FAO Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture Certification · FAO Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture...
Transcript of FAO Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture Certification · FAO Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture...
FAO Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture Certification
Lahsen Ababouch
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
Italy
Million tonnes
Fisheries and aquaculture production
(1951-2008)
0.0
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60.0
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120.0
140.0
160.0
1951 1959 1967 1975 1983 1991 1999 2007
Mil
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Capture (marine waters) Capture (inland waters) Total aquaculture
Contribution to food-fish supply
0
20
40
60
80
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120
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
mil
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0.0%
10.0%
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AquacultureCaptureAQ share
Evolution of global middle class in million
people and % (oecd, 2010)
203020202009
4484 (100%) 3249 (100%)1845 (100%)Total World
234 (5%)165 (5%)105 (6%)Middle east and
North Africa
107 (2%)57 (2%)32 (2%)Sub Saharian
Africa
3228 (66%)740 (54%)525 (28%)Asia and Pacific
313 (6%)251 (8%)181 (10%)Central and
South America
680 (14%)703 (22%)664 (36%)Europe
322 (7%)333 (10%)338 (18%)North America
Middle class spending worldwide in million of
2005 PPP $ and % (oecd, 2010)
203020202009
55680 (100%) 35045 (100%)21278 (100%)Total World
1966 (4%)1321 (4%)796 (4%)Middle east and
North Africa
827 (1%)448 (1%)256 (1%)Sub Saharian
Africa
32596 (59%)14798 (42%)4952 (23%)Asia and Pacific
3117 (6%)2315 (7%)1534 (7%)Central and
South America
11337 (20%)10301 (29%)8138 (38%)Europe
5837 (10%)5863 (17%)5602 (26%)North America
FAO SubFAO Sub--Committee on Aquaculture Committee on Aquaculture
(3rd Session, New Delhi, India, 2006)(3rd Session, New Delhi, India, 2006)
• Expressed concern over the emergence of a wide range of certification schemes and their cost/benefit value
• recognized the need for globally accepted norms for aquaculture production to serve:
– as a basis for improved harmonization and
– to facilitate mutual recognition and equivalence of such certification schemes;
• Requested FAO to:
– convene Expert Workshop (s) and
– to play a lead role in facilitating the development of guidelines for certification in aquaculture
The ProcessThe Process
• COFI-SC: AQ/III – 8-12 September 2006 – New Delhi, India
• January 2007: Secretariat, Advisory Group, E-mail recipient list, Website
• Bangkok Workshop – February 2007 Guidelines - Draft 1
• Fortaleza Workshop – September 2007 Guidelines - Draft 2• Cochin, India meeting – November 2007
• London meeting – February 2008 Guidelines - Draft 3• Silver Spring, Washington D.C meeting – May 2008
• Beijing meeting – May 2008 Guidelines - Draft 4• COFI/AQ/IV – 6-10 October 2008 – Puerta Varas, Chile
• 28th Session of COFI, 2 – 6 March 2009, Rome, Italy
• Comments by members - January 2009 Guidelines Draft 5• Technical consultation, Rome Italy, March 2010
• 5th Session of COFI: SC on Aquaculture, Phuket, Thailand, September 2010
• 28th Session of COFI: 31 January – 4 February 2011
ContentsContents1. Background
2. Scope
3. Terms and Definitions
4. Users
5. Application
6. Principles
7. Minimum Substantive Criteria
7.1 Animal Health and Welfare
7.2 Food Safety and Quality
7.3 Environmental Integrity
7.4 Social Responsibility
8. INSTITUTIONAL AND PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS
8.1 Governance
8.2 Standards Setting
8.3 Accreditation
8.4 Certification
9. Implementation
1- Consistency with International Instruments
Background
• ECG address a natural resource and define criteria to certify:
– its exploitation status and
– the related management regime
• The ACG deal with an aquatic animal production system and define criteria for farm inputs, facilities and practices to ensure:
– consumer protection,
– animal health and welfare,
– environmental integrity and
– social responsibility
1- Consistency with International instruments
Recommendations of the Secretariat
• relevant international guidelines, codes and standards dealing with an array of different issues should be consulted and debated during the coming technical consultation:– SPS and TBT agreements for definitions, scope and principles
– Codex texts should be used for specific definitions, criteria and certification respectively for food safety/quality
– OIE texts should be used for specific definitions, criteria and certification for animal health.
– ISEAL texts are relevant to environmental and social issues.
– Relevant ISO guides and standards are appropriate for the institutional and procedural requirements
2- Animal welfare or social responsibility
Background
• Concern over the emergence of a wide range of certification schemes and accreditation bodies leading to confusion amongst producers and consumers
• The need for more globally accepted norms for aquaculture production, which could provide more guidance and serve as a basis for improved harmonization and facilitate mutual recognition and equivalence of such certification schemes;
• The consultative process concluded that all major aspects being certified by existing certification standards and schemes shouldbe included in the guidelines on aquaculture certification
• social responsibility in fisheries and aquaculture is clearly outlined in the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and its relevant technical guidelines.
2- Animal welfare or social responsibility
Recommendations
• Careful consideration of the implications before limiting the criteria for the aquaculture certification guidelines;
• The secretariat advises members to consider the international debate on social responsibility and animal welfare, and decide whether it is sufficiently advanced to enable the up-coming technical consultation to discuss the issues and recommend whether animal welfare and social responsibility should be included in or exclude from the Aquaculture certification guidelines
3- Certification of all or some of the 4 areas?
Background
• Various markets with varying requirements
• Certification required:
– by all markets and buyers for food safety,
– by many markets for animal health
– by few buyers for animal welfare or social responsibility
3- Certification of all or only some of the 4 areas
Recommendations
• Members advised to consider flexibility to choose what criteria to be certified in line with the current practices in international fish trade;
• But the existing text should be modified to eliminate any confusion and to ensure that labels and claims cover the specific area(s) certified against and do not convey misleading or confusing information
4- special needs of small scale aquaculture or
developing countries
Background
• Particular provisions for technical assistance or special
and differential treatments of developing countries are
part of international instruments e.g. :
– SPS (Articles 9 and 10) and TBT (Articles 11 and 12) Agreements of the WTO
– FAO CCRF (Article 5 – Special Requirements for Developing Countries)
– Guidelines for eco-labeling in marine capture fisheries (Paragraph 6)
4- special needs of small scale aquaculture or
developing countries
Recommendations
• Members are advised to capture the same idea and principles in the guidelines for aquaculture certification;
• If this is retained, the text should clarify:– that technical assistance is not a pre-requisite for
certification and
– that certification of an aquaculture product means conformity of the product and production process to the requirements of the guidelines, regardless of whether the operation is small or large scale in a developing or developed country
5- Core government functions and voluntary
requirements
Background
• Government prerogatives in areas like consumer and animal health protection
• National jurisdictions are expanding to areas like:
– eco-labeling or
– social responsibility
• How to ensure that government and private sector activities in standard setting and certification are:
– complementary and
– synergistic?
5- Core government functions and voluntary
requirements
Recommendations• Members should clarify the roles of governments and
that of private schemes and promote synergy;
• The TBT agreement provide a good framework. It delineates the role and responsibility of:
– Central governments,
– regional governments and
– non government organizations
in charge of setting:
– standards
– technical regulations and
– conformity assessment procedures
6- Food safety only, or food safety and quality
Background
• The ACG refer to the SPS and TBT agreements of the WTO
• These 2 agreements refer to the Codex AlimentariusCommission as the international body which sets standards, codes of practice and guidelines for food safety and quality
• The Codex requirements for quality are minimum substantive criteria that reflect good practices along the aquaculture value chain, including during production
6- Food safety only, or food safety and quality
Recommendation
• Members are advised to define criteria for safety and quality in the guidelines for aquaculture certification, so as to reflect good practices during aquaculture production, in conformity with Codex
• Implementation of Good practice would lead to a fair and level playing field among aquaculture producers
Lessons learned and future perspectives
• Objective: Standards and certification of commodities to facilitate market access and promote good practices. Have we achieve this?
• Standards and certification in the agenda of other organizations:
– World Trade Organization (WTO, SPS and TBT Committees)
– Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
– Organization Internationale des Epizooties (OIE)
– Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI)
– International Standard organization (ISO, TC 234)
– WWF
TBT Agreement
Annex 1. Definitions
• Technical regulation
Document which lays down product characteristics or their related processes and production methods, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling requirements as they apply to a product, process or production method.
TBT Agreement
Annex 1. Definitions
• Standard
Document approved by a recognized body, that
provides, for common and repeated use, rules,
guidelines or characteristics for products or related
processes and production methods, with which
compliance is not mandatory. It may also include or
deal exclusively with terminology, symbols,
packaging, marking or labelling requirements as
they apply to a product, process or production
method.
TBT Agreement
Annex 1. Definitions
• Conformity assessment procedures
Any procedure used, directly or
indirectly, to determine that relevant
requirements in technical regulations or
standards are fulfilled
SPS/TBT Agreements
General Principles
• Sovereignty
• Harmonization
• Equivalency
• Scientific basis
• Transparency
• Technical Assistance
• Special and differential treatment
• Consultation and dispute settlement
Scope of SPS and TBT is different!
technical regulations, standards, conformity assessment procedures
Central Governments, regional Governments, Non Government Organizations
“any measure”
Disciplines on “standardizing bodies”
(Article 4, and Annex 3 on the CGP)
Substantive provisions in CGP ≈≈≈≈ main body of TBT Agreement
non-
discrimination avoidance of
unnecessary
barriers to trade
use / participation
international standards
transparency /
consultation
“Acknowledged”(Article 4.2)
Standardizing bodies that have accepted and are complying with the Code of Good Practice shall be acknowledged by the Members as complying with the principles of this Agreement
Non-governmental standardizing body
(TBT Agreement, Article 4.1, second sentence)
• "They [Members] shall take such reasonable measures as may be available to them to ensure that local government and non-governmental standardizing bodies within their territories, as well as regional standardizing bodies of which they or one or more bodies within their territories are members, accept and comply with this Code of Good Practice."
TBTC Decision on International Standards (Nov 2000)
• Principles:
−−−− transparency−−−− openness −−−− impartiality and consensus −−−− relevance and effectiveness −−−− coherence and−−−− development dimension
G–90
G-10
G-33
ACP
LDCs
Cairns Group
G-20
Recentnew
African Group
EUG-27
TROPICAL PRODUCTS
(Bolivia) (Colombia)
(Costa Rica) (Ecuador)
El Salvador (Honduras)
(Guatemala) (Nicaragua) (Panama)
(Peru) (Venezuela)
ChadBurkina FasoBurundi Togo
Central African RepDjibouti DR Congo
Mali Gambia GuineaGuinea Bissau Lesotho
Malawi Mauritania NigerSierra Leone Rwanda
BeninMadagascarSenegalUgandaZambiaTanzania
BelizeBarbadosAntigua/BarbudaDominica DominicanRepGrenada GuyanaSt Vincent/GrenadinesTrinidad/TobagoJamaica Suriname
St Kitts/NevisSt Lucia
GabonGhanaNamibia
HondurasMongoliaNicaragua
PanamaSri Lanka Turkey
El Salvador
NigeriaZimbabwe
BotswanaCameroon
CongoCôte d’Ivoire
KenyaMozambique
Egypt
Tunisia Morocco
AngolaSwaziland
Mauritius
R Korea
Iceland Israel JapanLiechtenstein Norway
SwitzerlandCh Taipei
AustriaBelgium Bulgaria
Cyprus Czech. R DenmarkEstonia Finland FranceGermany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy LatviaLithuania Luxembourg MaltaNetherlands Poland Portugal
Romania SlovakiaSlovenia Spain
Sweden UK
Mexico
IndiaChinaVenezuela
FijiPapua New Guinea
IndonesiaPakistanPhilippines
Peru
Cuba
Haiti
Australia CanadaColombiaCosta Rica
GuatemalaMalaysia N Zealand
ChileBrazil
BoliviaUruguay
ThailandParaguay
Argentina
BangladeshCambodia
MaldivesMyanmar
Nepal
S Africa
Solomon Islands
USG–1
AlbaniaArmenia China
Croatia Ecuador FYR-Macedonia Georgia JordanKyrgyzR Moldova Mongolia Oman Panama S. Arabia
Ch Taipei Viet Nam
« Friends of Fish »: Australia, Chile, Ecuador, Iceland, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines & US
Private standards at WTO (Summary)
• A new area for WTO since 2005 (SPS
Committee)
• For some WTO members, the use of
private standards to:
– encourage the use of responsible practices
– thus helping suppliers to improve quality and
gain access to markets
Private standards at WTO
• Other WTO members question whether:
– private standards and certification schemes duplicate or
complement government work (e.g. food safety, animal
health)
– they improve sustainability, consumer and environmental
protection or only add another cost of compliance
– they comply with the disciplines of the SPS and TBT
Agreements (e.g. transparency, scientific basis,...
– How to define boundaries between public regulations on the
one hand and private market standards on the other?
– What mechanism to use to challenge the use of private
standards as TBT?
• Governments• Policymakers• Fisheries Bodies• National Fisheries
• Catching• Farming Sector
• Processors • Retailers
‘Ecolabel’Focus
‘B2B’Focus
‘B2B’Focus
Market driven phase
Degree of ‘Sustainability’ Rating - Scale 0-100 % (Illustrative)
100%
Depleted Underexploited
0%
IUU
‘Transitional Fisheries’ also need motivation
‘Moderately/Fully Exploited’
'Transitional Fisheries Eco- Certified
Incentivise instead of ‘penalising’ –
social dimensions are far reaching
Equitable share of responsibility, costs and benefits
““Fisheries and aquaculture Fisheries and aquaculture
Sustainability is too important to Sustainability is too important to
leave it only to the market or only leave it only to the market or only
to policymakersto policymakers””
• Governments
• Policymakers
• Fisheries Bodies
• NGO’s
• Processors • Retailers• Catching
• Farming
Sector
Thank you
http://www.fao.org/fishery/about/cofi/aquaculture/en
Lahsen AbabouchChief, Fish Utilization and Marketing Service Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office F - 608. Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 06 570 54157 Fax: +39 06 570 55188 Website http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp