FAO Electronic Conference on MULBERRY FOR ANIMAL ... · FAO Electronic Conference on MULBERRY FOR...

FAO Electronic Conference on MULBERRY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION (Morus1-L)

1

Mulberry Germplasm andCultivation in Brazil

J. E. de Almeida and Tamara Canto FonsecaInstituto de Zootecnia, São Paolo, Brazil

1. IntroductionMulberry (Morus sp.), originally from Asia, was introduced in

Brazil during the colonial times. Nowadays, Mulberry is widelyknown, frequent in orchards, recreational rural households andgardens. Its fruits are very well appreciated for direct consumptionand for making marmalades. However, commercial mulberrycultivation occurs only in regions where it is associated withsericulture.

According with the latest statistics, the mulberry area in Brazilcovers approximately 38 thousand hectares (Table 1 and Figure1), state of Paraná being the largest concentration of that area with32.4 thousand hectares (Table 2 and Figure 2) followed bywestern portion of state of São Paulo, with 4.6 thousand ha (Table3 and Figure 3) and by smaller areas in states of Goiás, MatoGrosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Santa Catarina.

It must be highlighted that all production of these areas is forthe silkworm, and no surplus is available for other uses. Plantmanagement includes frequent pruning which prevents plantsfrom blossoming and fruit development, thus, plant sex isirrelevant.

According Fonseca and Fonseca (1986), the first attempt tocommercially cultivate mulberry occurred in the Rio de JaneiroState, as initiative of the Emperor D. Pedro II, in the middle of19th century. After a period of decadence, it was resumed only in1923, in the eastern parts of São Paulo State following the Italian

Mulberry Germplasm and Cultivation in Brazil

2

immigration. Later eastern São Paulo showed a decline insericulture and western São Paulo flourished, coinciding withJapanese immigration. Nowadays. sericulture is concentrated inthe northern part of Paraná State.

Table 1. Areas with mulberry. (Abrasseda, 1998)State Mulberry area (ha)Goiás (GO) 24Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) 459Minas Gerais (MG) 77Paraná (PR) 32,428Santa Catarina (SC) 114São Paulo (SP) 4645Total 38,076

Figure 1. Map of Brazil


3

Figure 2. Map of Paraná State

Table 2. Areas with mulberry in Paraná State, (EMATER, 1998)

Counties Area (ha)Apucarana 610,00Campo Mourão 1243,76Cascavel 1929,52Cornélio Procópio 90,59Curitiba 151,01Francisco Beltrão 662,38Guarapuava 213,68Irati 1,16Ivaiporã 2240,59Londrina 630,44Maringá 8775,97Paranavai 4600,93Pato Branco 501,72Ponta Grossa 414,69Santo Antônio Da Platina 1970,38Toledo 762,87Umuarama 7625,96Total 32425,76


4

Figure 3. Map of São Paulo State

Table 3. Area with mulberry in São Paolo State (ABRASSEDA,1998)

Regional agriculturaldivisions

Area(ha)

Regional agriculturaldivisions

Area(ha)

Andradina 243,04 Jaú 43,30Araçatuba 26,88 Limeira 18,37Araraquara 66,51 Lins 898,80Assis 125,89 Marília 318,86Avaré 21,28 Ourinhos 161,62Bauru 554,13 Piracicaba 15,68Catanduva 78,40 Presidente Prudente 221,85Dracena 236,32 Presidente Venceslau 49,05General Salgado 446,68 São João da Boa Vista 34,99Itapetininga 5,15 São José do Rio Preto 193,76Itapeva 41,89 Tupã 775,04Jaboticabal 2,24 Votuporânga 29,68Jales 35,84

Estado de São Paulo 4645,25


5

The causes that determined the movements of mulberrycultivation are not clear, but they must be related to variousfactors such as: the low income condition prevailing among ruralpopulation who sees sericulture as secure source for incomegeneration; with the appearance of other economic alternatives;and with soil exhaustion, production and profitability decline,resulting in sericulture opening space to other activities with moreintensive in capital requirements.

2. Improved Varieties and ClonesIn Brazil, the totality of cultivated mulberry varieties appear to

belong to Morus alba. In São Paulo State, there is an activegermoplasm bank (BAG) at the Estação Experimental deZootecnia (Livestock Experimental Station) in Gália county; onecollections at the University of São Paulo state (UNESP) inJaboticabal county; one in a spinning mill (under the trade nameof Fiações de Seda Bratac), in Bastos county; and one at theAgronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), in Londrina.

The Estação Experimental de Zootecnia has sericultureresearch as mandate and its BAG includes three collections: a)variety collection (32 clones), b) the Instituto de Zootecniacollection (42 clones), and, c) the Fukashi-Miura collection (14clones).

Little information is available regarding which clones are usedin the 38,000ha planted with mulberry. Commercial companieshave disseminated the Miura and Korin clones, due to the greatsupply of planting material. These clones together with theCalabresa variety make the large majority of cultivated area.

Genetically modified clones (IZ & FM) are very productiveand with more nutritious leaves, but being destined completely tosilkworm feeding, their expansion has been limited.


6

Production data for this report were obtained from researchcarried out at Instituto de Zootecnia (Fonseca et al.,1985a,b,c,1986, 1987a,b,c). Considering that the purpose of thework was fresh biomass production for silkworm feeding, the dataare in fresh leaf weight. However, according with Almeida et al.(1989), it is known that the leaf:stem ratio is 1:1 when the cut ismade at 90d. For more frequent cutting leaf:stem ratio can vary.

Variety Collection

1 - Branca da Espanha (Spanish white). Imported fromSpain. It shows good development, good adaptation, it isproductive and precocious. Good propagation through cuttings.

2 - Calabresa - Imported from Italy. Optimal adaptation. It isproductive, rustic and very precocious. Easy propagation throughcuttings.

Estimated production is 5,079 kg/ha/year.

3 - Catânia 1. Imported from Italy. Well adapted, is vigorousand very productive. Not well propagated through cuttings.

4 - Catânia 2. Imported from Italy. Well adapted, vigorous andhighly productive. Not well propagated through cuttings.

5 - Catânia Paulista. From the extinct Livestock ExperimentalStation at Limeira, São Paulo State. Its characteristics have someresemblance to two Catânia varieties above. It is precocious,productive and vigorous. Not well propagated through cuttings.


7

6 - Contadini. Imported from Italy. Well adapted, productiveand precocious. Very good propagation through cuttings.

7 - Fernão Dias. From Fernão Dias county of São Paulo State.It is precocious and productive. Good propagation throughcuttings.


8 - Flório. Italian origin. Not very well adapted. It isprecocious but not productive. Not well propagated throughcuttings.

9 - Formosa. Originary from Taiwan. Very well adapted,productive, precocious and vigorous. Easily propagated throughcuttings.


10 - Galiana. Originary from Livestock Experimental Stationat Gália, São Paolo State. Medium tardy, vigorous and rustic. Notwell propagated through cuttings.

Data for 1m branch: leaf number, 22; mean leaf weight, 5.86g;mean stem weight, 53.1g; leaf weight:stem weight, 2.43;internodal distance 4.5cm.

11 - Iamada. Originary from Promissão county, São PaoloState. It is precocious, but little productive. Good propagationthrough cuttings.


8

12 - Kokuso 21. Imported from Japan. Not well adapted, istardy, produces few branches that grown slowly. No propagationthrough cuttings.

13 - Kokuso 27. Imported from Japan. Not well adapted, tardy,produces few branches that grown slowly. No propagationthrough cuttings.

14 - Lopes Lins. Originated from Tietê county, São PaoloState. It is precocious and productive. Good propagation throughcuttings.

15 - Miura. Originated from Bastos county, São Paolo State. Ithas some similar characteristics to the Calabrese variety. It isprecocious, rustic and productive.

16 - Moretiana. Imported from Italy. Very good adaptation,productive and rustic. It is little tardy, no propagation throughcuttings.

17 - Moscatela. Originated from Italy. Good adaptation,prococious, rustic and productive. Good propagation throughcuttings.

18 - Nezumigaeshi. Imported from Japan. Good adaptation,productive, rustic and vigorous. No well propagated throughcuttings.


9

19 - Nostrana. From the extinct Livestock ExperimentalStation at Limeira, São Paolo State. It is rustic, precocious andvigorous. Easy propagation through cuttings.

20 - Paduana. Coming from Borborema county, São PaoloState. It is precocious, rustic and productive. Good propagationthrough cuttings.

21 - Pêndula. Originated from Rio de Janeiro State. It isprecocious, rustic but little productive

22 - Rosa. Originated from Italy. Good adaptation but lowproductivity. Slow development. Good propagation throughcuttings.

23 - Rosa da Lombardia – Originary from Italy. Badadaptation, it medium tardy, low productivity. Slow developmentand precocious leaf maturation. No good propagation throughcuttings.

24 - Rosol. Originated from Registro county, São Paolo. It isprecocious, rustic, vigorous and productive. but leaves are verywrinkled, coarse and easily broken, little adapted to feeding thesilkworm.

25 - Selvagem. From the extinct Sericulture Service atCampinas, São Paolo State. It is rustic, vigorous and precocious,showing low productivity, with excessively multiblobed leaveswith reduced useful foliar area.


10

26 - Serra-das-Araras. Coming from Ararasmountain rangesituated in Rio de Janeiro State. It is very precocious, rustic andwith low production. Very intense blossoming Easy propagationthrough cuttings.

27 - Siciliana. Coming from Barbacena county, Minas GeraisState, It is precocious, rustic but with low production. Easilypropagated through cuttings.

28 - Talo Roxo. From the extinct Sericulture Service inCampinas, São Paolo. It is precocious, with low production, andeasy propagation through cuttings.

29 - Tietê. Coming from Tietê county, São Paolo State. It isprecocious, rustic and with low production. Good propagationthrough cuttings.

30 - Ungaresa - From the extinct Livestock ExperimentalStation at Limeira, São Paolo State. It is rustic, precocious andproductive. Leaves are coarse, no appreciated by silkworm.

31 - Korin. From Fiações de Seda Bratac collection, is veryvigorous and productive. Good propagation through cuttings.

The production and agrobotanic characteristics of the varietiesabove are contained in Tables 4 and 5.


11

Table 4. Quantitative Characteristics of some mulberry varieties(data for 1m-branch)

Variety Leafnumber

Meanleaf

weight (g)

Meanbranch

weight (g)

Leaf/Branch

ratio

Internodallength(cm)

01. Branca da Espanha 24 4.65 42.5 2.63 4.202. Calabresa 26 3.04 33.5 2.36 3.803. Catânia 1 26 5.79 64.3 2.35 3.804. Catânia 2 26 6.09 50.9 3.10 3.805. Catânia Paulista 25 5.44 61.8 2.20 4.006. Contadini 31 3.29 38 2.69 3.207. Fernão Dias 25 4.10 38.6 2.67 4.008. Flório 25 2.40 37.5 1.60 4.009. Formosa 24 4.66 41.5 2.70 4.210. Galiana 22 5.86 53.1 2.43 4.511. Iamada 30 2.52 52.7 1.14 2.812. Kokuzo 21 31 7.29 75.1 3.01 3.213. Kokuzo 27 30 7.88 75.0 3.15 3.314. Lopes Lins 19 5.30 41.9 2.41 5.215. Miura 24 4.24 38.4 2.66 4.216. Moretiana 33 2.67 46.8 1.88 3.317. Moscatela 24 3.91 31 3.04 4.218. Nezumigaeshi 47 3.54 65.1 2.55 2.119. Nostrana 21 4.23 30.9 2.88 4.820. Paduana 20 8.04 44.6 3.61 5.021. Pendula 24 3.48 32.2 2.61 4.222. Rosa 28 2.47 35.6 1.91 3.623. Rosada Lombardia 31 4.29 62.2 2.14 3.224. Rosol 16 9.05 44.1 3.29 6.225. Selvagem 21 2.68 25.0 2.24 4.826. Serra das Araras 42 1.98 34.5 2.44 2.427. Sicicliana 23 3.17 29.5 2.48 4.328. Talo Roxo 24 3.95 40.1 2.37 4.229. Tiete 21 4.75 43.1 2.32 4.830. Ungareza 26 2.95 32.3 2.39 2.831. Korin - - - - -


12

Table 5. Agrobotanic characteristics of same mulberry varieties.

Size(cm2) Shape Base Edge1

B. da Espanha 380 Entire/Lobed Truncated SCalabresa 240 Five lobes Lobed DCatânia 1 330 Entire/Ovate Truncated DCatânia 2 335 Entire/Ovate Truncated DCatânia Paulista 252 Entire/Ovate Rounded DContadini 257 Entire/Ovate Rounded DFernão Dias 274 Entire/Ovate/Lobed Cordated DFlório 150 Entire/Cordiform Cordated SFormosa 339 Entire/Ovate/Lobed Cordated SGaliana 405 Lobed Truncated lobed SIamada 184 Entire/Ovate/Lobed Cordated lobed DKokuzo 21 408 Entire/Ovate Linear Round CKokuzo 27 405 Intire/Ovate Round CLopes Lins 330 Entire/Lobed Cordated CMiura 276 Entire/Lobed Cordated Lobed DMoretiana 181 Entire/Cordiform Cordated SMoscatela 282 Entire/Ovate Truncated SNezumigaeshi 213 Five lobed* Truncated Lobed SNostrana 250 Entire/Ovate Rounded DPaduana 404 Entire/Ovate/Lobed Cordated DPendula 232 Entire/Ovate/Lobed Truncated Linear DRosa 177 Entire/Cordiform Cordated DR.da Lombardia 289 Entire/Cordiform Deeply cordated SRosol 500 Entire/Ovate Linear DSelvagem 210 Lobed Lobed S/DSerra das Araras 144 Entire/Ovate Cordated SSicicliana 253 Entire/Ovate/Lobed Truncated S/DTalo Roxo 282 Entire/Cordiform Cordated DTiete 272 Entire/Ovate/Lobed Truncated DUngareza 209 Entire/Ovate Truncated Linear S/DKorin - - - -

1 S = serrated; D = dentated; C = crenated2 S = small; M = medium; L = large


13

Table 5. Agrobotanic characteristics of same mulberry varieties(continuation)

Surface Bark color Bud2 Flower Size2

ColourB. da Espanha Smooth/Glossy Greyish Yellow- S � S/WhiteCalabresa Smooth/Glossy Dark greyish brown S � M/PurpleCatânia 1 Undulated/Glossy Light greyish yellow S � L/PurpleCatânia 2 Undulated/Glossy Light brown M � L/WhiteCatânia Paulista Undulated/Glossy Whitish brown L � -Contadini Undulated/Glossy Greyish brown M � M/PurpleFernão Dias Smooth/Glossy Whitish brown M � M/PurpleFlório Smooth/Glossy Brown S � S/PurpleFormosa Smooth/Glossy Dark brown M � M/PurpleGaliana Smooth/Glossy Greyish brown L � M/PurpleIamada Smooth/Glossy Greyish brown M � M/PurpleKokuzo 21 Smooth/Glossy Light greyish yellow M � -Kokuzo 27 Smooth/Glossy Light greyish yellow S � -Lopes Lins Smooth/Glossy Light greyish brown S � S/PurpleMiura Smooth/Glossy Light greyish brown L � M/PurpleMoretiana Smooth/Glossys Brown M � S/PurpleMoscatela Smooth/Glossy Light brown greyish L � S/PurpleNezumigaeshi Smooth/Glossy Light yellow greyish S � -Nostrana Undulated/Glossy Dark brown M � M/PurplePaduana Undulated/Opaque Greyish brown L � -Pendula Smooth/Glossy Greyish brown L � M/PurpleRosa Smooth/Opaque Brown M � S/PurpleR.da Lombardia Smooth/Glossy Light brown S � M/PurpleRosol Blistered Whitish brown S � S/PurpleSelvagem Smooth/Glossy Dark brown L � M/PurpleSerra das Araras Smooth/Glossy Brown L � S/PurpleSicicliana Undulated/Glossy Dark brown L � -Talo Roxo Undulated/Opaque Dark reddish brown L � L/PurpleTiete Smooth/Glossy Brown M � M/PurpleUngareza Smooth/Opaque Dark brown S � -Korin - - - - -

1 S = serrated; D = dentated; C = crenated2 S = small; M = medium; L = large


14

Table 6. Origin and estimated production of IZ collection clones

Clone Cross-breedingEstimatedproduction

(kg/ha/year)IZ30 Random breeding 8,559IZ40 Random breeding 9,931IZ64 Random breeding 7,945IZ1/17 Fernão Dias x Catânia Paulista 7,686IZ2/2 Calabresa x Catânia Paulista 6,197IZ3/2 - Issaokina Contadini x Catânia Paulista 8,597IZ5/2 - Capucho Branca de Espanha x Catânia 7,895IZ6/2 Lopes Lins x Catânia Paulista 5,438IZ10/1 - Campinas Lopes Lins x Catânia Paulista 7,984IZ10/4 Lopes Lins x Catânia Paulista 6,698IZ12/3 Fernão Dias x Catânia Paulista 6,104IZ13/6 - Luiz Paolieri Fernão Dias x Kokuzo 11,844IZ15/1 Calabresa x Nezumigaeshi 6,304IZ15/7 - Rio da Pedras Calabresa x Nezumigaeshi 6,501IZ19/1 Talo Roxo x Kokuso 27 5,119IZ19/13 - Rosa da Fonseca Talo Roxo x Kokuzo 27 10,177IZ23/8 Rosol x Catânia Paulista 5,555IZ29/1 - Sempre Verde Capinas x Nezumigaeshi 8,224IZ42/12 Catânia x Siciliana 5,001IZ51/1 Brabca de Espanha x Nezumigaeshi 7.878IZ56/4 0 Tamarina Formosa x Catania Paulista 12,043IZ57/2 - Javanesa Fromosa x Kokuso 27 9,353IZ1/1 Fernão Dias x Catânia PaulistaIZ1/2 "IZ1/3 "IZ1/12 "IZ1/16 "IZ2/1 Calabresa x Catânia PaulistaIZ3/1 Contadini x Catânia PaulistaIZ4/1 Moretiana x Catânia PaulistaIZ4/4 "IZ5/1 Calabresa x Catânia PaulistaIZ6/1 "IZ6/3 Lopes Lins x Catânia PaulistaIZ6/7 "IZ11/9 Formosa x Kokuso 21 4,526IZ14/1 Branca de Espanha x Catânia PaulistaIZ16/3 Fernão Dias x Catânia Paulista 5,310IZ18/19 Catânia x Catânia PaulistaIZ23/3 Rosol x Catânia Paulista 4,049IZ23/3 "


15

IZ Collection

This is a collection made by selected clones, originary frombreeding programs conducted by researchers from LivestockInstitute (Instituto de Zootecnia or IZ), which belongs to theSecretary of Agriculture of São Paulo State (Table 6). Theproduction and agrobotanic characteristics of the IZ clones areshown in Tables 7 and 8.

Table 7. Quantitative characteristics of mulberry clones of the IZcollection(data per 1m-branch)

Clone Leafnumber

Mean leafweight (g)

Mean branchweight (g)

Leaf/branchratio

Internodallength (cm)

IZ 30 - 27 2.52 35.0 1.70 3.71IZ 40 34 2.35 49.0 2.35 2.95IZ 64 26 4.70 38.0 3.00 3.85

IZ 1/17 19 5.28 48.9 2.05 5.3IZ 2/2 24 3.06 49.9 1.47 4.2IZ 3/2 27 4.10 49.9 2.22 3.7IZ 5/2 24 4.13 46.3 2.14 4.2IZ 6/2 22 4.09 48.6 1.85 4.5IZ 10/1 22 5.56 46.8 2.62 4.5IZ 10/4 23 4.26 53.7 1.82 4.3IZ 10/8 19 4.27 38.0 2.14 5.3IZ 12/3 25 3.88 41.9 2.32 4.0IZ 13/6 25 4.82 53.0 2.28 4.0IZ 15/1 25 3.74 52.1 1.80 4.0IZ 15/7 26 1.83 34.6 1.83 3.8IZ 19/1 28 3.10 50.7 1.71 3.6

IZ 19/13 32 4.06 54.9 2.37 3.1IZ 23/8 23 5.62 52.9 2.44 4.3IZ 29/1 28 3.57 48.0 2.08 3.6

IZ 42/12 22 3.34 37.4 1.97 4.5IZ 51/1 21 3.89 35.5 2.30 4.8IZ 56/4 23 4.24 49.4 1.97 4.3IZ 57/2 25 4.16 44.2 2.35 4.4


16

Table 8. Agrobotanic characteristics of mulberry clones from theIZ collection

Size(cm2) Shape Base Edge1 Surface

IZ 30 235 Entire/Ovate Truncate/Round S PlanIZ 40 265 Entire/Cordiform Truncate S PlanIZ 64 395 Entire/Ovated Cordate D Undulate

IZ 1/17 332 Entire/Ovate d Cordate C UndulateIZ 2/2 236 Entire/Ovated Cordate S UndulateIZ 3/2 246 Entire/Ovated Cordate S Undulate

IZ 5/2 271 Entire/CordiformLobed Cordate S Undulate

IZ 6/2 230 Entire/CordiformLobed Deep Cordate C Wrinkled

IZ 10/1 301 Entire/CordiformOvated Cordate C Undulate

IZ 10/4 241 Entire/Ovated Cordate C UndulateIZ 10/8 396 Entire/Ovated Deep Cordate S UndulateIZ 12/3 261 Entire/Ovated Cordate S Undulate

IZ 13/6 242 Entire/OvatedLobed Cordate/Lobed D Undulate

IZ 15/1 309 Five -lobes Lobed S Plan

IZ 15/7 200 Entire/OvatedLobed Cordate S Plan

IZ 19/1 308 Entire/Cordiform Cordate C PlanIZ 19/13 332 Entire/Ovated Truncate C UndulateIZ 23/8 222 Entire/Cordiform Cordate D Wrinkled

IZ 29/1 201 AssimetricCordiform Deep Cordate S Plan

IZ 42/12 230 Entire/Ovated Truncate C PlanIZ 51/1 334 Entire/Ovated Cordate S RugoseIZ 56/4 339 Entire/Cordiform Cordate S UndulateIZ 57/2 365 Entire/Cordiform Truncate S Plan

1 D = dentated; S = serrated; C = crenated2 S = small; M = medium size; L = large3 VP% = percentage of vegetative propagation


17

Table 8. Agrobotanic characteristics of mulberry clones from theIZ collection (continuation)

Bark color Bud2 Flower VP%3

IZ 30 greenish ligth brown S � 80IZ 40 greyish light green M � 86IZ 64 greyish ligth brown L �/�* 54

IZ 1/17 geryish brown S � -IZ 2/2 greyish light green M � -IZ 3/2 whitish light green L � -IZ 5/2 greennish brown M � -IZ 6/2 greyish brown M � -IZ 10/1 greyish light brown M � -IZ 10/4 greyish green M � -IZ 10/8 greyish brown M � -IZ 12/3 yellowish brown M � -IZ 13/6 whitish dark brown L � -IZ 15/1 greyish dark brown L � -IZ 15/7 greyish light brown S � -IZ 19/1 greenish dark brown L � -

IZ 19/13 whitish ligth green L � -IZ 23/8 greenish light brown L � -IZ 29/1 greenish light green L � -

IZ 42/12 greenish light green L � -IZ 51/1 greenish ligth brown M � -IZ 56/4 greenish light green L � -IZ 57/2 greenish ligth brown M � -

1 D = dentated; S = serrated; C = crenated2 S = small; M = medium size; L = large3 VP% = percentage of vegetative propagation

FM Collection

Mulberry clones selected by Mr. Fukashi Miura (FM) fromFiações de Seda Shoei-Bratac, São José do Rio Preto, São PaoloState:


18

Shima Korin 01 - SK02 - SK03 - SK04 – From cross-breeding Shimagoa and Korin varieties.

Shima Miura 11 - SM12 - SM13 - SM14 - SM15 – Fromcross-breeding Shimagoa and Miura varieties.

Fukashi Miura 3/1 - FM6/3 - FM10 - FM30 - FM3/2 –Fromselection into plants origine by seed

3. Mulberry Field Management

Weather

Temperature

Optimal temperature required for mulberry is situated between24 - 28ºC; below 13o growing is stopped and so is branching andbud formation. From August to May, mulberry vegetativegrowing is practically continuous.

Rainfall

Ideal rainfall for mulberry could be situated between 1000 -1500mm, distributed along the productive period and thiscondition met in São Paulo e Paraná States.

Relative Humidity

In general, required air humidity for mulberry is between 65%- 80%. Higher precipitation and soil humidity are contributingfactors for improved leaf quality.

Photoperiod

Major mulberry areas in Brazil are located between 20o e 30o

South, and it seems that there is no photoperiodic limitations toplant growing.


19

AltitudeIn São Paulo State, in general, mulberry crops are located in

altitudes that varies from 300 - 700m, far from the limit toleratedby mulberry.

Drought resistanceNo research data are available relating to drought resistance for

varieties cultivated in Brazil. Seasonal supply of green leavesshown by some varieties even in drought periods was qualitativelyobserved for some clones, for example IZ 29/1.

SoilAlthough mulberry requires adequate soil quality, it can grow

in most of soils available in São Paulo State. However, shallowsoils should be avoided, as well as compacted, hard, impermeableand swampy soil. Whenever possible, preferred soils are deep,fertile, well-drained, friable, porous, with adequate water retentioncapacity and a mild acidity (pH 6.2 - 6.8).

FertilizationOrganic (manure, organic composites etc)In general, poultry manure is applied, with a minimum dose of

0.5 kg per plant, during the winter time, at the depth of 20 to 30cm.

Field experiments demonstrate higher productivity when mulchis applied over the mulberry plants. When available, its utilizationis highly desirable, demanding, though, some necessaryprecaution. For examples, when residues of different origins withvery high C/N ratio are used, it is recommended that chemicalNitrogen fertilizer should be applied jointly in order to acceleratethe decomposition of organic material and avoid competition forNitrogen in the soil.


20

Table 9. Typical composition of various organic materials fromfresh animal and vegetal origins (Van Raij, 1996)

Material C/N Humidity C N P K Cag/kg

Fresh bovine manure 20 620 100 5 2,6 6 2Composted bovine manure 21 340 320 15 12 21 20Poultry Manure 10 550 140 14 8 7 23Swine Manure 9 780 60 7 2 5 12Castor oil seed meal 10 90 450 45 7 11 18Mucuna 20 870 60 3 0,6 3 2Crotalaria juncea 25 860 70 2,8 0,4 3 2

Material Mg S Zn Cu Cd Ni Pbg/kg mg/Kg

Fresh bovine manure 1 1 33 6 0 2 2Composted bovine manure 6 2 217 25 0 2 1Poultry Manure 5 2 138 14 2 2 17Swine Manure 3 - 242 264 0 2 3Castor oil seed meal 5 - 128 73 - - -Mucuna 0,4 - 6 3 - - -Crotalaria juncea 0,4 - 2 1 - - -

Chemical Fertilizers

According to the literature there is no consensus on the idealchemical fertilizer for mulberry plants. Among other factors,quantities to be applied will obviously depend on soil fertility.

Soil analyses have been the more viable and practical way toevaluate soil fertility. Although there have not been any todetermine the amount of fertilizers required for mulberryaccording to soil fertility and economic factors, it is suggested toadopt the standard table of Bulletin 100 from InstitutoAgronômico de Campinas (Van Raij, 1996).


21

Figure 4. Mulberry branches infested byPseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ. Tozz,1885)

According to Rùbia et al. (1976), in cases of low soil contentsin P and K and all silkworm residues being applied in mulberrycultivation, the following chemical prescription could besuggested (in kg/hectare/year): 250kg of N, 65kg of P2O5, and156kg of K2O.

In the case of manure utilization, the data presented in Table 9can be of help to determine nutrient application rates.

4. Diseases and PestsThe main mulberry pests and diseases characteristics and

symptoms are described in the Sericulture Manual (Manual deSericicultura) compiled by the Technical Committee onSericulture (Comissào Técnica de Sericicultura) (TINOCO, 1999)

Principal Pests

1. Pseudaulacaspispentagona (Targ. Tozz,1885). This insect attacksmulberry branches andstems, introducing itsmouth apparatus (stylus)into the sap plantconductors and sucking agreat deal of the plant sap.These insects shieldthemselves under smallstructures and, when theattack is intense, those

structures fully cover branches and stems of the plant (figure 4).The plant is quite weakened by the attack, showing cracks thatallow the entrance of pathogenic micro-organisms. In boggy soils,shadowed, poorly aired, or yet in case of crops that are notmanaged adequately, this attack is more severe.


22

Figure 5. Adult form of Naupactus versatilis

Figura 6. Adult form of Migdolus fryanus

2. Naupactus spp –These beetles belong to theCurculionidae family.Mulberry leaves feed adultphases of the insect, causingsevere reduction in leafsurface, and root systemfeeds larvae phases. As aresult, plant vigor decays,once nutrient absorptioncollapses and pathogenicmicro-organisms are easedthrough plant injures. TheNaupactus versatilis form

has been more frequently detected in Paraná State. Its adult formpresents a length ranging from 11 to 14mm, with metallic greencolor, which becomes darker with age, due to the loss of scale-likestructures.

3. Migdolus fryanusWestwood - Coleopterafrom Cerambycidaefamily. This poliphagusbeetle, biologically littleknown, has been causingeconomic damages inseveral crops, namely insugar-cane, and morerecently, in mulberry.Adult males have black

coloration (in most of the cases), dark brown or red brown, andtheir total length size range from 12.1 and 37.0mm. Adultfemales, on the other hand, show a red-brownish coloration (in


23

Figure 7. Mulberry root with lesions caused byMigdolus fryanus larvae

most of the cases) or dark brownish, and their total length rangesfrom 19.5 to 35mm (Bento et al., 1995). The male exemplars havemembranous and functional wings, with antennas that reachesapproximately half the body size (Figure 6). Female ones havereduced membranous wings, non-functional, and antennas muchshorter than the males.

Larvae causes thetotality of the damage tothe mulberry plants.Those larvae meet in theroot system the idealsource of nutrition, sodestroying them (Figure7). Insect dispersionhappens in the larvaephases, because in thisperiod it is observed anincreased mobility insoil environment, establishing a net of channels that are likely tobe used for adults in order to reach the soil surface during matingperiod.

Although most of the times plants are affected only partially,attacks can completely destroy the affected plants.

Regarding the population control of the insect, there are veryfew alternatives. due to biological and behavioral aspects. One ofthe obstacles is the fact that larvae lodge themselves in a depth of3 to 4m into the soil, and eggs are laid in different depths.

Although there was a generalized belief that attacks were morefrequent in sandy soils, nowadays studies on the subject havedemonstrated that there is no linkage between the type of soil andthe attack of Migdolus


24

Figure 8. Mulberry root with root-knots

4. "Cutting-prone" ants - Sauba ant – Ant hills are truesubterranean urban structures, endowed of a great number ofindividuals (above tem million, in a adult ant hill), and that canreach till seven metres in depth, below soil line.

Quenquéns ants from the genus Acromyrmex.- They aresmaller than sauba ants and, in general, ant hills from this genushardly reach depths larger than 50 cm. The communication fromone ant hill to another is made by ocelli (orifices on the soilsurface). In an ant hill 3 or more years old, three types of ocelliare observed: one for transportation of land, one for ventilation,and one for food provision.

5. Nematode diseases -Meloidogyne spp - Those wormspecies attack mulberryproducing root tumours (root-knots) that make it hard for theplant to absorb nutrients andwater, which could cause severedamage to the crop (Figure 8).Plants attacked present reductionin size, with leaves appearing tolack water, becoming yellowerand falling down, reducingsensibly the production of leavesper area. Mulberry vitalitydeteriorates gradually and, in the later stages, the plant dies.

Main Bacteria and Fungus Diseases

1. White root rot, caused by fungus from genus Rosellinia.This type of fungus live as saprophyte in decaying organic matter,


25

Figure 9. Mulberry root with violet root rot

mainly from plants left over the soil, and they can becomepathogenic to cultivated plants. The diseased mulberry plantsbecome weak, and root is led to be rotten, The hyphae emergingfrom the various fruiting bodies attack the smaller roots of thehealthy plants, and spread to the main root system causing whiteroot rot.

2. Violet root rot,caused by Helicobasidiummompa Tanaka fungus.First symptoms from thisdisease appear whenmulberry does not sproutin the beginning of springor when leaves suddenlyappear to wither in themiddle of summertime.The main diseasecharacteristic is theexistence of similar velvet

veilings that colors of dark-brownish the root bark. There is theappearance of several reddish filamentous substances that colorsall the root bark that are the hyphes from pathogen.

3. Mulberry Withering - This disease has been its frequencyverified in mulberry cultivations of State of São Paulo, mainly inthe region of São José do Rio Preto, having as main characteristicsthe rottening of root. Several samples of attacked plants wereexamined in research institutes and up to the present time, non-conclusive diagnosis are available. According with personalreports of scientific researchers from Biological Institute, thefollowing microorganisms are detected in a sample fromGuaraçaí, State of São Paulo (1997): Fusarim sp, Lassiodiplodiasp, Fusicoccum sp e nematóides Meloidogyne sp e Pratylenchulussp.


26

4. Oídium – Phylactinia corylea Prest Karst. - Oidium is avery common disease in mulberry plants and could cause severedamage when incident on leaves, making them unable to feedsilkworm, once the fungus absorbs all the leaf nutrients.

It frequently occurs in older leaves, that become covered by agrayish-white powder, made from pathogen structures, being morefrequent during the spring and summer, periods when favorableconditions for its development are provided.

5. Rusty spot Cylindrosporium mori Targioni Tozzeti - In thebeginning, the spots are smaller (less than 1 mm of diameter) andwith the development of the process, they can reach more than 1cm, with a brownish coloration, and yellowish edges. The spotsuse to appear in the superior part of the leaf, in the petiole andover the young branches.

In severe attacks, mulberry leaves drastically fall, causing agreat deal of damage.

6. Other leaf spots caused by fungus - It may occur other spotattacks cause by fungus from genera Cercospora sp, Alternariasp, Helminthosporium sp e Colletotrichum sp. Seasonally, they aremore frequent during spring and summer, in periods of higherhumidity and temperature.

7. Bacteria spots - Bacterium mori (Boyer & Lambert),Bacillus curbonianus (Macchiatti), Bacterium moricolum (Yendo& Higushi). - Mulberry is susceptible to this kind of spots, both atany age and in whatever aerial part of the plant. Seasonally, thedisease is more frequently observed in summer (higher humidityand temperature).


27

On the leaves, initial symptoms appear as small and sparselydistributed in necrosed areas, that coalesce and torn apart in aposterior phases, making it possible the exudation of yellowishpus on the lesion. The shootings can also die, causing aoversprouting.

5. References

Abrasseda (Associação Brasileira de Fiações de Seda) 1998. Dados Estatísticosda Produção Sericicícola.

Almeida, J.E., Soares, A.R., Ramalho,M.A.P., Fonseca,T.C. 1991 Stabilitéphénothypique chez le mûrier. Sericologia 3(3):469-474.

Baffi,M.H. 1992. Utilização da amoreira (Morus alba L.) cultivar Yamada paracaprinos: Curva de crescimento e digestibilidade in vitro. Trabalhoapresentado a Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP,Campus de Jaboticabal, para graduação em Zootecnia. FCAV – UNESO,Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.

Bento, J.M.; Vilela, ..F.; Della Lucia, T.M.C.; Leal, W.S.; Novaresti, W.R.T.1995 Migdolus, Biologia, Comportamento e Controle. InstitutoInteramericano de Cooperação para a Agricultura. Salvador, BA, 58p.

Brazão, C.S.,Takahashi, R., Sugohara ,A., Resende, K.T. 1992. Curva decrescimento e composição bromatológica da amoreira (Morus alba L.) IVCongresso de Iniciação Científica da UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil.

EMATER (Empresa Paranaense de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural)1998. Perfil da Sericicultura no Estado do Paraná.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C. 1988. Cultura da amoreira e criação do bicho-da-seda - Sericicultura. Ed. Nobel, São Paulo, SP.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Okamoto, F. 1994. Le programme d’ameliorationdu murier dans l’etat de São Paulo au Brésil. Sericologia, La Mulatière,34(4):727-733.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Paolieri, L. 1985a Caracterização de algumasvariedades de amoreira. Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, 23(2):111-129.


28

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Paolieri, L. 1985b. Híbridos naturais daamoreira. B.Indústr.anim., Nova Odessa, SP, 42(1):71-77.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Paolieri, L. 1985c. Melhoramento da amoreirapor meio da hibridação artificial. B.Indústr.anim., Nova Odessa, SP,42(2):265-276.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Schammass, E.A. 1986. Competição de híbridosnaturais e artificiais e amoreira (1) . B.Indústr.anim., Nova Odessa, SP,43(2):367-373.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Schammass, E.A. 1987a. Competição de híbridosartificiais e amoreira (2) . B.Indústr.anim., Nova Odessa, SP, 44(2):315-322.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Schammass, E.A.; Cunha, E.A. 1987bCompetição de híbridos naturais e artificiais e amoreira (3) .B.Indústr.anim., Nova Odessa, SP, 44(2):323-328.

Fonseca, A.S.; Fonseca, T.C.; Cunha, E.A.; Schammass, E.A. 1987cCompetição de variedades, híbridos naturais e artificiais e amoreira (4) .B.Indústr.anim., Nova Odessa, SP, 44(2):329-334.

Guideli,C., Resende,K.T., Takahashi,R, Sugoraha,A.,Reis,R.A. 1993. Produçãode cultivares de amoreira (Morus alba L.) em diferentes idades decrescimento, durante o verão. V Congresso de Iniciação Científica daUNESP. Depto de Zootecnia, FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.

Hara,C.H. 1993. Produção e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e proteínade cultivares de amoreira (Morus alba L.) - Trabalho apresentado aFaculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus deJaboticabal, para graduação em Zootecnia. FCAV – UNESO, Jaboticabal,SP, Brasil.

Resende, K.T., Sugoraha, A., Takahashi, R, Reis, R.A., Brazão,C.S. 1992.Produção de matéria seca de cultivares de amoreira (Morus alba L.) nooutono, visando sua utilização na alimentação de ruminantes. Anais daXXIX Reunião Anual da SBZ – Lavras, MG, Brasil.

Resende, K.T., Takahashi, R., Sugoraha, A., Brazão, C., Reis, R.A.,Vasconcelos, V.R. 1994a. Composição bromatológica de cultivares deamoreira (Morus alba L.). 1 – Estação de inverno. Anais da XXXIReunião Anual da SBZ, Maringá, PR, Brasil.


29

Resende, K.T., Takahashi, R., Sugohara, A., Brazão, C., Reis, R.A.,Vasconcelos,V.R. 1994b. Composição bromatológica de cultivares deamoreira (Morus alba L.). 2 – Estação da primavera. Anais da XXXIReunião Anual da SBZ, Maringá, PR, Brasil.

Resende, K.T., Takahashi, R., Sugoraha, A., Reis, R.A., Hara, C., Vasconcelos,V.R. 1994c. Produção e digestibilidade de cultivares de amoreira (Morusalba L.). 1 – Estação de inverno. Anais da XXXI Reunião Anual da SBZ,Maringá, PR, Brasil.

Rubia, A.C.; 1976. Brasil Sobrinho,M.C.; Azeredo,J.S. Adubação mineral ecalagem no sistema cepo, em solo do tipo podzolisado lins-marília.Revista da agricultura, 21(1):47.

Schmidek, A. 1999. Compisicão bromatológica e degradabilidade em caprinosde cultivares de amoreira (Morus alba L.). Trabalho apresentado aFaculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Campus deJaboticabal, para graduação em Zootecnia. FCAV – UNESO, Jaboticabal,SP, Brasil.

Silva, D.J. 1981. Análise de alimentos. Viçosa. Imprensa Universitária, 1981,166p.

Sugoraha, A., Resende, K.T., Takahashi, R., Magario, K., Reis, R.A. 1994a.Composição bromatológica da amoreira (Morus alba L.), cultivarYamada, em diferentes idades de crescimento. Anais da XXXI ReuniãoAnual da SBZ, Maringá, PR, Brasil.

Sugoraha, A., Resende, K.T., Takahashi, R., Guideli, C., Reis, R.A.,Vasconcelos, V.R. 1994b. Composição bromatológica de cultivares deamoreira (Morus alba L.). 3 – Estação de verão. Anais da XXXI ReuniãoAnual da SBZ, Maringá, PR, Brasil.

Sugoraha, A., Resende, K.T., Takahashi, R., Guideli, C., Reis, R.A.,Vasconcelos, V.R. 1994bc. Produção e digestibilidade de cultivares deamoreira (Morus alba L.). 3 – Estação de verão. Anais da XXXI ReuniãoAnual da SBZ, Maringá, PR, Brasil.

Takahashi, R., Sugoraha, A., Resende, K.T., Reis, R.A. e Brazão, C.S. 1992.Produção de matéria seca de cultivares de amoreira (Morus alba L.) noinverno, visando sua utilização na alimentação de ruminantes. Anais daXXIX Reunião Anual da SBZ – Lavras, MG, Brasil.


30

Takahashi, R., Sugoraha, A., Resende, K.T., Reis, R.A e Vasconcelos, V.R.1994. Produção e digestibilidade de cultivares de amoreira (Morus albaL.). 1 – Estação da primavera. Anais da XXXI Reunião Anual da SBZ,Maringá, PR, Brasil.

Tilley, J.M.and Terry, 1963. R.A. A two stage for the in vitro digestion offorage crops. J.Br.Grassland Soc. 18:104-111

Tinoco, S.T.J. 1999. Manual de Sericicultura - CATI, SAA, Campinas, SP.(noprelo)

Van Raij, B.; Cantarella,H.; Quaggio, J.A.; e Furlani, A.M.C. 1996.Recomendações de adubação e calagem para o Estado de São Paulo.Boletim Técnico No. 100, IAC, Campinas, SP, 285p.

Vasconcelos,V.R.., Resende, K.T., Sugihara, A., Costa,R.G. e Takahashi,R.1994. Características de degradação da matéria seca e proteína bruta daamoreira (Morus alba L.) por caprinos. Anais da XXXI Reunião Anual daSBZ, Maringá, PR, Brasil.

FAO Electronic Conference on MULBERRY FOR ANIMAL ... · FAO Electronic Conference on MULBERRY FOR...

Documents

Transcript of FAO Electronic Conference on MULBERRY FOR ANIMAL ... · FAO Electronic Conference on MULBERRY FOR...