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FALLSEM2013 14 CP3001 02 Aug 2013 RM01 Int BioTechFall2013QuantumPhys
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Transcript of FALLSEM2013 14 CP3001 02 Aug 2013 RM01 Int BioTechFall2013QuantumPhys
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Physics for BioTechnology
Course Code: PHYSICSL T P C
3 0 0 3
Lecture3 per week
Theory
Total 5 Units
Unit 1, Unit 2, Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5
Unit 1: Quantum PhysicsUnit 2: Laser
Unit 3: Fiber Optics and UltraSonicsUnit 4: Radiation PhysicsUnit 5: Thermodynamicsand NanoTechnology
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Unit 1: Quantum Physics
1. Dual nature of electron magnetic radiation
2. de Broglie wavesCompton effect experimental verification
3. Heisenberg uncertainty principle
4. Schrodinger equation - application
5. Application of Quantum Mechanics - Scanning TunnelingMicroscope
6. Atomic Force Microscope.
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Unit 2: Laser
1. Laser Characteristics
2. Absorption, Spontaneous emission, stimulated emission
3. Pumping Mechanism
4. Population Inversion
5. 3 level, 4 level laser
6. Types Ruby laser, He-Ne laser
7. Biological application
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Unit 3: Fibre Optics and Ultrasonics
1. Light propagation through fibers
2. Acceptance angle numerical aperture
3. Types of Fibres
4. Step Index, grade Index
5. Applications - Endoscope
6. Properties of Ultrasonic
7. Generation- Magnetostriction method, piezo electric method
8. Detection
9. Applications
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Unit 4: Radiation Physics
1. Types of Nuclear radiations
2. Units of radiation
3. Labeling techniques
4. Computerized tomography
5. Principles of NMR: T1 and T2 relaxation, Chemical shift
6. Principles of MRI
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Unit 5: Thermodynamics and nanotechnology
1. Laws of Thermodynamics
2. Concepts of entropy, enthalpy, free energy
3. Nanomaterials
4. Properties of Nanomaterials
5. Applications of Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine
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EVALUATION1. Internal evaluation: Marks 502. External Evaluation: Marks 50
Internal evaluationContinuous Assessment TestCat 1: Marks 15, CAT 2: Marks 153 Quizzes : 3 X 5 = 15 Marks1 Assignment : 5 Marks
Theory:
TOTAL : 50
Term End Exam (TEE)
External Evaluation: Marks 50
Total : Marks 100
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Max Planck (18581947) Niels Bohr (18851962)
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Max Born (18821970)
Werner Heisenberg (19011976)
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Erwin Schrdinger (18871961)Willard Gibbs (18391903)
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Paul Dirac (19021984)
All of quantum theory can be resumed intwo sentences.In nature, actions smaller than = 1.1
1034 Js are not observed.All intrinsic properties in naturewiththe exception of masssuch as electric
charge, spin, parities, etc., appear as
integer numbers; in composed systems
they either add or multiply.
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Newtons Physics
Light as Particles
Interference diffraction
Wave nature (A , )
Electromagnetic Radiation
BLACK BODY RADIATION ???
Max Planck 1900
Quantization of EMR
EINSTEIN (1905)
Energy ----- Discrete bundles or Quanta
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All of quantum theory can be resumed in two sentences.In nature, actions smaller than = 1.1 1034 Js are not
observed.
All intrinsic properties in naturewith the exception ofmasssuch as electric charge, spin, parities, etc., appear
as integer numbers;
in composed systems they either add or multiply.
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If it moves, it is made of quantons, or quantumparticles.
In nature, all intrinsic propertieswith the exceptionof masssuch as
electric charge, spin, parities, etc., appear as integer
numbers.
Since all physical systems are made of quantons, in
composed systems intrinsic properties either add or
multiply
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DUAL NATURE OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATIONS
What is the wavelength (or wavevector k = 2/)
to be used to compute the phase
= kx for particles?
An EM wave of energy E carries momentum p
p = E/c in the direction of the wave vectork = 2/
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A photon of frequency has energy E = h
and carries momentump = E/c = h = h/ = h/2 . 2 / = k
E = h = energy of a photon
p = h/ = k momentum of a photon
For light, the classical path no longer exists for distance scales d ~
Or d . p ~ h.
CRITERION THAT IDENTIFIES BORDER BETWEEN CLASSICALAND QUANTUM PHENOMENA.
Plancks Einstein Equation
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A famous quantum effect: how do trainwindows manage to show twosuperimposedimages?
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DUAL NATURE OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATIONS
PARTICLE WAVE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
QUANTISED
C =2.988 x 1010
cm/sVacuum
= c
Radiowaves
MicrowavesIRVisibleUVXRayGamma
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DUAL NATURE OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATIONS
Is light particle or waves ?
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PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT
EPhoton= hv
hv = hvo + KEmax
Threshold energy hvo(Work Function)
DUAL NATURE OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATIONS
Einstein 1905
Conservation of Energy requires
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Scanning tunneling spectroscopy(STS) is an experimental
technique which uses a scanning tunneling microscopeScanning tunneling microscope
A scanning tunneling microscope is a powerful instrument for
imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981
earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer , the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. For an STM, good resolution
is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and...
(STM) to probe the local density of electronic states (LDOS)
and band gapof surfaces and materials on surfaces at the
atomic scale
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Scanning_tunneling_microscopehttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Band_gaphttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Band_gaphttp://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Scanning_tunneling_microscope -
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Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is the highestresolution imaging and nanofabrication technique available
It relies on quantum tunneling of electrons from asharp metal tip to a conducting surface
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STS involves observation of changes in constant-current
topographs with tip-sample bias, local measurement of the
tunneling current versus tip-sample bias (I-V) curve,
measurement of the tunneling conductance
Since the tunneling current in a scanning tunneling
microscope only flows in a region with diameter ~5, STS is
unusual in comparison with other surface
spectroscopytechniques, which average over a larger
surface region.
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While STS can provide spectroscopic information with amazing
spatial resolution, there are some limitations.The STM and STS lack chemical sensitivity.
Since the tip-sample bias range in tunneling experiments is limited to
where is the apparent barrier height, STM and STS are only sample
valence electron states.
Element-specific information is generally impossible to extract from
STM and STS experiments, since the chemical bond formation
greatly perturbs the valence states.
LIMITATIONS
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An STM image of a monolayer, 2-dimensional liquid crystalof 1-octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) on a substrate ofhighly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The individualmethylene groups are clearly visible, and the molecularstructure of stearic acid can be identified
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ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM)
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ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM)
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful technique
for investigating surfaces.
In the imaging mode, a sharp tip is scanned over a
surface and some surface parameter monitored.
Traditionally, the deflection of a cantilever holding the tip
is monitored by a photodiode.When the tip scans across the surface, it will interact
with the latter, and deflect according to the interaction:
if there is an attractive interactionbetween the surface
and the tip, the tip will be deflected towards the surface,
whereas deflection away from the surface will occur in
the case of a repulsive tip-surface interaction.
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AFM could be called simply a high-resolution surfaceprofiler if not one important difference
AFM cantilever is so thin and sensitive that it can sense
the minute surface forces, Van-der-Waals forces,
magnetic forces, electrostatic forces, etc.
It allows to use AFM to investigate not only surface
topography, but probe surface physical, chemical, and
magnetic properties.
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The main components of this tool are thin cantileverwithextremely sharp (10 A to 100 A in radius) probing tip,
a 3D piezo-electric scanner,and optical systemto measure deflection of the cantilever.When the tip is brought into the contact with the surface orin its proximity, or is tapping the surface, it being affectedby a combination of the surface forces (attractive and
repulsive).Those forces cause cantilever bending and torsion, whichis continuously measures via. the deflection of thereflected laser beam.3D scanner moves the sample or, in alternative designs,the cantilever, in 3 dimensions thus scanning
predetermined area of the surface.A vertical resolution of this tool is extremely high reaching0.1 A(1 A is on the order of atomic radius).
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The deflection is kept constant through a feed-back loop, andthe z-movement of the stage needed for accomplishing thismonitored.
The technique has many advantages, including capability ofextremely high resolution (atomic in favourable cases), noneed for sample treatment or coating, no need for vacuum,
and possibility for quantitative measurements of sample form,distribution and roughness over a range of magnifications.
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Freshly cleaved mica was attached to a standard microscope slideby double-sided adhesive and mounted.
The mica was imaged in contact mode using standard 450um long,single arm, etched silicon probes. Shown is a deflection imagetaken at a scan rate of 24.4Hz with integral gain set to 0.665 andproportional gain set to 0.176.
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Protein/DNA complex imaged in air. The protein is a restrictionendonuclease (Eco RI) bound to plasmid DNA. The ability of the
AFM to image DNA/protein complexes rapidly and without fixationmakes it an extremely useful tool for numerous investigations.1.2um scan.
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Magnetic domains in low-coercivity, amorphous CoZrNb film usedin emerging, high-Ms thin-film heads. 50um scan.
Cross-tie domains, and the effects of edge roughness.
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.
Revealing the hidden atom in graphite with AFMshowing all atoms within the hexagonal graphite unitcells. Image size 22 nm2.