Family Therapy

Family and Life Cycle

Presented by Joy Christie P. Suresca

ObjectivesAfter one and half hour of discussion my colleageus will be able to:• Differentiate the family therapy from individual

psychotherapy• Know the kinds of intervention in family crisis• Enumerate and define different approaches of

family therapy

Family• Are groups of individual that interact,

support, and influence each other in performing basic functions.

• They are an integral part of the society, bound together by intense

and long-lasting ties of past experience, social roles, mutual

support, and expectations.

System

is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole

Family as a SystemIn the early 1950’s , the

psychotherapist began to look not only at the individual with

problems, but also at the pattern of relationships that correspond

with the family problems.

Family Crisis

A crisis occurs when individuals or families encounter stressful situations and normal coping

mechanisms fail to resolve the disruption (Caplan, 1964)

5 Interpersonal Requisite For Maintenance of Well Being or Health in Individuals and Families

• Love• Support• Impulse control• Feel part of the group• Personal achievemnt and

recognition

Healthy families take care of the needs of their members and

support each other during crisis (Caplan, 1964)

Adaptive Qualities of Healthy Family

• Strong parental leadership qualities

• Effective communication patterns

• Clear boundaries and roles

• Flexibility

Healthy Functioning Families

• No single member dominates or control another

• Family members participates in activites together

• Children are allowed to express opinions

• Family members adapt to the changes

( Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 1995)

In a culturally diverse families functioning may have different ways.

Culture and traditions give families a sense of stability and support from

which members draw comfort. Guidance and a means of coping with

the problems of life (Andrews & Boyle, 2002)

Crisis intervention

is a useful strategy in which families and children can find

relief from overwhelming circumstances

Family Crisis Intervention

Advantages • Enhances self-awareness• Clarifies the roles of

members in sustaining it • Develops fresh coping

skills• Gains a sense of

competency to manage the situation.

Langsley & Kaplan (1968)

Family therapyis a method of treatment in which family members gain insight into

problems, improve communication, improve

functioning of individual members as well as the family as a whole .

Family therapy• Major goal is to facilitate

positive change in the family • Other goals are– fostering open communication of

thoughts and feeling– promoting optimal functioning

interdependent roles

Family therapy VS individual therapy

Family therapy Individual therapy

Assumes that outside or external influences play a major role in personality development and regulation of member’s lives

Internal or intrapsychic thoughts, feelings, and conflicts are the major components of personality development

Approaches to Family therapy

Jones (1980) describes seven orientations or approaches to family therapy

• Integrative Approach• Psychoanalytic Approach• Bowen Approach• Structural Approach• Interactional or Strategic Approach*• Social Network or Systematic Approach*• Behaviorist Approach*

Integrative Approach

• Nathan Ackerman• Grandfather of family

therapy• Focused on family values• A problem arises when

interpersonal conflict is internalized by the client and it becomes an interpersonal conflict

Overall goal: Remove pathogenic or intrapersonal conflict and promote more healthy relationships within the family (Jones, 1980)

Psychoanalytic Approach

• Family members are affected by each member’s psychological make-up

• Problem arises when there is an internalization or introjection of parental figures

Goal: Guide the family members who exhibit pathology into clarifying old misunderstandings and misinterpretations between themselves and parent s and members of the family of origin and establishing an adult to adult relationship(Jones, 1980)

Bowen Approach

• Consist of both emotional and relational systems.

• Individuals behavior is a response to the functioning of the family system as a whole (Bowen, 1978)

• Differentiation of self-concept• Focuses on guiding one or more

family members to become a more solid, defined self in the face of emotional forces created by marriage, children, or the family of origin

Goal: To gain the clarity and conviction to carry through one’s own positions, such as a parent, spouse, or dependent child (Titleman, 1998)

Structural Approach

• Salvador Munuchin• Family as a system of

individuals• problem arises if family

boundaries become enmeshed or disengaged and can’t cope with change

• The therapy is short term and action oriented with the focus on changing family organization and social context

Goal: Develop clear boundaries for individual members and changing the family’s structural pattern

Interactional or Strategic Approach

• Virginia Satir & Jay Haley• Communication theory• The therapist studies the

interactions between and among family members, recognizing that change in one family member occurs in relation to change in another family member.

• Deals with interpersonal relationships among all family members and focuses on why the family is in therapy and what changes each member expects

Goal: Homeostasis among family members

Social Network or Systematic Approach

• Healing comes from social relationship• Problem arises when the family loses its

ability to recover quickly from change• This used but is not clearly defined• Bringing several people together as a

social network who have similar ideals and goals

Emphasizes the natural healing powers of the family

Behaviorist Approach

• Individual learns that she or he obtain satisfaction or rewards from certain responses of other individuals.

• Problem arises when maladaptive behavior is learned and reinforced by the family

• TO GAIN ATTENTION!!• This approach is direct and clearly

stated in bringing change

Goal: Behavorial change by positive reinforcement

Stages of Family Therapy

• The Initial Interview• The intervention or

working phase• Termination phase

The Initial Interview

• Engagement stage• Assessment stage• Exploration stage • Good setting stage • Termination stage

Family Assessment Guide

I. Construct of a family genogramII. Description of the family in

relation to the community, focusingon ethnicity, socioeconomic class, educational level and religion

III.Description of presenting problems, focusing on each family member’s perception of the identified problem

IV.Identification of communication patterns focusing on who speaks to whom, tone of voice, emotional climate and manner by which emotions are expressed


V.Identification of roles of family members as supportive, antagonistic, critical scapegoat, rescuer, or victim.Are there family coalitions, pairings,triangles, splits?VI.Developmental history of the

family in general and of presenting problems

VII.Family’s expectations of therapy


The Intervention or Working Phase

• The goal of the intervention phase is to help the family accept and adjust to change

• Occurs once a week• The therapist role is to

clarify and interpret communication as well as to offer suggestion and guidance

12 family strengths by Otto (1963)1. Provide for the physical,

emotional and spiritual needs of each family members

2. Be sensitive to the needs of family members

3. Communicate feelings, emotions, beliefs and value effectively

4. Provide support, security and encouragement to enhance creativity and independence

12 family strengths by Otto (1963)

5. Initiate and maintain growth-producing relationships within and without family system 6. Maintain and create constructive and responsible community relationships in the neighborhood, school, town, and local and state governments.7. Grow with and through children

12 family strengths by Otto (1963)

8. Help one’s self and accept help when appropriate9. Perform family roles flexible10. Show mutual respect for the individuation and independence of each family member 11. Uses crisis as a means of growth12. Have aconcern for family unity and loyalty and for cooperation among family members

The Termination Phase

• If the family has achieved the goals and identified specific problems have been resolved then its time to initiate the termination phase

The Family Life Cycle• Duvall’s theory, 1977• The family is a developing

system that must progress in the proper manner for healthy child development

• These family developmental tasks refer to growth and reponsibilities achieved by a family and by individual developmental requisites

Duvall’s 8 stages of family cycle

Stage Description of Family task

1. Beginning families Satisfying to live together by learning and provide personality’s needs to each otherRelating harmoniously to the three familiesFamily planningDevelop a sexual and marital role adjustment

2. Early Childbearing New parent roleReconciling conflicting developmental task of various family memberJointly facilitating developmental needs of family members to strengthen each other and the family unitAccepting the new child's personality

• Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Vivamus et magna. Fusce sed sem sed magna suscipit egestas.



3. Families with pre-school children

Exploring the environment by childrenEstablishing privacy, housing and adequate spaceHusband-father involved in household responsibilitiesPre-schoolers assume responsibilities of self careSocializing of childrenIntegrating of new family memberSeparating from children as they enter school

4. Families with school-aged children

Promoting school achievementMaintaining a satisfying marital relationshipPromoting open communicationAccepting adolescence





5. Families with teenagers Maintaining a satisfying marital relationshipMaintaining open communicationMaintaining family ethical and moral standards by the parentsAllows independence

6.Launching center families Expanding the family circleAccepting the new couple lifestyle and valuesDevoting time to other activities and relationshipRe-establishing the wife and husband rolesAssisting aging and ill parents





7. Families of middle year

Maintaining a sense of ell being psychologically and physiologically by living in a healthy environmentAttaining and enjoying a career or other accomplishment by cultivating leisure time activities and interestsSustaining satisfying and meaningful relationships with aging parents and children Strengthening the marital relationship

8. Families in retirement and old age

Maintaining satisfying living arrangement Maintaining marital relationships Adjusting a reduced incomeAdjusting to the loss of a spouse


TYPES OF FAMILY THERAPY

1. Conjoint Family TherapyThe entire family is seen at the same time by one therapist. The therapist is passive.

2. Concurrent Family TherapyOne therapist see all family members but in individual session.

3. Collaborative Family TherapyEach family member sees a different therapist.

TYPES OF FAMILY THERAPY

3. Multisystematic TherapyWas developed for juvenile offenders and their families.

a) Treatment is delivered in the person’s home, school, or other community locations

b) Therapist are available for consultation 24 hours a day 7 days a week

c) Caseloads of therapist are kept intentionally low

d) Therapist serve on a team

Family Therapy

Education

Transcript of Family Therapy