ref. No. ** proposed new topotypes

1%

O2/Brescia/ITL/47O1/Kaufbeuren/FRG/66 [X00871]

O3/VEN/51O/ISA/1/74

O/JAV/5/72O11/ISA/62

O/ISA/9/74O/ISA/8/83

O/HKN/14/82O/HKN/6/83

O/PHI/7/96 O/PHI/5/95

O/TAW/81/97 O/TAN/1/2004O/BUN/3/2003O/BUN/7/2003O/BUN/6/2003

O/TAN/12/2004O/TAN/2/2004O/TAN/3/2004

O/KEN/5/2002O/KEN/7/2002

O/UGA/3/2002O/KEN/3/2002

O/UGA/4/2004O/UGA/18/2004

O/UGA/1/2004O/UGA/3/2004

O/UGA/6/2004O/UGA/8/2004O/UGA/5/2004O/UGA/7/2004

O/MAL/1/98O/TAN/7/98

O/ZAM/1/2000O/ZAM/2/2000

O/TAN/3/96O/RWA/2/2004O/RWA/3/2004O/TAN/14/2004O/TAN/17/2004

O/UGA/3/72O/KEN/102/60

O/UGA/5/96O/K83/79

O/K77/78O/KEN/2/95 [K10/95]

O/VIT/7/97O/CAM/11/94

O/CAM/2/98O/TAI/189/87* [TRRL] O/MYA/7/98

O/TAI/4/99O/A/CHA/58

O/IND/R2/75* [AF204276]O1/Manisa/TUR/69

O/IND/53/79 [AF292107]O/IRQ/30/2000

O/TAW/2/99O/SAR/1/2000O/UKG/12/2001

O/SEN/8/2006 < <<02

O/NGR/11/ 1 O/BKF/1 0 /2

00O/ALG/ 2

9O/CIV/8 2/9

9O/MAI/3/200

/9 O/MAI/1/2005

5 O/MAI/2/2005

O/TOG/1/2004 O/TOG/4/2005 O/TOG/3/20 O/TOG/1/2005

05O/MAU/19/2000

O/CAR/6/89 O/SEN/2/2001

O/GHA/5/93O/CAR/16/2000O/CAR/17/2000

O/YEM/48/2004O/YEM/28/2003O/YEM/22/2003O/YEM/1/2004

O/YEM/57/2004O/YEM/70/2004

O/YEM/21/2004O/YEM/66/2004

O/YEM/28/2004O/YEM/35/2004

O/SUD/2/86O/ERI/3/2004

O/ERI/22/2004 O/ERI/21/2004 O/ERI/1/2004O/ERI/2/2004

O/SUD/1/99O/SUD/3/2005O/SUD/1/2005 O/SUD/2/2005

O/SUD/12/2004O/SUD/30/2004O/SUD/9/2004O/SUD/25/2004

O/SUD/15/2004O/SUD/4/2004O/SUD/14/2004O/SUD/3/2004O/SUD/1/2004O/SUD/26/2004O/SUD/16/2004

Euro-SA

ME-SA

Cathay

SEA

WA

EA-3**

ISA-2 ISA-1

15

Annex 3. FMD Publications cited by PubMed dated from January 2006 Garcia-Briones M, Rosas MF, Gonzalez-Magaldi M, Martin-Acebes MA, Sobrino F, Armas-Portela R. Differential distribution of non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in BHK-21 cells. Virology. 2006 Apr 17; [Epub ahead of print] Biswas S, Sanyal A, Hemadri D, Tosh C, Mohapatra JK, Manoj Kumar R, Bandyopadhyay SK. Sequence analysis of the non-structural 3A and 3C protein-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 field isolates from an endemic country. Vet Microbiol. 2006 Apr 16; [Epub ahead of print] Hole K, Clavijo A, Pineda LA. Detection and serotype-specific differentiation of vesicular stomatitis virus using a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006 Mar;18(2):139-46. Jinding C, Mingqiu Z, Hui KH, Leung FC. Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus in Hong Kong During 2001-2002. Virus Genes. 2006 Apr;32(2):139-43. Poulin MC, Christianson WT. On-farm eradication of foot-and-mouth disease as an alternative to mass culling. Vet Rec. 2006 Apr 8;158(14):467-72. King DP, Ferris NP, Shaw AE, Reid SM, Hutchings GH, Giuffre AC, Robida JM, Callahan JD, Nelson WM, Beckham TR. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus: comparative diagnostic sensitivity of two independent real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006 Jan;18(1):93-7. Borrego B, Fernandez-Pacheco P, Ganges L, Domenech N, Fernandez-Borges N, Sobrino F, Rodriguez F. DNA vaccines expressing B and T cell epitopes can protect mice from FMDV infection in the absence of specific humoral responses. Vaccine. 2006 Mar 3; [Epub ahead of print] Reynolds D. Vigilance for classical swine fever and FMD. Vet Rec. 2006 Mar 18;158(11):383. No abstract available. Chinnasamy D, Milsom MD, Shaffer J, Neuenfeldt J, Shaaban AF, Margison GP, Fairbairn LJ, Chinnasamy N. Multicistronic lentiviral vectors containing the FMDV 2A cleavage factor demonstrate robust expression of encoded genes at limiting MOI. Virol J. 2006 Mar 15;3(1):14 [Epub ahead of print] Chen W, Liu M, Jiao Y, Yan W, Wei X, Chen J, Fei L, Liu Y, Zuo X, Yang F, Lu Y, Zheng Z. Adenovirus-mediated RNA interference against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(7):3559-66. Iakovleva AS, Shcherbakov AV, Kan'shina AV, Mudrak NS, Fomina TA. [Recombinant non-structural 3A, 3B and 3AB proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus: use for differentiation of vaccinated and infected cattle] Mol Biol (Mosk). 2006 Jan-Feb;40(1):165-71. Russian. de Avila Botton S, Brum MC, Bautista E, Koster M, Weiblen R, Golde WT, Grubman MJ. Immunopotentiation of a foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine by interferon alpha. Vaccine. 2006 Apr 24;24(17):3446-56. Epub 2006 Feb 20. Brown JK, McAleese SM, Thornton EM, Pate JA, Schock A, Macrae AI, Scott PR, Miller HR, Collie DD. Integrin-{alpha}v{beta}6, a Putative Receptor for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Is Constitutively Expressed in Ruminant Airways. J Histochem Cytochem. 2006 Mar 3; [Epub ahead of print] Tildesley MJ, Savill NJ, Shaw DJ, Deardon R, Brooks SP, Woolhouse ME, Grenfell BT, Keeling MJ. Optimal reactive vaccination strategies for a foot-and-mouth outbreak in the UK. Nature. 2006 Mar 2;440(7080):83-6.

16

Cox SJ, Voyce C, Parida S, Reid SM, Hamblin PA, Hutchings G, Paton DJ, Barnett PV. Effect of emergency FMD vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle. Vaccine. 2006 Apr 12;24(16):3184-90. Epub 2006 Jan 30. Knowles NJ, Samuel AR, Davies PR, Midgley RJ, Valarcher JF. Pandemic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Dec;11(12):1887-93. Diaz-San Segundo F, Salguero FJ, de Avila A, de Marco MM, Sanchez-Martin MA, Sevilla N. Selective lymphocyte depletion during the early stage of the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in swine. J Virol. 2006 Mar;80(5):2369-79. Wernery U, Nagy P, Amaral-Doel CM, Zhang Z, Alexandersen S. Lack of susceptibility of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Vet Rec. 2006 Feb 11;158(6):201-3. No abstract available. Rasmussen TB, Uttenthal A, Aguero M. Detection of three porcine vesicular viruses using multiplex real-time primer-probe energy transfer. J Virol Methods. 2006 Feb 9; [Epub ahead of print] Gu CJ, Zheng CY, Zhang Q, Shi LL, Li Y, Qu SF. An antiviral mechanism investigated with ribavirin as an RNA virus mutagen for foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Jan 31;39(1):9-15. Rivas AL, Kunsberg B, Chowell G, Smith SD, Hyman JM, Schwager SJ. Human-mediated foot-and-mouth disease epidemic dispersal: disease and vector clusters. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2006 Feb;53(1):1-10. Ferrer-Orta C, Arias A, Agudo R, Perez-Luque R, Escarmis C, Domingo E, Verdaguer N. The structure of a protein primer-polymerase complex in the initiation of genome replication. EMBO J. 2006 Feb 22;25(4):880-8. Epub 2006 Feb 2. Dukes JP, King DP, Alexandersen S. Novel reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Arch Virol. 2006 Feb 2; [Epub ahead of print] Lee F, Jong MH, Yang DW. Presence of antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in repeatedly vaccinated cattle. Vet Microbiol. 2006 Jan 27; [Epub ahead of print] de Los Santos T, de Avila Botton S, Weiblen R, Grubman MJ. The leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits the induction of beta interferon mRNA and blocks the host innate immune response. J Virol. 2006 Feb;80(4):1906-14. Chowell G, Rivas AL, Smith SD, Hyman JM. Identification of case clusters and counties with high infective connectivity in the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in Uruguay. Am J Vet Res. 2006 Jan;67(1):102-13. Zhang Z, Bashiruddin JB, Doel C, Horsington J, Durand S, Alexandersen S. Cytokine and Toll-like receptor mRNAs in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues of cattle during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection. J Comp Pathol. 2006 Jan;134(1):56-62. Yoon H, Wee SH, Stevenson MA, O'leary BD, Morris RS, Hwang IJ, Park CK, Stern MW. Simulation analyses to evaluate alternative control strategies for the 2002 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the Republic of Korea. Prev Vet Med. 2006 Jan 16; [Epub ahead of print] Wang F, He XW, Jiang L, Ren D, He Y, Li DA, Sun SH. Enhanced immunogenicity of microencapsulated multiepitope DNA vaccine encoding T and B cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus in mice. Vaccine. 2006 Mar 15;24(12):2017-26. Epub 2005 Dec 1. Savill NJ, Shaw DJ, Deardon R, Tildesley MJ, Keeling MJ, Woolhouse ME, Brooks SP, Grenfell BT. Topographic determinants of foot and mouth disease transmission in the UK 2001 epidemic. BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jan 16;2:3.

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