IDAF / WP 117 March 1987

REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY TECHNICAL MEETING

ON PROPULSION IN FISHING CANOES IN WEST AFRICA

FAO! DANNDALNOWAY

IDAF/WP/17 March 1987

REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY TECHNICAL MEETING

ON PROPULSION IN FISHING CANOES IN WEST AFRICA

Freetown, Sierra Leone15-JO November, 1986

by

R 3. Campbell

Programme de Développement Intégrédes Pêches Artisanales en Afriquede 1Ouest - DIPA

Programme for integrated Development.of Artisanal Fisheries in WestAfrica lOAF

Gcp/RAF/192/DE:N Gcp/RAF/198/DE:NGCP/RAF/19 7/NOR

With financial assistance from Denmark and Norway, and incollaboration with the Peoples Republic of Benin, the Fisheries Depart-ment of FAO is implementing in West Africa a programme of small scalefisheries development, commonly called the IDAF Project. This programmeis based upon an integrated approach, involving production, processingand marketing of fish, and related activities

; it also involves, inparticular, an active and full participation of the target fishing comrnu-nities,

IDAF ProjectBoite Postale 1369

Cotonou, RP. du BéninTélex 5291 F000AGRI Tél. 330925/330624

Mr R. J. Campbell is on the staff of MacAlister Elliott andPartners Ltd, and was an IDAF Consultant when he prepared for the Mee-ting and wrote up the report. The lOAF Consultant Mr, A D R. Coackleyalso contributed greatly to preparations.

The Meeting was an informal discussion between FAO staff, tecft-nical personnel from a range of development projects in the region andrepresentatives of several marine engine manufacturers. It was aimedat generating an exchange of information, experiences ad ideas betweenprojects and of identifying ways of improving communications and coordi-.nation in the future.

The Meeting was informally structured and consisted of fieldexcursions, vessel triais and round-.tabie discussions. Perhaps the mostuseful lessons learned were during the evenings when participants withcommon problems identified during the day, discussed ideas in more detail.This format for discussion proved extremely productive and much groundwas covered in the few days It does not, however, easily lend itself toa sequential record of the points covered. This report, therefore, isaimed at recording the spirit of the discussions over the period andalthough adhering broadly to the order in which they occured, is moreconcerned with the relevance of discussIon to one another than to theirtiming.

C0NTENT

Introduction

Participants

4eeting Organisation anc Agenda

Field Excursion to Goderich 15th November

Round Tb1e Discussion 16th November5.1. Introduction to IDAF5.2. introduction to the concept of the meeting5.3. The dìvcrsity and scope of canoe propulsion5.4. The Benin Model Project5.5. The Integruted Development of Rural Fishing

Villages1 Thenge Region5.6. The Tambia Fisheries ieve1opment Project5.7. The Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo5.8. Relance de la Peche Artisanal a Ojifere5.9. Discussion of project diversity5.10. TechMcal innovations in Senegsi5.l1.Technjcal innovations in Benin5.12.Techriicai innovations in Kambia, Sierra Leone5.13.Technical innovatìona in Tombe, Sierra Leoue5.14.Discussion of 'Technical innovations

6 Field Excursion to Tombe - 17th November

7. Round Table Piscusion - lth November7.1. introduction to the broader issues of

development7.2. fliscusion on the hroarlei' aspocts of7.3. Past and present use of aii in West7.4. The Sheage Project sail t'iaJs7.5. Generni Discussion on sail7.8. The future activities of West African

deve1opnent.prepuls ieri

7

lo

11

13131

projects 15

8. A preliminary list of refereflces concerning fishingcanoe propulsion in West Africa. 61

Appendix Experi.enees at Tombo 74

20212224252B30

3436

39

411

4143525354

56

propulsion

propulsionAfrica

* TNTRODUCTIOI

Research ed developntt Ï oto improved fishing canoe propulsion systensplays a role in many smali-acale fisheries projects in West AfrtctThe importance of the canoe propulsion cosponent relative to otheractivities within specific projects varies considerably. Projects dohowever, sharencc'mon growth urgency to find solutions to the probleiof high fuel consurnption within the 9rtisanal fleet artd the resultantdrain of foreign e,change and the declining economic viability of

fishing communities

In his .IDAF Working Paper of 19i5 eat:itled "A preliminary account ofattempts to introduce alternative types of small craft into WestAfrica", Oyvi ud (ulbrnndsen identified t enty-four distinct triaLs withmodified motori sat i or systems almud at the ortisarial sector. In

addition to the, there have been numerous sai1 trials throughout WestAfrie4 and an uxpansì.on in diec1 motorLit1ou since the t985 euve

This multiplicity of research effort must., to nu extent, reflect thediversity of local roiuirement.s caused by variations Ñfl traditonnivessel designi operating surf conditions, availability of localmaterials and the demands of ch local fishery

It is likely1 however, thnt much research effort is wostud in theregion through the needless duplication of tri als r ulting from poorcommunication b etween projects and poor coordinat ion of act ivi t les.

Realising the need for urgent solutions to the problems of canoepropulsion in West Africa and recognìnì.ng the paucity of successfullarge-'scaiu innovations in ttis field, IDF ac1noledged clear needto sscss the past, present and future directions of fishing canoepropulsion and to promote an informal forum aìmed at improvingcommunications and coordination within the region.

As a consequence, terhnicnl personnel from a range of projects in WestAfrica were iuvited to join FAO staff in an informal discuss-ion sessionin Freetown, Sierra Leone, in November iE6. A selection of marineengine manufacturers, currently involved wìth projects in the region,were also invited to send technical representatives.

The discussion sess:i.on t.00l the fornì of a preparatory technical meetinginvolving both field excursions nd a round--table exchange ofinformation and ideas. The meeting's success hinged, very much, onthe informality of its organisation and the willingness of participantsto candid].y discuss their experiences and to learn from each other'ssuccess and failures.

Sierra Leone w*o a most s cite verme mr the reeting es its statusas a least: developed net i on und ite eurrent economic problenis sharplyfocussed tho ettex,tion of part: cipoots on the problems of foreigneehage shortages and of poor loglet le support Au underetmding ofthese problems is ltl to the reess of any project simed attransferring techriologj peoisi .ly those involving engines and spareparts

Sierre Leone is fortusat e in huvi.ng three rete fisheries projectsfunded by three spiate açjeocíes ail nvoived in vriow aspects offishing cunee propulolen. iLrnss th their design, funcUng,irplemontaUon end object ive gives owe t cation of the copieityof the o opul si cm p oblew e i et 'h div ity uf pet eTved olutons

The history of' Sierra beone canoe fleet cen also be viewed es propheticin the euse that the country s past lad nf irge trees t'or d'ugoulsand the subsequent avolut ion of the large planked veseJ.s represents adevelp»tent phese wk oh may affect the whole of West Africa. Theolutiou found for euch country may ot te the some nn Sierra Leone

but tudy of the process may provide useful indicators for develepmeutplanning.

The selection of p rtic pents for e niceting of this kìnd is aiwsys adifficult task. The moetiu wes intended to conform in practice to itst it le and prepare tho t. chnícel groundwork fr possible future act i on.As Buch, it was decided. to limit development personnel to thoseactively involved in cunee propulsion triaIs and Luinvih? e limitednwber of manufacturers ho were current i y working in conjunct ion wIthIest African canoe propulsion projects

The decision to conduct the meeting in the. English language mustobviously limit its scope in a region which not only has mnny ocallangudg s bui hs mcin3 of i unen t ddml u tst dt ns per dtthrough the medium of French. The. me&.ing wus fortunate in hav:tngseine French spe&cinig representatives -xo were equally fluent in English

nd t i tcì t bt i . xpcn i c'nc e' in the g oui c i pt eutcd n abalanced way.

The meeting began on the ith N'ember with en excur ion to ode.ricbfishìn vi linse where pert icipant a were able to study a range of veoseltypes end observe the selling of fish n the beach und l so ti'ntditionn.lfi.h process in practices. The trip ppied much informal discussionof comparati ve vessel construction methods end sIwre-liiie operatingconditions.

5

The following day started with an introduction to the evolution ofexisting propulsion systems in West Africa and to the dîversity of thevarious development projects in the region, Thi.s was followed by eachmajor project being described in detail in terms of their ohjectivesduration, size, scope, ìnfr'astructure, achievements and constraints.This was designed to piace in context the different environments in

which. various technical innovations in rropuision have evolved and toemphasise the influence of policy and planning cm achievements.

After lunch, the technical developments achieved within each projectwere discussed in detail and comparisons made between respectiveprojects. Emphasis was placed on the need to consider the effect oflocal demands of the envìronment traditional vessel design end fishthgtechniques in engineering innovations. Projects discussed theevolution of particular technical developments and their relationshipto local behavioural practices.

On the 17th November a second excursion was arranged, this time to theFisheries Pilot Project, Tombo. Participants were ahle to see dieselinboard powered canoes under construction and to discuss specificinstallations in more practical, terms. The group later travelled tothe fishing grounds outside of Yawn Bay and observed various ringoetfishing activities which highlighted the importance of speed andmanoeuvrability in the design of vessels and the choice andinstallation of engines.

The FAO/UNDP Shenge Project also gave a demonstration of. itsexperimental sail and four-stroke outboard powered canoe. The canoedesign represented several innovations for the region, particularly inthe adoption of an outrigger for increased stability and the use of a

crab-claw sail.

The morning of llth November began with an introduction to the broaderelements of propulsion development including long term technicalsupport, commercial involvement in motorisation, and the socialacceptability of technology transfer. This was followed by an qpendiscussion of the various paints, aimed at identifying developmentbottlenecks and determining the importance of these factors relativeboth to each other and to the problems of straight engineeringinnovation. in particular, the engine manufacturers were encouragedto voice their attitudes to the cojmnercial involvement in thedevelopment of new propulsion systems.

The discussion was continued in the afternoon to cover the econoenic andfinancial factors involved in changing technology, both at the villageand national, levels. Emphasis was placed on the availability offoreign exchange for spare part support and the provision of villagelevel credit systems necessary where capital costs are increased.

This was followed by an introduction to the use of sail in West Africaand the attempts of various deve1opnent aeneies to encourage areintroduction of widespread sail uses The experiences of theFAO/UNDP Shenge Project were described in detail particularly therecent triais using sail in conjunction with four-stroke petrol.outboards. The forthcoming ODA s:il training manual was brieflyoutlined and discussed.

The meeting was concluded with a discussion of the proposed futureactivities of each project and how best to improve communicationsbetween projects in the future. The usefulne.s of the meeting wasconsidered along with suggestions for future action.

The following report records the spirit of the discussions held overthe four days as outlined above. it is hoped that this report willprovide n foundation from which can evolve a more informed andeoordi.nated approach to canoe propulsions an approach which is capableof providing vilioge fishing communities ìn west Africa with long termviable and acceptable solutions to their current propulsion problems.

P1UTlGIPNTS

The fol iowìng i ìjt records the. part.icipnts their t ti e md contactaddresses. Those who attertded as observers have not been recorded buttheir contributions are none the less appreciated.

Jt is regrLt E cl thdt ne ho Mi Jhu m UN Mr Oyvi ad 'Julbi ìnthecou]d aHend the metin1 duc. to pr.io rnmihntq Thpìy LOfltl ibuionin the form of documented xperieoce wa most appreciated by themeeting and fonued the basi. from hi ch much of the d rusoion evo ved.Mr Fysan's kind assistance and g idane.. in the meetings preparation isalso much appreciated.

FIlO Siaffi. Mr Ocorge Rvereli;

2 I'r Gordcm eves Chief Technical AdviserBEthin Model. Project :1 PAF Programme.

3 Mr Ned Coacldey

4. Mr J ed Campbell

Manufacturers prentatives5. Mr Christian Pereira

7

Prograîmimfor the integrated I)evelopmeut ofA lfldl FqhLre n West Afi

)tP Postale i (.otonou1.P.B. du }3en:in.

529t FO0DMT?tTel : 330925/330624

Coitaut flont 3uiidere/o IINDP Giinet Ri sauTl>c 2b1 UNDEVP}O

Devtonwn.Consul tantMacAlister Fiiiot.t & Partners56 fligh Street, Lymingion,Hontn SO41 9AH UJ.Tix 477032 1ACE:L.L OTel 0590 7.i973

Lcsnbardi ai tranr.cZone in striche d ArnasRue de Ni.eran,69400 Vi i lefranche sur Saone FranceTix 340411 FTel 74 5 37 O

R

Mari ne OperationsM(,t.or C. , L:d

250() Shingal, lwatì-ShLken 43ß

.JapauTJ.x 359645 VAMIIA 3Tel. 07-4185

Fiherie Pi. .1st Project Toï»bo

Mr 1he IkxkFh.erics Pilot Prcjecl ToiiboP.O. Box 72 Freetown

ierrn LeoneT J x: 324R Di .PGER S LTel O242O2

IO. Mr Peler Jrchau Mo (ter

i I Mr I aus; ange Nava.l irchiteet

12 Mr Kiius Rube 8!1en

6. f4r Jen Claude fleroujon EortMajar, Lumhrdini, Frasce

7. Mr ti Jì.sr SuiesA Volvo PentaS-705Wt Gothenburg, edenT Ix 20755Tel 31 235760

8. Mr Akì.y eko Mr iso ProjectOver MrJet.thg J)ivi.ri.on

Rwvbi u h:k -Pi113. llr Tony Seyrour ag

e/o Nt o .d. uthori. i ng Offi cePO Box 1402, Tower Il i. i. IFree f:own , S i erro LeoneTix 245 FCSC SL

14. Mr Oeoz'ge Noble Mas ter ioathui ider

15. Mr Rod Beare

jenJ{e Proct

lG t'Yr obert Lee Tern 1aderc/cl FM)P.O. llo 71 FreetownSierra noneTi x 3377 FM)ll)'P SLTel 24713

17. 4r DwUel Davy Sa .1 Cuau.itm1MacAl iter Ei hoLt R Pïtnnrs56, High Street, yiingtonflan t.s 504 :1 9u, uT1.x : 4779fl2 '1AGELL GTel 0590 75973

!LU j(jt1.13. Mi- David Wihon $)irc;eur Adjoint

Urojet de DjiferePO 3ox 32.15, Dtkar, SenegalTel : 211.462

Mauri trniaLiOPA

19. Mr I'uul Knooj Nval ArhiLcLo/o (01A nsuiLnt

ud Farnb erg,Federa' Repuh in of GerianyTel: 6) 72 32004

N.f3 : hr. Jan 3ohnson, Senior Advisor of the lOAF Project., attendedthe whole meetinq, whereas Mr. Georqe Everett only attended forthe first day.

9

Sunday, 16th November9. (n)

14MO

Monday, 17th Novemberg. o o

o

3 ?.JEETÈN( OGELN1S'tTi.ON ÍNU ¿'ßNUA

The prepdret.ory teehn:i col neeting on no'. ropul sien in West /efri ns corened by Mr George Everett, i1rogrnme Coordinator for the

Ft ogi: aüue for lnthgrot;ed )evoiopnieot of 'tiemai Fìher:tes in WestAfrica (fl)AF)

d1ru-ion C chai red by Mr Gordon SLven , FAO Chief Thchni raiAdviset to the- ik ni o nodal Project tacd in Cotonou

Tbe gani.sat i on of' the orkshop was car'ri cd ou t by Mr' Joe1 (ipboi L.(FAO Sinai 1-Scale Fìherica Devel.opmeot ConuÏtnnt ) and Mr Ned Coackley(FAO Cwmni tmt Mnst.r ¡iuotbui.i der) who were ii.so ispon:ì J o for t.hrpreparo t ion of backrnund material and for guiding the tectince1.di.csions of t..h oetng.

The agenda of the meeting as a followa

FridHy 1.4th Noveiber /r'r.i,vuJ ut' participan Ls

Saturday, 15th November fegi.trtt iou of parti.cipantsFi eid eciirsi on to .der:ich

Opening.13r:i.eJ' description nf' proptd ni ori ct i vitein projects along West African cuan tCc 11 ari.on of teciuti cui ex:'eri cacee wi thvariuu pt'o.min ion methods

Fbi ri excurn on to visu: F'isher:i en Pi I niProject, Tomboy including fishing andsai .1 tri als.

Tusday, 18th November9., 00 introduction and discussion of' Ehe

broader ciernen is o f procml s iondevel orirnen t;.

14. 00 0 i.scuss ion o ' ecnemi,c and . f mann alfactors affeeLi.rig techoole gy iintroduction to the use nf sei i and theeper:ienccs of the Shcmgo Project:Introduci ion ut' the 01M ai 1.ur:iui.l and generai sail dìc'.ussi on,Future art ivities of projcct:s aunpr'oponai.s for irprovod conumuni cation andce- operai ion

FlEco GODjíUi ithor J.986

Gtaeri.ch i a Ii shi ng vi. linge si 1:uated 14. kii uiweot of Freet:onwith a good rued link to the cep ±1 The cnïrnuni. ty .ni;ts of eoeI ar lo 8 r op , mo t el ho e]y dir J ly o inl oct ly cii

means o y y n

Fìsh ng at: i it i en :knthe vii lege cover the fu:1 I ronge of catchingtechniques use4, on Lhe Sierra Leone coast. Methocts tocade r-i ng nettingand drift. gli I not t ing f or herring; beach sei ni ng; droplinthg andlongithing for snaper end trolling for large pethgics

Fish are ei thor nioked in. the vi .1. lage for later .mnrketi rigfreeb to Fn cetown Saine of the snnpper f isbn einen use ice for oo hacedprenerva L ion hut this i a i i ini ted development which i n dependent. onthe vagen en of Freetown ie production.

The oder-idi fl eeL coris:ists crf appr'chmrLc1 :30 (3hanrì p],nnk canoessmall standard 3-5 cencas, mid 15 snapper vessels, flic Ghane. plankcanons are tpi.ca]Jy 11 - 2 metros in rrigth, carry - f :s 20people and operate end rei ing gi ii. netn to eatch herring. Propul ionis by s Ido moon ted petrol, out hoard motor mainly of 4Qhp

Snapper boats are 7 - i). metre, piaiiked cinoes which are typicallypiopel i od by 9. hhp potro .1 outhorird motors mount od on the transom.Snapj.er boat;s carry- a fishftg team of up io ni ne peroris but maywork in conjunct..on wi 1h two or three snal.1 dugout canoes which arecanrioct out: t o the grounds curi then launched as i.nde.eiiden t fish ingplatforms Fishing consists of bottom hand lining anr.i trolling.

Sinai i standard 3--fi Min& canoes nro ril planked and carry 9 lThppetro outboards iiiouìi t:e on the transom. The vessais are typically5-10 metres in length und narrower in the beam t:han the snnpper heats'Minc (i11Oe5 U5( drift. gli .1 oats to cut eh ai night, landingtheir rvich early i.n Iba more tag. Approxtirmiely 25 sinai i dugouts aisooperate 'from Guder ch beach.

The inspection al' eacibed vessels :leerl y demons tented the 11ml itinsof ex in t: log veel construct. ion methods for inboard dieseliirsia.i i tioïi. The vese1s are I. igbt.iy bin it; to accept. outboard motorsand the coni i nuous bui i Leakage is not seen an a problem as the motori.n removed all-er each trip.

Gaciorich bench ha-s vi dually vio wave arti on and no surf. The beache is reasonably shallow and boats are eus uy hauled up for repair.

Innovative hauling aids are to be eecm i n the i'oim of rollers such asection of cyl ladri ca]. wo ter- pipe.

12

At the time of Ihe viit most: of the tr plank armen had junk:rcturiicd from very suenfui dny of :i n rmt Un np, for herri ag. Thebeach was .Uittered wih pi.ì os of fish irg norted into ckzen for na.eto wiv md cuntomars F'nìne.rmen ee oolrot: Ing out their nharej thor for their faì.I y s conuwp t ion or for t hei. r w vea to moko sndeii.

The inter rìv1 of sì owor heats or Uhone del .ìyod because of' greaterdi tnrce trave I ie&nl showed the i portence of vesoi speed The i.argelandings made eur.t ni or n o th day were sold mid ware nov:i ng off farsmoking or for tnrnsport to Freetown. Tha later err i vais wouldexpon ence a nhortnge of fnislï buying cash onci a subsetuen U tal i inprices

odenich highLights the way u fishing conunun:i tv can succi-ssfutJy adaptto suit the environuiant: . A range nf plonked vessels have replacedi wge cl outc in the absence of sani tabi ruloc:'n trees and creuitruciiontechniques re flect t he she I tered beach laud ing coud i ti nos . Thiss i tun t ion cant rusts drosa tnt ca I I y with the 1 arge dugout, surf i ormchi n gcanoes of 1eni n and Ghana and inphoi sen the need to omis Idarpropulsion st.en very much nm the I ocal context. The divc'raity ofbeat des ign and f ishi ng nia t. orlo 1.s found j n Goder ich does howevereniphusi ne the daiier of general i si ng ou the nui tubi ni ini ty of broodcategories of vessel/engine cornbiiaatn ions for specific vi i. lagen.

13

5. OiTh1 TM3L1 D1:SCUSSIDN 1$T NOVE 1.96

51, :ttrcductîon to :um

4r (orge Everett. Progruft1e Coircli notor for I)PF oene he waetingby forrca11.y e].coInì ng the partí. cipon:s 3Oc. introducing I)AF s region1

n iai i-scnie fisberien in cnt. Afr:icn

The Frogr iie for the Tniegrated eIn nient of Art: sanol Fishor esWest Africa i s n CooperEit. ive ven tuse betecn the Go\?erentn oÇ Pemariand !orway nd the Fisheries Department of FAO The Programme becaieoperational in 19R3 and the regí onaJ eadTwrters are based in ot.onnuin Benin.

The primary objective of' the Prgran', l:o assist West. Africannations in the improvement of the social and, economic benefits to hederived from the integrated development of small scale fisheries Theintegrated approach of the Programme refiect au understanding thatfishi ng activi 'ties are part of a eb of commul i nter''relationshi PS

within i h vil lege F'ch1I1d ii h pi or"s'- ng boat 'in l n <mdmarketing, affect and are affected by levels of health and nui:riiion,the provision of education, access to roads, i-«ater supplies etcConsidering ou] y the problems d,i rect.ly relot ed to fishing and ignori ngthe broader conmunity issues i s to ]Jmìt. both the effectiveness and theaccept.abi. i i.ty of de.vei opment efforts.

The Programme also ni.rns to generate an a aroness of the need for theact i vo part iciput. ion of vi Jingo poop1 e ì n their o'n development!,ç1:erual expert ise is vieei1 as catalyt 1C in the mobi lisat ion of localresources itli the I ong term gziei of development he ing self sustainingat the vi i loge level.

In pt-ac I: i cal t arms the Programme both, opera tes an experimental iodeiProject: in Benin, othich oct:s as a centre for training anddemonstration and ai so assists other int.eres ted countries in theregion in planning, i nitiating and implement ing inl:egrated artisanalfisheries projects. The Programme mai nt:ai nu close ii nhs withassociated projects in the region and carries out technical studies ofregional significance. Programme special. tuis end outs:ide consultsnt:sare provided to address speci fi.c development constraints and theProgramme bas produced o comprelienu ive roi lecti on of working paperswhich bring together regional experience and. assist in the exchange ofinformztt ion.

The Programme bus organised several wodshops and technical meel:i ngswhich are aimed at improving both the exchange of information andexperiences and of' training staff in new techniques mid concepts.

1.4

The Pr.rato VeohnicaÏ. Meeit.& on Proiu1 ion in .hieg C.noe inWe L M r n unc k c1 i g t hfd t htiii1. S 1) C UO i opu j onzyterns uainìot be :ieved o.eIy by teuhtìiet i innovat hrn. Tecim ftiìimge inf: g hi]x iï bend with o L.hor Oi'iCflt i i) the f:L))i ng

com.ty and with the aet:ve pnrtíci pat ion of th iarget group Paststudi rried out by : DM' highil gh.ed the 1 ck nf cmm cuti onund coord thai ion between projeut almen at i.mprovìtìg propu i ion t urnsend, although agn1:i ng the need tu nde'n ' urn prohJ orns wi lib I on Isuint ions t hey have iden t i f led coiwnun eons t rai nts wb ich woe d benefitfrom improved coupera tri on

iA2Mr Jock (mL......i, (Ftt() SmmaI.......Sen J - Fihu:ri plvH upmerm t unìbn efly it odcod tie concept ut' the mneat ing, its ohJeeti.ve end theegende

The meet;in orgthisud on arm n:1ny-nma1 buì , combi nhìr1 di suss:ì,unwith field vIsits, In order to generate an atmosphcre .couductve to anopen change uI infornation. l'at-ti e:Lpmt.s were em uruged to suethe bro3d top ica of the agende but to Fidopt a fiexi b IC IppOOa.CiI toplacing ephe: is where i t wes consi dered mot. uìprwriate.

The objectives of the rneeting were identified as fol tows:

Te begin t o underu land bolli the acepe orf' the prob 1.o,ii crí' improvedfishing canoe puputnion in the region and the diversi. 131 ofperceived sol uti 01)3

Tu :irnprove c'ummimuni cat ions between rejocts i n t ho regi on andbetween projects and mw,uîecìurers;

Tu improve coordine t i on of fu lere act ivi. I i us in the propul si onfiel J and to ayo ici twneeesuary duplice I: ion of effort.

The nmeeting ni.rnud to achieve timese ohjeetivr.'s by centering discussi onaround the following areas:

/ ievim'w of e i sling and pas I prujects Involved i n t he deve I opeut.of canoe propulsion aya terna in terms of l:he i r tze, acope,objectives, ¶355C5 and fa i lures;

A review of the various engine installation aoci vae1.construe t i on mue thuds íri current. use and arm cxc hange of cperi uncesawl infurmnat ion;

19

it rv1ew of the use of sail ;tO a sicans of propulsion and ticsuc 'sseo ond fui. lurc of the. varicue attooipt.e to promote theimproved use of sait in canoes;

A revi.*oi of the telai ive imorLtwce of other t ictor in volved inthe deVe1UÇme t of propels t on systems ouch as the a ptnce oftechnol oy a the vil I aije vel J ong term technic support.commerci al turni vement in technology transfer and the social. undCÇOUOflHO & nSIJ il.LtV 0k tPdWiC$l iontïnn,

Future activities in thn f-i cId of canoe rptlaion nd how thsnCould he better coordirintvd through improved oeperattcm andcommunications.

The roun(}-tubi.e discuss:i onu were f o be augmented by field visits aimedat a more praci: ica.l demonstra.t ion of' technical innovations and of' theenvironment into which they may be transferred.

'.3. The )iversity and Scope of Canoe Propisioii Procts

Mr Ned Coacki ey (FAO Boat Bui icier) ìntroduced the durs i.ty of b SLIt.designs propulsion systeuis , and attempts to introduce changes wíhirtthe West African eion This was followed by a geucrul d;cuaion

The IDAI? Siorking raper 3 of' i95, entitled 'Preliminary Account ofAtte,pt o Introduce Aitenînt i ve Types of Small Craft ito WestAfrica' revi,os the various attempts to modify eisti,ng propuisìotsystems and bnief'l y analyses successes and failures.. An ii.rtantinitial concept which the report brings out: is that canoe design andconstruct ion t erhni pms Vary along t hn coast. nf West ACri ce as do themal:eriain used for constructìou.

These differences reflect variations in the local operating cøndi.tio,such as the existence and extent of beach surf, and of' thepeculiarities nf local fishing techniques. There is little clearlydocument ed information on the eyelet, ion of' exist Ing canoe types hutmigrating fishermen have obviously corri ed modifi.r;atioriu ftr and wídeIntroduced ideas have been assimilated and combined th ex:ist Ingpractices to produce broad categories of' craft, with loci differences.

Modern introduçtins in vessel conat:ruct ion material have inciurieriimproved fastenings the use of p.t anki ng to replace dugout. logs, theuse of seasoned timbers FIP, aluminium and fer'rocement

bitt le detail od ana] yoi.s or evaluation of these int:roduet.i ans has beenrecorded and endors tanding the factors influencing thei r accept once or'rejection becomes difficult,

i A

Propulsion systems have also nidergons major chnge.s. Sa i. and a cites

to a large eent , replaced in the lO 's and I!IGO s by twostroke petrol outboard mut ors lluch of the success of thistransi t i on can he attributed t u t:he ent:Juis iasm of aid onsoredequipment donations Collect (IDAF WP. 7, 1q86) discusses the use ofkerosene fuel od outboards , particularly i n Gabun, recent. development.trends however are towards the introduction of inboard und outboar'ddies4s which offeisst: nt ni fuel savings t tempts are also heì ngmacic' t d udÌ c intc f 10 tb OV (I 1P of SJI I

parti cul. riy in comhinatìon with motors, for both fuel iug andsafety.

Many small eai e ftsheri es development pmojocie in West Africa i nu

a canoe propuis too componen t either lu. the suppiy of eupi.pment.,

transfer of skills, or innovative research.

Muri.tania' a vessel development history has been greet I affected byJapanese nid which has sappi :ied numerous FUP bel I ed crart through theSociete pour la Promotion do le Poche Artisanal e en i'tnuri tenie

croft. now í.onstj tute 1.A?Ç o? the tetal. number of hI 2 pI rguea in the IO15 metre class. The F'AO/IJNDP Project MAU/A't/012, hes also been

torking to p oduce mprovec ls on f dl o n hùro ns

Senegal has received considerable research ansia tance from FAO ta thedevel uosìer,t of a fleet of wooden hand I i.ning boa t a i n the i 960' s und ofthe store recent beach I t icliag boats tEN-i end bN- T L The Projet deDj ifers bas carried out t nuls with import ed dories with SiN--T andwith Ruggenini outboard ci iesek Sosachim' , a commercial

nuf'actvtrer, i s about to embark upon t he construction of an FlIP

pirogue based on the SFN-i desigfl, tt in a lao planned for Senegal torecel ve 300 diesel. outboards through on it nl ian ni ci package -

Japan has siso provided pet:rol outboard mutera and small fishingvessels in The Gambi a, and outboards through the Soci etc deCommercialisation et d' Appui a I a Peche Artisanale (SCAPA) i n the CapeVerde Iepubi i e.

Collaboration i)Otween the Be.i glum NAO, lles da Poi and the Project.GS/8í/OOÎ on the island nÍ Bolonia in Guinea fliasou, is aimed at theproduction of' four SFNi vessels in the near 'future. An FAO, Vhfl-- 3,

with inboard diesel and a saili ng vet-s ion of the vessel TV(L4 are alsoenvisaged, P1)11 P (Prc, jet: pour ie DeveluOpmeni. in egte des lies deBijagos) is currently operai: thg a tunei stern SEN-t and i he FAOproject: at. Biombo 'is to afurt. further vessel construction in the nearfuture.. The SIDA funded L'OJCt at Jiuhaque has produced a .2 metreclinker canoe based on truth t:ionul designs antI 4 ferrocemont: pi rogues.

Guinea, with funds Çrcn h.Àfri can v1pnant: -ink and tha Arab Bankf'or Air i ran fle'iopmtat ear i ng upnn a kug her:iescleveìopmriìt project involving !uie estabi isimierit of a boatyard and thecontruction c:f nu oï un :iii:oved caíoen - Th project aI.su env iaageathe c r c wo o in ng TT)AF -u -errent :t nes:i ting the (nvernmont i n the i dent:i.fì cati on of a site for

proposed integrated fisheries development project. whose activities-i1i include the provision of engine iiaint.enance facH it and theu.ppiy of spares-.

Si erra Leone brrìefi to from e Goverameal owned boatyard which hreceived FAG training assistance in the past The nbia ±sheriesDeveiopmenl: Project , bnred on Ye ibuu is] and, i a funded by theEuropa Deve lopient Fund. The Proj ect is research i ng ways of reducingpropid sien cents in fishing canoes includi ng the use of inboard andoutboard diesel engines. Th Fisheries Pi. lot Project Tomboy i a(German Techn-icnl Ass t s tance) funded project ai med at the i ntegrat:eddeve1opwo:nt of t he fishing commuai. tv. Part of its ct iv t ii:i udcvessc motorivati on t ria lo and ass i tnuce to vii loge hc.:i it dieselpowered vessels. The FAO/UNDP Shenge Projert :ìsaa integratedfi.sheri es cveioii.ent project aimed at ass:istiitg the. overuildevelopmen of the Sheage fishing commun it y. The project s act i-vit Lesinclude trials wi. th four-stroke petrol outboards arid bnproved nail usc.

The French assistance through OCCE (Caisse Centra e do Co--op Econouis)to the South West of' Cote d ]Tvo:i i-e ban resuT t ed--i n the cons tr act i on offour FR? super Pirogues' which, can be used with outboard or labor rdnotors . The lEAD findeci IPAF associated project ot Lagoon Aby i scurrently reviewing the poosib le introduction of Iceroserie outboards andi earr 3 ng out t rial w h Riign n u el outbn u

The Gluma i an inshore fleet has the greatest di.vet-sity La vessel designi_n Wen t Air i ca al bough the eauoc' fi shery n ti. i i centres around theoutboard owored dugeu The fir-nt and second I ines of credi tprovided by the African I)eveloprnen t Brw!c both include provini urns foroutboard mcito-o an does rin EEC funded project: operated through the I3ankof Ghiaia. The EEC Li ne of Credi-i through the !gricul turai Developmen tBan1. aims to re--engine the inshore trawler fleet Prototypes of ci

planhed cauioe and catamaran have also been tried.

Togo is des-t limed to receive 40 tip outbuai-d motors through Joïerienoand t ri ais wi. tb plywood n1 EPP cons t. ruct.ioci me t hock', for- anPOwered craft are believed to be going ahead in the late 19GtY swork wi th FAt) plywood beach J nodi ng b oats succeeded in operati ng t:lwvessel s i n surf conditions on the Penin coast. ìenin in now host tothe IPAF Programme and to the Mode] Project. The Mode] prr,j oct inexperiment ing with tunnel bull od dugout canoes and a lift: ing propel tershaft arrangement. - The Project aloe nuppor-ts a training programmeaimed in part at improved engine operati ion and nmaintena!lce,

Nigeria h a d.vese h:itory of boat da.gn oontrkctiorcompresí iug the evoluti ou fron canor3 to mo1 i t r10 tnt o u hortipace of' t line FAQ is ourreot ly involved i n the developinen t of FiP

bon t s and surf imdin c'aooes The N garlan Inst i tnto ofO 'ednogl and iu . on h TO U 1. idi nlnetre ressei powered by a 25hp lnbord tinsel onine end past tri eihave been carried out on a IO 9 netr aiuïuiniuxn catennran with twin3Ohp diesel. engines.

The above incomplete i tn t; gI ves no i urti ostion of the diversification ofprojects influencing propulsion in West: Africa. ThIs influence variesfrom the basi o provision of engines and pare.s through vessel'ons run ror dnd r pa t n fl tug, O L rea' ch dflt dv ïn ut r jn tith new vessel designs and experimental eng:ìne installations The

main successes with .innc,vt ive cies i gas ha e tended to be i shoretrawlers The reasons for ick of FJ(C5S5 ny projects oreprobably varied but. include lac:k rr fthwv:,e poor turni ng, andinadequnt:e project. fo ì.o up nocessnry le enoUre designs eroappropriate and local skills developed Thone is a real need toevaluate and document nest prujcct performance end to learn from thaneexperiences.

The partic.tpan te fol t the t tho expeot.at i os of devoloprneoi. aenoi esregarding the euccess of propulsion projects may differ dramatic.ai,hyfrom t:he expee tat i, ens of the target groups Proj ceta wh:tch appear tofail may provim vi lingers with valuable lessons, lte experience ofwhich íu b nr orpot d un o fut ni n dr e pmcd whi L h tt heinsel.ves ìnitIte it i s prohabi e that Ike primary moti vat ionnecessary......rompt e drainai i e chungo in exi. st: trig 'opn.is i on eye t:nmswill Lnnv .i 0m w thin the li hiri comnieti u reth i Fr ont 'rnid

If innovations are to he anceptod, must. be nie aviiab]c tocoimnuni.ty when i t a] one, perceives the need for chenge. i:t was notndthat. Toiriho vii lago in i erra Leone accopl;ed the i nero ed use of sellduring a period of extreme fuel shortage. its use i.nìtially edrapidly theri di suppeared i f[ naco again became available, Tambovii ]agex s i l\ poi ceicr the need to oua?iP IL orn j P11 I t) uienlhoc nun n i n' d nrea'c n t n and uni -d Cl it Iv.

willingness of li shermen to accept Ud e radical change is a directresult of their understooding of outside economic

Development pro.jeçts vary in their sio, scope, funding, uetions t:affi ng, objectives f'] ex;ihi. i:ity and degrees of realistic piunningAll of these factors can have a dramatic influence on how and what aproject achieves.

Mr (:jï-ç.Io ShCVt3S (Ch1.t.rr cn:c kdv iser ) hod a y ìdo :i 1 ofIED.\1' oiie1 P jrct ii ì Md di s th ;; 1. i i

()I)ject.ve ïûri :ipieìntat;ion.

The ogri. for the thtegrat d Development of ArtíswrJ f'trios i aWest Afri ca has, as mentioned previously, both a reium:.ì. advìsery role

a ,, treinin nnd a deve opmont rol. o which it demonstratesthrough the Model Project. based. in Cotoaou ieni.n. The Progrhwme SS rUt egy for project. irp.pl omen tat: ion centres around three phasesPhase is thej dent.ificat.ìon of appropriate project ite PhaseTwo is thu fi nei. sotect.iori of the si te [md the fnnnnt on of a i eTproject. p}anni.n team t; o wodr i n conjunct ion wit-h IDAF s t aif end thevi llego cosmrun,ity. Uur;i.n Pi-inse Three, which i the reject. exet.utonphaae a Fìsberies Devc4opmoni: Unit (FDU) is formed. The FDfl causisof' nati neal. , reg:ioeal ciad i et ny-na ti nani experts imsa specie iec. i ourconform t n the needs of t he Proj ect Wor kplan,

The heni n M.rIel Project is we] i int:o Phase Three wit h n nei i d FfU baseand a team uf specialists oorkiag in conjunction ni th the cosimunit: tenof ninc fis hi ng villages The int;cract:ion with the vili ager is aimedat assin t Ing t:he coswun ii y t o ident i fy its major prob leer and to seekv:Lable ol u t i one - The problem areas are not rest ri oient to thoseassociated solely wi. th fishing and fish process i ng act: Ivi, t i es but aisoi. e hai i - t v'i . w 'i t ¿ike t e ci cwn e o . c al I nmìun 'i t i op e u t

Areas of act ivity within the fisheries context have included lauer-hin gand retri crei systems for cd rognes; fuel, equipment. arai spore par-tnup Iie t i i nrs fi shui t uniques p oL c' pa i al I aof iii r s I ir coe' .t ng ne", end t ho nppI y e r fir t r fi f 1 T1i}iflC fl

Act ii t 'i.c t d n th i ider mmwui t '- c'ds urI udo p' o si on ewells end ti.-rulef.ng i.e first aid. Other pilori ti. no cktnriincI ..nei odehealth care, improvement of coude the provì e inri o f' orvd:. t and thesupply of Iceríene,

The rsource < r i ha Model Prejeot n:e i lait ted and ait e;npte dbroadening the scope of commun it y development r im to Ñob lime ot herdevelopment agencies und îiu'id;ing enei-cee to ass lt the coîvnunity i eluiplement Ing identified microproject,

The perticipation of viliagois in the .i.deni;í ficatton of coast. reluis s'riways of overc'om i ng -them, greatly euhimcr-i; the vthbi i it.y of dïve topntefforts. The integrated opproach to prob.l em i.denLi 'Ci ein; i an increaserthe ove l t e; ha Ion Of thO ()HUT1U 131 md ci nn' LL lui I .Mflo' at ciito occur with aimJ taneous aoci ai adapi ati cm'.

20

(r Lc,l)ert I:e (Teau leader) intrluccd the :1 aeg ted ve nientPr,F.Ct La S enge, in Sierra Leone.

The P'Lojeu t: is ded by UNUP and e>ecu t:ed. by FAO. The Project's a unassociate project of the IJÌAF ograane which has provided ass is tance.through :biit:i al planning and the prov.i.s:i.on of consul tancy inputs Theproject is sistad at the southern cud of' Ynwrì ìay' and can be reachedfrom Freetown by boat or a seven hour road journey

The Project was started in February 19P5 and, Ls currently sci' deletl forct.wpJ.et i on in March 1 9U8. The ìa'ia objeti vea of t:he Project are t:oincrease the fi ah producti on capacity of the region arid to increase the5OC 'COU&fllfl ( wel ......being of the villager s ìn the Shenge er 'Flic'Project i.s attempting to achieve these tw) objectives using t heintegrated part;:ic:i potory approach descx'ibed previ ousy

Ach.ieveme_nk:s te date include the construct ion of a fisheries complexwi tu offices fishing gear store, worcshop, freezer room and itei sideshed. Experimental fishing triais have identified the sasonc' i i, ly of'specific catches and the useful riens C improved gear.

The Project works with 13 vii lages lu the regionoperate Ghana Plank, Standard -5 and Pugout oes -powered by sail and paddies end the Project has aimedstnbii:i ty of ex:i sting craft and inereesi ng t:he use oftechniques. Triais have also been carried outefficient 4-stroke petrol outboard motors

Thea e villagesMoni vessels are

at improvi.ng theimproved sa:i i i ngus Ing more fuel

The Project a desire to prov ide vi.!. lagers with the means to becomeindependent, of outside support arid to perpetuate improvements. sreflected in the assistance to the Rarghoro Central Coopera t ive. Thi swill. assc.ime respona ib i 't :ity for the provi s i on at' gear and credit arid the.estab 1. ishment of a cent rai workhoo.

'l'ha rojnct has ei so assi n ted the fish smoking women in the reg:i O) bydemonstrating Checker smokers. The. project is also work i ng with otheragenei.e to improve road communient ions and rural water supply aya tema

21

5.6, The Kab la ?ieheriei »ve1cmient Pruject Sierra Lne.Mr Jock (pbei. i gave n introduction 1.o the Itambin tiherienDeve1opient Project.

The iÇimbi n Fi1ieies i)eeiopment rojecr't is jointly îu.ided by theend the Oover nt of Sta Leone and has a

tot1 budget of 0U 1. U m:í TU on. The Project coumïenced in Octc,ber1982 and is a research. project aimed aï de rmintug cays of reducIngthe propulsion costs of the fishermen in. the northern iegíon of ie rreLeone. The Project is baerJ on Yclthuva Tslaud some 20 miles northe-1 rreeth and i iaed by Meir A} i t er r 11 i et md Par tnc d jthe UK.

The ini t:LnI concept of the Project revolved round the iinportat ion ofrnboarl power c_d vt scT whi eh had beco ti ] Pd ' d tet in trï'n oarof the world. These veuscis were t undergo trin3 s .n Sierra Leone,and the mes t ipLI opr i e. d s go o i d hr .e ccl md it c rep cO i I tdetec on iic'ct by fi ein Lri i1 hox t er I he omm' rçriní n of t heFojeet it wan decided that ïbi.s approach was not: appropri ate as theexisting veeis were we! ited to t local cond:tt : ens and fishingoperot ions.

The projec i: was roan minted to adopt a miene fi ei bio npprouc.h withgr eat r part ir pat i on b the n T e p opi he ma i cl te ha oof research were to test. the use of i riboerd and outboard dieseis inexisting designs of croft; t:o assess the potent al for improved use of.ci i and t n drtt r mine I ic pci'-sib i ' ei i dii oc I uì f h us c hei tto mere . a i r i hi ng t . ch i i cjus

Diesel inboards anni outhoards wure tofpi in modified exist i ri vessc1 eand improved vessels. of tredjt ionn3. dcci go. The present r eseFfich phase

rk ing ci with. vil loge fishermen end boat but idem to :ideiilifythe most. appropria t: e end accep tab I e vesset /engine combinat loris and theWays they cou succecsfT ly !ie introduced.

In the early stages of the Project: i t was ree.iiscd that the futtreiatr-oduct i on of inure eìpeasive ezig non wool d inocì:i fy the cash and credi trequirements of the villages, arid possibly lead to increased socialstrati fi cati The Project thun; exLarlded its rieti vi. Lies to i Qoli mieraçloseiy at. the socio-ecoeoinic aspects of the community on Yel.thuyc,The s f. rang economi. e :1 Inks between bust oiiarn nod fi oh sìico i ng wuenwere recognised and the Project: studied ways of ii;prov ing fi oh smokingprofi tubil.ity through the use of Altana ud tThorher smokers.

22

'The Project is due tc finish its teearch pinse in lui y 1987, afterwhich a i on term devolopmen i: proposui t'or i mprovi ng ct-moe propulsionwill be prepared for the northern gioii. Thi s proposal will centreon prcr d n dcvi t prc n cpi on' orn uhi h i hc cnmuni t y mu'according to thai r needs and capab i i t Lies The ropnsa.i wi]. 3. airn at: afully tht egroted iproach to the deve] opmeut. uf the regimi pl nnni ng t;be¿leve] op w nl a d mawgernen I. ut 11 at I iv i w i I hi n Lh on t'il inne

5.7 The 'isherieEPulotProjacI,Toinbo

Mr Uwe tieck (Project Manager) ini: r-.cad the Fisheries Pilot; Project;Tombe end d;iscused the evolution nf vessel propulsion in the Tamboregion

The Fisheri as PI lot: Project; , Tambo (FItti) i s based i Tambo vil I gasi thated On the sou t; barn end u f Freetown pen insu lar in S terra leoneThe Project s operational.. ares covers the was tern eran and 1.he Bon the

U' jet. The Project begaii in Sep t: ember 1.980 and is present ypl arm d to cent r u un t i i Augu t J JU7 , t hough an e L w on un t i iAugust 1989 i under review.

The Prejeci. is ,joi,nti y f'uiided by the. Gçrvernman t of Si aia1cone (1 8ini. 11 iou ILmas ) , nd the Federal Republic of arrnny (12. i. tnt. ii. ionJ)eut.schamrks) The ruacut.ing agencies are the Si erra Leone Fihariesi)xv i ion n f' 1 he fu T i t. y o f Agr i roil in e tnd Ni t nr 'i i Pr our ces rind t hePautscIi ('e' a J I' hd t J er E lei s br' Zu' urnn i nn hai t (,1/, t.;ijihul

The primary objerti ve of the project a to provide a model for'ommun t i t t she, y dc w I opira nt wi ir h wi I E prtpur e t h i ni t b

long terni dev topaient of r an1 fisheries Iha uUuwil go J is t.oin re ee thc supply et nexpans r , c I i h t o the low i nc orne papul dt I Oil

The project has three distinct elements, The cornjnercj,aJ., elementimpoi is arid I t i mgr' nl epiprní rd 'inc Iudut nc I s, Iwuic , C

arid boui. t as leu i ns The ni or, ai e used t n r apur h iso s Lock, t ofinance operational costs und to feed the V i i i age Conmron Good andFishing Loan Fuxud.

The techn;i cal dcva.l epxamnl. element. pr'omotes t:he technical and economicdevelopment of the community, The social and comnoni. Ly development:element, of the project. :i.s aimed rit; the SOC iii] deve] opinaiii; of Iba entireconununity through self"hel.p projects end pert icipat ion in problemidentificati on end solution .furmu] at ori.

23

IL is hoped that the project wi. il eventual ly become financially soi fsupporti ng and admi nist cred by t ho comim,wi ty i n a ay hi chredistributes income in a more equitoble manner. Funds for communitydevelopment, have already been used for' the coñstruction of an improvedwater supply system, suppi.y of a rel:ail store, provision of s healthcentre and various hygiene projects.

The evolution of vessel construct ion and propulsion systems in theTumbo region has been documented by 1h: Melvin Tlendr'ix (1fl3ì) 1-ternaïinfluences started as early as the iGth century and the returnìng freeds i aves brough t wî tb i hem boat building ki ils from 'Furope and Amerien.Freetown became a major centre for regional trade in the late 19thcentury and hoatbuildiig skills were w'ii developed.

The Benefit Boat Societies in the early 19th century modelled theirplank fishing boats on the i arger pi J et Vessels of' Freetown horbour,These societies thrived Into the 20th century hut are now restrictedmainly to the Ilanana Islands.

In the eariy part: of this century, mot artisanal fishing was carri edoui froa small dugout canoes. In the 1950's the Fante fishermen f rolltGhana i nt.roduceç! a semi- i wIns tri ni f'i,nbi.ng approach us ing very iuredugout canoes, 12 14 metres in length and usually made t'roni cottontrees. These i arne trees were not: i n great supply in Sierra Leone sothe Font e i proach d t he 10 al uc bot buil dcu s I o c u e i tIF

rr'eseni: ' Ghana plank canoe' . The earl.y 196() s saw a massive growth ofule'P vesels dud the ddopton of petrol outboard moto s

At the sam':' time, a local. bent. hni.lder lu Tombe started buildingplanked vessels with 7. Shp 'i nbonrd di ese.i engines . Approximately tenof t:hese were bui Il: bui: the shortage of spar'es and the introctuct i on ofoutbúards displaced the inboard engines. The outboards bari clean yrecognisuli le adv,w Lagen in 't' ha t. t hey cou Ed be casi I y replaced wilOndImaged and removed from the boat: for security.

In 1982, the FPPT r'eveal cd the. importance of the fi l'lanciai linkagesbetween the boat operat: i oes and the fish process Ing Onr market Ing.The 'f:inanci nl losses :in one sect' or wore bei ng covered by the gains i TI

the other and the non'-vmnhili ty of petrol powered vessels went:urmoti cod. The rapi ri ,ìnfl at irm of I 4/l)R5 and the resol 't ant increasein fuel price and fuel scarcity caused great economi. r pressure ori thefishery. Th:ie pr'esnuro prompt ed the boat Owners t o e>pIor'e thepossibility of returning to diesel inboard powere craft.

e',

TIu3 vili er; PP1)aCI1d th pc)ject to +sist iii the cniistructîon &.f

ieei iuord vc3el s !sed on th ks i ns and tochni ue. ;i.ch devolved earlier in Sierrì Leone. lt was thus an internal forcewhich prompted interest in di esel isotouisat;ion and Hìc skills forappropricte vessel construct ion were a) ready part: of sierra Leone shiatory. Phe c.sïyt f rrpi d scr:eptunco of this chune intechnology was acute economic pressure which was c.1 early perceived bythe boat. owners

The projcct z35i,5t t he vi i tase Wi t h t rolmiesi support sed train i butthe vessels are built by local host builders, To dete, sb.. vesselsluive been completed nd two are under construction.

Success of the operational diesel owercl craft rests on t-ho fol iewii:ig

good techn:i cal support ond workshop facili t. los;

act ive participation of the target group In 1la1ntng andipiemeìit ing the: technology introduced;

- control by the Sont Owners cjeruti ves nf ownership pat tsri;, tb- rrov i s ion of credi t for i r'ngi ne , and o di. s tribu-t ion of the

- financial savings t-o the crew.

This si tant ion conlrwAt5 nl I with ho cnIIpse of sell os'. in- when after a peri. od of intense scarcity fuel became more readily

auail<h1 o The m in pi ob i foi.Thct i h ii w''rí mnrl e-u d i' Iinstability and more operational work, moteas ccl work in using thesails, more time spent. at-sea with catches hej ng T anded later for lowerpi.ices. Gos t savings were aio not: benefit t Ing the crew but only theboat owners, as a onseqticnoe the bot ter c:ew I of t: for new boats andhigher pay.

5. 8. R-.1 mice de i a Peche Art thanol a Pjifero

Mr Da'id I1.son (Dìrocteur Adjoint) irmtroduced the activities of theDjifere Pi'eject in SenegaL -

Dj-ifere is situated 150 km south of Dakar in Senegal. The site wsslei t-lai ly es tab i. isheti as a commerci. al f ich moni pion I. wh i ch woneut ii-niy suppi. led by t he ari: issna i soc t or Vi eanci ni prob I ems .1 cd t ot lie plant accumula L ing comic iderab le dob t: and lemma from coimimercislbanks propped up the dpera t- i on tor four oi' f:ive years

Rveiìt,ïo1 I y the Conadian International Dccei.opent Agency (CUlA) ogreecito refinance ti.ia operation and t:o rcor:te:rmt its eniphas'i.s towards theproduct ion of fish for human cons wupt: i ori Murb of the localproduction :i.s herring tait the project has at tempt ed to promote the useof traps fishing for cuttlefish and herid Lining for snnpper

Procesing n1hod ì.ociode sntolctïìg nci sI.t Lug bui rnot of the prilueti iced or frozen. High valee p'oduct. :1 s eportd to Jnpnì end Europefor foreign exchange genert Ion enti doitiestical i y consumed product i&

ttaipertd to s es i n the count ry' s interior

The. project:. operates fish collect: i on and fish cal;ching veesel s.Vari nus eÌori on is have boon tri ed w 1h new vssei mid propuls icm

toms includ ing the i niroduct i on of dories from Canade end t;r io iswith the inboard powered FAO vesel SEN-t * The projeci has ai sutea ted Ruggerini d i esel outboards ovei a long period of t. TheSEN-IT vessel. i s ¿pernti ng wï i cl eeii ng fish from i 5 f shiugvi lhiges iii the region and dei i ver ing badly Liceded drinking water

oc orsi ti

One o f the main po ints in arise from the dìscuss ions of Lh aboveprojact;s wrn the tre endoun vori ati un i n operating procedures di ci.n t:edby different funding agencies

T.h EEC funded rojee I;s gonorol ly r-es t; ri et. ;iniported g 'to those,r odut ed ri L t -tud itt'! t niuiF r i es (ií'r n iii t hut rs) Ae i Lnc o h -

inure fle ib] e approach sih i ch hua al! owed the FPPF (Tombe) to purchaseine<poJ1s ive u;s alit) engines ir-orn Japan. The eju i.valent'. equipmentpik]Chaaed i n Eurcipo , won d have been pruiti.h:i,t :1 voi y expensive orinappropriaie

YJJ1A lfl Senegal provitie.i part at i La kwei luncUnp through foodaid from which finmca is generated for project use.. This has obviousdove]. mental advantages bu L i s a s I ow process -

Par L icipants emphus isci the impon' tance o f t;he fi axi b i t i t y of fund ingrugi the degree o f ti nanci ei mrI.ur*cimy which a project erm exotic-.Corisultaw;'y cimipen ies f i.nrgiei,ng project a on e te i nibut'soinen L basis riresubjected to ITong dei aya resulting from cumbersome fi nanee procedures.

frtanrtfrjct;urers poi riLed oui that: nn;st riait! ng agtncius eva) auted project:C(PliPittoJit' t.eiRku:s mat aly (111 pri cc . Js pri red eng i ries do it al .1 ow thewauoí'act'urer siiff dent fi niiìcì ;'i leeway ¶o prov ido goti :iecula I: ivesupport md t oca] tim:! n i itg IT t. was riot rd hot very i 'er reqtlou tu ForLendcr io supply tuot-ina eng tics for deve lop tug cow t ries includedprov:i si on for the dovaloprumi ni .1 (,c1i itippnr't. or im] ri] tIt Themanufacturers pein ted cati that: i t was simply not putos ib le to g i ve Lowpr ce uric] good support -- suppiti 't s a costi y ct,mrriodi t.y sac! i tunecessiì;y must be rucou i sed arid reí) cuter] in torales sped ficat;ionsÏEC fund]. ng of the rehab i 1:1 l.a t. i. ori of tite i tisi io re ft-ni-i 1er fi oc t; in (thana

cited as r-ni entiipl r. of how tender ing procedures were bcrgirirti..ng iochange towards this gori] -

2 f;

[t. general i y reconised t hat: propu ts inn project s differed verygreatly in their firndiap; and execnt: on and l.hat very ii tt n euîi lyaccessible inforiaat ion on projects as avai lab le. it pointed outthat it wus necessary to know of a project s. n' istenue beforeinfm-mation could be obtained about it and i earui.ng of the existence of

as pnrt.ìrul diff1,(.it

The anufacturers in part i rular were very sorpri sed e heu of so mumprapuis i on projects and it agreed i hut morn tnformt iondisseminat iou was urgent: iy required. They also oxpYessed tleì r des ireto become more actively invo.l.vecì i n both research and developiient !:;utwere desperately i l- informed about tue ways i n wh.ì ch they couldassis : It: was acknowl edged thu t muceta formo i dialogue b etweenprojects, funding agencies, governments amid nianufacturers wasrequired

The research work of some coimmmercia.l erigi ne manufacturers, parti eularlythose attending the meetings was recognised. it was also emphasisedthat such research work was Vei'y Ces t ly and con I cl only be just.i lied inthe i ong term j f there was reasonable assurance of market poten Li alIt was iocogni sed that projects must work inure closely w:i lbmanufacturers to inform thema of what is requi red in the field. Thiscan then be more rapidly translated into practical engine modi ficelionswith minimum time wastage.

It. was recognised that: pi acing manufacturers techn:i cal. staff in thefield for research purposes and to assist projects was a cost whichshould he shared. The possibili Ly of using consul. tuncy funds for thispurpose should be further investIgated. Il; was also pointed out.,hwnver thaI. some Far Eastern manufacturers mai mmt:ni nod tennis oft echni.cai. s tail who continual. I y visit ed projct and kept aware ofmarke U needs Yamaha, for instance, has a i cam of some Lb i rty marineengineers, four nava], architects and four fisheries technologists eachof' whom spend four t.o five months travel i ing pci" year.

'[he select ion and i raining' of local manufacturers ' agents was alsorecognis ed as a major constru in t . Thi s wan part i ru! arty aC'UF eprojects are in the early research s Lage and may rei y heavily on rapidspare part support - If this was not. forthcoming from the in» countryagent t he project needed t o go directly t: o the rnunufacturem.»s' forparts. Unless a close roi ni onshi p tu est.abUs bed between the projectand the manufacturer mu isunderntand:Lug and delays often occur.

Agents are fttn deal tig with a range of nLiufcturer products undare limited in both F.he range of e>per tfee they casi offer and the levaiof spares they can currr Unlesa the number of oparut ing unita n wfl f 'i im h i ft queat 13 m1. hc OdSI din ti tbi i t

he wi 1] i i1 i nJ y -mi i f et nm-ì ng p i , almariufiwt.urerì do t ry t. o enut-e t:ha L hoy cnrry n m i nimunì omomi A

mijor pi i*tli ri fnc tn npm 1m elite ni ng putnt Uppi i od phuye p.oli 1 om ga:ì iring ue:r.s to fre:tgri O! :t i

nf ci di t mt jt ç - tm>

VP I i od di r i i u pm. j .ctso resul t in delayed uay,mnon t. us few development etic es paì in

advance or have efficient payment ytem.

t. was foi t that ni;my of the, eu rrìt pooh em affect.i ltg the cooperai, ibetween proj eats noci the ìnufact aver s was due to n 1. TkC a f inforina.t ionfi ow and I as ti tut. i anal i nflexi.b i I i ty with Ti fundim and iple»iont inagonciest These constraints should be overcome us noon as possible inorder to stiinulzd.e more effectivo r search and dete1opïimont at reducedcot Changes in the EEC funding It'odures of t:be KFIW was nino ci. tedums a gond exampie f how :j,noy-ed fi nancini 'Çl o>ihuI i ty bris -dIcì.l 13;improved reseureh e ffcct. ivenews lt was ai so cuisod that.manufacturers huye a more active vole to p uy in I hi s fi oid if' they areto reap the b mef[ts of future muritet growth

it wws also fai i;. that improved communiout i on bntween projects was anurgent need both on formai and informal. i.evel Funding ageneiesshould L o t.it al imp ovt.d not tuait tOO of tht is ¿h y lopmt ni offm j q

The design, piano log and managomen t of propul. s ion project s should takeinto siero eons i derat inri the expon onces of pm.ms t project's improvedongoing monitoring and periodi e ival....a1: ion of projects would uiol; onlybenefit Project Manogers but weal d prav:ide other projec ta wit b usefulcomparisons

2 3

5. 10. TechnicaL innova1ìoninSenegul

Following ihe gnerni discuss ion on ihn d iver's i ty and scope of

di fferen i projects, specific t.echni cal innova i ions were out i. i ned and

i;he proi;dcms and pass 1h11 it i es di scussed. Mr Ned Coac:kley s Larted the

session with an outline of the rgins of SEN I and SE--IT, Th is was

followed by Mr David Wilson briefly introduc i ng the experiences oF the

Projet de jifere

The ex i sii ng fish:i ng canoes of Senegal are, of i.hree ninin types:

pirogue St Louis jeune; pirogue Leben; and ihn pirogue r mi uka. The

1OE5 Vary in mag Lb, degree of rocker aind s ida fi are, dependi ng on

their op.wat: ing condii.t ions All canoes fc) i low a s imitar construct i on

pattern w. t.h bui i s based on a heavy pl ank keel and planlced si des on thepetite cote, or a dugout base and p lanked sides on vesse l.a on therougher grsnde cote, Length vari es from ( - 20 larger¡ranspo't canoes usually always of ihn farmer a Lyle ofconstruction. No cdmp.1 cte tranverse frames are used and the bu i liascons idarab le flexib ii i ty.

in an nt. tempt to overcome Ihr prob I eins of excessive opera t. i ng Cd)5ts iiithe fl.shery, an FAO eL:huicai C-'perat ton Lrograimue povided aspeciali y designed canoe (SEN 1 ) wi tb a pivoit:i ng di esel motor andconverted a t radi L3.onal canoe io take the same (SEN-2) . TheÇfPAS/iK)PM trad:t'Li anal canoe ' Ì.e Scie was f:i t tedi wi th a 20 bp i uboarddiesel. with a conventional installati ou. The hul. I flexibility of ibisvessel le cl io ser:i aus mi sel granen L prob I ems and tri ais indi ca ted theneed to enclose the eng inc in a water t i ght box.

nihe 1'J.0 Jtay of R.eiIi l'togiemme h:sed ri n Indi a has, ores many yearsdeveioj:x?d lli engi ne matai let inn us tog a waten i ght pivot ing box forbeach i andri ng operaI: ri oria (A . (>vera and R. Nov i ninr , I PE3) . Thri s .i sthe system tried in the above FAO TCP p i rogues SEN-i and SEN--2. SEN-2was a i . 2 metre long vessel of' maxi mum heam 2. N incirca, and depth o f1. 2 metres. Its conversion nd the cirnatructri on of SEN--1 aredetailed i n a comprehens-.ive report by J t'yaan,

SEN--2 as fi.t ted with en air- cooled Pants diese I., Fn'-del FIT 51.1 ofi 4'. Bhp ( a I; 2800r--pni) The cognac war; menu ted .ì r, a we Ieri: i ghi. box andthe box muuntn.ed on s ida pivots Lo ail ow t he eng i ne, to be t j. 1. ted endthe shrift asid [)rope 1 .1 er reisect when pass i ng thruagh the inI or whenbeaching the craft . The aft sect. ion of t:he vessel clic i os tug the boxwas open Lo t:he sen which was contained by a we fer L i.gh t bui hheadforward of' the eng inn box.

SEN--2 was al sci tri ed wi Lb pe Irai ouLhorda nod di esci. on thom-da forcomparai ìve pur-poses. The i.nboer-d i astral let ion was I:hcrì handed overio the Ceo tre cl' Assis tance a 1 a recur Ar-f isunal Senegn .1 ni se (CAPAS I ni n

November 1954 'for- extensive fi suing triais, These were delayed for ai.oniç perni od etici cni.iy took pl ace i o September- 1 - Three l'i stungtrips were made be lore t he vessel satik a i anchor in a s iena an thenight of the iO/201h Sept'.canber-, 1955.

The -- rcu1 t of the triala ue rer,:nrded n a CÁAS report (. 'Ibew,i96) which icknti fi es the nai n prob.tma o; u.ing trath t ionni. ruft nui:built specificai ty for' Inboard einr? The Veas&1 fledE-d bU:ercaulking and stronger construid: i nn and would not wi that and the ca:t ruvibrations. Problems were lao t'ound tth the air cooled tngthe which'requ xi 1v overheat d sa n.. n1t oi pmr a î u cul a ro n bn

SEN-i wns e now type of craft: spec i fical. ly designed and buil t; to t;akethe pivoti ng engine-. t i z a woden p hmked craft of' seari bat tenconstruction The vsset is of much stronger coos Iruction thw.traditi onu I craft; wut cune iderbiy more wz tort ight. 11 vel wenp 1mai i. 1v dos geed loi h Midi t& i ishiiig dud is snp 1 it h n i Loand a. gunter type a:Lti ng rig.

was conpayed with tradlt:ionaf craft With petrol outboards nìnperform nc us ron de d goud and fu' 1. viv i u- I - I hvsel wa J Jn handed ov r to j hc Pr it h' lic t u P u e t wbug term I r I s 9 ho vî has nO Opi at-d b] un n ) inn n y I 9fl5 ndhtì peu fO TPd Çvol I tr bol h d N fl nf c ti n,spt t \ ud bnl hu h i Iengine vtht.at ing prob Iem.

The major dvan tages of the cm It au u-lower fuel nsumv L i on.; improvedbull t& i i t Lv md i ruureascd worhiu apace; 5e of a i i. U3O aOCIperhups most import nt .iy uccept unce by thr :11. s bernRm Tbcdi.sndvantages luci udd ttT.e veaei s i ack of wntertight;ncna and ;he

p ob t r nus en cowl ei od wct h I hr ri' u io i isl 1 3 it uni Nu nicooled enei n repertl:ediy overheated doe t;ci poor a i r ¿ i on on thewaterti jht. bwt.

A second S3N-i. w:i t h o cmi. tuxuji1 stern end nt.or cool eri mu toi wancoîutrucLed. for the PDI per Le Ueveloppemîmt integre dos-uT lu-s de l u ueos u e (uin 1$ i ssni nd i opou i loi Ifurther SiN-I. turme.i stern has been bui Lt privately by th° Seneguiceeboat hwLtder who wor1ed on the coiis-triict i un. o f t he ph.s-I: otypé ora:rt.This vessel is fitted wi th u uurdj ni 9J,P diusel thbomd eugin

a imum of 20hn. at 3UOOrpu». The iumuo.1 hoi is perform wol Ibut prob Lems are eper lanced i f air ímt;ers the tuimol when the veseigoes as tern.

h private company pro ctjig FPP vesse] s S$achji, has ì1;o ohuwuuinterest in piuducirug SEN- I t: ype vrue1,a in FP. The EIJ i fu-re projecthas order-ed n fur fter fon.r 5FN vsels but. wi t:h i arger enginesPr,joct /?tu/OO1. oui the is lurid of Bui ama tui (]uinea t3issau ha plawndto prodnce four SEN--- i esse la t u the near l.0 turc.

The 1)jifere Project; has t:ried three epeì.'itents in introducedtechnology and problems have resulted from the technology sinappropriateness honor agencies und manufacturers both wish tocreate mnrkets for their products artd tend to encourage the edpt.a1i onof their technology even if it is not entire]y suitable to localconditi orts. Two exaniples of technology not; being welt uiteU to the.local conditions on Djifere ore the introduced Canadian dories andfluggerini dieseis.

The nsuccessíul trials of the Dj i.fere Project, with introduced Canadianstyle rowing dories from the Grand aiìks proved the importance ofproducing vessels to satisfy specific needs. The vessels were wellproven fishing craft in their orIginal. environment but the sbapn size,ped and chur'aeterisl;sics of the engine i sLai.laLion were unacceptable

to the local Senegalese fishermen.

The Dj ifere project also con t;inued Ute triais with the Ruggeri.nidiesel outboards started by the FAO Project. The engines were given tothe local, fishermen after Ute opera Lors had received. adequate tra:ining.The engines showed good fuel. consumption chureeteris tics but were tooheavy and vibrated too much 'For sust.a.i nod use on tradi Li otmi piroguesFishermen found the larger motors (Fi:Do 149) vm-y di ffieuit Lo startand would no I stop them a i sea for fear tha I they wcmi d not be obi e torestart them. The engines were also found to be too heavy anddifficult to lift off the boat in rough surf. The engines tested athijifere have also suffered repeated seizure of the bearings possiblydue to poor lubrication.

The SEW-I technology is a good example of a vessel which has beendesigned to suit; local condit ions in 3enegal and has been accepted bylocal fishermen.

5.11. Technical innovations in lhmi

The techni cal i nnovati ens i n the Death Model Project. wore ou t; 't :ined byMr Gordon Sheves and Mr Ned Coackley and a video was shown of thevessels operating under surf conditions.

The early triais of the semi-tunnel stern and pi vet; Ing enginearrangements i n S enega,I were ver-y encourog trig ai though as yet;inconcj.us i ve, I t was ther.efore dec bled to coot inne the tri.al.s inÏen;in bui udapt;ed to suit the large dugout canoes coimuon :in Gliano Togoand Benin.

Three vessel s were constructed to try out; three different; arrangementsThe first vessel. was 'Cairabuig' a 13.7 metre long dugout; canoe fittedwi.th Lonibnrd;i ni air col.ed 81,1) C55-2 engthe, producing 2'Thp a t; OOOrprn.The shaft and propeller were fitted in a straight sided tunnelorrangemen L which prot;ected the propeller duri ng beacliing The ai rcooling of the engine permitted the engine to be star-ted on dry landwhich increased t;he safety of passing through the surf.

Th ei.wd vc1 (.amrì a 14 1 te ng >ut com t . i; Fd?1 ft Volvo tu.. ¿ ip t. OQi pm t t t'

The propeller ind sbft wtre eg t.n inourLed wìdu a potect ive tumtelern but th tunnel I'td tuard alopth de to inprove

manoeuv rb i I i t y

The 1.unei or both v are Iwi. t iut.c a bol e ut j hott:or, (i

the duoot hi.ti. i The spec i .atious aad pos it :kmi.ng al' the tuzmel arequi. tç' i t i j t u a) Ì ow rol I t.i r t r rtpt uit u e / i of p op I

atd to ¿unte Liii rn t t lo f vun .r it the p or' Irr locovi i on mo th o rt pr p t I -r

Both vesreIs perfortneti we i. I wi tir good fuel, íonswttp t i ori and xpaetich ix a tot st t , Ihr rin ri tut 't og r irk. i çit i it t t I', tn iside taurited rudilee was large, epecioI1y' when turni.n io lurboardwil h a k n hnndI pr ope) ltr hi i in puni i are t re ttto the naiv ment at w..t r u the i unr'1 aie! Ute t r si it a t thi h thtuiuwt ol ( t Lo I ..ìt i i t muv n erRt i he si.' o! u.. n i t i Io O

part 't ax ly nixpox to it 'lien s4' rig i er nets or pur 'r oe n o aed i cLeit ri l t h nIdd&i inuuu rd b -h i rid he pi opt t I 't mpi u ecl litt t u ittcirrI e cnnt 't i. .b I ieuio iIV i t t I i t y of tho tunn,I ', t. n

1Z'Ï OUI" t pOL )(I t,t t ' P I)IIIIIJ. Il l( (1 tii..i t the t i navi i opilteti I c ont nut't'cr non-surf beaches only.

Tite l'ree) cootitig system in ' (kxmri e woo i orti) ly Inibri rated and momt.edin the tuono I Thth system seemed t..o work we1 I but dauaige to the pipesdut i..ig. hc'ach't on was a pns tb Io pi. elil

To i.1iq'it'OVe liruidi ing i ri st.xi' f cortdi t tori a t h i rd vesse.i , ' St Jude wasccm'tx w 1d Tb i s wì i-i 12 mt ti t, I ou .tut1o1P t ii '-cl mn t a a tam vu I2003, 24hp (at, 3000rpm) ieti'oard diee't. engine and a keci ecoijagtystem, The erigi no i s l'i,xed i aside the boa t und the prìpel ter shr'f t

t i u. and down by ny of t uu.vat. sx1 moi ut ' t'e tnnluer ' ili.s dry and riuun ted inside a i'll ed b ir rubber houa i ng attached to the aft.enei er op «e bu.i khi d t'li ' t 041 Y 'iCt aOl .. u i UT t 1( 't t t eri i-' 'u

consists of 1rrt of' the shaft, stern t;ube> propei 1 croad rudder. 'Fhastern near arrangement has been deaig'ued arid riuppi ied by Volvo Pentawho refer to it a's Beach Drive.

Wht,trz the vessel is puits un through t:tf:;uì.' f, i.hc X': trac table s Irin eorcan be pul l"d up i. na ide a groove in t he luit J. at Che sppropr jut; a utomon t..

o 1) ow tiv vc.'t'el to ht u'-.'i .1 y b -ic hi n t t h mi cl o t hr stri t

The per'foniirwce of S t ,Judo won agitin very aec'eptb i e w:ith air improvinitm'trning ci t'oie ; inrdine to that of ed t; int outbourd powex-ct craft an)good aemnoeverobi i i t.y to surF candi ti nina . The a terri goat' aeraitt.einnt,is at i J i at the rosent-eh piwso and Vol. to Poeta are coat i.rïuì ng to asj,tthe Prnjt in improving both the conotzt net ion amici ourrat i n'in. i)etiJw t he ,onm t t.- ut t LO i nal t t i I s at e , n Guie t di,dsrn r'lepor I el I YBb

9

Two of the three ve] have been working with t.n the Modol 'j': et i n t ii n r ni prorairme . nd I. h i u I oi J iv rioperdt n'i orts aL e Uiip e'S'LV w cvpte, he t ot ei 'nr t pki1op wiw of i h ciht i ot un uboni d dr toi p ei ii i i ni wo

aprox at-ty 3O ut the t o of fur I p k tuer rnvre tot 3 'h p t t e toutboard vsei.

A bri.if nu1ect j0i cf the r'hij cal. jiiìuvt. ions of the Krirub,

Fisheries Dvel tpruent Pro,jec. wos i ven by Mr Joek Cmpbe i nrd ri'(eorge Noble (KFUP Mnter' Bt Bui ider)

11'he canoe propu I a ion reeeore.1 of the Krmh i n F:isheri es lilopsiontProject bas centred around three oreas of struiy. The fi rst io thetrviq f dil en*r in thr lìr I' ¿û ftc i aeoe, a',ed $oi

n net t rhi ng the ornI i. thi po ,sij'i}e ecprì ion ul irrer' r t eti of ihing nu thoiL and i h ru rd .i t he r ripr ovd e ut ' i r i

Tire large h'haira pl.onk canoes are propel led by 25--40hp tw-etruke ptrei.outboards using bet:ceen O end 3O litree of fuel pr day. initiai

r i a1' on u n InI 11 n i Ji ceI u5bû ir ii r re w i i r id ou'. ir ir1q84 Iwo i r ej y I fiah n 'eeo w r '-it 'rt R

by, araorigst ether things, the i rit reduction of stringers dovetail ingthe thwarts irrte thu henni ohei f end rapi acinic rotte::i pi iks andfastenings.

A lee]. was .1 arrime ted oir to etch vessel witt a deaciwtuod bui lt up endI)orCd to accept: tite stern tube. Euitie bearers were rarried wellforward to Juni t: 1;he effects ciT hull 'fie.. in aird to sprnnd the en,incload across auffi.ctea frnnes The two verejs worked we'll for sixweeirs before both verei,s were utornr drrged.

The two engines Bukh i)V . 2Or'B of 20}ip (2 OOOrpm were then reirroved euc.iinuti1.ed iii two new vesneis which were dc cue4 oion trad'i tìonei,lines, but with built down hul i with 5) shaped frames in l:he aftsections. The two essel were huilt. by the Xl1)P on Yel thuya betweeìNovember 194 ami March 3I5 . The orist ruct loir as 'rrle ri out by avi 1.1 age boat bui. i ding t:eruri rür Tonrbo VII lege under the iuperv.i si on ofthe KFI)P project boat builder Sy'lvtwuo B . Cuti tea.

These two veaseie were thee operatori pref:i tnbly by a J.oei 1 bc>t.ownerover a period of eight months. The ('assi?iS used an averee of 20lt tic s of cli. e'uJ pt r day rrd o»u t t hc wer( ut 'r inri k ir or 'k-r etraditional craft.

33

The esseis did however experience mechanical problems resulting fromthree main factors. The most important factor was poor itioning ofthe engi.ne. The boatowner had insisted on operat ing the net frombehind the engine and reques ted the shaft be extended and. the engi nemoved forward. The flexing of the hull caused considerablemisai ignment of shaft and engine and resulting bearing damage. Thesecond major factor was insufficient technical assistance provision onthe project whi ch resu. ted in poor training of the crew in the correctoperating and maintenance procedures. The third factor was poorlog:tst:icai support and administrative bottlenecks resulting in sparepart shortages and excessive vessel downtime.

Eventual 131 the engines were removed and the vessels converted back topetrol outboard Two further vessels were designed one wìth the sameIeei arrangement. as the previous two boats and the other wit-b a sterntunnel built from keg mounted on eithet side of the popel)Tbe vessl FfV1 and 2, were of sron'er ennetruction arid lattdimensions than traditional craft arid wre aimed at becoming a moreseaworthy, safer and more productìve cr-aft. These two vessels werenot acceptable to the fishermen because ihey deviated too far from the

trdd]tIonal designs ihey hLTP ai,o too heavy to pull up the be h,and their turning circle was too large. They did, however attractconi derable lut crest a'-. i rauspoi I boat s and lIns ai' a nl use ts bf 1 mgstudied. Petails of the results of the various trials can be found inthe report of Campbell and I3eare, 19B5.

The Project has now returned to more traditional dtsigns of craftutilisirig only improved construction techniques. Two new craft are nowbeing built, One has a fìexih]y mounted inboard diJ. engine andincorporates a rmpe of flexibic shift .uplin which will be tcSi( IThis is aimed at eliminating the problems of engi misalignment andbearing brea)down. The bull t down hulJ with 'S' shaped frames hasbeen replaced by a deadwood attached to the canoe body.. Thi.s isdesigned to help avoid the probi ems of pi oaks springing free from thestern posi when the vessel runs aground arid also increases the ease ofconstruction. This vessel wi li be tested with Lister 8TW2 2Ohp (t2,300 rpm) and Lister ST3, 3Ohp (at 2,300 rpm) engines.

The second of the tiÑo new vessels i s a stronger built., outboard poweredcraft designed Lo accept engines mounted in a well or the sido. Thisvessel will be used to carry out trials of diesel outboards. li. ishoped that triais with these vesse].s will identify vessel constructionmethods and engine insta.t laliori techniques appropri ate io the needs andcapabilities of the villagers in the area- The trials have beenarranged to include the maximum parti ci patina of boat operators, ownersand builders in the evolution and evaluation of engine instaliations

34

Trials on the more static fishing rnethods have resulted in the designiid construction of the 1Su-craft This vessel is . 6 metres long

arid of broader beam than the traditional Standard --S an canoe' whichis the traditional craft used for much of the static fishing in thearea. The first vessel was fitted with Lister LT1, 'ihp. air cooledinboard diesel, with a side skeg tunnel stern The two subsequentvessels. were built for use with petrol and diesel outboards. Thevessels are slower end heavier than traditional craft and resistancebaa been voiced by f ishennen. These vessel.s ara underoìngmodification and further triais, A 'Samu---craft' has been builtprivately and is now operated by a local Freetown entrepreneur as a

fishing vessel. The uggerini 8hp and i4hp diesel outboard engine havebeen tried on both 'Sainu' and traditional vessels. The fishermen fiadthem heavy, noisy and difficult to start. Vibration probleus have alsocaused problems with loose caulking. Some fishermen feel, however,that diesel outboards are a viable step end the project aims tocontinue trials until July l87. Yelibuya's isolation from Ireetownaccentuates its fuel problems arid diesel outboards offer a possiblesolution.

The sai.J triais were initially encouraging but it was sbortly rea].ised

that sail, trìals and the determination of the potential lcr widespreaduse of improved sailing techniques was a long terrn Droject beyond thecurrent resources of the Project. Sail trials have subsequently beendropped from the programme.

5. 13. Tecimical Innovations ìn Totho Sierra Laone

Mr Uwe 3eck gave an outline o the FPPT developments with theassistance of Mr Klaus Lange (Naval Architect) and Nr Peter Jarehau(Master Fisherman).

The FPPT realised in 1982 that the existIng petrol outboard poweredcraft were no longer connuercially viable because of iithg fuel prices.The project then started experimental construction of' diesel inboardvessels.

In 1984, when the village boat owners were beginning to realise thefull impact of the fuel shortege, they approached the project forassistance in building a diesel inboard vessel. The project set up a

training programnne aimed at instructing village boat builders in newconstruction techniques. This programme did not work well as it

disrupted the existing controi of boat building teams and forced boatbuilders to comply to a rigid working day at the expense of their otherobligations.

35

1veu tuai. ly t he boat. boil dcrs left md n eìtì of uppren t. ce 0011 t

working w&th the pruject Twenty apprenti ce bull t: the 1'i ret tese.tover a period of si< oths using introthicecl ?11S51 cs.gtìs 00(1construction teehu iques. Thel ocal boot bui i.ders at bed the prgoocarefully but pronounced the ìesse1 unacceptable be mee of the timeand i obour requl red, the cost , t.he need br uproded ski ils anc.l theneed for imported rnaterial.

The heat owrìen then built o nndoi of the croft wh ch had breo bui 1 t. i Y

Sierra Leone years hefore They requested us tetnnoe in but 1dint aimiir ve-) w:i tim their ori. ) avals of eparti ne and eqa pmaot Thiet vessa I wa bui 11. t h i n iwum i no v mani of t-1 e pt o I t-XI t 00 î ha mture of tradi I unni and ('uropean cow pto The bel). sluipeLefleeted that of the traditional Ghana pi ank canoe but liad a bui i tdown huLl with S --shaped bromeo in the aft section, A d.i eneI :fthoordengine of 2Ohp was then instst Led with a rigid shaft or rnngoment.

The vessai. doni go has nubsequen Uy been modified by the boat bui idemto Hic Se tb L i id t y of thu sai nd nc s britt d onin i ri

mounted on otee). eígi rie bed which i s bolted onto the wooden enginebearers.

The first vessel bn:i lt. by the viii agers operated seL. fur eight monthbefore being blown bore and smashed. Five other ve.iseìs have subebeen bui it end two more are under construct too. The coocept o t' theengine ins Lai Lot ion i s in reduce the ohaft Length and rigidly mount theengine, shaft and stern Lubs. The Rout Owners Coupernti vu has a ii stof 15 owners who wi.sh to abt a iti diese powered craft under the presentscheine.

The 5UeSFì of the vessel i s attributed to tkci r lrmovnti on comingfrein within the village and subsequent construction and operation beingeupported by good technical foci liti es technical eperUi se and sparepart supp i tes.

5.14. icusi.oxi of ectmïci1 thm,vatìoi

The. technicnl detEdis of the ahmn vessel/engine coin thtíon were thendieussed by the participents

The eso i ut ÎOfl 0f erigi ne i stl lat.iwi, vessel cociruction ite: od , andveo1 designs, i coot inuiïìg and J t ws agd that no e tbinaieri voasiitab1e for aH pats of West Africa Reseeroh rnut: continue to findlocal salut ions to local probleiis but; making fui I use of ail avoJie.hlen 1w rt ion w epr t r'nr J h i obvi ouslv commun ar oi

cb which would benefit ai.l pt-oject hut much should be.restricted to one to avoid dupli cation. Ai i of tha existing projectsare however concerned with th problems of lacolised fihories and nonehave the resources or the piarmnd objectives to iook at regionalpr-ob1tas. J t was felt that there was potent ia foc a regionalpropu1.ion project specificai]y aimed at. areas of research comnion toWest Africa.

It is recognised thut putting dse engines into boats over 10 metresis not, r, a put tcularly dffimu)t Fhe problem a' lbCS whenthe boats are unsuitable for diesel inboard installation and requiren!odificationO which may not he acceptahie to lacel boat buildersmechanics or boat eperat:ors UnacceptahiUty may venait from the useof t;echnology which may be locally too compiex to repair and maintainsuch as lifting stern gear or from the dd1tionai rost of new inboardengines end stronger boats, Diesel inboard engines are also fixed inplace (unlike outboards) and iimot he removed for security (to avoidtheft or swamping) or for repairs.

It is important t hat int;roduced irmti lation techniques and equipmentcan be fabricated locally or purchased at a reasonable cost,Different countries have different levels of access to foreign exchangeand can thus support different levels of innovative technicalcoiupiexit.y if it is dependent on externo] supplies. it is alsonecessary to tailor propuìai.mi systems to the i oval, of meehanisedskills ava;i]able at the village leve].

?iehav ioura I changes in fishing commun it: ies may al ready be deterud ningti-ends in future vessel/engine designs. A movement away frcan surfbeaches to sheltered bays or to urban ports nod their associatedmarkets u change the demand for future surf' boats. The reducedsupp!y of lage trees for dugout ca oes may also force a rapidtrans;i ti on t.cm new construction methods sixth as pianki ng or' FR1'.

It mas poiflted out that the.. pivoting box eugi,ne must be started with m

pu].] rope 5f the wo tert ight.ness of the box is to he maintained.Piesel out:hoards are also started with. a rope and difficulties havebeen expericrmced. Alternative spring loaded starti ng syst,ein werediscussed but considered too expensive for use in developìng fisheries.Electrical systems introduce further' operational tir'obi ems particularlyof keeping batteries in good working condii ion Alternative startingsystems should be invest i.gated more fully and the informati ondisseminated to projects

37

Reference wis made to the advantages of air and ter cooLing rsteIt wen pointed oui. that air cooli n or keel cooling were necessary ifengines ware to a started on the beach or run in sandy water, AirCool ed systems suint be instal. led careful ly with correct. duc t lug foradequat a ai r low r f o ho inr is lo b vrndpd coosysesis have the advEmt ego of ree .rculati J';resh water hut exposedwater pi.peo could cas i ty be maged and the ingrans of sai I water couldrapidly corrode unprotected gin

Ai though usual ly eighing less iban water cooled. engines n ir cooledengines do t end to be oisi er. This bss certainJ y mat wi. th netEd..i.Vereac t: ions from fishermen who may fear Ihn t the noise fr igltt;eua f' lab.it is cuan necessary to denL.i:Fy perrei vd problems as wel.i an i:hosewhich ara pro'.wm as perceived prob i ems can restrict; acceptance as muchas real. ones. l?isbermen i n both Tombe and ,amb i a have voi cad concernabout the noise of ai r cooled erigi nan and are convinced that theyreduce catches. More research is needed i n fh:i.s area.

Outboard eiigi.nes have very obvious adva:t;agen resut. t i ng from tiLci rnl()hIIi t.j . Two s Iroke J)et:ro 1. oirthoarc)n have been manufactui'ed f'or theuropean/Aiiicr can p l.easure market . ruì(y. t ark ei f rc i. ency when used on

n I ow worh t)(5Lt.5 aII(J do riot. zre Ue ron i i :1 ncc to wi thst:und constantwork log' pressi.rr'e . i t wos ac)cuow! c:dged thai: much cryul cl be dor ... toi.Wl)Ì'OVe l;he cpara t i ori of these engi re by i nc.rmsi i ig ihei r derebi i i t.yand designing the gearbox nd prt:pei.1. er to be store atprï'i.at.e. to theenvisaged worki nods . The experiences wi. th four n t. coke engines suggest.that considerable fuel, savings are osnible and a range of higher horsepower engines would have many aïxtagas . The ii eels of' :fi:incanoes in tes t Afr are main iy propel led by pet;ro i outboards and, theyrepresent a leve i of technology whi ch :i.s necepted but even thin levelof technology is not fu. .1 y underat:aod. Perhaps muy Ing toword.n diese I.engines in a p'ramatur'e step whi ch could be delayed unI ii the fui ipotential Of the. petrol outboard is exporecL 1ueIi work ueeds to bedone by manufacturers end projects tu expl ore the posa ibii.:i ty ' ofimprov ing the field per fui-marice of petrol outboards

Efl.eel outboards potentiell y cumb:i ne the beni: of both ilie petroloutboard and the diesel inboard worlds . Ye ight, vibration andstarting problems are immadi ale areas of c:onc.ern whi eh ti mit theapplication of availub le model s. Pefore they can be accepted into aîìshery, i. t: w.i .1.1 be necessary' to carry ou t i eng term Irin s win ch leadto the evoluti on of inure accept;ebl.e design characterist;ìcn ifexi nt;ing problems are overcamo. it is I i Icely that diesel outboards will

ut ' to p ay in ce I u ii i i i i n Afi d

g

A Jor pro1em ri.th the deveiopert of di ei outboard ro1:or isltdT lli\ I E of o ni mg 'p prl - (fffl Ruf rL i r tVr

developed the 8hp 12hp ad i'4b girer hitb, re current: lyurthg trìt nd have rcent.iy rei euned the n'. F 15 The F. i Sa Lwo yiirder lShp engine hìch the iifeturn ricim i only

f1 kg to weight sxbstant i oily I es tht both the Vicio 129 and149 (97 kg nd kgs respectively)

ITil)3Ìti1i hFÏV developed prototype dl ee otbourd of hp end .1 1h.otb these engines wi i I be tested in es t Afr. in the near future.

Yeo»uir have recent . y developed e rnne o[ di esel outhonrch hi ch hevenow been rleaed onto the mmrcia.l market. These nue tb. Ï. B'ip 27hpand 36hp engines with weight.s of 79 k, 87 k and 118 l respectively.r4t I - Imowu of the i r fi .1 d pei t 'rit ow e it t

Any inonatioo. he i t inboard, otboard, or soU wi lt require theright economic eorìdi. t ions to generate in t eres t frois t he f iÏi ìngcoiununi ti es and adequnte support. over a i ong peri ori oF time. One ofthe uiiajor problems of ehongi.ng propuis ion sytenis i s tho ofunderestixmt: i rig t he I emth cii tri ne i t ri s necessary to give coot ri noonstechnicn.l support . if new eru i oes or an inproved sailing techni quear intro.iueed nod project s upport: i s w:i ththewn too eon y thouvillagers may be left in a worse condition than f the project. bacinever been started

The )iieetring recogni.;ed that Flic iot.rorbrctioo of diesel origines , inI)aL-ticuiar was s. greater tratto format i.c.in thOu W* flu TilO Ï I y ruai i sed.To achieve a we]. T piunoed trrinsfcr of tbìs love] of tohuoi ogy requ:iresa support period of between ten and twenty years . Th is a 1.1 ows agener8.tri on to grow up wi th the i e\'e.i r technol cigy and to develop i irsown support structures. Parallels can be drawn with the petroloutrbr,ard which has had over trwont-fi ve yenrs in West. hrtricrm and isst ill not well ass .biï taled iii terms OF Vt i1.ae operat ing and cepa irski lis- IJn.Fortunalely, the trime spans uro in excess of those usuallyeons idered by funding agencies who rariy pian projects beyond fri vo

Thi s need fur i ong term support, is a erri tica,t ri sSue 'hi c.'haheu Id be irade very clear to the appropriate agencies

Again, jt was knowl edged that. niuch research ri s goring on in the ureawhich coi.iId boriefi t: projec ta i. f i t was presented i n ri more rrccas i b.t edocumented form. Manufacturers. lei t thud: there wns a rcat. need l'orbetter coiiimrrnicat.i.ons between projects arid themsel.ve to clearlyidentify deve. opnme:rit, rims trajets and to ass i st. i n resol \7ririg them. .1 t

was also acknowledged that ai though there were many tee nical probh cflSsti li to be resolved, the ncccpt,th,i ti h by the fi 1.rer!,lerT was an ureawhich requirer.1 much more research,

6. FIEL» EXCU}ISION TO TOMBO - 17th Novei-iber 1986

Tomba village Is situated 53 km south of Feetown on the FreetownPeninsu1 and over looking Yawn Bay. The population in 1981 wasestisa'ted to be approximaie1y 7 000 but this has risen cour.iderahly toaround 15,000 a thc then Over 7O of the population belong to theTeawe tribe with Fu]. ehs Sherbroa , and Susus making up the remaining30'.c.

The imth cmme.rciai occupation of the village in fish catching.,processing and marketing. The main fleet of fìsh catchIng vesselsconsists of 18m plankod Ghana canoes powered by 25-4Ohp outboard petrolengines. The majority of these vessels use the encircling ring net ofabout 800m length und 5m in deptb Fish:kng in carried out in the daytime and the catch is usoniJy herring (Sardinelia maderensis) or houga(Ethnai osa fimbrthta)

The Fisheries Pilot Project Tambo, coimneaced operation in Tombe inlute 1980 and has since established an impressive project site withenclosed si ipway, workshop hoatbuì icling shed, wood seasoning store,net stores offices and fish processing area, The Project also hasdormitory accoamtodati on of staff and mesa Ing fach iii e.

The Project has also been i strumentai in building a (lain and watersupp].y system for the vi li age and has assisted in the construct i un of avi.1iag health centre.

During the vini t to Tombe participants were able to observe theongoing construction of an inboard diesel powered Ghana plank. Thevessel was huai de the project site and was undergoing finishing touchesto the hull and engine installation. Six veseis llaVe na far beenbuilt with the help of the Project. arid they are now suc cesofull yfishing from Tombo. Participants were taken by boat to the westernside of t:ho Freetown Peninsula to observe diesel and petrol poweredGhana canoes fIshing. The operation of setting the net was,demonstrated an was the process of closing and hen] Ing. Thedemonstrations slwwed the need for good rnanneuverahiiity and speed insetting the net.

The FAOJUNDP Shenge Project provided a. demonstration of theexperimental outrigger canoe. The crew showed their nailing expertiserecently acquired in the Sheuge Sai,] Traini ng Programme. The. crab clawsail rig was osed to advantage in the light winds and steering wasenhanced by the use of the 4-stroke. petrol outboard. The stabili.singinfluence of the outrigger was a great advantage in easing the use ofthe sail and did not appear to detract i n any way from vesselperformance. Participants were encouraged to try their hands atsailing the craft, which continued to perform well despite beingoverloaded by an eeess of observers.

40

l'h eXci.0 ion to Toitbo rv.rkd a uefu1 op rt;ui ty for prtfc iautto d:L$c.us tochni cal iiinovaUoos of boot ths.igna and ista:ìR&t- inmore detail. They were also ab] e to discusa the io hiçh tbPrujct orgaìiintt; .i ori and ii, frastructure coil d be t.rnusfered across tMthe viLiae a:; the target group because more self relint.

The 51C39 f the day was VCTY mnt:h dus to the efforts o:f tbo 'rhStaff and to the Sliouge Staff whose ant uuiasii enabled the usío tobe enjoynbie and inatructiva

41

TAULE )lSCUSiOi - 18T NOVEMJiEI 1985

Ïr Jock Cam:beil opened the second day of round table i.scusions by

introducing the broader issues of propu si co de;e1opment and i n

prticuiar the need for long term technical support al!d early

commercial involvement

ach geographi cd area and fishery adaptations in West Afrí ca calL r

specific technicol innovations or adaptions. Much can he learnt fro'

an exchange of existing information, and the research efforts already

documented indicate that several possible solutions to propulsion

problems are well advanced. 1f the research effort is supported hy

adequate finance and staff then it is likely that many of' the technicalproblems could be resolved in the near future.

has become apparent, however, that the solution to technicalproblems is not. the on'y harrier to improving propulsion systems in

WtASr loa. The problems nust, in the first place, be perceived as

probleu b t targ(t: group as well as deval.opment. a.genci es The

solutions musi- then be

- çJJçcptable: They must. he capable r ei und'r'stood,appreeiated and asimilated by the target group; they must be

proven nuer an adequate period of time under real i stic conch L ii-hey must he ietrothg at a pece which is within the absorptioncapacities of t.he v:iliagers; they must. comply w:tth i-be technicaldemands of fishing activities cud disposal of the catch.

ç&Jy acceptable They must conform with or be absorbed hyiuin sooil practices; they should b CCS5iblc to an

acceptably broad group oc reejp:j efl their i ntroductiori shouldnot adversely affect power wealth strata of the soi.ety, norincrease i-he risks to which commuyijes or sub-structures of thecommunity are exposed, ad i-hey shid enhance the security,st.at.us and the we.1ibe:i ng of all mr-mihers of the soc:i ely Lncludirgwomen, children and the poorast groups.

napa1lybnefìcipltthe society They should improve thelong and short term financial. vieh j liLy of fishing operai- ions in away which allows distribution of the benefits to ali groups i n

society; they should not unneccessarily breed increased financialdependence of the target group on the project or on externalgovernment or commercial agencies; they should lessen i-he

financial risks to whi ch ail soc:i ai sectors are subjected withoutdisrupting beneficial, systems of obligation; they shouldaccoinmociate the seasonality, mígratory and pari t.ìme nature offishing acti.vi.ties; they should tane into consideration thefinancial i ivages between fish i.ng and o i-her vil. Inge act,:i vi ti es

and they should accommodate the hoe fits of t radii- innal creditsystems,

4

COntCe Iv hç cÍ'ïeial to t.h rßìnd they shouldprv dc its which reflect the rani ecoi.ii»ie ci rrnutances f

Ute reicn and country, par tictdnriy in tha valuing of t:ha costsend beo'its incurred; they should talco mt o conside.r ation thenut io& priorities on foreign e2c1lange usage and the ong taneaccesn bìch tirget groups have to tore:igu exehonge; and theylitin t -'onstdcr t te I ik I , tf'ct . a c nuoiu e tr1 Ox

their 1uture .'inbii ity.

polit iall cptabie They should reflect the nat ioiml andregional priori ti es for dvelonrent and not conflict ith othernectorul deveiepnent srateSi.cs or increase adverse externalecononic dependence.

U1esc cl:! th fto's are :ed c'efu?:y, any aiteinpt t nintroduce new skills or technology may be rejected or may simply notsucceed, Sul table technical soi ut i ans will oîly satisfy these cri tenaif they are introduced over a sufficienirly long period of time with theactual part icipat ìnn oi the' target group und with cent inn eci externalsupport

This need for Long term tremi cal and anaerial support :.s an area ofcritical importance to rny future attempt at large scale changes in

propulsion systems. Fishing conimun:i t les are generai ly consc'ivat ive byne turc sud rarely adopt si gn:i fi cant changes t o e:ist ing provenpractice unless ei. ther the beefi ts have been clsrly demonstratedover tirne, or externa), torces (cg. fuel prices) make not changingunacceptably niaìy

(oivfidence lii new technology must be developed in the community by langterm demonstration tri is and by training. The technical change frompetrol outboard motors to diesel inboards is of:en undorstaled, and theki Il training reqai rement is often underestimated. Training of goodvili.age'-ievei operators and mechanics is even more important withdiese) engines than with outboards because of the lack of mobility of abroken diesel engi no i'ixed instaD ation engine must he kept goingas long us posi,h1r and repaired quIckly il excessive vessel down»-timeis to he avoided.

The ìntrodi..ìction of new engines i 'e qni.rea the establishment of new sparepart and possibly fu . I supplies Repair' facil ities are more ffi.cì ant

if centralised with:ii the village for the generai use of the comîiucity.Cre'.lut, fac ilities may have to be developed to cater for 'tncrease:icapi tal. coss of' impr'oved vessel ccmsLx'i.. ction sail or inbourd diesel.engines, till of these activities must be supported by development.projects and government agenc'ie in ti initmn:i stages. : t longterm it is important tu lessen the project dependence of the targetgroup and for projects to asIat them to establish self sustainingorganisational systems which enable the technology changee to beperpetuated by the community. Organi sutional dEvelopment is In itselfa long term programme which requires continuous project input Lo bringabout last i ng bchev:Lourai changes.

4

Much caii he dì t nlac ffeti. ìe b th w1yiuvoIv?met. of the cocìerc :t i .. ie techo1ugì trair . ft

strong bond betear the co ereiti seetor and t;ho coiiiiit can, ifappropriat:e to th ueeds of both be. a vt.a1 step to oitrthg the ongterm viability of cbane wiiou laoio cna:ke btrderi nunderfinancd gavermeat. departments. There :.s a root need for

nufcturera and thcir local ae ta to eoome ore aware o the needaend prob Icns of fi ahin countt les and for marfarturer to heencout gt1 make et nìimn ieat t n r i jri iitraining and auppert, This encouraement tid evo:ive cut of animproved dialogue etween gc errmen ts oid enci es and m fcturenwhich aims at ident:Lfy Ing weya of ìricresin operat ion andawerstandig.

The discuss ion coìumencod wit h. an out t Inc of the prop la for long tenasuppor t y tho 1 iibo ud 13c r n o 'i oj tli thenhei kti the d] ..CU5LOL OP e &OtO' t OVhPYt n prOuldtvelonent

The evolution of boat designs eroi eoç±nc intal.Laticms irk Tostbo hasoccurred at a peor. dstertmthed by'the viJJ.ageis lbs village havealso selected the type. of technology which they consider moatappropriate to their akills and ueedi The Pro,jact haa in thiSíield been mai n)y cerned with pr oviding technical support: andtraini r The rojcct site encloses a al. iuway vesel coria trueL loeer ea, t imber oasori tnq tor c. eug ne r to ; ark hop ur 'peroa st ohpe i arr o at - par t cu ar , u c u i i n t h to t t 21 r - rrb

phr e o f tb t but t r i. hop d tn y afl dua1 ly o h4nd cl oberto the community to he rune

The training reqai red a not oui y that neceasary ro nsiu tain and;kpet att, th e& gli-ice lhct a lso btt .-dra orn d tizm sr-s hi hreed to he developed . In ptwticular i the view that cere foi afishing boat is a ralnt:ively unimportant part of a fishlog operationOutboard motors are removed from cesse i a when they return to thevillage arid vessels frequently sthk at anchor during storirs, This isnoi vi.-cd 'i c-i iiuor ptoblr-m a tb'y eco tater it iaec mdrontt U tIon )1 a iio \TO5 j t hi h ii w ai ri cÁ'it r vel ipu c

inri tib of di e-e1 i ibrin rl vo s i e r b. co .i nc t rifmore qens.iv boats and the introduction of security measures topr utect I fie vesse J from '- nr oi ir tar cu ri -pt L hei t

ih \J]ç- O(fl nd ic' ;p \ip'2M. s'n L t.re j L c vternaj; J, e of foii.

ft.kìdLg. pro re or c.1dge of ;he correct ue of :oc1. Th&to the iù re:i of &.'oi a' ir e no r'e1

E i ct pt &"f ci o I i i c t ion ìo oand re.pai c: thc»t 1'hc in probiom t Lh ou1conì'dí J ''Lhnt. once they

diown -,nd n.r'e pened np by insk t i eci handn thei r fe t: rcciecoedrarnti onu y. bit Jab i rei n tog hoo.ict be oined l. rorrect opt.ioto delny thc. point en efl:flFc Eire PJ rrst opened tt'; nhculiEiuTstanioii y icre'ece Llie lifetime of tue erigi rie.

I)teeei egics oleo ropre..ent a be1. of t el :oyy c' Le dt ffnrcrtfrom po troJ outnrdn The on tboc'n'd i e o mob il e not i. wh j ob e bere)Lired UOcieE' O t. Iren iii the vi k c. ibo d J,cc j eìgino reonires mor'osophi.s t.i ented ski i i s eju tpmenlorrd Loci i i t leo end bacrwsc ob' i to fix:dtn tal lot tOd remires more rapid repair The diese i engine e I coth icIçj t ion il i i b I m cl ti oem ei ht ai i I r L o nTombo viliagere in common with moat fishermu, .ti.ko to travel quickl,auJ i u u jeo t t rnor i en cl p ob t cinc i 1h oni t o s I i i i t bthe cog inc governors to increese speed

Training' u tommes ore carri od out at the br oject site ad F'oiectstaff monitor the enriy progress o 1 operators end try i:o correctfenils The v:k i Inge wil i be encouraged to greduiii y toke ever the rol eof training hut thi wI I I reiuire at leas t; another i;en years of

i po' J fie I n or t i ù t en I u iy ni b i I codthe next vessel wi] I be bui t outside at the Project s tte There isstill a need fo use ftc Project fac i ii Li ce to produce the oLed eginebeds but it is hoped that evon this task will eventually be transferredacross

The Lioud ()WflPi'5 C()olcricrot i vo 1)0e ticen t inirwneiit,of i ri puehi.ng foi bott.ioQd i rit. prien t, -) i' cuy u n s ioi i i en our if op t a i o, i i i u i!

programmes musi iI(iweii(2r 1. aki i a to cons i daret ion tt " ncls oF ?:boIoc I groips FJ problems cnc:ounteoed dj'f the early boat t:reinmnt.prugrainrics hay e ticen descri btt prey i isis i y . l'ho gr'cupi ng of non tbuilders in training courses Le an unusual process which has meant Unitcumpe lors arí forced Ico work together. Ti: s has ai sci broken tO

rai n _d L oci.t oi t ines of ai ho i i3 'ut bio biLi i i _or"hold ei hi 1T O5 L tOfl J n SoUi et ' arai are we] i r' esccct,ed. When i:undergo training courses i°' ieui;uid y thorre run try governsent'crnployees , their sie Lue i e rodicced and Uii s canece oìi1 i i cf aocí maydisrupt tradition roles i ru society. There le; funcLomeutai need Ioupgrade the s Lotus el' I r-ani ng w thin snoicty ii bncìw.I erige Ls to hetreno ferrE-d success i'u L ly.

5

Th ìntodurti of d11 'ngtìes tí ei or .o vsei t Toaìjcq i t c u t e i 1 or c t I

prov idos tid Lut att.eipi:s a n iia t> devolop vU lo 1'i,sa . onr1. 'tnsh.i c.h s: ob t ko ovt t r i o.ì g roo

tupoot The lost: :1rst:ivo '.meuc h i i -- 11 1 pr J ti igi i, o i oc L sg ' .

ots d i iio I' ' I . tThJ 1 O r i o u f tw i ci o tseo The future ss of soy gsdostiooJ .rsctore ± :

ii)ieV ,. dc-'pr Od o i OO tt I IIi Uj POI or u1ti tti cii xi puoer c ir wi thin i t- -i. I

The Et#i i u MocJc-i Project his e,i hrj Develo icent Unttexpert. se o: tied ut ho) pi ug ei. i eros o t io coiniTÌuh. or t i cul si: I. othe d ìpr.t: f iel f-oust a. sing organ . sat i ou(VI Uit ' j i ctai h ic iotoi ti i e t in i ti i lil- ctiirg OOP '-\5t I" t I i I.01 ori, I 1050 ..') It t lì i. i -iri-p -'L

It has u].o uboe the need to eben y identi fy the target rouj:t end tdot Inc their gools arid W3P1iatiOfl

Tri Ct.oïiou t here ore tiìro- mn:iui ci rvoies of' t'iriion each i;i hdl I cç-' i ci ii rd jh'-u ,- h -b sr n ìut tui t ifishermen friui ho h Bore o and Ghana Eec}.i .he,er t a be V

scratuly sad how they rei ate to eseb other

ïne tatrodection of diesel. engite to the ßenie .idei Pî'ojct iIiÌ5ini t jated as pert of o programme for propuis ten devel opmont is hocorimluli :1 ty but rallier as part of o programise t o introduce chaugce i nisiin 0ciiì 'h prcgatinsle has centred rtrotxiet Ietonou rjrt

( i s no ccii hi story çf ri t o pi ups1 on in c flOS

'Fue OhaIigOs in fi sling techo iques have been accept: ed topi dI y w t hcì tçtlij ii. ly is prover lspì- ovment ici t be orgwiisatioit of fishing trirsand the caro and maintenance of motors have been more difficult toI fi.? Otfllc liii I t fl" i OP u' t t c ir by L ewni r' r' t t

ir r tf dc spi O pr t t J or ifr but nit eOut i onleve) of technol oge oui. ri roqu i re siech I onier peri octe of research sodtraini ng and would no: be aiied rit the p resent gescrat ion of flehoreosThe ',JU in t i si ht 'f ut ru ch rit] P' t t Cor t pi s)pi '

5:551: eIns n'O 'i t \\ M t hn woi ii I lu' t iugb t I r. t omm' rs Lv tu untI r ori I oc t

best to sut: Isfy this demand

Tht niecrti rig eckno' todged i:he si ze ut' t he t ec$iiIri egi rztl stop îroitcuiitb ioi ri poi t, r to i rit ri ei o , ' io h' 11' i .'or p r' 1Lt ti 1 pui r Î ei i t i in lib inn Os t toi 'mtlic,en o s rl t,]st rio s'from over two hundred ianding sit whereas diese), i ¡inurd po'r.'r'r:dcraft uro r:onceotrsted eì'ourjrt Mumford 'r rin-idi. Tinte. ELsiim? Sekoethand Aparre Coriceut rat i on ic; a re f iec:t ion of retey fact: ers but srto t lequ it c vi i' ice J I it , uute i taut h r i ' e I o.conceritrLjrm of existing diesel repel r skills in uebrm cntres whichservice fleets tif tiucics

4$

The i.ncresed capital cost of desI egi.ìies nìca that boat owners arei.ncreaing thei r ri ka b ' ying up zore capLta in each 1ten ofequipment. U: i therefore S3flt1a1 thai: these are kept oirg iu.ch]olger than ptro. cyuthoard in order to pay back loans. i.. t thusnecessa:'y tc provide tr3ìnthg md support, particularly at theoperating level to ensure that operators understand t;he importance ofusing the correct oil fur different applications and that; they haveaccess to gease. etc The per±uci prior to the: point. where the engineis first opened up must be extended as ic) ng as possible and this mayrequire a radical rethink, particularly in the area of fuel quality,

The technical problems of engine installation cod cperat ion may beovercome but less long term t echni cal support i available to developindependent; orgar)isat ion with the ccmmuníty future ììabi.li.ty is likelyto he at. risk. The inshore t rawler f] net. in Ghana can fmcti.on well ifadequate repair ski Ils and spare part nuppi 3es are available, hut atpresent mucth of the fleet i u imniobi] toed through engine brakdown. TheEEC Line of Credit to the Agricultural Development Bank aims atprovi ding forei gu exchange for ungi ne opnre part and lubr:tcant purchaseand is encouraging the development of both local commercial faci:lit iesand training of operators.

The meeting î dentified three areas of conmiei'rial i uvc,J rament of newpropulsion systems: commercia]. evoiopmeni: , training and the provisiono f' o gol ng uopo I rht rier r u t ran l on d br' el foi L O O cx i' t r

manufacturers in the dove opmaaf of new engines and installationsystems but recognised the need for a closer working rel.at lonshipbetween manufacturers ard proj ects

Manufac-hu:'ers iointeí! out tiutt t he dvaJ opinent of innovat iveiustaiî.at;ions or engines is very expens ve and.. cannot be done unlessfuture roaricets are reasonably assured. lt was r'mphasised that.manufacturers were i n bus mess for commercial reasons cori cannotjust i fy excess ive research costs unless Iii is leads to future rot uns eninvestment. Manufacturers are, however, Ieen to assist withdevel upmen t if they are given tnc4u, i cal support and guIdance fromProjects and funding agencies. Volvo Pontai s i ifting stern gear inlieni n, traditional Z--drive and plasti u canoes in Sweden; i,oîtthardini ndevelopment of new diesel outboards, and provision of eug:i.nes forProject trials; and Yamaha s evo) ution of petrol. 4--strohs: engines andthe development of GRP vessel das.igrrs; were cited as examples of thisinvolvement,

The manufacturers agreed thai. meetings of thi.s hind were extremelyuseful. in identifying the range of 'roh.1 ems associated wtth technologytransfer and they highi i glited the fleed fer future meetings of this typeand for close working reintionshi pu to he developed - It was honedthat. Pruja't staff' ziuçi FAO technical personnel c-oui cl spend more timetalking with msnufactur ru s i th r a tot i and chat ir m rf4-ur u erwould encourage technical staff to spend wore time in the field.

47

i: i td u t that rec,r;h rqut nw.mt dc, n t mì iroly onUi-. i I LO ( LiJO fl 1 0}Jl t I VC"- T4 8 hi i i.

of iiuch e corri but aico depoud on designing eigsis to coìauee ens icrcperti.on arid repsì.r. flic reduction in the need ior pc-?c:Lr1I tooi san exnmpJri erc mrnl.Tiiue couLd hnve a dramatic efÍ'ect OFi

accepinbi.iitv te clogy

Training is ii s con area of t: mnnrci el i nvoJ.-.-ement and this needs tube aimed at two groups ; the field tral nero and the teers aìn itwas poiri ted out that. tender solerti on ocedurcs neun i ly ainod at lowcost engìnes and eliminated any margins for irai niog purposes1trsing truioii rai sì the rotai i cost of the engine but this couldhe un area of subsidy which projects could make. The subs idy wouldnot aim to eel i engines at, a lower than market pri ce and thusencourage cr os border af'fi t r ng) Iiu wui. cl t o ut o de hp ic rprodact i e. eng:ine pl us tra j nthyí 11f pnrchauers can he edaceted tosee the long term f i nane ial benef i te of t ra in i ng, t hen Uro inc lus iou o L'1:raioimig in the purchase pri ce of an engine will, he a purchasingincentive.

The Toinbo }roject identified some of the sociologi cal probi gone indesiguthg training courses. there is cl norly a noed to research(JtÌiXIIflg requir'enicn t s further. Courses enTi be rtu i n the t'i nId hutmust he nppopri.ate t o the Levels o f understcmdiug cf the target group.Manufacturers are 11ko ly to be ¡note cf Íect:kie at training extend onworkerd who are a) ready conversan i w L ib pass tug ou ski le at thevi.i.1 age level Morinfm-icturers poinf:ed nut that eourseì had beenorganised1 soinet linee wi ib Ines than cottbus Last ir support fromgrnnts , and with poor al.tendauce. There was clearly a need forimproved communications in this area

The design of appropriate ti:'aìning maten ais nitrit as Pub .1± cat i orucharts? ¡nonuals and videos wore discussed. These are often producedfor Eurc,penn audiences end do not ref) oct the needs of deve i op;ingcountries. lt. wac pointed out thai; Lombarritni had worked with UNICEFin the production of appropri ate traini ng iwteriai for viLi ageoperators of 'icflr-g milis. This had worked well nd could beextended to marine erigi ntis j f FM) j iontj f:ied a reed, Lombardi ni havea)o introduced useful diagramat ir instruct ions Lor attachment Lo their¡nonne engines Turnaba had spent. much timo reseorchi ng publiormtionpreseniat ion and now concentrated ori simple, picmorni guidelines.

Yamaha ava i 'ent; ifìal three evels of traini rcg for villageoperators; for cocercia agua Ls; and for ruiftt1 t 511. EaCh Ìa-stheir oiì require.nts, and materiaLs are produced Lo sat isíy these.lt as po in Lad out th L ut tho vii lago lveì , few nanuui s ar usod forrepair purp;es as they are heysad thu means of vii luge operaLorFs-on trai.uiag by naple won felt to be Lha mnst useful me bad oft raiiu rig vi t1ugt- operulura and. nhanics , which I:ooi L ie and poi.1 erice.he Krb1 a ProJect. has started io baì I de1 boo is mcl ode1 boa t

sect ioris to ass ii i vi. J lago boat bui Idem in understand i ng construct ionc(1cepts This modi uï o t' exprennìon won a so used by Tonbo boat ownersto explain. their to the EPPT.

The third areu of involvement, was mmoro.i al suppuri, t o both prajecLsand operators frtunufacturers ugread. that at t;empia wri made toprovi.d adequate local bS up survicem bui. tb is often proved moredifficuit, thin wa fr queutiy cal ised t Ll i'' accu Lo

have n min isum number of uni is i ri t ho oren or a guaran Lee of Cm5Tdbefore agents wilt invest; in adequate spare parts toccs Agents muat;also receive trainiog rind provide adequate facilities if they are tooffer support to the iridustr. Manai.aeturers often write into agencycontracts, mi n:iannii services spares etc. which agents shcmi ci offer'.nforc ing is however, a big probt em. Again comput Lt ive tenders to

funding agenci es are usually sel ceted ou the :tt pri cewhich reduces the pmofìt marins necessary to deve top local support.

Manufacturers do become 'involved wi 1h i n-cnmt;ry training of gants aridmechanics but unless agencies provide ndequai;e ìgea these mechanicsfrequently leave after t hei. r trri.tning. Agen is also face problems ofgaining access to foreign eschunge for spares arid manufacturers arereluctant to sappi y on credit. I cause ei the prol')ins of col Jectingunpìd deb ta Prub temo are also o Fien encountered with oh tain ingimport licences and customs r. icemance.

rFhe commercial supply of engines nd spares on credi t to fi.shermen l.ani fraught wi t.h dit fi cal ti en . Vessels by ihe i r very untur, aremüht le. Pmovidi ng a bout; with an engine increases the ease wi ib whichri 'I 't stier m in ç p t r tic rurali r3 nd no I epay n ti Ji t. s

it was recognised that there was a clear need 'Por' pi"oject:s , agents aridmanufacture rs, to' devel op 3J"nr1ifer' cmrruuni cut i on Iirds and to fon tarbettei' undersl'andi.ng of euch others needs nod problems. This was seenOS C need l.haL was not; restrict cd io devel np;iug roan tries bu t; wasuni versai . Manufacturers were becoming more aware of the fieproblems caused by tinTe dcl nys and were trying to improve theicustomer reimt ian departments.

45

Mr Feira (nerai riagr of thrdi ni France, eiphs ed theimportance of technical mec I ing such a these Io :1 ncr aoe er ufpotent Ial areas of deve lopnïent; t raird ng 'uid nupport he felt. thatthe meet np & hup i h w on t he prb1 rw o( i t ed t

propu1srni nytema und suggested thnt similar ineetinge should be heldon a yearly buoi o. He also igooIed that mmnofctur rs tecbni cri

st-aft' would he wi i.) ing to spen:I more t tue in the field especially f

thi s was rcetprocated by improved feedheck from funding egenci en zwdprojects Mr Pereira emphasised Lombardini. s coot mood commitment to

devei opmont. and w! li:tnguess to prov i de support end equipment toresearch projects.

Mr Sehr, froi ouchn reinforced Mr l'oie i ro' n ;upport Lw the meeting and1er fu tare techo leal diseuse ions. Mr eko po in tc-d oat l;hat Yimeha eactivities covered the who le el' the merino seetrun and i t was verymuch i.e their ini:eres to Ic continue to be i nvol ved in d'elopucnt . MrSeko out i ned the development of' o 25}tp. petrol out.boerd motor with a

'3 1 reduction relia unit a propet l,or di.3moter 2Ù greater thee

convent i unni. mut. ors Titi s motor wee developed for towing i ago i.e theCanadian timber fei t ing market and may lieve poten IUJ. for ntprovi.rigpetrol engine efficiency in We I it fri. ca. Much of Yanrihe' s poe t

i. nfl uenee in West. Afri ca i been through J ripanese aid fundingagencien. There ir. now a need to revi ow the s C(O,'51eOand 'failures inthis ein!, in the .1 ight ei' improved know ledge, cons al i.dut e oir thesucos,

Mr Stig Ei sner, ci' Volvo l'on In, echoed the seni. linon to of Mr Pereira sodMr Sehe and said that the meeting had broadend his percept Ion of thescope of propulsion problems. He fuit Ihnt. long term commercieldevelopment ud support would benefit fcom a regular di.ssemìnat ton o'

inLorma Lion on which proie to. were rorryi ng out whatdevelopments/trials etc. he suggested thai' a computerisedinfonnaLi.on exchange based at FIjo could be developed to nid awareneenit wes also suggested that ìunnut'aeturers who are carrying' out fieldtrials could assist projects by passing on results to other prujects

The di,scusstou of breeder i.ssues coot iriued into the importence of,

economic and fiio5cial eons idert i uns of technical trar 'em.

Many of the present proposals for changing pr'epule ion nysteitis depend onreducing opernl:iog costs bat. increasing capital cns1s . 'luis r-equi ros

radical angen in the provision of cred i t Goverrnneut: and commercialbankìng systems are rare] y f teibi e enough t scommodote the needs offIshing commun i. ties, nor s L rung enough to generate good ion recoveryrates . Success may ei I i uimt;eiy' 11e i, n the evOlu t. on uf vii i age basederedìt aya tenis which re], y ori t rudi t i onu]. recovery s yStems Theprovthion of credit 'is an area clii ch requi res much study to dut.ernii ne

the lev ls of 'r .rwn chi h «ei a nb 1 31 1w- V ti oge, who has

access to them, and what interest r ates are. paid.

60

lu aom mmunit lea, credi t: in eva i Jab e in large quant i t. ien, anwi f nec d by i J e rtn i d - nl rOLJU i i )n el i hc p ti i ui hn si mi ipur se ei ne in zìe d i r I n I reus oper ale onshort term loue wi ib very high i nierest rai:e; if ihene. raten aree,tended over long periodn frr'tnnt: of si lanci. engines theengines may be mare operia vo thcn buy:ing potrai ontbsmrds but

- r r nl e m t r f I ¿ ini I i an nd jfl* r si i t Intur ocredil: vinbU i ty j

Both t:ie henge nod koab i a Projects have a tso oxperisiced mnimgeiìenk:probi ems when oca funds become i nrge, esnoc cli y when t radi t:i annifan Li.y pronnures are In-ought :o bear on contro lIera of funds. Credit

(On «o crecte si mntj ono be.re :1:1 sheriston are .....reed to borrowe lsewtere to opay rIeb ta5 than iding chronic indebtedness aocideponsience Trait it i I. ni ri eting L:Lnh s mcy suifer ii f:i.nhorTsen acoknew ma.rhcts with hi.gher prices in order to repoy loans and nit iwately

1 en tidi Ij dawn.The meet ing eckns.sw.edged the need ........much more icenJaE-ch in both the

coi Li Ly oU r i i en i i V t m coo I un e u

The mnsportnncc of tut ro:luc ing lei :h nia Iogi ca 1 change at: right t: 1mowas st reseed. Et.reio Le f()iCeS flO OftCfl r.4eeded fortechnol ogicci. rItane to occur. (vmit.ini I: ten I .1. coni: une with alup oven ati iv r t pi r i din p hrn i i in tri s - v-i- I i gi s iii 00to remain vai id, Deve Iopmenl: ahould tin to anticipate unavoidabLeexternal forces and provi de devei upnv-cnL opti ana which ai low thecommun i 1v to se I act the ones mir-i t appropriate to t heir needs Thevarying avai .1 chi. i i ty ai farei go E change i:hroughoni West; Afri ca und ihediffering .le;veis of access t:.o fin ioo and credit within vil tages willmean that sis s:i.xigi e soitaian to ropulolon probi ems eroi nat:infy ciitarget groups. The aims of ps-opuiui on projects may vary but theimpacts ai' these projects may bave siniii er I ong terni social , economicand environmental consequences.

Thai-e i s a need to i dentit'y these conrreque,uees i n ndvarrce and io reducethe adverse effects Changes in i:ecbnology chic man changes irr uiepritterns , owner-ship putterns , t:ocîinol ogy credit provi si ini riskhear i ig t ip ibil Lti s dosi I c'.hi ol or i'3 atrt jfir't i nCh-iriger .1 ii pr'oruJs:i rse aya l:esrss tntr not, rttasige the 1iUirI)CY' of finiti nguni Is but they may irì'oae their catching power by increasing thenumber of' fishing days or crterrd.i iig the r-ange of vessels hivi rigs onfusi mey result in pu chanci; of larger, more effect i\rC nets, whichindi racily increase fi ahi ng effort: or- redirect i t. th other stocks.Changes in I he dt rect, io o f fishing cfìort may cLnge the compas it ionof catch and have :ìyìdìreet: effects an processi ng nuih marketingactivities, New technology may nt be accessible. to att the poor aridpur t t uiwr in s or si tip rst t do pt e c'il h om tus 'voii

The find other osibi1ìtie mnuL he reeognthed iii advance ofattempt i.g change ann projoci s .;b'u1d be planned so a to incorporateadequate fiexihUit.y to intredvc:e corrective actian if nonitortngpregi inies reveal adverse soci oeeonomì e developments. There is agreet oeed for present end past projects to uodergo more effect ive

vainaii.on, heft of objectives and of ow projects attempt to achievethese objeti.ve.

r o

7.3. Past nk2d Pr .ent Use of Sail in Weet Africa..

Mr Ned oacki.ey outlined the pest and present. use f ni:i üAfrica.

Prior to the tnl.r uc't ion of oour iotors the use of sat i undpaddle wore the aest widespread methods of propulsion in west Africa,The sai i ing techu iue used were gener'u i. y fairly rudimentary nodCOI5 isted mainly of sail rtg down wiod. Since the introduction ofoutboard motors the u of sell has duinished and is now oftenregarded as a low status method of propulsion.

The rising cost ni' fuel since tito early 1970 s has f'ocusseci attentionon the need for less expensive methods of propu) on and the improveduse of soil has abvi ou eviitages, ru other parts of the ortd sailprojects have had considerable success. In October 1.983f the Day ofBengal Prograimtte held The Madras Cup which desmnntr&ed the use of arange of sailing rigs ou trathtioul :r-dian esseis us part of aconference on the use of sali power in sitil fishing vessels,

In West Afr;ìca there a r no pi ' ìjecta eciusiveiy involved in thedevelopment of sai,I usage ai though ntutier'ous exper'ìmentul tr:ial a havebeen carri ed out (CEC/iF, March 193k) . These include the use of agunter rig on SEN'l in Senegal by the flj:tfera Project. In GuineoBissnu, a similar rig is used in the estuaries and is most effectivebecause uf fuel shortages. Senegal the Gunihi n Guinea Ui.snau, SierraLeone Equatorial Guinea and Coeroon, have ali received short termstudies of the potential t' i de\rel.opstent, which seem mostencouraging. Sierra Leone has recent:ly carried out a study of the useof crab claw salis and outriggers used in conjunction with four-strokepetrol outhord motors. Doth the Kambia and Tumbo projects have also

«d oat oxperj;mental sail t rial s but a lark of sustained favourableresponse has led to their bei ng dropped. The Benin Model Project isalso currying out trials with the crab c:t sali

The application of sail is best on snaill handy craft operated on long,straight hauls, and worh Ing i n conjuact ion with engin to reduce fuelconsuinpt ion. Ter}micni problems can limit the use of sail,pirt i cul ni 1 the poni n ni I ab-' 'li, t y of sui t b I - il cloth dnd 5d c n fsufficient length. There is also resistance to the use of sail forstability reasons and hcause of problems of storing sails on thevessels Stability can be Improved with the use of sails with a lowcentre of effort and outriggers.

The future use of sail will benefit from projects which concentrate onthe long term demonstration of now t.echn:iquas, on behavioural, changesand on long term training progrsnntes.

53

ilr I>i'L Lee (Touw 1i-) arid Mr bun i.ei ì)ovy ( VA() Sui i muî ti)de.oribed thu 'A.O Seoge Projeut arcuut trial of ai1 ndfo-tiukc o1)nrdut.ors and the sllcc:eai of a recen t:sa ii trainingcourse.

t. fishing fFoyï io t:he ng rc:on : n bcl.i c'ved to bedccl. ìiìii prtncip y an a resol t of fuil così wid fuel sercity.Mont of the finhi ng d'fori la currently di r etud ei Bon which uromathl u;g b ad large strd :3-5 canoes using bothring nets and cb-i:Ft gui nets The VÂO/UWP Project at Shengo :1 s

accrued. thu i cur rua t J evels of efturt may be I ti excess of thosec pbt u t nist e u ur' niuin onomi uoc i a t befi t oegioïi.

iTa r spense to these i eros, the Project: hue been eged in trialsto redi. rec t fIshing effort to enersal s napper' n tucks etui to explormore feci officient, propulsion systeius including soil and four'-'strokepetrol outboards

:tì:Ltial trì..ls :n I)3 using sails ori a hena. plunk end a Stmdard 3-5cerios nrijved thuir vi ability as propels ion units but here noi adoptedby the fishernien. The 3--5 cnw.,e as fi. Lied with un outrigger foi

s t' tb t k i I y t hi ui k d well or 3 1 iîiLi b ut t h' Ç het vit( 0fl5 i dI -'-d t he .)U1 L" I Hfl tur OL)VP I OUt E W I h I ttl I o bent t t

Firth.cr search Led to modi fi.eal: on of the ouïr gget' nd itspos iii cuing on tie \ ossei , and to tue use of ari iJIIproveri ntt:ì i LUId

i eP1)t).t d l'ti nu d - a new catty t pgo and ' n r e bu" J t i ° theProject. s own -5 sien eunue arid extensivo saiLing demons irïioris werecarried 0lIt.

IO 113t;d IÌI6 ri tt'iining u'ogrrinnnc islas entubl:i stied to irui.n ti.li ugersin improved s ainanehtp and soi, i ing t:uchni.quos . Project staff uioparti 4: ipel ed 'i n hr uni -,t and -ì f ei r' !-I( hi ng good t nnrhr d o

orVet nu i e hei 'urno IVO1 \ od j n i i Ui P t P._ h LnIf I ciu ps a°ì o vi t. yc.tul .' mc -t.r ut tug end pr n'i et i.n t lie u u nhu s of both

lupi OVen '.-i t i t ng t i -i t he um mi t r gg r (,ecmt 7 i i t t he i atlue- Pr o jP' t si Le d rd t au 'osa pr obi t s k tug 'f i m a an uy J r oir

the]? or mil fishing "a ks and fuUu o -cwrse' wi i h h J i ti thevillages.

Desp'i te th'r succena of' the programme Lilt Sfl tìppre'.z'ut 3011 aiflOtiglEt. thefisher riten of toi bcxie' lt ts et t ho t u t pi y t hej howu ciC orari dai oh I t si t aie i' t n ridopt i ng tt on cl Cti7IVIIPl I I i ti,»" I S lt iSlikely the i the fu t ore odopt ion o f these t;uhuiq,i,as will depend onpcisibJe ctmur'ugcn i n local conditions end a progr'attmie of long tenstraining and suppuri:.

54

r1e Project also carri ad. outs saies of -i' eth thp4-stroke patrol. out o-u'd angine t o evs) uui a i t s tforisoce hencompared wit h a ¿:'onvant jasai '-- st rnke ouH)l5rd the engine was sdon ion to the Project by Ysuatha and it wns ari gins il y en.ssgud that.the engine would be handed over' to a conulleri al fishernan following asini tini evaluation period,

The triai s cons is ;ed of corn ring t.-s1 rohe and four-stroke cincsboth 9 9hp on s standard 3-5 man noe The tri ais 'era carried, outnc ng hoi h thí a b i r as ht jjppt oves i g

The t-sif:s nf the trtals were. mnst ncourging. Fuel. savings of 25to 35 were made by he I-- stroke engine when 0p03-ating st the sasieengine )eed as the two--stroke engine. The vìrs i.n f insocial. termsare even great er because of' the higher pri ce of two-sir ecke fuel Whenused in conjunct ion dth the sail fuel, savings can be very highwithout iosa of speed.

The iirchnse price of the I-stroke engine is npproxinateiy l2? higherthan the 2....stroke engine, but yearly costs become less for the 4-strokeengine 'i the cogìrie ir opPldted lar ne 200 hours per-

The engine per'f'onuauce is simi 1er foi' both. 4--stroke and 2--strokeengines although the 4-stroke ìs a slightly more coiipi.ex The4-stroke engine has clear potenti al to redue? operating costs and hasoperating characteristics which are acceptable to fisher-men. Futureintroducti riti of the. engine, if considered beneficiai should beaccompanied by a long terni training and support prograinme

The combination of sail, outrigger, ¡'mcI 4--stroke oritboard offers apotentially viable fishing unit 'for' offshore demereal resourceeqiioi lation capable of both i nrreasi.ng catches and reducing eotsThe Project recnmmendst: lonc; fol I owing the ti-isis includo the employmentof a team of commercial fishermen to for-in the nucleus of a new offshore.fi cet. and t n ricinons t rat o i i: s i anger t arm viabi i uy The rosul t of thetrials and training programme ar-e docwnented in Mr Davys Peport. i98.

7 5. enerat Discussion on Sai i

Mr Daniel Davy briefiy introduced trie ODA Sail Manual. which wasfol:Iowed by a goner-al discussi on on the irole t:f sai i in futurepropulsion systems

The Ovesea Deve1opient Aiiin.istrt ion i. in conjunct ion ñ thncAiiter 1]J iot.t ìnd Pnrt er.LtcL in the pro oss of pducing Z)

nil manual z?ioi at -luating the pot:tnt ial, of i.ntroth,n:'ìng nii tospecific i!heriei ThI s is nr of a three-phaie prormaijned t he thoreI: ioni and practical. eval oat ion of oved nt t Ingr g dnd .0 I nj t r ho q psod i n ec . mi lì nl hei i

The firi: phase of the Programmo conaited of a erie of wind tuneì.trs Ls aimed at un improved un erstanding of different sailing rigsundor duff'orent wind con lUons.

The cund 1a50 of the Pr'ogr'nmn crist of trous] ating thetheoretical wind funnet results into a practica! f±vld manna]. fo beused by fi sherica ivel ment agont.s The. monurd. progresses throughan intrcduct:ion of different sail ing ri gs how they operate how to

Ld ippopt dt g, tuJu t ) cobt W t , t st nsd Ö"P [dO I

Tht third phase of the Prograiimc consists of the practical intruduot ionof improved rigs nnd techniques into three ei.isti ng fisheries aud theprovi si on of Icnu t - im eci n h i nug noci supp ii t to e il fliç

? a t 3 al devo] opsu n i n Ui s n Th° Un ca suinI 1. dl F t hridentified as tesLa itas are in Sudan Tanzania and Brazil and differmj.n1y In the degree to whìch silìs currently in use

The ultimate goal of the Prograinnie is to present a comprehensive andquant i nil ve ovulunt i on of the potent ial for future sail use inamai i --oral e fisheries This wi. I i he iii the format of practical:infnnuziti.on ninied at benefitt ing fisheries pz-opulsi.on developmentthroughout the wort d

AO i s al so currently preparing a sail. manual based on their many yearsof fi.ald e>perieuce.

The gncra1 di ocussi.on ci early recognised that the scope of oui Ieqriice research and future development wa too large for themeeting to cover reni ist. ì.cal I y Much i uforivat:ton $ J&1e on sailtrial s and u>parimeiìts but t he amount of documented mat criai. onterm sui. i. development projects seems I 1ml t ad.

'Fh successful. future introktuct ion of improved sai t to West Africa isIfl.'ft}Ot)] y del)Erident. 011 the creaI'..i on nf a oui tab] e ecxm.i e envir'oiimeutSat i has the advantage of reduced operat ing roots but urly reduce vesselspeed and inciense the cilfilcul les o..f operating vessel sowners are prepared to paso on the savings to crew, it is not likelythat crew wi.] i support. the cent i oued use of sai t . tui.} for increasedsafety us a mot i ve for i t s spiuis ior has been proposed but t hi s ta avalid deve) opmnt crï tari n oniy if tho target groups sees safety as aneed. The evidence suggests that this is not the cuse arid fishermenwho frequently do not even take drinking writ. r wi Ui them have littleconimi tuierit to more eipens ive and cuuibersome s afet y measures such arsoil.

56

The variability of iìat omal economic and environmental. conditions andloca i. oess to avail obi e credi t wi_U result in a rcnge of propnlsicnisystems being adopted by f:L men. The reduiion in operating costsoffered by 4--al rohe outboards improved 2-s troc outboard and dieselinboards and outboards w U I juobabi y be so grct ihat add:i. ionrti costsavings to be made by the use of sai i will be overshadowed. in thse

the dopai pmout of improved soi_J wi. 11 only occur inaroot; whore i i i a already cf'xtenOl vI y used or where boot ownerscanonot afford Ui. ti costs of ew tchnoiogy.

Soi i has the potential, for considerable powth in the future but it ilikely that- this wi i 1 only occur i? d i.opttent effort is applied overa long ieri od of time i n selected aicus where environmental economicand scicial condit ions are conducive to its success

the potential. can be groally enhanced if uOc'c! in ecinjuncti en wi 1h moreeffìci.ent pot roi. outboards and wi Lb t he devo tupment part te i_nat ion ofboat. operators. Tite Shenge Proj act. and ot.hor; hove recogn i sed thequali. ty of e'ì.a ti ng. sail. ski_i lo. These- need to be bet ter understoodand encouraged 'i:.o develop t echnoiogy and techniques which areappropri at e to their speci Fi_c needs

76. The Future Activities ei We;t African Proulsion IIeveLíuient

The various project representatives outlined their proposed futureet.i vit les and then discussed ways of íïnprovii.tg cc5nununhcnt ions and

coordination.

The itaiiii.o Fisheries Pevei,opmo,t Prc:ijeet wi I i conf incte i. ta prc-seni:phase of y'esearch uni;iÏ July 1987 During the inter veni.og period,flexible coupli ags and engi nt mr:utyts wi il he te s toil in n rïndi.fiedt rOdH t boni Jes i.gu of Ghoiia plank canoe sccc.red [r inbc)ard diesel.engines Di.sei outboards of both J?uggeri ni. end I[oinbord .Lìi mnJces wi i ibe tes ted wvier fi el d fi_sui ng t riais . A mas ter fisllw.-ma[l wil I carryouf: t survey of al I eiot ing f lobi ng geai ont! c'?r.nk with the vi_lingefishernien in asae-s Ing the vi_ahi_l i ty of new propul,. i on systems . A

marine engineer will, assess the engine repair sk:iJ i a available in thevi. i. loge level and will curry out t raining programmes to upgradeexisting outboard operet :on end repair sici 'tin. A oocio»eronnini oresearch team will conti_uso to identify soci_ai i tn)agas in the fishingcommunity and the cash fi ow and credit: î'rsarvos associ atad with thoselinkages The economic i.mportanca of specific act jvi, t i_es with thectching processing and market:ing wi_i 'i be studied und related to thepresent and future viability of commerce within the community.

57

Iieoe act.ì.vi t Les wi. Il be directed toart.ls t.ho p luction ofDevel-.Pl. an for the Karnb;ia ond Port hohe Distri c:t of SierroLeone. The t'in will identify dviopnent. opt ions which will reducethe pro u.Lsion cuots of thr. fi herren and enhance the long term social

UitLn-e1, iot of the region.The, FAO/UNDP SIrtíe P,:oject will. cent :1 iìu' i t s Phose .1 nut. i. i JauuHry1.9lR under new <:bjert; Lves which are .rrpn t ly wider review. In theshort, t.nrsr, t:he m'ojoc t.' s propuì.s i on nc t: ivi t. i es wi i. I concentrateinitiai ly on rurtker ai triais, fol lowerl by more intonsiv trathiniud coilmierci al dernwst.rat i ono The 4-s truhe pet ro.i itboard vesselwill continue to operate w'Lt.hi n the project for close nonitoring.

In the long term, UNDP and UNCD may finance a lm:ge expansion ofproject ì.nfatncture, boats, vehicles, flear, supplies and fishproues ing activities with the uit imate aim of strengthening the localorganisation system through the Kargboro Central Cooperative.

The Fisheries Pi. lot Project, Tomhe wi J i continue, the die,eIdevelopment programme through the supply of engines sar. s trainingand continued research, The Projec t'. wi. Il concurrently strengthenvi. llago shills and organi sat tonal. structures to assist the emphasis ofdevelopment effort across the I lage

There is a pl.anned exiensi on unti i mid 1989 with the possible expansionof' the Project 's scope to encompass a rnoï'e regional niuiti-sectoraiproject This expansion is currently under review and is aimed atcombining regional i nt:egrui cd fisheri es support with the long ternitechnical support necessary to ensure the success of the existingpropulsion programme,

The Pj1 fore Project: Lu Senegal wi il continue support and developmentuntil August 19137 when the present project will be reviewed, The shortterm ni ms of the Project are to conti nue the fish trtmsnort servi.cesthrough the expansi on of the SENI fleet by the addi t i.on of a furtherfour or five vessels.

The !Jenin Model Project will conti nue it s training programme using thetwo tunnel stern vessels to promote improved fishing techniques. Theexperimental I ifting stern gear vessel wi.i i conti nue i tn developmentand wil i be subjected to long term t riais within the project.

The project. w:j 11 aI so cent i nue i t.sre search. wi 'th the crab ci ow sei. J rigto gain quani: i tat i. vo dat a on porfor'inance in Ben in. The futurepossth:ili ties of diesel mot.or'isat ion of the Cotonou f:lect will belooked at more ca ...fuliy to determine levels of',Lnteresi, and need foriunova't: ion.

Four SEN-1 veEe1s w.L1 t. ho co f;r foc GuJ.uea Bi e the uearlutin o rho IP \F A t M r u flLc o))m it Io pto n Guiu mliboth have vesi opoI; i on conip nt?nt The Pcïro poject iiid' o t - hc . I t« t i ii u f 1 t t 'o red h t C f J F RPtnd instïi. dieoL, it is hoped this c&n be initiated in the neer'uture i h AO i ist enc

pl ans to o:uand i t fishing vessel cc. .struet.i ondflUlle kO and e ot ku i t cts a o t ce i c

vetseÌ, :tuib e of teking a 30 Ì1) 1 nttOard diesel ceìgire. GTZ arecurrently roviowiuig the possihi i i ty of ostabi ishing an mntegral;edhaben en development project on s imi : ei: i ines i.o that crf the FFPT.

These projects represen i a pert i. ou of the fìture canoe propu i s ìoncoUvi t i es in Went Africa. There ir on urgent need to define theseectivi t lea more compi.eteiy sod in more dotai.! arid to monitor andevaluate t heir progress . More i mport.ont ].y there 15 a need for t-

cent a! i r3 f U ti t LOS h mg Ocl b e si kec 3t i fl P( OJ f' V I rindiagencies mnrmfacturers rind government s fully and promptly i nfonmd ofdevelopments and progress in the fishing canoe propulsion fi oid. Thereis also a neod toi, dent i.fy arens of rnenrch common to ai i or moniprojects in t;hc region und to .ii croate this research to a project5OC Lfi t1 i dt i 1nod { uncled ind r'quippr rl f o r ti y r oi k I

regional signifì canco.

Participants were ogroed that ihe meeting had been a very usefulfoundat ion for oxohunging i riens end for defi n i ng the scope of theproblem of improving f:ìsbi ng canoe propui sien systems. The meetingacknowledged that the problems of crmcre propuisi on were not paroi ytechnical and that social economic and poI luca! factors demand muchmore study. Fut:ure meet ings were discussed and it was considered thatregolai' meetings on speciali sed top:i on would be exti:emci useful

The puhl.ì r t i OX Of ì.nrnrmat ion for oec'hange we. s considered to be:Emporttunt Ut. Vrif' 005 tOVOl n . rIte i PAF Wnt-lci.ug Pripri sari en was avcl.uah lici medium which needed. ditplicrst i on or cxpann irma to cover work c'inoniDti F projects. The inmbl a Project i n current ly work i ng wi tb theFF0 arid the Sierra Leone Divisi ori of Fisheries to produce a senie' ofinformai tocha i coi papers as Fishori Oil DivIsi 00 pulii I ca t. i. 011$. The IPAFNims letter cou t rl also be usefu i medi ais for pass ing on news ofdevelopments withi n projc'ct s, but: t i s likely that the potenti aivolume of information won! rl just i fy a news letter nr journal dedicatedsolely to propulsion iii fi shi tig carioca. li is appi-ecloted t bai such aventure would requi. re the conimi uncut of fund to cover the cost ofstaff, publication cud distribution.

59

A moue extoí 3ive review of the pa k md preaect act i.vit i es in canoeotoriSi(m discueed end it. was sugg tetl that a book reviewing

the subject would he e valuable addition to tue existing literature,It would amo be perticalerly beneficiai i f projects could produce aseries of review and technical papers for inclusion in a bound report.Exist i flf Ut?rn LUe 01) U SW)ject i S grow.ì fl Urn) needs to be pull edtogether rei.ui arly. A brief b Lb tiogrephy in this report g:ives sciuciridicat. ion of the runge of neteria i avei i able. This needs to beexpanded and pdated regu ar y.

Whicheve' sys crn or s.ysteiiis i s deeiued most: appronii al e to :ist:i.ng inthe exchange of information, i.t mus t: be realised thai: existingresources re uni ikely to be niie to effec t. vely cope wi Lh an increase

worki oad of thi s order. Additi one). funding for this level. ofsupport could be shared by funding egenel es governments andnianutac turers , a I i o f whom would bene fi t from imp roved ommunicat ions

The piannin of future pro jects concern i ng canoe propulsion shnui d takeinto consideration the size of the devei.opnent robiems which dieselmotorisation and inpxoved sailuse pose. The tìiiìe ScSi es for problemsto be perceived by both projects and target goups and for solution tohe found, are i ong. Soi ut ions ums t. be lr:ied t.est:cd and proven overadequn te t .ine scales before they are adop t ad. Adequa te tra i. rring andorganisati cm building must support l)xe communi. ty unti i. the development.becomes seif--sust:aioing. funding ageTi les need lo be made more awareof these time seal osi f p ropul sE on deve.ì opeeïlt . s to be more timo oninappropriate and unsupported traìis fer of technology.

Funding agencies are at temp ti ng i:o co-ordLnn t thei.r de velopumrlt.act ivit ion Find propelsion is au nuon where this is particularlycritical. A review of tendorl procethues tu encourage truinLug andsupport by manufacturers would be a welcome s top to prcmo t ing strongeri inks between the conunercin t sector and the users.

i) i. fieront projects are currently pursuing 1 ines of research to serif:thel r partì colar anv:i runmentol seri u economi e and technical nOei1uoh emphasis in being placed on the ìutrr,duot ìon of diesel, inboard

nes ai 1in:iugh diesel. out,bords E f developed further hold great:promise under the right ci rcumstew:as. Petrol outboaLdinotors can bemade more effi ei eut fur canoe propui si on arid developed Fur beyond theirpresent p'foE mcc 1Ì C Is . Tb in is ari tirea uf research wh ich can runcoricurrenily with ihe evoluti on of diesel i as tal i.Fìt:i OEIlS

60

Maiy areas of research are comnon to fishing canoe propnision in WestAfrica Theso areas neei to be ìdontifid store careini 3

regi curi? research rorwmite des i gned. I f cons ered appropriate thisprogramme could be a separately :îunded act ivity which both avoidsuaneoessary dupU cat ion of effort end i a ablu to study spec fe areaso reearch without introducing locu bias in to the methodology.regional research programme could L:o act as a focal. point forproject/manufacturer co--operation and us a dissemination oftht'o rmat inn,

The criensus of opinion at the meet ing wni that the dìscunsion hadprovided a very useful preparatory founrlat irni for further act ion bothformai i y and uit or m1 h t t w no t- w t n tho brir ¡ nl' hr nw t i r t umake recommendations about future developstents on a regional basisbeyond sugges t ing nrea of co--opernt ion and coordinat ion, Tt i s hoped1

however1 that the suggestions made will go a long way to stimulatingmore concrete developments in the near fuuro

8 A PREU Mi NAUY ttST OF IFRKENCE ONCRN1 FISHL CÁNOPROPOLSL()N IN WEST AFLUCA.

The fol [owing list rcpre.ents the hegi nnirig of a c.oiiecti on of sefulreferences which have bearing on canoe piopuìs ion research in WestAfrica. The i is L i s by no means completa and should be vi ewed as aføuridation to be bUÌU; upon.

Ideali y t.h:i s list shaui.d be expanded to included a bn uf stop4îs ofeach paper and where Lt may he obtained. if regolarly updaiedexpanded and distributed, Lire list could provide a useful tool to aidinformai ion exchange

The current i ist of i:eferences is somewhat: arbitari] y sbdividnd tintotechnical fopics and projecis. Future expansion should cro.ss referencetopics and areas in an index,

FAO vessel. and engine installati on pi ans nra not li stted here but oreheld with FAo orne. oquest;s for specific design assistance sboul.d besent to FAO with. detni is of the vessel coirsiructiori and operatingcondii ions and proposed future use. FAO des i gos have been generatedfor spee:ifie uses which i ufluenoen ihe:i r suitability to different fieldapplications. FAO wishes to ensure timt design benefit:s are maxiruisedby their use withi xi the appropriate fi cid context, and will advisepotential users accordingly.

References

1. UIAF rograiIne (including Benin Model. Project and Shenge Pjec:)

Work

Akester S.J.,i 913

illack Michaud, M.J.i 985

61

Design and tri ni. of sailing rigs for artisanalfisheries of S i ei'ra Leone. Co buon, .TDAFProject, 31p. , IDAF/WF/iti.

Mission d'identification des conunurmuiesli tie raies dc pecheurs art; i sans au en in.COtOrWU, Projet DIPA, 24p, DIPA/WP/2

Coilart, A. Development. pl arming for smal .t-sen.le ±ìsheni es1986 in West Africa, practical and socio--economie

aspect:a of fish production and processing.Cotonou, IJ3AF L-rojec{;, 34p. , IUAP/WP/7

62

La Gaauw, fv, A. Etude de !?reFactib i i i t:e tchoique do19136 1. ¿neenexiI: pour n pechc mari t iie

ar i 3 nie aa i n (o t uouProjet D1P/. 55p. , ÜIPA/WP/L

Fverett , ( V An Ott1. me of est Éfrtea nu1 ì-Sca1e 'ishery.i 9136 ( o wien, 1JA1 Pi o et t 'p , U J'/WP t 4

Gi1hrandson, O. A. Prel iruiiiary aeuoi ui aL tet.s to ìntrcdu.ce1985 tsuat ive tvpr' of small c' aft 'into Went

Africa. Cotouou IDAF P,ject 5ip

Faliug L J.. , et Wijkatrom les disponibi IL i Les en materiel, pour la i'che1986 urti snunie, (otoriou, pr jet PIPA, 47,p.

D 1FA/ffP/9.

Jor ion P.J.M.1985

Thndberg, A.

Van der Meeren, A .1 L

198t

The 1 uf luenca of soci 0-ecoflolui e and cul turaistructures ou srnali.-st.aie coastal fisi riesdevelopment in flenmn Cutonon, IDAF' l'roject,42p. , fl)AF/WP/4..

Pre i mi.nary nsseisment: of the nutri.t i unnisituation of subsistence fisheriuen s families *Cotosou, Project luPA, alp. IDAF/WP/5.

Socio'economie spect et' i.nterjrated fisheriesdeu'i opinent. i n rural fi.shi ng vi 1 lagenCotonon, II)AF Project, 29p. iDAF/WP/8

Vet:i hart , R Rapport d' etude prel uni na:i re sur i nenagesierit19136 cl' un abri pour l.a peche inari t 1mo art i a1e a

Cotonou. (otonun, Projet. PIPA, DJPA/WP/iJ

Wijkstronï, O. Icyci age des pet'nunel pecho en gest ion et,:[986 compt.ab:ilito. Cotonou,Proje t DIPA 25p.

DÏPA/\P/6

Direct ion Nal ion].e du Mice en place et: pian d' execution. Cot:.onou,Prcje1: Modele Benin Projet BIPA, 43p. , + 3 Annexes.19135

Coil art, A. at M Cliidicel i i Bevel uppemerit des pecheri.es mari L. lines et.19134 coot Lentales de l.a pisciculture un Gahon,

i At.) t Ii 'Al / I 97/Br N) 7?p

1»A1 NewJ.et;er Ist Oct:r IL.985

tI)AF Ne*letter 2nd January 1986.

IDAF' Newsletter 3rd June 1 913e.

P3

Paraiso F-S. , ilappor I sur s tages de recyc lage en19135 i deni ifsLcat i on ries poissons Cot onnu

GCP/RAF/192/DSN 24 p.

Shoves C. T. , ntegrak.eEi smn U scale f'iuher-ie. projets1985 prst nc e al-cabes, ii ogress in the

coolex t of i be Lenin pro Lotype project Paperpresented at Ihr' workshop on Suaii. ---Sca LeFi sher i es Deve opent and sageirient , Lome2O29 November, 1985, S6.

Ï)moot in ress

Coackley, A.1)R.1986

Coackiey, A. fl. R,1986

Beck, U. and S. E. Dursi ng1986

Travel to Ghana to Observe Tradi.t iunal CanoeBuiid:ing and Boatyards June 2--11, 1986.IDAF TRAM.

Report on Travel, to Se egal. Mnur:itnni.aGuinea Bisau, Sierra Leone and Cole d' Ivoire.II3AF TRAM.

(luibrandsen, O. A. , GItana Cnooa with Inboard Diesel Ergines1986 Trials sin Ben:in.

Guibrandsen O. A. Report on Tive] to ì3en in and Senegal1986 3 September - 22 October, 1966.

2. FifLeries Pilot PrJect Tomba

Deveinpiitentsai. nspect.s of vi] lage based fishpro ass ing methods in S i erra Leone, WestM'ri ca. n appï-ai sai of' some tochn:i ensocial, c-nv.ironnientai and economic fac torsCotitrib. No, 3 of the Peo. of Sierra Leone--FedRep. o C Germany Promotion of Sma ti--ScaleFisheries in the Rep, of' 51er-ra icono. -

Beck, U. Prof:Ile of the F i she ice Pilot Project Tambo1986 f'reseffl:ed at. the second liai son o:U.f'icers

meet ing o f FAO--DAN IDA/NORWAY programme fori nt egrat.ed deve] opment. of art i sinai sfi. abon c.in West. Africa C IDAF) , Ii--14 November 1986Freetown, Sierra leone.

Deck, U. and A. C. V. Farde Concept and s I raegy of Isba project1965 Fisheries Pi lot Project Tambo. Paper presented

at Ft.O/CECAF Region Workshop ori Small--ScaleFisher-i es Deve.Ì opinent and Management;,Lome/Togo, 20---29 Nov., 1985.

61

enth'ix M. t. Is arch uot:es on boatbul. J. (hug pT.'act i.ce in1985 Sierra one . preii.mi nury dral1. ropor-t

F i.t tier les Pilot Project ToithoI"reetu/S:ierra tenne.

Jarchan, P. Ásp:i;s of the d jusel. rnotm leal i on prranrniei' u t. : t. Tcnbo,

Fresen t: ed at t he reparatot'y t ectm ice i. uc-e I i ngon pro uis:i on in Vi shi ng canoes in Westtttri.cn , FAO-DtN IDA/NOhWAY Programme forintegra ter) i}evci nent: of Art:isnaa} Fi her:i esin West Africa ( IVAF) i5l8 Nov. ,Free. town/S .i erra Leone.

Jarcheu, P. Scheme for Ionoener loens to Finance Uiesei1986 Ma lo rise t. on . Presented al the Prepar u tory

Tachai rai Meet ing on F'ropu.i sion in Fishingtuioes in Wos t. Afri ra, FAO, I)a:da/NoriayProgramme for in t: egea lad )eve lopmnen t; o fArti sanul F:ìs}or:i.cs :1 n West. Africa ( J.DAF)1.b-l8 IovelnbeL 11186 eatown S ierrs Leone.

Kc.tnjcJ , A. Wnien in sinai I f:i.sh ii es , The c:aso OF

1982 'lambo vii. J age/S i.rrra i.,Ooii. Con tribu i ion N . 2.of thu Pep - of S i erra teorie and the Fed Pep.of Germany Promo lion of Smell-Scale Fisher'ies..

Kotnicic, A. A denmgt'aph io arid i afros true turai profi le of1981 l;he Tomho fishing vi 1. J.ae , Si erra Leone.

Contribution No.1 of the Nep. of Sierra ieonand the Federn i Nap. of Gerincmy Promot: ion ofSinai .i-Scn I a Fi sheri es

iange, K. Fue i :usuIup t ion t:es t s with Chrma p i ank.1986 herring bout prcsen led al hie preparatory

technical meat ing on propulsion in fishingcanoes in Wee t Mr'i ca ( ii)M) , ib- 1.8 November,1986, Freetown, Siam-ra Leone. Fisheries Pi. lotProject Tumbo.

bange, K.i 984

Ilnterstuetzuug des Fisheries Pi lot ProjeketTomba FPPÏ) bei 8n1.wur-f' Pun und totri b oaFischerei fahrzeugen. ( Des:igmi , cons I. rection andnp rit uu o t i hmng cc t t ) C7T/ (sibll,Deutsche G set lechaft fur TechnischeZusomrnermrbei t. , JJ--6236 EFchborn i, i'ad. Repof Gen'mamiy.

Lange, K. Promoti on of the boa lbu.i Idi ng act, ivi t i es rin1982 the Fisheries P i. lo I Project rombo Ç FPPÏ' rrrz

GmbH. J)eutsche Gesel Isohaft: fur Techn:ischeZusanmmenurbei t , H-6236 schhorn 'i, F. N. ofGermany.

Lange, .. rind 1. Dh.rn Bericht. ber einen A taufent;ha1t in1ll Si.rra Leotse vosss I92 -17. 3./21 3. t.

(Baseline study tn boatbuil 1ing practi cc tmdfishing gear technology nfiaheries in Sierra leone) . GTZ Gnsbli, tchGesel 1.scheft fur Techni,sche Zsaïnenacbei L1)- 6236 1srhborn I Fed of' (crIsany.

Lorisana, T.E. t. A study of the reçeod species used for flshl936 process i n'; irs the Tombe l'i uh ing v:i I i age,

Si et t I i hori c Pi] ut Pt lo1I)C

1oi] e, B atw} for tFu ur':i gg n and sei I i ng of1983 (thana-typc pisaked canoes (Herring nd Bonga

Beat ) e coilsitson in t 1157 i fl r o ei I

Sierra Leone, Went frica. Finhu'ies PilotProject Toinbo/GTZ (mbH, Deutsche Gessi i schaltfur Teclmìnehe Zusanunenarbeì L, Es-6236Eschborrs i Re f. Hep of Getrny.

Walt;er-'flehnert., Repot't ou socio'-eeonomtc study for "Fisheries198]. PI) et Project Tumbo" in Sierra Leone. (jT

thnbH, 1)eu t:che Gase] Iscab ft fur Techn3 sheZusasnsiieiirbeit, 6216 Esc-hbern I. F FL Gcrnsmy.

Zaiide, F. Appìpt'i,ate strategies for i.ntr7gret ion of1981 bd',lc ni <ny 55K 55W ei sn I i herit Pi

Project 1'oflhi)o. WiO L1olth ServicesDevei ojnncu t Project. (lins i e Sewitnry Me nrSIL/SPM/OÜ))

J(AMBJA F1SH1RtES BßVELOPMFT PROJECT

Jn()n IÇnn)bi a Fishes) es Deve .t opn'sent ricet1936 Report ou Follow-on ctivi'cies. MacAiiìter

Elliott and Pwriers Lid, UE.

Anon Tnteriii Report lambia Fishries i)eve].epnserst1985 ProJect. MacAl ì,ster II holt and Partners

Ltd. , UK.

Catspbei] , J. and R. Jiear'e The Eva] unti on of Vessel and lsino1986 Pet 'ot'mance. Kassbin Fisheries Development

I reject, Technical Repot"t i /66, MacAl i.sterElliott and Partners Ltd. UK.

RejptriFAO '(A CA / UI' w r1 Jr p ' U '-

lYdG i.Erie f)ev Juptheni:. r:'n fr)a egerrient .

CECAF }orrTh , 2(En. )

FAC Pepcnr n f te Onou tt w on ert i132 fi hei j r i r t. he (' I r on Pr'ter , 1. ¿1

De:riherI 913 Jakr CFCAì' Pro,ject. , 2)p.CECAF/TECt.t/82/39.

Anon FM) f'per.' t on the nd hou or:ìng group on1930 ai ;irn ni finhernn C1CAF Project

2Gp. , (F/TECH/)/213 (Fr)

Ev reti:, G.V. An {lverv of curron t onit t rends in19134 the CFCAF' J?ugi on. i)ekar CECAF Project, t.53p.

( / r /4/5 r r

Everett, G. I . M. Anne1møirir Pecent ìr ends i e CECAF' F:horier Dow: . CFCAFM. A. ohinorm, and Project, )!3p. GECAF/TEC13/132/42 (En)F.C.1982

Everet t. G. V. Ji. Aisa--Emm:i.rn, A summery overvi of fi shori in the GFCAE'mid i . Mizui sli i reg i On. C1CAF Project G2 p. (UCAt7TECI!/13O/2 i1980 (En).

GECAF A range of repou t& covering many ri ofWest. African fi oheries are i:tebj e from theCÏiGAF project in ikar, Snegni.

5. Couiitry Activities

Odni- ATcer i e . A proj íi nerv AYrr3lyri of' anoe F nie Survey1986 i ri ims Iiepertmoe L Accra, Gliene.

l'arment 1er, S. C.1985

Parrntier S-C.1J30

' j grlrì B ' ConotrucJi on o! Caeces for ONUOStaLe. F'?port prepereri for A.t; isanul endinshore Fisheries Project. Fi UP/Nfll/77/OOiField itocuntent 3. Gp.

Fe. n.i eel 1eper t. on flei go, Construction andT t ing of Sengothg Fi.broglas Grìoes forLegno Stete, Ni gor:i a. I)P/N Y )i/7tL'OOiTectr2., 19p.

6. [40 3riat i.o (nera1

/Li.sopp Wfl L on of a esi îÇri.:nn Uwo Fi ;hery1985 In Fìh.ries Dveioim.nt:

Fpercnce, W. IL L. Ai opp Fìh ng(Hooks) Ld

Anon l'korist ion rï1e in Fi hing Nnws1986 In Lei na i , Or 1o1r I RUb, pp 68 h9

Lori .0 Li on o Country Crift198(4 )/t'/ 18 )oy o ( Bngni Prg rnnn Nladrns

t tdin IOiF3/WP/4.

Anon Inboard 1 tori 3t ion of Sia £ i C)P Foath In Sri1980 Lanka. OP/\P/4 Buy of Rengal Prugrurmie

Madras tndi d.

CpbeIi , J . cima Mo ori rii ion in \'e L Att1.;a . Fishing198(3 ews iuteraatioìial, July 1986, pp. 16 L7.

Fiastri G. Sinn 11 F,nt; and Lhe:i r inotorisot. na for1971 art isanni fisLiat' tes, Rapport 1.orinat ion du.

Projn t du Devot oppeiieu t. do i peche Cot i.ere.Mud yu, 11'.. my ( o ì. Mi/PNUD/t'5 /71 Up

Uortner, F. , "Piusns in the trus i ti,on to mechnul sed1904 vsseis tri Menhanisation of SmL J. Fishing

Uralt, FAO/Fishing News i nt.ernat;ìon&ipp.6-34.

Johansei, S and O G1bru iiriseu otori soli en of I)ìnghy ntis i n Irsutui1986 0rn. }P/'MiS/4 - I' of ienga1 ocrau.

r I (liii

Trau.ng J 0. , Over orni.ng Froh lenis en iot Dnsin, Servicing.1964 and Fuel Con is . lu Mechan 4ati on of' Sea li

Fishing Orafi r FAO/F.iahing News tuleenni i.onui.pp. JJ24.

Trwmg, 3.0., The Impuni of Outboard mechiini sat ion On1964 Developing Fi sher.i es. i n Mcv'ìrai nati ou of

Sjun.i J F inh ing Craft; FAO/Fi.nhing Newsin[ ernrtiouai pp 3-8.

Z iener, P, Motorisai. ion in Chite, 393-397 iii Fishing1956 3on tu of tite World. J . O Tn.iung (Id. )

FAO/Fishiag News (Books) Ltd.

7. Sail

Aheter, S.J . & .3. F Fyon Áprpin1e Sii. iin Ii gs tor wi:ienn I fl sh:ing3.934 era It in cveirpiii nat ions Pr'esentod t the

[0th egion1 Teciin.k,1 neting on berieNoitwea, New Ca J.edou i a, 3i7 Augu 1: 1984.

Anon Sa:iJpower in Sin1J -cì n Fjahcrjns. .1 9H?R; O I nga 1 NWS , No 12 . t Cehiber i 983of flengol. Progrnrnrno for F:ì herie i.)evnicpìiint(BOBF) dras, India.

Pnvy D. t ieport. on (onE;ui1on.y 29. 9. 11i - 2. 3. .t fl6.1986 J tornai Peport to FAO/IJNI)P jj f

J.nt.egrated )twe1 opmnnt. nf Furd Fih.inV i i logos SiÌCngn . rojeot S IL/82 /015.

Th vy, D, 13. Cousu i fuey Lo s i. ga and insta3 i an198S out riggr aud saii.s on a i:racfl t;iowil pJ.anked

lii Lertltki 8nrt. to FAO/UN.'JP Prl)jectfor h in logra t Uceiopment of Rum J.

Fishing VIII ages, Sheng. Project 511/82/015.

Fukamachi. T. b. llevo top iont nf a Sui I as i.sted FRP Fish IngCanoe for the Comoras. Yamaha Motor Co. , Ltd.

Fukamachi., T. , S.i 1 rLula of Si\F-'- 27. iow oi I and outboardwork t;ogethcr. Yamaha Motor Co, , Ltd.

Fyon, 3 . if. iw-energy fishing vessel a The use of sai I1982 power, p i5-47 . ;[n R. C. Muy, .1. }. Sm L ft and

1). B. Tlnsn (Fds ) App ropr i a te Technologyfor A it 'wit; vn Energy Sauces in Fi sheî'i es1.0 JABM Con feretn:e Froceeding 8 2 15 t. As i. anDeve) opinent. Bank and In terrrat i. ona.i Gente rforLiv i ng Aqiiut; i.e t sources Management . Man i lin,Phi i. :Lppiiic.'s.

Fyi3on, J. F. The use of soi i/eng:in power combinations for1982 the saving of lue] 'nergy i n sniai3 fishing

craft . NA Conference on Propulsion of' SmallY]() November 1982.

1983

ing

(u1brandsen, 0.1986

9. Vesse]. Dnign in

Anon Bet ter lina hbnaL for $ Lnst. Coast1981 of Beng&. News, innunry 19U1. Bay of Beni

Progrìnrne. Mds .Lnd:ì.

Anon Boxtbui1ding er:ia1 for rnaJ 1-Scale

.1980 Ft$her:ien :j.n i odi o. BUBI 7WP/9. BW f

Bengal Prc rnune 4w1ras India.

I'UCh, ILTL1960

Chidanbarai K.1967

Fulcrnachi. T.198G

Fukrrnachì T.

Fyson7 J. , N. Coacit Ley,O (ulbrandseo, andV ikanes1985

69

FilO Repor,: ni' the Workshop on fishing vesse1and ger/Eapport; de i niel icr dc trava.3. surles bal enu et. engines do peche 1)akai-

Project/Prn.jci COFAUB. 16 p. CEUAF/TiCH/83/50,oct/c t. S uppi ninent to the repart. of the

OU usi i ng S tind

gear/ippi.íien L au ruppor' t. do t.e.L i er sur

les bateaux et engi.n de peche, 16:3 p.

fleduo.ing Fuo costs of Situ.i II 1i shi ng floats

I3OBP/WP/27. J3a of Bengal F'rogrnrnrne Madrasind:í a.

(:mtnere:io on hoard F'ì.shì ng Craft.. , pp 5501in Fishing lioats i.n the World 2. 0 Traun(cd ) FAO/FI sh:ing News (Booka) Ltd.

Topographical Fartors tn Fishing Boat Dea i gu

PP 52--56. in Fiihing Boats of the World3.0. Tr'auog (Bd.) FAO/Finkitng News (Rooks)Ltd.

Popularisation of FlIP Fi.shing Boats. YamahaMotor Co. Ltd.

Fishing Canoe Evolut ton. Yaïrtaha Pintor Co.

Ltd.

Tochni cal Cooperai ion progmrne ti isienceto tim Artisanal Fisherìes eport. preparedfor the Government of Sonegi,F:I.; TCP/SEN/4401 Techni cat leport,

Fyson, J F. 1atynrd Fari. liii es pp 201-211.. in FiIiìug1967 Boats of the Wor',d 3. 3 .0. Traung (Ed. )

FAO/Fishing News (Books) Ltd

Gil iner T C. andO. GuibrandsenJ967

Guijadsen.1. 98'l

Guibrandsen, O. A.I 982

'70

rç11p lora t; i on and Shape of ingi ne e1 is inDugout Canoes, pp 334-341 la Fishing Boatsof' the World, 3. J,0. Traung (Fd.FAO/Fishìng News (Books) Ltd.

Fishing aft. f)evol ops'nl. 'in ierni,aEvai.u,at ion Report. P/WP/25, ay of Bengal.Progrntmie, 1-fd rus India,

flow to save ruai . }ay of' Bengal NOWS , No. 7, Bay of bagni Prograiiime 'for

Suini. I--Scale Fisher-i es Oevei.opinenl; , Madras

Gu1brndseti, O. Teetmical. Trials of Beachcraft Protot:pes In(LP Gowing, IL Ravi humor, India. BOBP/WP/7. Uay of Beriga i. Prograrnuic1980 Madras :hìd i,

GuJbrandsen O. A. , Fi shing Boni. Designs: 2. V-bol; torn boats . FAO1974 Fi.aheries Technical paper no. 134. Fl1i.M/T13l.

Qurtner, P Development; of a t'fnr Indi n s Sur-i' Coasts1960 I:p 585-596. in F i.shi ng Ioat;s of the WotI.d 2

J.O. Traug (Ed.), FAO/Fish;ing News (Books)Ltd

Unug, A. F. , Fishing t oi g I FI ai. bottom Boats.1974 FAO Fisheri es Technical Paper rio. 1.17 Revision

i,, FIIV/T117 (Rev. 1) FAO Rome.

baryca, LI. O. & M,. A. Mensali Study cm t;lre Glianajan dug--out canoe and1984 prospects for its utilisation in ether Wes'i.

Afrì,cen Countries - 53p. FAO Regional OfficeRepi:r t. , Accru, Ghana -

Lefebvre, iL Handbook of Artisanal Boatbuil.ding. - CTFA1975 Orcas jurad Paper- No. 2. FAO Romo. 131p.

Mbow. , M Rapport d 'Evaluation du Projet it Assistance a1986 la Poche Artisanale (1'!«) CTP Sen 4401i ) -

Centre d'Assistance a la Peche ArtisanalSenegal

Over-a, A. IL Ravikuinar, Further Pevei.opinent of Beach Landing Craft inG. Guibrrmdsen, ami India and Sri Lanka. ROHF'/WJ'/45 . Bay ofG. Gowing longa t 'rc)Ianun' India.

Favikumar. R.1984

Thoiqas , A J1967.

Triug J.O.

1964

Traung, 3.0.,1964

Cou erciul Evain.a: ion of 1W)- 13 eachcrnft at.

Uppidn i ndth.. BOI3P/WP/26 Bay of fl eagProgramme, Madras, lud i a

Dngout (nne and Other Indi mus Smal

Craft, pp 412434. in Fshiug 6t of theWorld, 3. J .0, Traung Ed. ) i 0/Fiïing News(flooks) Ltd.

'ishi ng Cm f t; wi . h i boord Ei inca - i n

Ccln3ninat ion uf S.l. 1 &iohing UraTtng N q li lt. nat u '1 np S,)

Pr'c,b ien citb Small flecked Fiahing Cntt .echan isa i ori of Sinuil Fishing CraftFA.0/Fihíng News international pp. i572.

Anon Ne (enera: ion nt Keroeie Outboards in

1986 to Id F°hug, hbrur y p 26- .7

Burgess J Onlhourr); in Tropical. Fisheries. In1964 Mechan last ion and 5mal) Fish ing Craft

FM)/J' i h mug Ncw 1utc mitionul pp l'i -th

Coiwoll., t(. Diesel Outboards: Do They Make Sense? in

1986 Pract:i cal Bent Owner. No, 233, May .U356,

ia 44-45V

Esi.Iaiider, E. N, FuJ iriunii. thtnrd Eii:i nen in Cousta' Fi shii, 1967

1.967 . 327-333. In Fishing ÏJeat of the world, 3.J . O, Tmaung t Ed. ) FAO/Fishi»g News (hooks)

1,ld.

Kvarun E. Selection of Marine Engines t!ndtr SOhp. in

1964 Mechan 1.st ion of Small Fi"hiug OralIFAO/Fi.shing News 1ntemnat.i.una , pp. 4ft'-59

il. Egiueerin_g1nstaL lat ton

, J, Fuels and Lubricants for' 5mai i. agines. .1 n

1964 Mechan isa Lion of Smd. i Fishing Craft.FAO/Fi.shing News Interna lioivti, pp. 9ï- -98

Esander E. Engine Beds for Smail Fishing 3oata . In

1964 s ut. inn of Sma.t J Fi slung CroftFAO/Vthhing News Internat inno 1. . pp. 60 -64.

Kvaran,1967

Kvr'in, E.1964

inamura K , andM. Ninciniya1960

Mutton, lL..1979

Overa. , A. and R. Uavikwnar.1986

Overa. A., andP. A. Uemmi.ughyth1986

Perkins Engî.nes Ltd.i 9$'3

Perkins Enì.nes Ltd

Smith1 B. L. andWal lace & Sons Lt.d.1982

SLentrom, L.1964

Traung1 J,O.1964

72

Te(hn i ca i Experiences of Meai. isat ion of:tndgrì. Sinai.]. Craft., pp. 319--323. Tri

Fishing O3ìS nt the World 3. 3 .0.Treung(I d ) AO/ i1 ng Nk nhs) b d

Sevvm Condi t;inns to Ensure Snooth Running. Inlerhmisntion of Sinai I Fishi n CraftFAC/Fishing News .thterua jouaI pp. 89--91.

Device for P.ising and hering PropeJ.i erspp. 295-297. In Fishing Eoats of l;he Wori.d 23 .0. Traurig (Ed. ) FAO/Fisb i ng News (Books)L Id.

Erigi r.eering Appi i ction : i, Ins fai. i ution andMa n en'mure ot [agi oes i n m ill Fi shin&.Vessels. FAo Fish. Tech. pap. (196) 127p.

Pivol Ing gine Ins l:ei. lai ion for Beachiand Ingeat.s. BOBP/WP/44. Bay of Bengal Frograrnme

Madras, india.

Hauling Devices for Deiichi and:ing Craft.BOBP/WP/51. Bay of Bengal Programme, MadrarJ.nd i. a

Perkins Mar lue Power: Propeller Selecti.onGnide. Perkins Engines Ltd UK.

Perkins Instal ia ìcm Mama1: Marine Egiiws,1983 Perk:ins Eng ines 1.td. , HE.

Some Fa i lures in Sterngear and propulsion E. K.in-ii: . Presented to Rl NA Conference m

Propulsion for SmoIl Craft, 9-1O November,i 982.

Prob lows of Sers' ir ing in Less DevelopedCoimt;ries - In Mech.anisa Li ori nf Smufl F9 sh:ingCra ft FAO/Fishìng News Internat inna 1, pp.10G-108.

Efficient Propel br Selection. InMechanisatiori of' Sinai 11 F:iskìng Craft,FAO/Fishthg News international pp. 80--í*3.

12. Soci -iconojìic

}Lai1ih R197

P. J .M.

1985

e:irifi.uonee of oc i -1 îìt e:cmomj e fcLoy'On tcìo1.ogicaI deveLopment i.r Lh f thhing

ect:,r, p. 3-i . In Fishing Bot of theWorld, 1 .L O. Tri,uig (Ed. ) FAO/Ftshi.n News(Booh) ltd.

mdiv iduui nod Socia I A Lt i.tuds ol' FishermeuTo;urd New Technol ies (A cose study on theCongo )ee Cons t) Presen Led to F'AO/CEOAFWorknhop on Sm11-Seoie Fiiìories De'eiopmentnod [4nigeen: Togo 20--29 Noveniber

1985, CEO M'/TC/5. 2.

Lnrnming, G.N. nod M. oLLa Fisheries coo erotives in esk rica. Dakar.1979 CKCA' Project: lUp, , OECAF/TiOfl/79/.l7 (Eo)

Tkgi, 1 nd Y. IIi.rwa Techno--Soclo-Economic P bLom Involved in the1967 Mechmiisoi:ion of 3mo L i Fish ng Craft.

pp. 57-E8. In Fishing floats of the WorId 3.J O. Traung (Ed. ) FAO/Fi sh:tog News (Books)Ltd.

A J . Mccl 11E it.nn of Simil i Fishing Craft uoder1965 evo1ving Fund Arrangements in flavo i.opmeot

Counl.ri rs. Rome, Italy, FAO. FAO FisheriesNeport U24/. 28p.

74

A P P E N D : x ExPE:RIENCES AT 10M80

The three following reports were prepared specifically farthe meeting.

i) Sctteçre for boatowners loans to finance diesel motorization,by Peter Jarchau

In recent years severe inflation ìn Sierra Leone has forcedprices sharply up, with prices for imported goods rising more than anyother catagory. This has put heavy pressure on hoatowners who wish tobuy new high cost equipment, such as rinynets, outboard engines, anddiesel inboard engines.

For example, a new, completely fitted rinqnet costs Le 240,000,a 40 hp petrol outboard engine Le 70,000, and a diesel inboard engineLe l75,000

Traditional credit organizations such as the osuzu cannot pro-vide sufficient funds to finance such large investments. In 1984 theProject began giving credit to fishermen for the purchase of outboardengines or large quantities of netting. Later in that year the loan pro-cedure was formalized, involving the Co-operative Department of the Minis-try of Trade and industry. These loans (of Co-operative member&s deposits)carried a 15% interest charge. The repayment rate was iery poor and sothe programme was discontinued.

To make loans with long repayment schedules in periods of' hyper-inflation (greater than 100% per year) is very costly to the lender (whois repaid in devalued currency) unless he charges very high rates ofinterest But that is difficult for the borrower to accept. In such ci.r-cunistances business tends to become "cash and carry". (For instance,the uneitainties of' cxtendinq credit in such an ennronment causedLebanese traders in Freetown to stop financing the sales of high costequipment such as outboard engines.)

it became clear that because of the size of the financial outlayand the economic environment in Sierra Leone, the cost of diesel motori-zation would have to be financed somehow. In that context it should beborn in mind that the Project is subsidizing the diesel motorizationprogramme only to a limited extent, Boatowners must pay for every serviceand all materials provided.

To begin the implementation phase of the programme the Projectpurchased 15 diesel engines. The engines were sold, or will be sold,to boatowners, the returns to be used to purchase more diesel engines.

At present the Project offers medium- and long-term loansthe medium-term for up to 6 months with a limit of Le 50,000 and an

dule

75

intereab rate of 30%, and the long-term for up to 24 months with alimit of Le 200,000 end an interest rate of 50%

Medium-term loans are given out for the1purchase of outboardengines and nets through the Project Retail Store The profit on thesale is retained by the Retail Store to cover the eoüts of doing creditbusiness end Project operating COStS

Lonqterm loans are given out to finance diesel engine purchases and part of the costs of boat construction. Engines are sold forcost + 20% (10% for loan odministration end 10% io cover p. ice uncertainties ubroed).

lu the repayment sda1E for both of these loan plans the currentexchange rate is taken into acoount This is to avoid heavy 1osao shouldthe leone suffer further devai.uation against hard curl-erIcies (other thantimber, mli materials, boat hardware, engines, and netting, must he pur.-chased abroad with hard currency).

Set forth below is an example uf o purchase dod repayment eche-

i

i - i/(iiT ( fi

$ 5,110

Le 153,300

1Project operations are described in U. Beck, Profile of the FisheriesPilot Proect Tumbo, presented at the second Liaison officers meetingof the FAO-DANIDA/NURWAY programme for. development of arti-sanal fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), 11-44 November 1986, Freetown,Sierra Leone (IDAE/WP/15).

where i interest rote (50% in this case),n numbei of months to roomy (24 in th5

p principal amount. of loan (Le 153,)0[ in this case)..

Thus, we see the tata] loan is Le 153,300,the interest for i month is Le 6,388,giving cri outstanding balance of' Le l59,6B8

The monthly payment is Le 10,227,Leaving an unpaid balonr after one payment, of Le l49,at

If the exchange rate changes from 30 Lo 3]. leones per U.S. eli, the tota].unpaid balance will he re-valued, as follows

Frice of engine US $ 4,500installation materials, leor 570Total

Exchange rate LLS $ i Le 30, or $ 5,110

Nloiithly payment is determined by

Le 149461 x (31/so) Lc .154,143

The new monthly payment mill be

Le 10,22/ (31/1:30) th

Cnencinq in January 1907 the Project mill make amai]. JuansU Lo Le 1, 500) available to suas tenca fishermen These loans willcrr a ¿0% r re ct , tn 1. h rc ti e Lo LOi o < h iuqc t o leonasto hard cui:ronc.tes This scle. of course mili operute at a loss in

effect, the two sdmn (medium. íid 1orqterii loans) described abovemill ub!ciize the credit pian which will help to support the operationsof the subsistence fisherman who take loans

The collection of payments frani owners of' the motorized Ohanepianked ouata has been difficult and time consuming. lt must be donewhen cash is available, that is to say when fish are landeth fha Projectis protected mqa:Lnst default by provisions in the loan agreemeLits whichmake i.t possible to seize and hold engines and/ar f:ishinq gear untilpayment is i'eceived. For social reasons noney collectors should be meli.known to the f isharmdn, which means that only members of the communitycan be employed as co1lectors

The acceptance by Tambo boatowners of diesel moturi?ati.on hasbeen advanced by a number of factors, including the sharply rising costand frequent shortages of' petral compared to the availability and niuderaLecost of disei, and the fuel efficiency of diced enq.ines The fishingsuccess of the first diesel powered boats also spurred acceptance Thesuccess of' the programme, however, also depends on the efficacy of thefinancing programmes described sbove

ii) Aspects of the diesel motorization programme of the Fisheries Pilot.Project Tumbo, by Peter Jarchau

GENERAL

Fishing with rinqnets for Ethtnaloso fimbriata (bonqa) andSardinella maderenais (herring) from motorized planked canoes is animportant f.tshìnq method in the Sierra Leanean small scie artisanalfishery The large canoes (Ghana planked canoes of 18 meters L0A )employed in rinqnet fihinq are normally propelled by 25 to 40 hpoutboard enq.ines Frequent petrol. shortages, which have caused periods'of enforced fishing inactivity, and steadily risinq prices far fuel andoil in the last 2 years have resulted .i.n sharply increasing operatingcosts per unit of catche

Because of the fuel efficiency of the diesel inboard enginecompared to petrol outboard engines, and the cheaper price and the re-iatii local abundance of dìese1 the Project decided in 1984 to builda prototype diee.i inboard boat for ringnet f.ishing The boat mas desi.qncd by a (21Z naval architect assigned to the Project, and was built by

77

boathuilciers employss arid supervised by the Project. The e raft (HR i

Shark) was built with lines simiiar to boats of traditional Ghana plankdesìgn but it was constructed with higher stondards of matera1 underaftmanship which resulted in a .ionger construction time arid highercosts which Jacal boatowners would not readily accepL

ibera were several acceptance problems with this craft iii

brìef, they were (i) the long construction period caused the cost ofr.onstruetiun to he prohibitive

; and (2) local boatbuilders are not ce-pable Df independently constructing such a er aft and (3) the boat ismuch heavier and of greeter draft than traditional boats

in 19135 worsening economic conditions and the resultant shor.tages and rising costs of petrol reused local boatowners to become stillmore interested in diesel motorization, despite tneír indifference tothe it OJCC t cori roc ted di. pj bmut shark Sevei ei c duC to i ne Pro ec t

and asked for assistance in constructing traditi onal Ghana planked bosi:swith diesel inboard engines according to construet:ion technology employedin the bui.dinq of local, diesel boats in the early l96Ws (see M. K.Hendrix, EXTRACT from Research Notes on Boatbuilding Practices in SierraLeone A Preliminary DraFt Report presented at the Preparatory Technical Meeting on PropuJ sloe in Fishing Canoes in West Africa 16-19 November19136, Freetown, Sierra Leone).

CONSTRUCT ION OF JRI\Diï]:ONAL GHANA FLANKED DIESEL HFER'LNG BOATS

To the present time B boats have neen built or are under constructi on, powered by diesel inboard engines, of which 7 are of traditionalGhana plank boat design, built by local boat:builders with advice frornProject boatbuilders and marine erigi noers (Appendices J., 2, and 3. )

It is Project policy that Tumbo boatownors will, decide thepriority uf' diesel boat delivery. Thus, hoatowners interested in huii

ding a diesel inboard boat. must work through the Boatowners. If' theCo-operative membei'ship agrees to the petition of a hoatowner to builda diese]. inboard powered craft the hoaLowners nane is forwarded to thePro,jeet. .ri order to quol:i. fy, the boatownar must bac1 no outstandingdebt with either the Co-operati.ve or the Retail Store In addition,his fishinq enterprise must be weh, managed end his fishing gear in goodcondi tian.

He is then asked to make a down payment of Le 5,[JDO to theProject to cover the cost of materials provided by the Project. to beginconsti cc Li on 'The oaetownni hes the i espo tb Iii y In negnit .ete with

1For a brief summary of Project organization and the place of the RetailStore in Project operations, see Ii. Beck, PROFILE tIF THE FISHERIES PILOTPRU3E ' 1OMBO prr'cntea 't the seLeniO Ii. 3 L on oli J era ruai t no of lhv

FAO-DAN1DA/NORWAt programme fo:r integrated development of artisanal fiabe-tu West' ï t i c . IDA[ ) . i l-J Novembet 1913e, Ii aet own ' i ei ra Leone

(JDAF/WP/ls),

78

local boatbuiIders and to contract and pay for thair sorvices, iii justsuch a way as it is in the construction of traditional Ghana plankedboats powered by petrol outboard enqines As construction proceeds arid

the miti ai down payment: of Le 3 ,UDU is exhausted, additional incrementsof cash must: be put up against further purchases of the enqine will befinanced, if neoessary by a loan (see P Jarchau, LOAN SHEME FOR BOATOWNER FINANCING OF DIESEL MOTORIZATION, presented at this Meeting)

FISHING OPERATIONS

Other than the training of diesel engine operators, no specialLraininq is required of boat captain or crew of the traditional designdiesel powered Ghana planked boats Crews shoot and haul their nets in

the same fashion as on petrol outboard powered craft.

When hauling the net some fouling in propellers and on thefixed rudder and exposed bolts on the keel has oceured. But these pro-bienio are regarded as not. serious ; they are issues to he dealt with

by proper training.

The engine :space is completely covered with planks to avoidentangling the net during shooting. All remote controls are installedin the stern near the tiller or on the starboard side aft of the engine(shooting is always done over the port side) ALL boats are equippedwith a steering oar in addition to the fixed tiller to provide increasedmaneuverability during the hauling of the net

A midships section between bulkheads is provided for the catch.io ease the discharge of this section the bottom io covered with floorboards.

The draft of diesel powered Ghana plank boats is shown to beabout the same os petrol outboard powered boats, which is of great impor-tance at Tombe. Because of the wide, muddy shallows before the Tombolanding beaches, only vessels with a relatively shallow draft can comeclose enouqh to conveniently discharge fish.

Uft X ikfl3 U

HHR3 W

V RLnwah. '

I* V LXH1RV

HRt3 VIU

79

penrHxio LrfT t1t y rPT

LYE 1DFPPÏ

onr coc rt i vflhji &ith

ar ty Kraflpi roc

tbu Karthdu1 Co

1dt

4tz

hp

34

2 p

qri'aoI 4 hp Yhtr-4 3k tip Yaij

i o tvr %trtve o ocfl btor. it iet etcu ?r- a 'r thk1 3ii iook ru 1rr thil? to ti1d it iot oUy tw 1oc1 It ht

daft at tte tivly 1ot or vopeci y it 2k hp Hz it th 14 fTh2rfor- it to t uW triiir rft tor tw crw f rt tho-rI ri

1RÍ3 U P thth h1 thort but csfut crer Thoti th boat wvc tip or thu ac*

dtryd in toro oily 7 ioi*bo ftev It aurch it ire rcord of fith catch ;er%cnviîcuc os U3 oaI tor to vt ir dice otorìaUovi Th crft wa krntrditicna tinei, iìth v-on frii ot hfrícan taìr fr1E r i th th ft utioi, itie iiivìas rictcd Q?

H UI L th'ib £ 1aver th Pathah CaU t ihe with a Ier iut h this thebed iia iau ot of 9tJ Vbr Mturia1 to rdu ha eiith ant to iau tha ta!Wty of the ft tioo? the rft

NRi IV ily h th ete uroth ud ia ostrutd of ieihr trau a othibu1 kjia jve a higher frbord to iprov eaorthu!.

Uh Lbubti and keLi have had ucefuI f ihim cpetoi ihe atch of bothar a good a tbose f tradttionL boats und echoitai bts have bun i pniiv athhi.

Strn

PiEce

80

ppeth 2ecel Powered aitJ Petrel tbd Prec

Triitim1 Desjn thna Pik Btt

trr None Une thtalled at ath id

Pnkinj Eroko; lo uity oiìt on fres; Mahoay; width daed, thikr and IethFìlfrC irtvreaEed joints reinforced in between fra

froa the inner side tith scre

Thwart Installed Inst3lied, lerer In size

Utheai Nons three tailed, plus engine coartaert

Sheer Strk stalled Larger in l)iension

InstaUad Larqer in DiresthnCappinq

t.'1)WERE H1RD

eth of how Ero ber naìd nsìom; lï pvts bote

tth o PluViek hc'd tith Maö f stcq btei to th ee

tc the el

ht renforcei by et take the shaft tube

Iahoany

ritrt Wawt, ron fres c 'ected African Walnut; grown Vraes bifler lath th keel with il; bilqe pìe all free cnncted br floor tiher'e bulted to oct the rnain f rames only nailed the frae; all frae5 ont% to the keep by btlt

7 Frt, Coict ion o r

- 9hip arid cnvEt

- 4 Fr tnd floor trt Shpin nd tthr partiofre UO)

20

21 -

23 24

25

2e

39 42

44

45 -

5 5!

54 -

56

pnth 3

CTh!trUCticrn Ti Tbh wTypi4a nbrü rritk1 Dv Pak

KiI

81

St deado3t

4th fras, dti

strakt

hrtìrdj irarn

Fioor tbr

4 Strake of plkn

Er bed; chcft tu

hII ksed

&nk ppiq hrtstrthcrs

udthr

Rithin pnkinç

Floor t bcirs

Ret cortr,l íulnh udUer

Joining to t

ptu9

to wth tnkbot

hpt? nd priir

Putting u

3oltthg 'o ndk

Fbrjrat 1ì

btnt ìr

Li otuWwPro.ct b4LI atbi1i

LciI Ötbd 1&r

1 bootbu11thr

Projt botbui 1d.j

L1 btbúdrLi1 bMtbuir

Loa tLdt bthk'

tblldr'

Lol bctb&r

Local btbu thr5

Fbriit it okQp

otrntìng Lo bQtb!ilder

Mowfli Loc boabuide

5t1 Project corkhop

CauIkin toea batni1dr

Lo1 paint.i

Irtervah ft' work thi Type of Work Ñ StaftDy y

82

iii) Fuel consumption tests with Ghana plank herring boats by K L anqe

Introduction

In the field of f;ishincj boat propulsion one of the aims ofthe Fisheries Pilot Project Tomba KFPPT), started by the DeutscheCeseilsehait fuer 1eLhn15Lh 7usacrmcnd'bcit (GIL) in 19fl in S1Ud Lone,sas ta decrease the fuel consumption of artisanal fishing boats by replacing outboard petrol engines with inboard diesel eng:nes To determinethe fuel consumption of both types of engines mounted in Ghana plankboats, sea trials were performed in November, 1986. The results of thosetrials ore presented in this paper.

Boat and Engines

The comparison of petrol outboard and diesel inboard engineswas performed with a boat of the following dimensions

LxBxD 19,7uix2,3nixl,34m

The boat was constructed especially for diesel inboard pro-pulsion with a deadwood constructed of two naturally formed wooden partsbolted to the keel, The size and weight of the hoot is greater than thatof the traditionally constructed Ghana plank boats with petrol outboardenqine power.

The boat was powered by a Yamaha E 188E diesel engine witha continuous rating output of 34 hp at 2600 rpm. With a reduction ratio

of 2,45 there are hUh rpm at the propeller shaft. the dimensions ofthe 3 bladed propeller were

D x P z 520 mm 390 mm

at a developed area ratio of 0.35,

The boat was miso tested with a 40 hp Yamaha E0G petrol out-board engine with a rating of 5500 rpm a full power. A reduction ratiç

of 2,0 gave 2750 rpm at the 3 bleded propeller of

D x P z 1.1,5" 12".

At these tests the inboard diesel engine propeller was removed.Usually this type arid size of outboard engine is used to drive traditio-nally designed Ghana plank boats. Therefore a third series of tests wereperformed with this outboard engine mounted on a traditional boat ofthe following dimensions

L x B < D z 20.2 mx 2.! ax 1.0 a

Displacement of the Boat

Not oni.y the traditional Ghana plank boats but also the diesel.powered boats are built in Tomba by local boat builders without any lions

0.3

pians Therefore uric of the major problems encountered when performingpropulsion tests is t get an accurate value of boat displacement, brthe trials described in this paper the weight of the diesel boat arasmeasurcci, which corresponds to the cïisplocemeht in seawater, accordingthe principle of Archimedes.

The boot was laying on the Project ipway cradle, supportedat two points W, W2 (Fig. 1)

If it is possible to measure the support forces W and W, therob.lem is solved by the formula t.

W + w2 (J)

Where W weiuht of the boat

The boat can be lifted at those points by meens of a bar lever. Withthe measured weight of the bar W, . the îoliowing equation will give thebalance of forces (F.ig.2).

Pl pl + W (ii/)(li/2ì j a ± W2(d/i)(d/2) (2)

flic formula takes into account the weight of the bar but the.last term of the right side can be neglected with d in the range of0,3 to 0,4 n and i of some meters. So, me get,

W1 (w2l1' /2l)/d1

With a weight for P1 of about 50kg, to mai<e it easy to handW1 in the range of W/2 (in thi. case about 1.5 tonnes), and d 0,4 m,a rather long bar of more than .10 in would he necessary.

Usi.ng a short calcutetion, the procedure. can be simplifiedas follows. Lifting the boat at K1 and K, with a lever as describedabove and calculating the momentum at the support points W1,. W, me get

W.a, K1 (b1 + C (£)

K (b2 i- c)

+ a c (6)

From these three equations ai and a, can he eliminated andthe weight W of the boat will be found

W (K1(b1 + e) + K,(b. + e)/c (7)

From this formula it can he seen that the forces K.1, K,, canhe reduced by reducing e, so only a short bar length sind a smali. weight:

is necessary to do the job.

B/i

The distences when nieasur.iriq the diesel boat were

e 3 7 ni i 5 10 ni

e ± b2 9.45 ni 39.4 kge + b 7 70 ni P 3 84 in

0.41 ni P 3.1 ni

0,42 ni P1 P2 68.4 kg

The weight of the empty boat caicuieted from these data wasfound W 3.47 tonnes. There were sume sdthtlone.l weights et the seatrials a ringnet of 782 ni length, 30 ni of which were weighted with55 kg, gleing 55 kg x 782 m/3Bin 1433 kgin totoi and a crew of7 men x 70 kg/man 490 kq A) so the weight: of the origine room hatchcovers had to he added

Empty host 3,470 kgRinqnet ].,433 kgCrew 491) kq

Hatch cover 93 kg

Displacement 5,486 kg

These measuremenis were riot performed with the treditionalGhana plank boat because of the considerably weaker constroct ion andthe possibility of rrackinq the boat while lifting it on the alipwaycradle. Since both bouts ore amular in hull shape a rough estimationof the weight is possible using the cubic numbers.

Diesel boat l97 in x 2.3 ni x 1,54 ni 60,13 ill3

Traditional boat 20.2 ni x 2.1 nu x 1.0 ro 42. 2 rn

The est hated weight of the traditional boat is thetefore

w1 3.47 tonrìr x (42.2 n5/60.B rr«) 2.42 tonnes

Sea Trials

The triais were performed in Yawn. Bay on ¿I. 6, and 7 Novae-ber 1986. The speed was measured with a trailing log. The fuel pipesof the motors were connected to a graduated glass of 1000 cc. Readingswere taken at 1000, 800, 400, and 200 cc marks ron each arie at constantspeed. Thus, a linear fuel consumption could be ascertained.

When calculating the fuel consumption in liters/hour frein threadinqa, the cross section of the fuel pipes in the glass had to betaken into account. For the diese]. engine, with suction arid return pipea correction of 5% was cascuited.

Re su lt s

The results of the trials are plotted in ficure 3.

85

Comarinct the diesei boat driven by inboard diesel engine and outboardpetrol engine there is e remarkable advantage to the. diesel inhoatdconfiguration.

The diesel inboard gives a higher maximum speed, 9.5 knots,compored to a maximum suìeco with the outboard enqine of 8.i knotsIhe fuel. consumption of the diesel inooard was much lower thon thatof the outboard petrol engine at eil speeds. At 8 knots the dieselfuel consumption does not: exceed that: of 28% of the consumption ofthe. petrol outboard engine. This is due not only to the higher sffi-c.ìenoy of the Internai combustion process in the diesel engine, butalso to the bigger propeller diameter, as well as the lower rpm ofthe propeller of the diesel inboard engine.

Even compared with the smaller traditional Ghana plank boat.adapted tri the outboard petrol engine, there is a good advantage inmaximum speed and fuel consumption with the diesel inboard driven boat

The power output of the inboard diesel encine can be checkedusing the Yamaha Engine selection diagrams

WithMaximum speed V ni a x = 9.5 knotsLength of the waterline L w 16 niDisplacement D 5.5 tonnes

a power of N 54 hp can be round which corresponds Lo the nominaicontinuous rating output of the engine used for these trials, thusindicat:ing that these graphs give a fairly accurate estimate of thepower required for this type of fishing craft

86

ci9

Vétí1ìri: [. , R port d 'udt pr ur i 'n*ngrnert1986 d'un brL pour i piohe rnrìtìm rt1 ri

C,otnou ro OflOL, Ho e t ) ?,4 i

Vern Hoof L., Sm1i-sci fish prociuction ¿nd mrceti.ng io1986 Shen(o Sìer.c'o L200e. Cotonou. 10AF Prjsct,

1DF/WP' 12

Everett, (3. V. P¼n out i±n of et Ficn nii--ie Lsherìeì.i 966 Lotonou IDPi Proj.t

.22p . IDFF/WP/ i

J., et J .Jhnon, Prtcìption1962 projets ingr d pobe rt 1ee. En curt

dt poéprt ion DIPA/WF/ 14)

Anon,1982

Anon,1967

Aspur' t o-F the eoanc lOAF oiso of-':i reins; F towrì, Sierre Leon Ç i -14 November 1 966)

C.otrnou , DF P o ct 66p L)A[ 'WP/ I

Caffipte-rendu de le de ime xunìon des ofiiitde 1ison du DIRA. Cotonnu, Poojet DIRA, 27p.CIPA/WF'/ 16.

Crnpbe1I, R. J. , Report of the p perot ory technicei iìeetìng on¶987 propulsion Lo fishing cenoes in West Africe;

rtown Bier r Leone Ç 15'- 18 Noveher 1966)Cotonnu, IDP'E Project. SBp. , IDAE/WPÌI2.

Rpports techoiyues '.t dos documonts ioisi/Se1ected si

P technicol reports end documents

Direction Ntionle du ProJet Modèle rin, Miso en piece et pieu1985 d'exécution. Cotoncu, Projet DIRA, 43., + 3 Annexes.

Sheves, C3 , T. , Integreted nii--uooìe +ishes project s:1988 cipies, pprochee end progress in the. ctot of the

Benin prototype project Paper presented et theshop on Smeli-soele Fisheries Development end Menego--ment, Lomé 20 -- 9 Novemeer' 1965, 33p.

Sheves S.L Projets intérs de peches ertiseneles; epproches1968 et voiutìon dens le contxt du projet piliote. accu---

ment pr enté i 'etei,isr régionel sur» io développementet i ïénegemont des pchoe ertisenoles, Lomé, 20-- 29Novembre 195E, 36p.

lOAF' Ne.wsletter/Lettre du DIPA, i, 0tobar/0otohr 1985.LOAF NewsIetter/Lettro du DiRA, 2 Janury/Jenvier 1986.LOAF Newsiotter/Lettre du OTRA, 3, June/Juin 1986.LOAF Newsietter/Lett:re du DIRAS 4/5, Sept./Dsc. 1966.

Pereso F-X. Ropport sur steges do recyciego en identi-Ficotien1968 as pois"or Cconou, P'RAF/I9.L.kN p

Collert A. et M. Giucii cclii Oév oppement dc-s p&oheries men--1984 times et continntc.ios oc le pioiulturO ou Sebon.

Rome, FAC Ç GCP/RAF/ i 92/DEN) 7?p

Johnson, J . P. , et M P. JS ik:Lcs Pour u développement intégré des1986 pêches erti.soneìes : du Lion usge d io pert:Lcipetioo

et de io ploniico on. Ccitonou Projet O1R.A., iS?p. 'i'

Annexes, Menue i de Tere n N' - t.